renaissance & first global age
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Renaissance & First Global Age. Review 3. Practice Questions come from 2010-2014. Renaissance Europe. Began in Italy due to coast for trade, Byzantine monks fled from Constantinople bringing Greek/Roman ideas Humanism – new way of thinking that emphasized - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Renaissance & First Global Age
Review 3
Practice Questions come from 2010-2014
Renaissance Europe• Began in Italy due to coast for trade, Byzantine monks fled from Constantinople
bringing Greek/Roman ideas• Humanism – new way of thinking that emphasized reasoning and logic; new secular interests
– Protestant Reformation– Scientific Revolution– Commercial Revolution– Age of Exploration– Enlightenment
• Art that moves away from purely religious themes – Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, inventor and artist), Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel), Botticelli (Birth of Venus) – depicting nudes, human anatomy, portraiture – use oil and linear perspective (Brunelleschi)
• Vernacular literature replaces solely in Latin (Shakespeare)
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther wrote 95 Thesis to protest corruption of Catholic Church – especially indulgences.
• Gutenberg’s printing press helps spread it.
• John Calvin – predestination• Henry VIII – Act of
Supremacy
• Reformation will cause a permanent split (schism) in Christianity
Counter-Reformation will try to bring people back to Catholic Church: end indulgences at Council of Trent, Inquisitions for heresy (Isabella/Ferdinand), creates Jesuits, Index of banned books
Scientific Revolution
• Change from science based on faith and Bible to experimentation
• Francis Bacon – scientific method• Copernicus – heliocentric model of universe• Galileo – proved Copernicus right with
telescope, will be charged with heresy• Isaac Newton – calculus and laws of motion
Capitalism – Commercial Revolution
• Hanseatic League, guilds, and rise of towns replace manorialism
• Medici – Florentine banking and political family
• Commercial Revolution – rise of capitalism (laissez-faire), joint-stock companies, and bourgeoisie
Age of Exploration - Imperialism• Mercantilism – colonies established for providing motherland with
colonies for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods – desired favorable balance of trade.
• Motives – “God, Glory & Gold”• Inspired because of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by
Ottomans (Mehmet II) and desire for new route to India and Spice Islands
• New Technology – astrolabe, compass, caravel, cartography
• Treaty of Tordesilla will establish a line of demarcation between Spanish & Portuguese claims of New World
Major Explorers
• Columbus (1492) from Spain to Caribbean, hired by Isabel and Ferdinand (had done Reconquista of Spain – kicked out Muslims, Jews and Protestants)
• Da Gama – Portuguese – south of Africa to India• Magellan – circumnavigated globe• Zheng-He – Ming dynasty from China to Africa• Cortes (Aztecs) and Pizarro (Inca) - conquistadors
Results of Exploration• Columbian Exchange – food stuff and diseases exchanged
between New World and Europe/Africa/Asia• Triangular Trade – manufactured goods (guns) from Europe
to Africa, African slaves to Caribbean for sugar plantations (Middle Passage) then molasses to Europe
• Encomienda – plantations using forced Native American labor
• African Diaspora – African slaves transported to Brazil and Caribbean
• Native American population declined due to disease and overwork – native culture lost
• Columbia Exchange
• The Spanish will establish themselves as head of the colonial government. (viceroys)
• Native Americans although a majority of population had no say in government.
• Long-lasting class resentment based on race/ethnicity
• Eventually will lead to revolutions to overthrow Spanish
Absolutism
• Rule by divine right• Machiavelli – The Prince
– said rulers should rule by fear not love• Louis XIV – France, “Sun King” – built Palace of Versailles, “l’etat
c’est moi” – revoked Edict of Nantes, never allowed Estates General• Ferdinand/Isabella of Spain – Reconquista – kicked out Jews and
Moors (Muslims) out of Spain, patronized Columbus’ exploration, later Phillip II – responsible for Armada
• Peter the Great – Russia – forced nobles to shave beards, westernize and modernize, built St. Petersburg to get “warm water port” on Baltic Sea – used serf labor, Catherine the Great “enlightened despot”
Limited Monarchy in England
• Magna Carta – 1215• Parliament – 1295 (House of Lords and House
of Commoners), controlled taxation• English Bill of Rights – 1688 – created after the
Glorious Revolution by William and Mary
Enlightenment
• Philosophical movement that says rulers rule not by divine right but by consent of the people, used reason and logic.
• Locke – Two Treaties on Government – believed in natural rights and democracy
• Montesquieu – 3 branches of government• Rousseau and Hobbes – Social Contract• Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations – laissez-faire
economics (government should not intervene in economics)
Native Americans• Mayan– polytheistic (blood sacrifices), stepped pyramid
temples, ballcourts, slash and burn farming of Yucatan, hieroglyph carvings, and calendar – shows sophisticated culture
• Aztecs – middle of Lake Texoca – hydroponic gardens (chinampas) – made tribute states of neighboring enemies, pyramids, calendars, codex (birch-bark accordion books that show human sacrifice – Spanish will destroy). Peak under Montezuma, destroyed by Cortes
• Inca – Andes Mts, terrace farming, Incan Trail and suspension bridges, quipu (knotted rope), destroyed by Pissarro.
Gunpowder Empires• Islamic – based on trade with lots of cultural diffusion
leading to golden ages of math, science, etc.• Ottoman – sultans,, harem, Mehmet II took over
Constantinople with cannon, Suleiman – absolute monarch w/golden age – will be cut out of trade by European exploration – will attempt to take over Mediterranean stopped by Phillip II – B. of Lepanto.
• Safavid – shiites – modern Iran, shah• Moguls – Taj Mahal, Akbar – religious tolerance, Aurangzeb
– ended sati and religious persecution of Hindus
East Asia
• Ming – Zheng-He world explorer – wanted to expand trade but bankrupted dynasty
• Qing – foreign Manchus, forced Chinese to wear queues. Emperor Kanxi – absolutist
• Tokugawa Japan – Edict of Seclusion