renaissance & freedom movement - pschsa.com · 2016-12-10 · ashok mehta in his book “ the...
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Maulavi Ahamedullah revolted at Faizabad. He later joined Begum Hazrat Mahal at Luc-know.
Awadh was annexed in 1856 on charges of maladministration and Jhansi was annexed owing to the Doctrine of Lapse.
The company took over the princely states of Sa-tara (1848) Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849) Nag-pur and Jhansi (1854) using this Doctrine.
Rani of Jhansi became folk heroine in the na-tionalist movement in India.
On 17th June 1858 the Rani became a martyr while fighting bravely.
“The best and the bravest military leader of the rebels” Sir Hugh Ross said this about Rani of Jhansi.
The original name of Rani of Jhansi was Mani Karnika.
Jawaharlal Nehru described Rani Lakshmi as "Light in a dark background'.
In Kanpur Nanasahib was proclaimed as the Peshwa and his troops were led by the brave leader Tantiya Tope.
Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II.
Azimulla Khan was the foreign minister of Nana Saheb.
Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal. Tantiya Tope was captured and hanged. In Bihar Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur led the
revolt and defeated the British Army near Ar-rah, but he died on 23 April 1858.
The revolt was completely crushed in 1858. But it promoted the spirit of Nationalism and patriotism.
Renaissance & FReedom movement
The RevolT of 1857 Discontent in the British Indian army on the
issue of the use of greased cartridges is the primary cause behind the revolt of 1857.
Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
29th March 1857 - First spark of revolt at Bar-rackpore, Meerut in Bengal where Mangal Pandey killed the British adjutant and was later hanged for firing on senior officer.
Mangal Pandey was the first Martyr of revolt of 1857. He was hanged on 1857 April 8.
He was the member of 34th Bengal Infantry.
10th May 1857 - Ninety sepoys of 3rd Native Regiment at Meerut (UP) revolted on the issue of the greased cartridges.
The rebelled soldiers reached Delhi and they proclaimed Bahadursha Zafar as the Emperor of Hindustan.
Bahadurshah was the last Mugal ruler in India.
Bahadurshah II was the leader of the revolt of Delhi only for name sake.
The revolt was actually led by the commander in chief Bakht Khan.
The imperial city of Delhi was regained by the British on September 1857. Bahadurshah II sur-rended to Lt. Hudson on September 21, 1857 at Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi and was deported to Rangoon, where he died in 1862.
Modern India
In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act, which put an end to the rule of the company. The control of the British government in India was transferred to the British crown.
The Queen's proclamation of 1858 is known as 'The Magnacarta of the people of India'.
A minister of the British Government called the Secretary of state was made responsible for the Government of India.
The British Governor - General of India was now also given the title of Viceroy who was also the representative of the Monarch.
Lord Canning was appointed as the First Vice-roy of India.
He was the Governor General of India when the revolt of 1857 took place.
The first Secretary of State was Edward Henry Stanly.
Longest Serving Secretary of the State - George Hamilton.
Last Secretary of the State - William Francis Harre.
The administration by Indian Civil Service of-ficials started as a result of the Govt. of India Act of 1858 (Queen Victorias Proclamation)
Educated middle class section of Indian popula-tion did not support the revolt of 1857.
V.D. Savarkar was the first to called it as an organised war for national independence.
Ashok Mehta in his book “ The Great Rebel-lion” has tried to prove this to be a national revolt.
Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a ‘National Rising’.
CulTuRal & SoCial ChangeS of india
The 19th century saw India make a late entry into the modern age from medieval times.
The ideas and activities of Rajaram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswathi and many other reformers directed the regeneration of Indian Society.
The CenTReS and leadeRS of The RevolT
Lucknow ........... Begum Hazrat Mahal (Awadh)
Kanpur .............. Nana Saheb, Tantiya Tope & Azimulla Khan
Delhi .................. Bahadur Shah II,
General Bhaktkhan
Bihar ................... Kunwar Singh
Jhansi ................ Rani Lekshmi Bai
Faizabad ............ Maulavi Ahmadulla
Bareily ............... Khan Bahadur Khan
Book on RevolT of 1857The last Mugal ................................ William DarlimbilThe Great Rebellion ................................ Ashok MehtaIndian Mutiny ....................................... G.B. MallesonThe Indian's first war of Independence ..... V.D. SavarkarEighteen fifty Seven ........................................S.N. SenCivil Rebellions in the Indian Mutinies ............................. S.B. Chaudhary
? What is Doctrine of Lapse? Ans: The Doctrine of Lapse was an an-
nexation policy of Governor General Lord Dalhousie.
♦ According to the Doctrine, any Princely state or territory under the direct influence of the British East India Company would automati-cally be annexed if the ruler was died without a direct heir.
? What is Wood Despatch? Ans: The Educational Despatch of 1854, also known
as Wood’s Despatch by Charles Wood.♦ Charles Wood became the President of the Board
of Control. Later he became the second secretary of state for India.
♦ Woods Despatch generally considered as the ‘Magna Carta’ of English Education in India.
introduction of Westerneducation and Modern ideas
The English East India Company showed very little interest in the education of its subjects.
The Calcutta Madrasah set up by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study and teaching of Muslim law.
The Sanskrit College at Varanasi was set up by Jonathan Duncan in 1792 for the study of Hindu law and philosophy.
The Asiatic Society was founded on January 15, 1784 by Sir William Jones.
The establishment of the Universities of Cal-cutta, Bombay, Madras, Punjab and Allahabad were some landmark developments of this period.
The Indian Education Commission of 1882, generally known as ‘Hunter Commission’ was appointed by Lord Ripon.
Lord Curzon convened the first conference of Directors of Public instruction in 1901.
Lord Curzon appointed a Universities Com-mission under Thomas Raleigh.
The Sadler Commission was appointed by Lord Chelmsford to review the working of the Calcutta University.
Bethune College was founded as a school in 1849 by J.E.D. Bethune at Calcutta and in 1879 it developed into the first women’s college in India.
In 1928 the Simon Commission appointed a five member committee with Sir Philip Joseph Hurtog as its chairman to report on the growth of education in British India.
Basic education, also called Nai Talim was not so much a methodology of education.
This scheme was first put forward by Mahatma Gandhi in 1937 in a series of articles in his weekly, the Harijan.
The first conference on ‘ National Education’ as it was called, was convened at Wardha on 1937.
Historians and their views about the nature of RevoltV.D. Savarkar - A Planned War of National IndependenceR.C. Majumdar - NeitherfirstnorNationalWarofIndependenceSir James Outram - A Result of Hindu Muslim conspiracySir John Lawrence - Sepoy’s MutinyBenjamin Disraeli - A National RisingT.R. Holmes - War between Barbarism and Civilisation
TRIBAl REvolTTribe Year leaders CauseBhills ........... 1817 ............ Sewaram ....................................................................Agrarian hardshipRamosi ........ 1822 ............ Chittur Singh, Pratap Singh, Dattaraya Patkar ..........British RuleAhom .......... 1828-33 ....... Gomadhar Kunwar ....................................................British occupationKhasi........... 1829-32 ....... Tiruth Singh ..............................................................British occupationKol .............. 1831-32 ....... Buddhu Bhagat ..........................................................land transfer to outsidersSanthals ...... 1855-56 ....... Sidhu and Kanhu .......................................................British Rule
indian RenaiSSanCeSocio-Religious
Reform Movements The historic role of socio- religious movements
can only be understood within the context in which they originated and functioned.
Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833) & Brahmo Samaj
Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism.
Believed in monotheism and opposed idol wor-ship.
Established the ‘Atmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta in 1815 in order to propagate monotheism and to fight against the evil customs and practices in Hinduism.
He also applied rationality to Christianity by publishing in 1820, a book entitled “The per-cepts of Jesus, the Guide to peace and Happi-ness.”
In 1821, he started a Bengali Weekly called Samvad Kaumudi.
Mirat-ul-Akbar (the Mirror of News) which was the first journal in Persian started in 1822.
The Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II gave Ram Mohan the title ‘Raja’.
In the same year Ram Mohan and Dwaraka-nath Tagore jointly started a newspaper called Bangadatta.
In 1825, he started the Vedanta College at Cal-cutta.
In 1828, August he founded the BrahmaSabha Later in 1845 the name Brahmo Samaj was given to it by Devendranath Tagore.
He led a life -long crusade against the practice of Sati.
Finally in 1829 he succeeded in persuading Lord William Bentick to abolish it.
After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Brahmo Samaj was divided into several sects.
Adi Brahmo Samaj led by Devendranath Tag-ore and Brahmo Samaj of India led by Keshav Chandra Sen were started in 1866.
Devendranath Tagore was the founder of Tat-wabodhinisabha in Calcutta in 1839.
Keshav Chandra Sen started a paper called Indian Mirror in 1861.
Sadharan Brahma Samaj was started by Anan-dmohan Bose in 1878.
Surendra Nath Banerjee was the first Indian who took up his political activity on an all India basis.
Tuhfat - ul- Muwahidin or Gift to Monotheists is also a work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy died of meningitis at Bristol, England in 1833 and was buried at Arnos Vale Cemetery, Bristol, England.
Prarthana Samaj (1867) Founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram
Pandurang as an offshoot of the Brahmo Sa-maj.
It was later joined by M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar.
It was a reform movement within Hinduism.
It concentrated social reforms like inter-dining, inter - marriage, remarriage of women etc.
Arya Samaj (1875) It was founded by Swami Dayananda Saras-
wathi at Bombay in 1875.
He considered Vedas as eternal and infallible and said ‘Go back to Vedas’
Dayananda Saraswati (1824 - 1883) was a San-yasi from Gujarat.
Dayananda, was known in his early life as Mool Shankar.
He was the first to use the terms - Swarajya, Swabhasha and Swadharma.
He was the first to consider Hindi as the na-tional language.
He started the Suddhi Movement to re-convert to Hinduism those who were converted to other religions. He is known as Calvin of Hinduism.
Lala Hansraj, a follower of Arya Samaj founded Dayanand Anglo Vedic College at Lahore in 1886.
Aryaprakash was the news paper started by Dayanand Saraswati.
Ramakrishna Mission (1897) It was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897
at Belur in West Bengal.
Shri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa (1836 - 1886) was born in West Bengal.
His early name was Shuddirama Gadhadhar Chatterjee.
He is called the Saint of Dakshineswar.
Vivekananda was born on 12 January in 1863 at Calcutta.
His birthday is celebrated as National Youth Day in India. (January 12)
His real name was Narendranath Dutta.
He attended the Parliament of The World Reli-gions at Chicago in 1893.
The first ‘Ramakrishnamath’ was established at Baranagar.
In 1894, he founded first Vedanta Society in New York.
He started two papers - the monthly Prabud-dha Bharata in English and Udbodhana in Bengali.
Later he made his second visit to USA in 1899.
He spoke at the congress of the History of Re-ligions at Paris in 1900.
He was described as the Cyclonic Hindu.
He is called the patriot saint of India.
‘Vedanta’ according to him was a fully rational system.
In 1898 Sister Nivedita, (Margaret Elizabeth Noble) an Irish lady was initiated to brah-
macharya by Vivekananda.
His major works : Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga,
Raja Yoga.
SoCIo - RElIgIouS REfoRM MovEMENTS1815 ..................... Atmiya Sabha.................................................. Raja Ram Mohan Roy1828 ..................... Brahma Samaj ................................................ Raja Ram Mohan Roy1867 ..................... Prarthana Samaj ............................................ Dr. Atmaram Pandurang1873 ..................... Sathyashodhak Samaj .................................... Jyotiba Phule1875 ..................... Arya Samaj ..................................................... Swami Dayananda Saraswathi1887 ..................... Deva Samaj ..................................................... Shiv Narayan Agnihotri1897 ..................... Ramakrishna Mission .................................... Swami vivekananda
Swamy Dayananda SaraswathyWorks : Satyartha Prakash (Hindi) Veda - Bhashya Bhumika (Hindi & Sanskrit) Veda - Bhashya (Sanskrit)
Theosophical Society (1875) The Theosophical Society was founded by
Madame Blavatsky and Col. H.S.Olcott at Newyork in 1875.
Books written by Blavatsky : The Secret Doctrine, Nightmare Tales, The Key to Theosophy.
In 1882, its head quarters was shifted to Adayar near Madras.
Dr.Annie Besant came who to India in 1893, was its notable President.
Annie Besant represented The Theosophical Society at Parliament of the World Religions of 1893 in Chicago
In 1898, she started the Central Hindu School at Benaras (Varanasi), it later became Benaras Hindu University under Madan Mohan Ma-lavya (1916).
She started the Home Rule League with the Co-operation of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916.
In 1914, Dr. Annie Besant founded two papers (a) The Common Weal (weekly) (b) New India (daily).
Books written by Annie Besant : My path to Atheism, The Law of Population, Esoteric Christianity.
She was the first woman President of Indian National Congress at the Calcutta session of INC in 1917.
Young Bengal Movement Started by Henry Vivian Derozio, who was
an Anglo Indian teacher in the Calcutta Hindu College.
His followers were known as the Derozians.
Their movement was known as “Young Bengal Movement”.
They attacked the old traditions and decadent customs.
He composed a poem “To India My Native Land”
In 1828 he started the Academic Association.
The official journal of Young Bengal Movement was ‘Jnanvesan’.
Pandit Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar He contributed to the uplift of Indian Women
by struggling in favour of widow remarriage.
He opposed child marriage and polygamy.
He evolved a new technique of teaching San-skrit and a modern prose style in Bengali.
Jyotiba Phule Born in 1827 at Poona, he belongs to the low
caste of Mali from Maharashtra. Ghulam Giri is the work written by Jyotiba Phule.
He struggled against upper caste domination and Brahaminical supremacy through his Sathyashodhak Samaj founded in 1873.
Deva Samaj (1887) It was started in 1887 by Shiv Narayan Agni-
hotri at Lahore.
The religious text of this Samaj was “Deva Shastra” and “the teaching Devadharma”.
N.M Joshi He founded the Social Service League at Bom-
bay in 1911.
He also founded the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920 at Bombay.
He left AITUC in 1929 and started the Indian Trade Union Federation.
H.N. Kunzru He founded the Seva Samiti at Allahabad in 1914.
veeresalingam Pantulu He founded the Rajmundri Social Reform As-
sociation in 1878.
He promoted widow remarriage.
Sikh Reform Movements In 1873, the Sikh Sabha Movement was founded
at Amritsar.
Kuka Movement was started with the aim of Sikh reform and restoration of Sikh sovereignty in Punjab by driving the British away.
Kuka movement was founded by Bagat Jawa-harmal, popularly known as Sian Sahib in the 19th century.
Akali Movement The next important Sikh reform movement was
Akali movement.
Main aim was to purify the management of the Sikh gurudwaras by removing the corrupt and selfish priests from them.
MuSliM RefoRM MoveMenTAligarh Movement
This movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for the social and educational advance-ment of the Muslims in India.
Sir Syed Ahmed fought against obscurantism through his journal - Tahzid-ul- Akhlaq.
In order to promote English education among the Muslims, he founded a modern school at Aligarh in 1875.
Sir Syed Ahmedkhan founded 'Scientific Society' in 1864 for the upliftment of Muslim Society.
Later this school was developed into the Mu-hammadan Anglo - Oriental College.
Deobond Movement It was a movement that began after the founda-
tion of the Dar - ul - Ulum at Deoband in 1866 by Maulana Hussain Ahmed.
Ahrar Movement It was a movement founded in 1910 under the
leadership of Maulana Muhammad Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan etc.
It was against the loyalist politics of the Aligarh Movement.
Ahmadia Movement It was also known as the Qadiani Movement.
Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed at Qadiami in Punjab.
Main aim : Reforming Islam
Civil, TRiBal & PeaSanT uPRiSingS
Sanyasi Rebellion In this rebellion, the Sanyasis or Fakirs includ-
ing the Hindu and Muslim ascetics stood up against the oppressive tax collection of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765.
They were suppressed and this suppression included massacre of 150 Fakirs in 1771.
Santal Rebellion With the establishment of the permanent
settlement in 1793, Indian landlords were given ownership over land as long as they paid a stipulated tax to the state annually.
Thus Santal lands came under colonial con-trol.
The introduction of a money- based economy pushed them into the clutches of rapacious money lenders and unscrupulous Bengali trad-ers.
On 30 June 1855, two Santal rebel leaders, Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu mobilized 30,000
Santhals and declared a rebellion against British colonists.
The revolt was brutally crushed and Sidhu and Kanhu were killed.
Wahabi Movement Wahabi movement in India was a part of the
Indian freedom struggle as it offered a serious threat to British supremacy in India in the 19th century.
The movement was led by Syed Ahmed Barelvi The Wahabi Movement essentially condemned
all changes and innovations to Islam. It was a revivalist movement which held that the
return to the true spirit of Islam was the only way to get rid of the socio political oppression.
After the death of Syed Ahmed in May 1831, the two brothers Wilayat Ali and Enayat Ali carried on their revolutionary activities to end British dominion in India.
The British took brutal measures against this movement and were able to subdue it com-pletely in 1870.
Kuka Namdhari Movement This movement started in Punjab under the leader-
ship of Jawarmal and Ram Singh in 1845.
Its aim was to purify the Sikh religion but soon it drifted to become a political movement. English education, mill made cloth and other imported goods were boycotted.
In 1872, Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon and died in Rangoon in 1881. Then the move-ment was crushed.
Indigo Revolt (1859 - 1869) It was an uprising of indigo farmers against the
indigo planters.
The revolt started from Nadia where Bishnucha-ran Biswas and Digambar Biswas first took up arms against the planters.
The indigo planters were put into public trial and executed.
The revolt was ruthlessly suppressed.
Kheda Satyagraha 1918 Gandhi’s first ‘no-revenue’ campaign.
Due to the failure of crops, the peasants of Kheda, Gujarat had expressed their inability to pay the revenue. Gandhiji supported their cause and asked them to withhold the payment of revenue till their demand for its remission was met.
Following the satyagraha the government had to ultimately accede to the demands of the peasants and issued instructions to collect the revenue only from those who could afford to pay it.
During the Kheda Satyagraha, many young nationalists such as Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel and Indulal Yagnik became Gandhi’s followers.
viCeRoyS of india
lord Canning (1856 - 62) Revolt of 1857.
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation or India Act of 1858.
Withdrawal of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1859, which was passed by Lord Dalhousie.
ChaMPaRan SaTyagRaha Gandhi’s first great experiment in Satya-
graha came in 1917 in Champaran, a district in Bihar.
The European planters had been forcing the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 of the total land (known as the Tinkathia system) and also to sell their products at a very low price.
Gandhi started a satyagraha against this ‘Tinkathia System’.
Government appointed a committee of en-quiry on which Gandhiji served as a member.
The committe of enquiry recommended some measures to alleviate the miseries of Indigo cultivators thereby bringing the satyagraha to an end.
BaRdoli SaTyagRaha Bardoli satyagraha 1928 was a major episode
of Indian independence movement.
The movement was led by Vallabhbhai Patel.
In 1925, Bardoli in Gujarat suffered from flood and famine. However the government of the Bombay Presidency had raised the tax rate by 30%.
Patel organised no revenue campaign.
Finally the government instiuted a commis-sion under the chairmanship of Maxwell Broomfield to look into the Bardoli land revenue. The committe recommended to reduce land revenue to 6.02%
Foundation of the Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857.
Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60.
White Mutiny by the European troops of East India Company in 1859.
Indian Penal Code - 1860.
Indian High Court Act - 1861.
Bahadurshah II was sent to Rangoon
Indian Councils Act of 1861.
Enactment of Indian Code of Criminal Proce-dure.
In 1859 a Rent Act was passed to protect the cultivators of Bengal from the oppression of the land - lords.
He was the last governor general and the first viceroy of India.
lord Elgin (1862 - 63) Suppressed the Wahabi Movement Lord Elgin succeeded Lord Canning as Viceroy
in 1862. He died of heart disease in 1863.
Sir John lawrence (1864 - 69) Created the Indian Forest Department.
Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Afghanistan called policy of masterly inactivity.
lord Mayo (1869-72) Wahabi and Kuka movements were active.
He established the Rajkot college at Kathiawar and Mayo College at Ajmeer for the Indian Princes.
He organised the Statistical Survey of India.
Lord Mayo organised the first comprehensive census of India in 1872.
He created a Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
He was the only viceroy to be murdered in office by a convict in the Andamans in 1872.
lord Northbrook (1872-76) Kuka movement of Punjab turned rebellious
during his period.
He was believer of free trade.
He lowered the import duty and abolished export duties on many commodities.
lord lytton (1876-80) He is known as Viceroy of Reverse Character. Passing of the Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the
assumption of the title empress of India (kaiser-i-hind) by Queen Victoria, this event is called as Delhi Durbar (1877).
Passing of the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Passing of the Arms Act of 1878. Lowering of maximum age from 21 years to
19 years for the Civil Services Examination, an attempt to prevent Indians from entering Civil Services.
Appointment of first Famine Commission under Sir Richard Strachey.
Started Statutory Civil Service. Second Anglo Afghan war in 1878.
lord Ripon (1880-84) Passing of the first Factory Act in 1881 for the
welfare of child labour.
‘‘We do not ask favours, we only want justice’’ - Dadabhai Naoroji.
Dadabhai Naoroji is the author of the book ‘‘Poverty and unBritish Rule in India’’ which contains the famous ‘‘drain theory’’.
Aurobindo ghosh called INC a ‘‘begging institute’’
Bibin Chandra Pal viewed ‘‘INC playing with bubble’’.
Tilak, the father of Indian unrest said ‘‘INC should distinguish between begging and claiming right’’ Tilak said ‘‘Rights are not begged they are claimed’’.
Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
Foundation of the Local Self Government (1882)
Holding of the first decennial and regular census in 1881 which put the total population at 254 million.
Appointment of an Education Commission under Sir William Hunter in 1882.
He was a true liberal of the Gladstonian era with a strong belief in the virtues of peace, Laissez faire and self government.
He took great interest in the welfare of the peas-ants and workers.
He introduced a Tenancy to improve the condi-tion of the ryots of Bengal and Oudh.
The Ilbert bill controversy was occured.
lord Dufferin (1884 - 88) He was the Viceroy when Indian National
Congress formed in 1885 December 28.
Third Anglo Burmese war
Commented on the Congress being a micro-scopic minority.
lord lansdowne (1888 - 94) Factory Act of 1891.
Indian Council Act of 1892.
Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghani-stan.
lord Curzon (1899 -1905) Creation of a new province called the North
West Frontier Province.
Appointment of Universities Commission in 1902 under Sir Thomas Releigh and passing of Indian Universities Act 1904.
EARlY ASSoCIATIoNSYear organisation founder ....................................................... Place1838 landholders society Dwaraknath Tagore ................................... Calcutta1839 British India Society William Adams ........................................... london1843 Bengal British Indian Society george Thomson ....................................... Calcutta1851 British India Association Devendranath Tagore ................................. Calcutta1862 london India Committee C.P. Mudaliar .............................................. london1866 East India Association Dadabhai Naoroji ....................................... london1867 National Indian Association Mary Carpenter.......................................... london1872 Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose .................................... london1875 Indian league Sisir kumar ghosh ..................................... Calcatta1876 Indian Association Anand Mohan Bose and S.N. Banerjee ... Calcutta1883 Indian National Society Shishir Chandra Bose ................................ Calcutta1884 Indian National Conference S N Banerjee ............................................... Calcutta1885 Bombay Presidency Association Mehta and Telang ....................................... Bombay1888 united India Patriotic Association Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ................................ Aligarh1905 Servants of India Society g.K. gokhale .............................................. Bombay1920 Indian Trade union Congress NM Joshi (founder) .................................... lucknow lala lajpat Rai (President)1924 All India Communist Party Satyabhakta ................................................ Kanpur1928 Khudai Khidmatgar Abdul gaffar Khan .................................... Peshwar1936 All India Kisan Sabha Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga .................... lucknow1940 Radical Democratic Party M.N. Roy ..................................................... Calcutta
Partition of Bengal took place in 1905.
Created Archaeological Department under the leadership of John Marshal.
Foreign policy was mainly concerned with Afghanistan, Peria and Tibet.
The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900 pro-vided against eviction of cultivators by money - lenders.
The Land Revenue Regulation of 1902 made assessment and classification of revenue more liberal.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale compared Lord Cur-zon to the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb and the Czar of Russia.
lord Minto II (1905 -1910) Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi
Movement.
Split in congress in the annual session of 1907 in Surat.
Establishment of Muslim League at Dhaka in 1906 by Aga Khan and Salimullah.
Indian Councils Act 1909.
He is regarded as the father of communal elec-torate system in India.
Separate electorate for Muslims.
lord Hardinge (1910-1916) Repeal of partition of Bengal.
Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi.
Delhi Durbar and coronation of King George V and Queen Mary
Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malavya.
Defense of India Act was passed in 1915.
lord Chelmsford (1916 - 21) The Government of India Act of 1919 was
passed.
Rowlact Act, 1919
Foundation of Women’s University at Poona.
Appointed Hunter Commission to investigate Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.
Chamber of Princes established in 1921.
Home Rule League founded by Annie Besant.
Third Afghan war started.
Aligarh Muslim University was founded in 1920.
lord Reading (1921-26) Foundation of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh
by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.
Beginning of Indianisation of the officers cadre of the Indian Army.
Railway Budget was separated from General Budget in 1921.
Hilton Young Committee on Currency was appointed in 1926.
Viswa Bharati University started by Rabindra Nath Tagore.
Train Robbery at Kakori.
The British Viceroy who abolished Devadasi System.
Chauri - Chaura incident occured.
Rowlat Act repealed.
lord Irwin (1926-31) Popularly known as Christian Viceroy. Simon Commission arrived in Bombay - 1928
February. Meerut conspiracy case. Gandhi started his Dandi March. Chitagong Armoury Raid. Lahore Congress, declaration of Poorna Swaraj
held. First Round Table Conference was his period.
Gandhi-Irwin pact - 1931 March
lord Willingdon (1931-36) Communal Award in 1932 by Ramsay Mac
Donald.
Poona Pact was signed.
Third Round Table Conference in 1932.
White Paper on Political reforms in India was published in 1933.
Burma was separated from British Empire in 1935.
Govt. of India Act of 1935.
lord linlithgow (1936-43) August Offer by the Viceroy in which he de-
clared dominion status as the ultimate goal of British policy in India.
In 1940 individual Civil Disobedience Move-ment was started.
1942 Cripps Mission came.
Congress starts Quit India Movement.
lord Wavell (1943-47) Wavell Plan, Simla conference Congress repre-
sented by Maulana Azad
Royal Naval Mutiny of 1946.
Interim Government was formed (September 2, 1946)
Prime Minister of Britain Clement Atlee an-nounced to give independence to India before June 1948.
Cabinet Mission arrived in 1946.
16th August 1946, Muslim League observed ‘Direct Action day’.
lord Mountbatten (1947-48) Last Viceroy of British India and first Governor
General of free India. Indian Independence Act was prepared. India was divided under his leadership. His plan to make India free on August 15, 1947
is also known as June 3rd Plan.
indian naTional CongReSS The INC was founded in December 28, 1885 at
the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bom-bay.
Founder of Indian National Congress: A.O. Hume
72 delegates participated in the first session of the INC.
First president of INC : W.C. Banerjee
G. Subramanya Iyer moved the first resolution in the first session.
The Indian Association of S.N. Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose, organised an All Indian National Conference at Calcutta in 1885 De-cember.
The term ‘congress’ was derived from the his-tory of The United States of America.
‘Congress’ means assembly of the people.
A.O. Hume was the first General Secretary of INC.
The Second Session of the INC met at Calcutta in December 1886, under the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji.
The second session was attended by 436 del-egates.
The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the Moderate Phase of Indian National Congress.
Prominent leaders of this phase were Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Feroz Shah Mehta, S u re n d r a n a t h B a n e r j e e , G o p a l a k r i s h n a Gokhale etc.
The Congress Sessions lasted only for three days a year.
The Grand Old Man of India: Dadabhai Naoroji (also known as Father of Indian Economics and Politics)
Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East Indian Association in 1866.
The name Congress was suggested to the or-ganisation by Dadabhai Naoroji.
Naoroji was the first Indian to become a mem-ber of the House of Commons on the Liberal Parties ticket.
Naoroji became the president of INC thrice, in 1886, 1893 and 1906.
He was the chief propounder of Brain Drain Theory and "Wealth Drain Theory”.
He was the author of famous book “ Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India”.
“We do not ask favours, we only want justice” words of Dadabai Naoroji.
He founded ‘Gyan Prak ash Mandali ’ and Bombay Association in 1852.
First Muslim president of INC:
Badruddin Tyabji
Badruddin Tyabji was the first Indian barrister at Bombay High Court.
He became the third president of INC in Madras session in 1887.
During the forth session of INC (1888 Allaha-bad) emphasis was given on the formation of its constitution.
George Yule was the first foreigner to become the President of INC (1888 Allahabd)
The British Committee of INC was founded in 1889.
William Wedderburn was the second foreigner to became the President of INC (1889 Bom-bay)
He was the first foreigner to preside twice the INC Sessions. (1889 Bombay, 1910 Allahabad)
During the Nagur Session of 1891, the word National was added to congress.
For the first time National Song Vande Mataram was sung in the Calcutta session of INC 1896.
C. Sankarannair was the first Malayali to be-come the President of INC.
He presided 13th session of INC at Amaravathi on 1897.
Gopal Krisha Gokhale presided the Benaras Session of Congress 1905.
In this session INC decided to start Swadeshi and boycott movement against partition of Bengal.
Ravindranath Tagore composed Amar Sonar Bengala as a part of anti partition movement which later became the National anthem of Bangladesh.
Boycott of British product was first suggested by Krishna Kumar Mitra in Sanjivanis.
The split between the moderates and extrem-ists came at the Surat Session of the congress in December 1907.
indian naTional CongReSS and iTS iMPoRTanT SeSSionS
Year Place President
1885 Bombay W.C. Banerjee
1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji
1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji
1888 Allahabad George Yule
1889 Bombay William Wedderburn
1890 Calcutta Pheroz Shah Mehta
1893 Lahore Dadabhai Nauroji
1896 Calcutta M.A. Sayani
1897 Amaravati C. Sankaran Nair
1904 Bombay Henry Cotton
1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji
1907 Surat Rash Bihari Ghosh
1910 Allahabad William Wedderburn
1911 Calcutta B.N. Dhar
1916 Lucknow A.C. Majumdar
1917 Calcutta Anni Besant
1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad Ali
1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu
1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru
1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel
1933 Calcutta Nellie Sengupta
1938 Haripura Subhash Chandra Bose
1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose
1940 Ramgarh Moulana Abul Kalam Azad
1946 Meerut J.B. Kripalani
Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh was the President of the INC at the time of this split.
The main leaders of the extremist group were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh.
During the Madras Session (1908) INC formed its constitution.
In the Lucknow session of the congress (1916) the two functions of congress (extremists and moderates ) reunited.
This session was presided by Ambika Charan Majumadar.
Mrs. Annie Besant was the first woman Presi-dent of INC (1917 Culcutta).
During the Delhi Session (1918) along with SN Banarjee many liberals resigned from con-gress.
During the special session of the congress in Calcutta (1920) Gandhiji proposed to start Non-cooperation movement.
During the Delhi Session (1923) Indian National Congress decided to establish All India Khadi Board.
Only session presided over by Gandhi - Bel-gaum (1924).
Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of Indian National Con-gress (1925 Kanpur).
During the Guwahati Session of INC (1926) wearing Khadi was made compulsory to its workers.
In Madras Session of the INC (1927) propos-als for independence and to boycott Simmon Commission were passed.
During Calcutta Session (1928) All India Youth Congress was established.
Complete independence was demanded for the first time at Lahore Session in 1929.
It was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru observed the Early congress
to be “an English Knowing Upper Class af-fair.”
During the Karachi Session (1931) Fundamen-tal Rights and Economic Policy proposals were passed.
Nelli Sen Gupta became the third woman to become the President of Indian National Con-gress (1933 Calcutta)
First Session held in a village was 1937 session held at Faizapur.
In this session congress decided to take part in election of 1937.
1938 Session of congress was held in Haripura vil-lage, it was presided by Subash Chandra Bose.
first in Indian National CongressFirst President W.C. Banerjee
First Muslim President Badruddin Tyabji
First English President George Yule
First Malayali President C. Sankaran Nair
First Woman President Anni Besant
First Indian Woman President Sarojini Naidu
First Elected President Subhash Chandra Bose
During the Tr ipur i S ess ion (1939) Subash Chandra Bose defeated Pattabi Sitaramayya (Gandhi’s candidate in presidential election)
In Ramgarh Session (1940) decision was taken on individual sathyagraha .
Acharya J.B. Kripalani was the Presi-dent of INC when India wins free-dom.
For the first time National Anthem Jana Gana Mana
was sung in the Calcutta session of INC 1911.
PaRTiTion of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905
by the Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon.
The partition came into effect on October 16, 1905.
The government version was that the partition of Bengal was purely an administrative mea-sure.
Partition of Bengal led to staunch opposition. The Indian national congress viewed the
partition as an attempt to ‘divide and rule’ policy.
Agitation against the partition manifested itself in the form of mass meetings, rural unrest and Swadesi movement.
They started mass movement declaring Oc-tober 16, 1905 as the ‘days of mourning’ in Calcutta.
In 1906 Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar Sona Bangla as a cry against the partition of Bengal.
The ceremony of Raksha Bandhan was ob-served on October 16, 1905.
Hindus and Muslims tied rakhis on each other’s wrist showing solidarity.
But due to extensive political protest against Bengal partition, the eastern and western part of Bengal were reunited in 1911.
SWadeShi MoveMenT 1905 The Swadeshi movement started with the parti-
tion of Bengal by the viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911.
Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chan-drapal and Lala Lajpat Rai.
This movement involved the boycott of the Brit-ish products. The western clothes were thrown in burn fires and it was an act of honour to wear the local Indian clothes.
A resolution to boycott British goods was ad-opted on August 7, 1905 at a meeting of INC at Calcutta.
Charka came to typify the popular concern for country’s economic self - sufficiency.
Swadesh Bandhav Samiti of Barisal founded by Ashwini Kumar Dutt was the largest volunteer body to support Swadeshi Movement.
First real labour union - The Printers Union was formed on October 1905.
Tilak began the Swadesh Vastra Pracharine Sabha to propagate Swadeshi Movement.
Savarkar founded ‘Mitra mela’.
The main drawback of the Swadeshi movement was that it was not able to garner the support of the mass Muslims.
foRMaTion of MuSliM league 1906
Muslim League was setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin - ul- Mulk.
In 1928, the Muslim League rejected the Nehru Report, as it did not incorporate all their de-mands.
This led to the estrangement of Jinnah and formulated his infamous fourteen points (in-cluding separate - electorates, reservation of seats in the centre and provinces, reservation of jobs for Muslims, creation of new Muslim majority provinces etc.) which became the text of the communal demands.
Muhammed Iqbal, who presided over the Al-lahabad session of the League in 1930 gave the idea of Separate Muslim State in North West India.
In 1939, December 22 - The Muslim League ob-serves the resignation of the congress ministries as Deliverance Day.
In 1940, March - Lahore session of the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution.
On December 1943 the Karachi session of the Muslim League adopts the slogan ‘ Divide and Quit’.
The name ‘Pakistan’ was framed by Rahmat Ali.
SuRaT SPliT (1907) The INC split into two groups. The extrem-
ist and the moderates at the Surat session in 1907.
Extremists were led by Balgangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal while the moder-ates were led by Gopala Krishna Gokhale.
After the Surat Split the congress remained under the control of the Moderates.
The Moderates did not approve the boycott of foreign goods but the Extremists favoured it.
The Moderates continued to have faith in the good intensions of the British government.
They wanted self government in gradual stages, while the Extremists wanted complete autonomy at the earliest.
MinTo MoRley RefoRMS of 1909
Minto Morley reforms envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
The Indian Councils Act of 1909 is commonly known as the Minto- Morley reforms.
It effectively allowed the election of Indians to the various legislative councils in India for the first time.
It provided for the association of Indians with the executive councils of Viceroy and Gover-nors.
Satyendra Prasad Zinha became the first Indian to join the viceroys executive council. He was appointed as law member.
Indian Muslims will be allotted reserved seats in the Municipal and district Boards, in the Pro-vincial councils and in the imperial Legislature and that Muslims should vote for candidates for the Muslim seats (separate electorates)
The real purpose of the reforms of 1909 was to confuse the Moderate nationalists and to check the growth of unity among Indians.
ghadaR PaRTy of india 1913
The word Ghadar means revolt or rebellion. It was started and organized by the Indian im-migrants, to Canada and USA.
The Ghadar party was initially known as Pa-cific Coast Hindustan Association.
Formed by Lala Hardayal, Tarakanath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.
The name was taken from a weekly paper, “The Ghadar” .
The first issue of ‘The Ghadar’ was published from San Francisco on Ist November 1913.
Its head quarters was at San Francisco
famous Conspiracy CasesCase Year AccusedNasik 1909-10 Vinayak Savarkar
ConspiracyAlipore 1908 Aurobindo GhoshHawrah case 1910 Jatin MukharjeeDacca Case 1910 Pulin DasDelhi case 1912 Amirchand, Awad
Bihari & Rash Behari Bose
Lahore case 1929- 30 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev
Banaras case 1915- 16 Sachindranath SanyalKakori case 1925 Rama Prasad Bismil
and Ashfaq
They attempted to bring about an armed revolt in India on February 21, 1915.
The plan was failed due to treachery.
The rebellious regiments were disbanded and their leaders were either imprisoned or hanged.
hoMe Rule MoveMenT (1916) Home Rule Movement was started by Annie
Besant and Tilak in 1916.
The objectives of Home Rule movement were
•SelfGovernmentforIndiainBritishempire
•Work fornationaleducation, social andpoliti-cal reforms.
Annie Besant launched a campaign through her two papers New India and Common weal.
Tilak’s Home Rule Movement was to work in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central Provinces and Berar and Annie Besant’s in the rest of India.
Home Rule Movement declined after Besant accepted the proposed Montagu -Chelmsford Reform and Tilak went to Britain
luCknoW PaCT(1916) Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916. By this pact,
the Congress accepted the separate electorates given to the Muslims by the 1909 Act.
Lucknow pact was brought about by Tilak and Jinnah.
It was first time that the congress recognised the Muslim League as the political party represent-ing the Muslims of the region.
The pact brought about a change, temporary although, in the attitude of the Muslims towards the “Hindu Congress”
Both organisations jointly demanded dominions status for the country.
The Lucknow Congress also demanded a fur-ther dose of constitutional reforms as a step towards self government.
MonTague-ChelMSfoRdRefoRMS (1919)
In 1918 Edwin Montague, the Secretary of State, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy pro-duced their scheme of constitutional reforms known as the Montague - Chelmsford Reforms, which led to the enactment of the Government of India Act of 1919.
Salient features of the Act The council of Secretary of State was to comprise
8 to 12 people, three of them Indian.
Dyarchy system was introduced in the prov-inces. Provincial subjects were divided into Reserved subjects and Transferred subjects.
The Central Legislature was to consist of two houses, the council of the state and the Legisla-tive Assembly.
Provincial legislatures were to be unicameral.
Sikhs, Anglo - Indians, Christians and Euro-peans were also given the right of separate electorates.
First Textile Mill : Bombay (1853) First Jute Mill at Rishra in Bengal (1855) First Factory Act was passed in 1881. The Second Factory Act was passed in
1891. First Industrial Commission was ap-
pointed in 1875. The first real labour union was formed in
October 1901 in Calcutta called the Print-ers Union.
The Madras Labour Union was the first organisation with regular membership and was started by G. Ramanujalu Naidu, G. Challapathi and was presided over by B.P. Wadia in 1918.
Trade Union Act was passed in 1926
The Legislature had virtually no control over the Governor General and his Executive Council.
One important development during the pe-riod was the evolution of the office of the speaker.
RoWlaTT aCT (1919) This Act authorised the Government to im-
prison any person without trial and convict in a court of law.
The Rowlact Act came into effect on 10th March 1919.
This Act thus, severely curtailed the civil liber-ties of Indians in the name of curbing terror.
The official name of the Rowlatt Act was the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act (1919).
Sir Sydney Rowlatt was the president of the committee to make proposals for the Act..
Gandhiji decided to start ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act. The date for the first country wide Hartal was fixed on March 30 and then shifted to April 6, 1919.
JallianWala Bagh MaSSaCRe (1919)
In protest to the Rowlatt Act, Amritsar observed Hartal peacefully both on 30 March & 6 April 1919.
The arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on 10 April, 1919, under the Rowlatt Act in connection with satyagraha caused seri-ous unrest in Punjab.
The result was a public meeting announced for 13 April 1919 in Jallianwala Bagh.
The meeting started and there were about 6000 to 10,000 people present in the meeting.
Without giving any warning to the people to disperse General Dyer ordered the troops to fire. Many people were killed.
On this occasion Tagore renounced his Knight-hood in protest.
Gandhiji renounced the ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ medal given to him for his work during the Boer War. Sarojini Naidu renounced the little 'Kaiser - i- Hind'
Sardar Udham Singh, who took the name Ram Muhammed Singh, murdered Dyer in England as a revenge to the Massacre.
khilafaT MoveMenT (1920) During the first world war, Turkey was allied
with Germany and Austria against the British.
The Indian Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa.
After the war, the British removed the Khalifa from power and fragmented Turkey.
Hence, the Muslims started the Khilafat move-ment in India for the restoration of the Khalifa’s position.
Their main demand was Khalifa’s control should be retained over the Muslim sacred places.
A Khilafat committee was formed under the leadership of Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal khan, and Hasrat Mohani.
Gandhiji decided to extend support to the Khila-fat movement as this was to him an opportunity of uniting the Hindus and Muslims
On 1 June 1920 the Khilafat Committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted Gandhiji’s suggestion of non co-operation and asked him to lead the Movement.
The Khilafat Movement lost its relevance due to the reforms of Mustafa Kamal Pasha in Tur-key. He abolished Khilafat and made Turkey a secular state.
non - Co-oPeRaTionMoveMenT (1920)
The Non - Cooperation movement was formally launched on 1 August 1920.
This movement was launched as per the resolu-tion of Calcutta Session and ratified in Nagpur session in December 1920.
It was the first mass based political movement under Gandhiji.
The main emphasis of the movement was on renunciation of Government titles, boycotting law courts, Government educational institu-tions, foreign goods and advocacy of the use of the Charka.
Swaraj or self rule redressal of Punjab wrongs and Khilafat issue were demanded through Non - Cooperation Movement.
The Government declared the activities of the congress and Khilafat volunteers as illegal.
By the end of 1921, all prominent nationalist leaders, except Gandhiji were imprisoned.
The Government showed no signs of relenting as a result Gandhiji decided to intensify the movement.
However before the movement could be further intensified mass violence erupted at Chauri Chaura, a village in the Gorakhpur district of UP.
Congress volunteers burnt down a policesta-tion and about 22 English policemen.
Gandhiji called off the non Co-operation Movement on Feb. 12, 1922.
Gandhiji was arrested and tried at Ahmedabad on March 18, 1922 and sentenced to six years imprisonment.
ChauRi ChauRa inCidenT (1922) A mob of countrymen of Chauri - Chaura near
Gorakhpur in UP, clashed with police. They burnt police station and killed 22 police men.
This compelled Gandhiji to call off Non-co-operation Movement.
The SWaRaJ PaRTy (1922) The decision of Gandhiji to suspend non - co-
operation movement resulted in the differences between the two sections of congress.
As a result one section left the party and formed the Swarajist Party.
The formation of the new party by C.R Das and Motilal Nehru was formally announced on January 1923 and its first conference was held at Allahabad in March 1923.
They pleaded for the capture of seats in the legislatures.
The Swaraj Party fought the election in 1923 and won a majority in the legislative council of the central provinces.
Vithalbhai J Patel became the President (speaker) of the Central Legislative Assembly.
With the death of Chittranjan Das in 1925 and with Motilal Nehru’s return to the congress the following year, the Swaraj Party was greatly weakened.
kakoRi ConSPiRaCy Kakori Conspiracy was a train robbery that
took place between Kakori and Alamnagar, near Lucknow on 9 August 1925.
The idea of this robbery was conceived by Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan who be-longed to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
The objective of HSRA was to conduct an armed revolution against the British Government.
On 9th August 1925, the number 8 down Train which carried the money bags belonging to the British Government Treasury in the guard’s van was looted.
Bismil was arrested on September 26, 1925 and Ashfaqullahkhan was arrested ten months later. Both were sentenced to death.
delhi CenTRal aSSeMBly BoMB CaSe
Delhi Central Assembly bombing was done to protest the introduction of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bill.
The HSRA decided to bomb the Assembly while the bills were being introduced to arouse public opinion against them.
On April 8, 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukesh-war Dutt threw bombs at the empty treasury benches.
They made no attempt to escape and courted arrest while shouting Inquilab Zindabad and Samrajyavad ko nash (down with the imperial-ism).
This leaflet was also thrown in the assembly.
No one was killed in the bombing as it was designed as a propaganda operation.
SiMon CoMMiSSion In November 1927, the British Government
appointed the Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as Simon Commission, to go into the question of further constitution reform.
Despite clear opposition of various political groups in India, the government announced that Simon Commission would visit India.
As soon as the members of the Commission landed at Bombay a complete hartal was ob-served.
Wherever the Commission went, it was greeted with black flags and slogans of ‘Simon go back’.
The police mercilessly beat demonstrations at Lahore and Lala Lajpat Rai received serious lathi blows, which proved fatal.
In May 1930 the Simon Commission Report was published.
It did not recommend the establishment of ei-ther responsible government or dyarchy at the centre.
Separate electorates were retained.
It proposed reservation of seats for depressed classes.
It recommended scrapping of dyarchy in the provinces and establishment of responsible unitary government in provinces.
The report was rejected by almost all Indian parties.
The outcome of the Simon Commission was the Government of India Act of 1935, which established representative government at the provincial level in India.
lahoRe ConSPiRaCy After the death of Lala Lajpat Rai on 17 De-
cember 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders, a police official at Lahore who involved in the Lathi - charge on Lala Lajpat Rai.
In the Lahore Conspiracy Case Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukh Dev were executed in the Lahore jail on 23 March 1931.
TRade union MoveMenT in india
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was founded in 1920.
Lala Lajpati Rai was the first president of AITUC.
The Trade Union Act of 1926 organised trade unions as legal Associations.
The Jamshedpur Labour Association was founded by S.N. Haldar and Byomkesh Chakra-varthy in 1920.
In 1929, All India Trade Union Federation was formed under the leadership of N.M Joshi.
The Congress Socialist Party was founded in 1934. The main leaders were Jayaprakash Narayan, Basawon Singh and Acharya Nar-endra Dev.
K anpur Labour Enquir y Committee was founded under the chairmanship of Rajendra Prasad.
Indian National Trade Union Congress (IN-TUC) is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress.
It was founded on May 3, 1947, affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.
Centre of Indian Trade Union (CITU) was founded in 1970.
MAJOR TRADE UNIONS
Indian National Trade Union Congress (IN-TUC)
Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS)
Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)
United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and
National Federation of Independent Trade Unions (NFITU).
nehRu RePoRT The Nehru Report, 1928 August, officially called
“Report of the Committee by the All - Parties Conference to determine the Principles of the Constitution of India” was comprised of Seven Chapters, two schedules and three ap-pendices.
Chapter seven, comprising 24 pages in print en-titled ‘Recommendations” contains the broad outlines of the constitutional frame work.
Back ground of the Nehru Report. In response to the resolution of the Madras Session of the Congress in Dec. 1927, all the parties Confer-ence was convened at Delhi on 12 Feb. 1928.
Representatives of 29 organisation attended. On 19th May 1928 the Committee of all par-
ties conference adopted a resolution to make Motilal Nehru the chairman to consider and determine the principles of the Constitution of India.
Some major recommendations of the Nehru Report were
(a) Dominion Status to India. (b) Freedom of consciousness, Professing and
practice of one’s religion. (c) The lower houses in the centre and provin-
cial legislature consists of members elected by joint mixed electorates with reservation of seats to the Muslims
(d) Adult universal suffrage and
(e) Fundamental Rights.
Jinnah’S fouRTeen PoinTS
Muslim League led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah rejected Nehru Report and submitted the 14 points of Jinnah on 28 March 1929.
Their main objections were
Separate Electorates and Weightage : The 1916 - Congress Muslim League agreement, The Lucknow Pact provided these to the Muslim community whereas they were rejected by the Nehru Report.
Residuary Powers : The Muslim realised that while they would be a majority in certain provinces they would control their provincial legislatures.
They demanded, contrary to the Nehru Report that residuary powers to go to the Provinces.
The mobility of congress to concede these points must be considered a major factor in the even-tual partition of India.
Civil diSoBedienCeMoveMenT -1930
In 1930, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedi-ence Movement.
In 1929, INC adopted ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (com-plete independence) as its goal at the Lahore session of the congress under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
It also decided for launching a Civil Disobedi-ence Campaign.
At midnight on 31 December 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru unfurled the newly adopted Tricolour Flag of freedom on the bank of river Ravi.
26 January 1930 was fixed as the first indepen-dent day.
The Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Gandhiji with his famous Dandi March
He started his Salt Satyagraha or the Dandi March on the morning of 12 March 1930 along with 78 volunteers.
It was 385km (240 miles) Journey from Sabar-mati Ashram at Ahmedabad to Dandi on the West Coast.
On April 6, Gandhiji broke the Salt Law by picking up salt from the seashore at 6 in the morning Gandhiji and his volunteers picked up Salt lying on the sea-shore.
In Tamil Nadu C. Rajagopalachari led a Salt March from Tiruchirapalli to Vedaranyam on the Tanjore Coast. He was arrested on 30 April, 1930.`
In Malabar, K. Kelappan, the hero of the Gu-ruvayur Satyagraha, walked from Calicut to Payyannur to break the Salt law.
Gandhiji was arrested on May 5, 1930.
After his arrest his place was taken by Abbas Tyabji and after the arrest of Abbas leadership passed on to Sarojini Naidu.
One notable feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement of Gandhiji was the wide participa-tion of women.
fiRST Round TaBleConfeRenCe
The Indian Political community received the Simon Commission Report issued in June 1930 with great resentment.
The Congress started a civil disobedience move-ment under Gandhi’s command.
The Labour Government returned to power in Britain in 1931.
The government decided to hold a Round Table Conference in London to consider new consti-tutional reforms.
The first session of the conference opened in London on November 12, 1930.
All parties were present except for the Con-gress, whose leaders were in jail due to the civil disobedience movement.
The Musl ims demanded maintenance of weightage and separate electorates, the Hindus their abolition.
The Muslims claimed statutory majority in Punjab and Bengal, while Hindus resisted their imposition.
The Conference broke up on January 19, 1931.
gandhi - iRWin PaCT Gandhi-Irwin pact refers to a political agree-
ment signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India on 5th March 1931. The terms of the agreement included the following.
1. The congress had to withdraw the civil disobedience movement.
2. The Congress must take part in the Second Round Table Conference.
3. The Government would release all those undergoing imprisonment for their activi-ties in the civil disobedience Movement.
4. The Government would withdraw all or-dinances issued to curb the Indian national movement and the Congress.
The spirit in which the Gandhi - Irwin pact was signed did not last long.
The pact shows that the British government was anxious to bring the congress to the conference table.
SeCond Round TaBleConfeRenCe
It was held in London during the viceroyalty of Lord Wellington during September-December 1931.
Gandhiji, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Sarojini Naidu, Ambedkar etc. attended the Second Round Table Conference.
Gandhiji demanded for the establishment of a responsible government both at the Centre and the provinces.
He also demanded complete control over the finances, army, defence and external relations.
British government refused to concede to these demands.
Thus the conference ended in a failure on De-cember 11, 1931.
CoMMunal - aWaRd After the failure of the Second Round Table
Conference, British Prime Minister Mr. Ramsay Mac Donald announced the Communal Award on August 16, 1932.
According to the Award, the right of separate electorate was not only given to the Muslims of India but also to all the minority communities in the country.
The award also declared untouchables as a mi-nority and the Hindu depressed classes were given a number of special seats, to be filled from special depression class electorates in the area where their voters concentrated.
The award was not popular with any Indian Party.
Muslims were not happy with the Communal Award as it has reduced their majority in Punjab and Bengal to a minority.
They organized the Allahabad Unity Confer-ence in which they demanded for the replace-ment of separate electorates by joint elector-ates.
Many nationalist Muslims and Sikhs also par-ticipated in the conference.
The Congress also rejected the award. Gandhi, protested against the declaration of
untouchables as a minority and undertook a fast unto death.
He also held meetings with the Untouchable leadership for the first time and try to convince them that they were very much part of the mainstream Hindu Society.
Poona PaCT (1932) Poona Pact (1932) is the popular name of an
agreement between the untouchables (called Depressed Classes) of India led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and the Hindus of India that took place on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Jail in
Pune. The untouchables are now popularly known as
Dalits. According to the pact there shall be seats re-
served for the depressed classes. Election to these seats shall be joined electorates
subject. The representation of the depressed classes in
the Central legislature shall likewise be on the principle of joint electorates.
In the central legislature 18% of the seats allotted to the general electorate for British India.
Gandhiji conducted fast in September 1932 Gandhiji declared a fast unto death to undo the provisions of the Communal Award of Ramsay McDonald, the the British Prime Minister pro-viding for the scheme separate representation for the depressed classes, since that would cut across Hinduism.
ThiRd Round TaBleConfeRenCe
In November 1932, the British Govt. Convened Third Round Table Conference.
From September 1931 until March 1933 under the supervision of Samuel Hoare, the proposed reform took the form reflected in the Govern-ment of India Act 1935.
Most of the main political figures of India were not present for this conference.
On the basis of the ‘white paper’ issued after the Third Round Table Conference in 1933, the Govt. of India Act was passed.
The Government of India Act 1935 The Government of India Act 1935 was the last
pre- independence constitution of the British Raj.
The significant aspects of the act were
• It granted Indianprovinces autonomy and ended the dyarchy introduced by the Gov-ernment of India Act 1919.
• It provided establishment of an All India Federation.
• Direct elections are introduced for the firsttime.
• Sindwas separated from Bombay, Orissawas separated from Bihar and Burma was separated from India.
• Provincial assemblieswere to includemoreelected Indian representatives who in turn could lead majorities and form governments Governors retained discretionary powers regarding summoning of legislatures, giv-ing assent to bills and administering certain special regions.
• The federalpartof theActwasnever intro-duced due to strong opposition from the princely state rulers.
In 1937 the first set of elections under this act was held.
The elections were held in 1937 and the con-gress got a majority and formed their own min-istries in Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, Orissa, Bihar, UP, NWFP and Assam.
When the World War II broke out in Septem-ber 1939, the Government of India immediately joined the war without consulting the National Congress or the elected members of the Central Legislature.
Lord Linlithgow promised Dominion status to India after the war.
But the congress wanted complete indepen-dence and told its ministries to resign.
auguST offeR (1940) August offer offered by Viceroy Linlithgow on
August 8, 1940
Its aim was to get Indian support in the war effort.
Its main proposals are Dominion status as objective for India
Setting up of Constituent Assembly after the war mainly consisting of Indians.
No future constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities.
Congress was disappointed by August offer.
Congress decided to start individual satya-graha.
Individual Civil Disobedience (1941) The Congress Working Committee decided to
start Individual Civil Disobedience on October 17, 1940.
Vinobha Bhave was the first Satyagrahi who was arrested on October 21, followed soon by many more including Nehru and Patel.
But the movement created little enthusiasm and Gandhiji suspended the movement on Decem-ber 17, 1940.
CRiPPS MiSSion (1942) It was an attempt in late March 1942 by the
British Government.
It was also an effort to secure Indian Coopera-tion and support in the World War II
The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps.
Sir Cripps was a senior left - wing politician and government minister in the war cabinet of Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
Cripps reached India during the viceroyalty of Lord Linlithgow.
Cripps began by offering India full dominion status at the end of the war.
Gandhiji called it “as post dated cheque on a crashing bank”
The mission could not get support from the congress and so it failed.
Quit India Movement (1942) It is the third popular agitation started under
the leadership of Gandhiji in 1942.
The last major mass movement in the history of Indian freedom struggle.
On 14 July 1942, The Congress Working Com-mittee meeting at Wardha (Maharashtra) passed a resolution demanding complete in-dependence from the British government.
On August 8, 1942 the Quit India Resolution was passed at the Bombay Session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC).
Gandhiji gave the slogan “do or die” to his country men.
The movement began on August 9, 1942. Gandhiji was arrested and imprisoned at the
Aga Khan Palace in Pune. All the members of the Congress were arrested
and imprisoned at Ahmednagar Fort. On August 9, 1942 Aruna Asif Ali presided
over the AICC session and hoisted the National flag.
Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days and main-tained superhuman resolve to continue his resistance.
British released Gandhiji on account of his ill - health.
C. R. foRMula (1944) It was a proposal formulated by C. Raja go-
palachari to solve the political deadlock be-tween the Muslim League and Congress.
It was tacit acceptance of the League’s demand for Pakistan.
Gandhiji supported the C.R. Formula.
The main points in C.R. Plan were Muslim League to endorse congress demand
for independence.
League to co-operate with congress in forming a provisional government at Atego.
After the end of the war a plebiscite was con-ducted in the Muslim majority areas.
In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce, communications etc.
Hindu leaders led by V.D. Savarkar condemned C.R. Plan.
Wavell Plan (1945) During the time of the second world war, the
conservative government in Britain led by Win-ston Churchill was keen to reach a solution on the constitutional question in India.
The Viceroy Lord Wavell was permitted to start negotiations with Indian leaders.
The idea of Wavell was to reconstruct the Gov-ernor General’s executive Council pending the preparation of a new constitution.
The conference was convened by the viceroy Lord wavell at Shimla in June 1945.
The main proposals of the plan With the exception of the Governor General and
the Commander-in-Chief. All members of the executive council were to be Indians.
Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation.
The Governor - General was to exercise his Veto on the advice of ministers.
Wavell wanted Khizr Hyatt Khan as the Muslim representative from Western Punjab.
The Congress objected to the plan as “an at-
tempt to reduce the congress to the status of a
purely caste Hindu party.”
indian naTional aRMy (ina)S The INA or Azad Hind Fauj, an armed force
formed by Indian nationalist in 1942 in South East Asia during World War II.
The aim of the army was to overthrow the British Raj in colonial India with Japanese assistance.
The idea of Indian National Army was first conceived by Mohan Singh at Malaya, an of-ficer in British Indian Army.
The first division of INA was formed in Sep-tember 1942 under Mohan Singh with Japanese help.
Later Rash Behari Bose take over the leadership of INA.
Subash Chandra Bose began to associate with INA by July 1943.
The command was handed over by Rash Bihari Bose to Subash Chandra Bose in 1943.
To the Indians, Subash Chandra Bose said ‘give me blood I will give you freedom’.
Subash Chandra Bose set up two INA head-quarters at Rangoon and Singapore.
The women’s regiment called the ‘Rani Jhansi’ regiment was under Captain Lekshmi Saigal.
In May 1944 INA captured Mowdok and hoisted the tri-colour flag on Indian soil.
The Japanese government handed over the Andaman and Nicobar Island to him which were renamed ‘Shaheed and Swaraj’ Islands respectively.
The INA troops surrendered before the British army in 1945.
The British Government of India charged INA soldiers of waging war against the king. The trials were held in the Red Fort in Delhi.
The first three accused were capt. P.K. Saigal, Capt . Shah Nawaz and Gurbaksh S ingh Dhillon.
Subash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 at Cuttack in Orissa.
Jan 23 is celebrating as 'Desprem Divas'.
He appeared for the Indian Civil Service in 1920 and passed with merit, but resigned before com-pleting his probation in April 1921, he joined the Congress and plunged into the national movement.
He was unanimously elected as President at the Haripura Congress session in 1938 and was re-elected for the second term at the Tripura session in 1939, defeating Dr. Pattabhi Sitara-mayya, who was supported by Gandhiji.
He resigned the Presidentship of INC in April
1939 and founded All India Forward Block and the Kisan Sabha.
But in January 1941, he escaped out of India and reached Berlin (Germany) from where he arrived in Singapore in 1943.
Bose was popularly known as the ‘Netaji’
He was reportedly killed in an air crash over Taipei, Taiwan on August 18, 1945.
Justice Mukherjee Commission enquired about the mysterious disappearance of Subash Chandra Bose.
The Red foRT TRialS At the conclusion of the war, the government
of British India brought some of the captured INA soldiers to trial on treason charges.
The prisoners would potentially face the death penalty, life imprisonment.
These trials attracted much publicity and public sympathy for the defendants, if found guilty.
More than ten court martials were held between November 1945 - May 1946.
The most celebrated one was the joint court martial of colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gu-rubaksh Singh Dhillon and major General Shah Nawaz Khan held in a public trial at Red Fort.
The INC and the Muslim League both made the release of these defendants.
The Rin RevolT The RIN revolt started as a strike by ratings of
the Royal Indian Navy on 18 February in protest
against general conditions.
The immediate issues of the revolt were work-
ing conditions and food.
By dusk on 19 February, a Naval Central Strike
Committee was elected.
Leading signalman M.S. Khan and petty officer Telegraphist Madan Singh were unanimously elected president and Vice President respec-tively.
M.S. Khan and Vallab Bhai Patel of the congress who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis.
CaBineT MiSSion (1946) The British Government headed by Atlee of
the Labour Party, appointed a Cabinet Mission consisting of Pethwick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander.
The Mission was headed by Lord Pethwick Lawrence (Secretary of State).
Cabinet Mission arrived in India in 1946 March 23.
According to the cabinet mission plan there was to be a union of India embracing both the British provinces and princely states with control over foreign affairs, defence and communication.
All other subjects were to be vested in provinces and the states but provinces were free to form groups for common action.
The cabinet mission also recommended a scheme of constitution making, which pro-vided that the union constitution was to be framed by a constituent assembly.
The member of which were to be elected on communal basis by the provincial legislative assemblies and representatives of the states joining the union.
The Mission further suggested the establish-ment of interim government having the sup-port of major political parties.
The Muslim League accepted the plan in June 1946.
The congress decided to join the proposed constituent assembly but it did not agree to the proposal for interim government.
Provoked by the success of the congress, the Muslim League launched a Direct Action Campaign on Aug. 16, 1946.
On Sept.2, in the tense situation, the viceroy in-vited Nehru to form the interim government in the centre. Jinnah declined Nehru’s invitation.
The Muslim League proclaimed Sept. 2, 1946 as a “Day of Mourning” (later on 26 October the League joined the Govt.
Without giving up the “Direct Action” and accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan.
The Constituent Assembly started its session on Dec. 9, 1946 in the Library of the Council chamber.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected Chairman.
The Muslim League did not joint the Assem-bly.
MounTBaTTen Plan (1947) The actual division between the two new do-
minions was done according to what has come to be known as the 3rd June plan or Mountbat-ten Plan.
The border between India and Pakistan was determined by Radcliffe line.
Pakistan came into being with East Pakistan and West Pakistan separated geographically by India.
India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of the colony and Pakistan from the majority muslim areas.
The princely states were given a choice of which country to join.
PaRTiTion of india (1947) In accordane with the Indian Independence
Act 1947, India was partitioned into India and Pakistan.
The dominion of Pakistan was inaugurated in Karachi on 14th August 1947.
India became free on 15th August 1947.
Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly met on 11
August 1947 and elected Jinnah as President.
A United India : Out of the total of 562 Princely
States in undivided India, 532 were within the
new Independent India.
Mountbatten was sworn in as the Governor
General of India and Pdt. Jawaharlal Nehru
was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of
free India by Lord Mountbatten.
On August 23, 1947 Vallabhai Patel, ‘the iron
man of India’ and the ‘Bismark of India’ - was
appointed Deputy Prime Minister of India.
On August 29, 1947 a Drafting Committee with
B.R. Ambedkar as chairman was appointed
to prepare a Draft Constitution of India.
It submitted the Drafted matter to the Governor
General on Feb.21, 1948.
It was finalised on November 26, 1949 and it
came into force on January26, 1950 when India
became a Republic.
inTegRaTion of STaTeS The integration of Princely States was done
by Sardar Patel with the assistance of V.P. Menon.
By August 1947, all the 554 States, with the excep-tion only of Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh acceded to the union.
On Oct. 24, Kashmir was invaded by Pakistan tribesmen with a view to annex it to Pakistan.
Harisingh, the Maharaja of Kashmir sought Indian help and signed the “Instrument of Ac-cession” on Oct. 27, 1947.
Ali Sheik Abdulla is known as ‘Lion of Kashmir’.
The Nizam of Hyderabad signed the agreement to join the Indian Union through police action in 1948.
Reforms and RegimesCabinet Mission ................................................ WavellCensus, (first regular census) ............................. RiponCommunal Award ....................... Ramsay Mc DonaldCongress resolution for ...................................... Irwin complete independenceCripps Mission ........................................... linlithgowDoctrine of Lapse ........................................DalhousieDyarchy .....................................................ChelmsfordGovernment of India Act, 1935 ................. WellingtonI.N.A. Trial ........................................................ WavellIndian Councils Act (1909) ............................ Minto IIMontague-ChelmsfordNon-Cooperation Movement
....................Chelmsford
Partition of Bengal ...........................................CurzonPartition of Bengal revoked ................... Hardinge - IIPartition of India .................................... MountbattenPermanent Settlement ................................ CornwallisPoona Pact ................................................. WellingtonProvincial Autonomy ................................. linlithgowQueen Victoria’s Proclamation ...................... CanningQuit India Movement ................................. linlithgowIst Round Table Conference ............................... IrwinIInd Round Table Conference ...................WillingdonIIIrd Round Table Conference ...................WillingdonRowlatt Act ...............................................ChelmsfordProhibition of Sati ............ ............. William BentinckSeparate Electorate ....................................WillingdonSuppression of Thuggee..................William BentinckTransfer of India’s Capital .......................Hardinge II from Calcutta to DelhiRepeal of Vernacular Press Act ......................... RiponAgrarian Reforms ............................................CurzonAncient Monuments ........................................Curzon PreservationProhibition of female ......................William Bentinck infanticideSubsidiary alliance ........................................WellesleySepoy Mutiny ................................................. CanningSeparate representation ................................. Minto II for Muslims