renewable energy action plan of west nusa tenggara province 2010-2025 … · 2012. 3. 22. ·...
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Renewable Energy Action Plan of West Nusa Tenggara Province
2010-2025
D-25 Report
CASINDO TEAM OF WEST NUSA TENGGARA Agustus 2011
i
PREFACE
Our praise and gratitude to Allah SWT because of His blessing and grace, we
able to complete the Renewable Energy Action Plan of West Nusa Tenggara Province. The preparation of this document is collaboration between the Faculty of Engineering,
University of Mataram and Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) under the CASINDO Project. The document is expected to become a reference for government
and private sectors in the development of renewable energy in West Nusa Tenggara Province, not only the development of renewable energy for electricity generation, but
also for other needs such as fuel for industry and cooking fuel for household scale. Renewable Energy Action Plan of West Nusa Tenggara Province is a follow-up of the
enactment of Presidential Regulation No. 5 Year 2006 concerning National Energy Policy, which the Central Government has set a target utilization of renewable energy by 2025 by 17%.
Furthermore, this document contains data and information regarding current utilization of renewable energy, renewable energy potential and development
opportunities, target of renewable energy development and action plans necessary to achieve the targets.
Publishing of this document can not be separated from the support and cooperation of all related stakeholders, thank you very much to all those who have
assisted in its completion and hopefully good cooperation can be further enhanced in the future. Finally, this document could be beneficial as the development of national
energy, and more particularly to the development of regional energy of West Nusa Tenggara province.
.
Mataram, August 2011
Casindo Team
ii
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ……………………………………….....................................................………………………… i
LIST OF CONTENTS …………………............................................………………………………………... ii LIST OF TABLES ……………….......................................……………………………………………………... iv
LIST OF FIGURES …………….........................................…………………………………………………….. vi 1 INTRODUCTION ……......................................………………………………..………………………….. 1
1.1 Background ……......................................………………………………………....…………… 1 2 CURRENT CONDITION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION …….............................. 2
2.1 Current Energy Policy ……...........................................………………………………… 2
2.1.1 National Energy Policy ……..................................................… 2 2.1.1.1 Presidential Regulation No. 5 Year 2006 ................... 2
2.1.1.2 Presidential Regulation No. 4 Year 2010 ................... 4 2.1.1.3 Policy on Small Scale Renewable Energy
Development ......................................……………….……
4 2.1.1.4 Policy on Geothermal Development ......................... 6
2.1.2 Regional Energy Policy .............................................................. 7 2.1.2.1 Governor Decree No. 110 Year 2007 ........................ 7
2.1.2.2 One Million Cows Programme .................................. 8 2.2.2.3 Self Sustained Energy Village (SSE) ........................... 9
2.2 Current Renewable Energy Utilization …….............................................………… 10 2.2.1 Microhydro Power Plant ……......................................…………… 11
2.2.2 Solar Power ……......................................…………........……………… 13 2.2.3 Biogas ……......................................……………………………………… 14
3 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY ……........................................... 19 3.1 Renewable Energy Potential ……......................................…………………………… 19 3.2 Development Opportunity ……......................................……………………………… 19 3.2.1 Hydro Power ……......................................…………………………… 20 3.2.2 Solar Power ……......................................……………….....…………… 20 3.2.3 Biogas ……......................................…………………………….………… 21 3.2.4 Geothermal ……......................................……………………..………… 21 3.2.5 Biofuel ……......................................…………………………..…………… 22 3.2.6 Biomass ……......................................………………………...…………… 22 3.2.7 Wind Power ……......................................……………………………… 23 3.3 Supply Demand Analysis ……......................................…………………………………… 23
3.3.1 Supply Demand Micro Analysis ……......................................… 23 3.3.2 Supply Demand Macro Analysis ……......................................… 28
4 RENEWABLE ENRGY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN ……................................................ 29 4.1 Renewable Energy Development Target ……......................................……...... 29
4.2 Action Plan ……......................................…….................................................... 29
iii
4.3 Implementation Strategy ……......................................……................................. 33 4.3.1 Renewable Energy Institution ……......................................…….. 33 4.3.2 Funding Scheme ……......................................…….................... 35 4.3.3 Human Resources and Technology ……...................................... 37 4.3.4 Detail Implementation Plan ……......................................….…... 37 Bibliography ……......................................……................................................................ 40
LIST OF TABLES
iv
Table Page
1 Cows Population Target ...................................................................................
8
2 List of Self Sustained Energy (DME) Village Development ...............................
9
3 Renewable Energy Development (until 31th December 2010) .........................
11
4 Microhydro Electricity Production Year 2010 ..................................................
12
5 Solar Power Electricity Production Year 2010 ..................................................
13
6 Cost of Biogas Digester Construction ...............................................................
14
7 Biogas Energy Production Year 2010 ................................................................
15
8 Data of Energy Consumption per Type of Fuel .................................................
16
9 Energy Consumption in BOE Year 2010 ............................................................
17
10 Renewable Energy Potential and It’s Current Utilization .................................
19
11 Renewable Energy Development Opportunity .................................................
20
12 Hydro Power Potential Development Opportunity ..........................................
20
13 Cows Population in West Nusa Tenggara Province
..........................................
21
14 Geothermal Development Opportunity ...........................................................
21
15 Jatropha curcas Plantation ..............................................................................
22
16 Agricultural Waste Potential for Biomass .........................................................
22
17 Data of Wind Velocity ............................................................................... 23
18 Examples of MHP Cases for Supply Demand Micro Analysis ...........................
24
19 Number of Collective Cages in West Nusa Tenggara Province .........................
25
20 Biogas Development Opportunity
....................................................................
26
21 Geothermal Development Opportunity
...........................................................
26
v
22 Biofuel Development Opportunity ...................................................................
27
23 Biofuel Development Opportunity (in BOE) .....................................................
27
24 Biomass Development Opportunity for Electricity Generation ........................
28
25 Projection of Renewable Energy Utilization (BOE) ...........................................
28
26 Renewable Energy Development Target (BOE) ................................................
29
27 Minihydro Power Plant Development Plan ......................................................
30
28 Microhydro Power Plant Development Plan ....................................................
30
29 SHS 50 Wp Development Plan ..........................................................................
31
30 PV Centralized Development Plan ....................................................................
31
31 Biogas Development Plan .................................................................................
32
32 Geothermal Power Plant Development Plan ...................................................
32
33 Biomass Power Plant Development Plan .........................................................
32
34 Wind Power Development Plan .......................................................................
33
35 Sharing Funding Scheme Between Government and Private Sector ...............
35
36 Renewable Energy Funding Sources .................................................................
35
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Energy Mix Target of National Energy Policy
...................................................
3
2 Microhydro Potential and It’s Development at Murpeji Sub Village,
Dasan Geria Village, Kecamatan Lingsar, West Lombok Regency ..............................
5
3 Geothermal Potential at Sembalun, East Lombok Regency ............................
6
4 Energy Mix Target Regional Energy Policy for Electricity Generation ............
7
5 Lantan Microhydro at Lantan Village, Batukliang Utara Sub Regency,
Central Lombok Regency (on grid) ...............................................................................
12
6 Centralized PV (on grid) at Gili Terawangan ....................................................
13
7 Household Scale Biogas at Gapura Village, Pujut Sub Regency, Central Lombok Regency ..............................................................................................
14
8 Current Energy Utilization ...............................................................................
17
9 Current Energy Utilization for Electricity Generation
......................................
18
vii
1
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
Energy resources are natural wealth, which have strategic value and very
important to support the sustainability of economic activity. Considering it’s significant role, energy management, which included its provision, utilization and
enterprise must be done equitable, sustainable, and optimal in order to deliver added value for the welfare of the people.
As a reference of energy management, central government issued Presidential Regulation No. 5 Year 2006 considering National Energy Policy (KEN). In KEN, it is
stated the energy mix target that becomes a reference of the national energy development. As a follow-up, local governments need to establish an action plan in
order to achieve the target of the national energy mix. The action plan is a guideline for both government and private institutions in the region to develop
renewable energy. This is in line with central and local government efforts that want to reduce the role of conventional energy and replace it with locally available
renewable energy and more environmentally friendly.
In the preparation of action plans, study is conducted on the current status of renewable-energy utilization, mapping their potential development opportunities
to determine the next development target. To support it, a team consists of related stakeholder is established, who perform their duties based on the detail
implementation plan of renewable-energy development.
2
Chapter 2
Current Condition of Renewable Energy Utilization
In the National Energy Policy, one of the major policies of national energy development is to increase diversification of energy through efforts to use
renewable energy like geothermal, hydropower, solar energy, wind energy and biomass at least 17% of the total energy mix by 2025. By utilizing renewable
energy, dependency of fossil-fuel use in the national energy supply system can be decreased. In addition, the issue of global warming that is associated with the
consumption of fossil fuels become one of the reasons for reducing the level of fossil-fuel use. Given the role of renewable energy are very important in the
national energy supply system, needed policies that support sustainability implementation.
2.1 Current Energy Policy
2.1.1 National Energy Policy
2.1.1.1. Presidential Regulation No. 5 Year 2006
Considering the amount of renewable-energy potential, which has not been utilized in Indonesia, but its contribution in the energy mix target of national decline, on the other hand, due to increasing world oil prices while
the availability of reserves in the country is running out, the Government then sets the Presidential Regulation No. 5 Year 2006 concerning National
Energy Policy.
National Energy Policy aims to direct efforts to secure energy supply in the country, including in the provision and utilization, with the following target.
a. The achievement of energy elasticity less than one in 2025.
b. The realization of the energy mix target by 2025, as shown in figure 1.
3
Figure 1. Energy Mix Target of National Energy Policy
Petroleum become less than 20 %; Natural gas become more than 30%;
Coal become more than 33%; Biofuel become more than 5%;
Geothermal become more than 5%;
Biomass, nuclear, microhydro, solar power and wind power become 5%;
Liquified coal become more than 2 %.
The above target is achieved through the implementation of main policies and supporting policies as follows.
a. Main Policy • Energy supply; • Utilization of energy;
• Energy pricing policies; • Protecting the environment.
b. Supporting Policies
• Development of energy infrastructure; • Partnership of government and business world;
• Community empowerment; • Research and development.
This Presidential Regulation is mandated to the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources to establish the National Energy Management Blueprint
20%
30% 33%
5% 5% 5%
2%
Energy Mix Target : National Energy Policy
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Biofuel
Geothermal
Other RE
Liquified Coal
4
as a basis for the preparation of the development and utilization pattern of each type of energy. Energy Management Blueprint, among others, contain the following.
a. Policy on the securing of domestic energy supply; b. Policy on public service obligations; c. Management of energy resources and utilization.
The final part of regulation is to regulate the energy pricing policy which is adjusted gradually until a certain time limit to its economical price.
However with the terms, phasing in the adjustment of energy prices should provide optimum impact on energy diversification.
To focus and achieve targets for renewable energy development has been established, in 2010, the government established a first echelon unit under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, named the Directorate General of the Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation.
Currently, the Government in this matter the National Energy Council is preparing the new National Energy Policy that will be issued after obtaining the approval of the House of Representatives. Based on presentation materials from Director General of the Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation in 2010, the target energy mix in the new National Energy Policy revised to 25% by 2025, from a previous target of 17% in 2025.
2.1.1.2. Presidential Regulation No. 4 Year 2010
In order to accelerate the diversification of energy especially in electricity generation, the government established the Presidential Regulation No. 4
of 2010, which commissioned the PT. PLN (Persero) to do the accelerated development of power plants that use renewable energy such as hydro
and geothermal energy sources. In West Nusa Tenggara Province, power plant projects are included in the Presidential Regulation No. 4 of 2010 is a Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) Sembalun 2 x 10 MW, PLTP Hu'u 2 x 10 MW and 70 kV transmission line.
2.1.1.3. Policy on Small Scale Renewable Energy Development
Development of micro hydro power plant (MHP) aimed to electrify remote areas which are not reached by the grid. But in it’s development, many of the potential energy of both microhydro scale/minihydro located at PLN service area. Therefore, the current MHP not only serves as an
independent power plants that meet the electricity needs of the remote
5
(stand alone/off grid), but also implemented as MHP on grid which is interconnected with the grid, so that the electricity generated directly purchased by PLN .
Figure 2. Microhydro Potential and It’s Development
at Murpeji Sub Village, Dasan Geria Village, Kecamatan Lingsar, West Lombok Regency
To attract private sector interest to invest in the field of electricity, especially electricity generation utilizing renewable energy sources which are environmentally friendly, the Government set a Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 31 of 2009 regulates the purchase price of electricity by PT. PLN (Persero) from power plants using renewable energy with a capacity below 10 MW. The purchase price of electricity is set as follows. a. Rp. 656/kWh x F, if interconnected in the medium voltage; b. Rp. 1.004/kWh x F, when interconnected to low voltage. Where F is the incentive factor according to the location, incentive factor
for West Nusa Tenggara Province is 1.3.
Considering the electricity condition in West Nusa Tenggara Province is currently in the standby state, where if an interruption occurs or
maintenance is being performed on one machine will lead to blackouts. Therefore, the regional government and PT. PLN (Persero) region WNT
need to encourage the participation of private sectors, cooperatives and non-governmental organizations to play a role in in increasing electricity
supply in particular the use of renewable energy sources are environmentally friendly in the area.
6
2.1.1.4. Policy on Geothermal Development
Utilization target of geothermal energy in National Energy Policy is set at more than 5% of the total energy mix target by 2025. The Government Policy of the Republic of Indonesia concerning geothermal development in general contained in Law No. 27 of 2003 concerning Geothermal. To optimize the utilization of geothermal energy, geothermal exploitation
activities on the upstream side which is expensive and requires high technology is set in this legislation. While activity on the downstream side
related to the utilization follows the rules and regulations in the electricity sector.
Figure 3. Geothermal Potential at Sembalun, East Lombok Regency
To meet electricity demand in it’s service area and as an effort to achieve the utilization of geothermal energy by more than 5% in the energy mix target by 2025, the Government issued Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 32 of 2009 sets electricity purchase of geothermal power plants in the area of geothermal mining work coming
from:
a. Auction winner of geothermal mining working areas; b. Holders of geothermal mining working areas that already exist,
based on the legislation before its enactment of Law No. 27 of 2003 concerning Geothermal.
The highest reference price on the high voltage side is equal to 9.70 cents U.S. $ / kWh for the purchase of electricity by PT. PLN (Persero). Geothermal potential in West Nusa Tenggara Province which has become Regional Mining Authority (WKP) and has been auctioned is located in Hu'u, Dompu Regency. The development plan of this potential for geothermal power plants with installed capacity of 3 x 20 MW have been listed in the General Plan of Electricity Supply (RUPTL) PT. PLN (Persero).
7
2.1.2 Regional Energy Policy
2.1.2.1 Governor Decree No. 110 Year 2007
Regional regulations in energy sector implemented in West Nusa Tenggara Province is Governor Decree No. 110 of 2007 concerning Policy on Regional Electricity Sector. It aims to direct efforts to create condition whereas
electricity supply able to meet the needs of the community, as well as guidance for electriciy development and to encourage economic growth
and improve the quality of life in West Nusa Tenggara Province.
Policy on Regional Electricity Sector West Nusa Tenggara targets are as follows. 1. To create a balance between electricity supply and demand; 2. Availability of electricity infrastructure to maximize rural community
access to electricity, so that by 2020 the entire village has been electrified with electrification ratio by 90%;
3. To create balanced energy mix by 2020 with the role of each primary energy source for electricity supply, as well as to reduce the use of fossil fuels as primary energy, as shown in figure 4.
Source : Governor Decree Number 110 Year 2007
Figure 4. Energy Mix Target Regional Energy Policy for Electricity Generation
a. Petroleum become less than 23%; b. Biofuel Utilization more than 9%;
23%
9%
28%
38%
2%
Energy Mix Target : Regional Energy Policy
Petroleum
Biofuel
Coal
Geothermal and Hydro
Other RE
8
c. Coal become more than 28 %; d. Renewable energy especially hydro power and geothermal
achieve 38%; e. Other renewable energy consist of wind, solar and biomass 2%.
Currently the energy utilization in West Nusa Tenggara Province is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels imported from outside the area. On the other hand, the potential of renewable energy such as geothermal and
hydro both microhydro scale or minihidro widely available, but utilization is still not optimal. To achieve the energy mix target in the Regional Energy
Policy, required supporting policies to regulate strategies and action plans as needed.
In West Nusa Tenggara Province, although the energy mix target has been established in the Regional Electricity Sector Policy, but the target need to be re-evaluated because it does not reflect the true condition of the area.
2.1.2.2 One Million Cows Programme
One Million Cows Programme is an acceleration programme of cows farm development, with more priority to empower local resources with the aim to achieve optimal population as soon as possible in accordance with capacity of the region so that it can contribute greatly to rural income, meet demand for meat nationally and meet demand for cows seed other regions. Thus, indirectly, dairy farms are expected to become the driving forces or other levers of economic sectors in order to improve the economy, health, intelligence and public welfare.
Cows population programme is presented in table 1.
Table 1. Cows Population Target
Year Regular Prog.
Population (Cows) Accelerated Prog. Population
(Cows)
2008 546,114 546,114
2009 587,247 602,333
2010 631,511 683,347
2011 679,111 780,724
2012 730,299 897,832
2013 785,346 1,032,507 Source : Blue Print One Mill ion Cows, 2009
However the cows population target above is not integrated with renewable
energy development policy, especially biogas development targets. Though
9
an increasing number of cows population, also increases the production of manure which, if not handled properly could potentially cause environmental pollution and social problems. To overcome this, the integration required between the One Million Cows Programme and biogas development targets, as well as an intensive coordination of related parties such as the Animal Husbandry Office, Mining and Energy Office and Hivos (the developer of biogas), thereby not only increasing cows population is achieved but also the fulfillment of energy needs for households and
prevention of environmental problems.
2.1.2.3 Self Sustained Energy Village (SSE)
Besides renewable energy installations, the Central Government and
Regional Government of West Nusa Tenggara Province promote Self Sustained Energy Village (SSE) programme, which aims to maintain energy supply for the community, diversifying the energy sources, increase the productivity of rural economic activities, increase employment, and improving welfare in general through the provision of renewable energy which is affordable and sustainable. Self Sustained Energy Village (SSE) is a breakthrough program conducted by Mining and Energy Office from 2009 to 2013.
In West Nusa Tenggara, the development of Self Sustained Energy Village is
directed to utilize locally available potential for both vegetable based and non vegetable based which direction follow central government policy.
Self Sustained Energy Village main target is to create fulfillment of energy
needs from local resources, job opportunities and increasing income generation in poor villages, coastal villages, small islands and rural villages
across the border. List of Self Sustained Energy Village development in West Nusa Tenggara Province presented in table 2.
Table 2. List of Self Sustained Energy (DME) Village Development
No Regency Sub Regency Village SSE Based on Early
Utilization
1. West Lombok Sekotong Buwun Mas SHS Lighting Narmada Sedau Microhydro Lighting
2. North Lombok Bayan Akar-Akar SHS Lighting
Mumbul Sari SHS Lighting
3. Central Lombok Praya Timur Mujur SHS Lighting
Praya Barat Daya Kabul Jatropha curcas Lighting and Cooking
Batu Jangkih SHS Lighting
10
Pujut Prabu Jatropha curcas Lighting
Batukliang Utara Lantan Microhydro and Biogas
Lighting and Cooking
Pringgarata Pemepek Microhydro Lighting 4. East Lombok Sakra Timur Lepak SHS Lighting
Jerowaru Pemongkong SHS Lighting
Suela Perigi SHS Lighting Aikmel Kalijaga Selatan Biogas Cooking
Kalijaga Timur Microhydro and Jatropha curcas
Lighting and Cooking
5. Sumbawa Maronge Maronge SHS Lighting Batulanteh Tepal SHS and
Microhydro
Lighting
Baturotok SHS and Microhydro
Lighting
6. West Sumbawa Sekongkang Talonang SHS Lighting
Aik Kangkung SHS Lighting
7. Dompu Kilo Taropo SHS Lighting Manggelewa Soriutu Jatropha curcas Lighting and
Cooking 8. Bima Langgudu Kerampi SHS Lighting
Dumu SHS Lighting Tambora Oi Marai Microhydro Lighting
Donggo Bumi Pajo SHS Lighting Source : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT, 2010
In addition, in 2009, 4 (four) units of productive tools was given in 4 (four) microhydro power plant (MHP) sites, so that the utilization of electricity generated by microhydro does not used only for lighting but also for productive activities. The locations are as follows.
• 1 package of animal feed production machine in MHP Lantan, Lantan
Village, Batukliang Utara Sub Regency, Central Lombok Regency; • 1 package of woodworking machine in the MHP Selenaik, Sedau Village,
Narmada Sub Regency, West Lombok Regency; • 1 package of coffee bean processing machine in MHP Baturotok,
Baturotok Village, Batulanteh Sub Regency, Sumbawa Regency; • 1 package of coffee bean processing in the MHP Tepal, Tepal Village,
Batulanteh Sub Regency, Sumbawa Regency.
2.2 Current Renewable Energy Utilization
11
West Nusa Tenggara Province has abundant potential of renewable energy, including hydro energy, geothermal, wind, biomass, biogas and solar. Although it has abundant renewable energy potential but their utilization is still limited due to considerations of cost and technology. Renewable energy types that developed so far are hydro power for microhydro power plant and minihydro power plant, solar energy for rural household lighting, biogas and biomass for household cooking. More details are presented in table 3.
Table 3. Renewable Energy Development (until 31th December 2010)
No Regency Renewable Energy Development (Unit)
MHP Solar
Power Biodiesel Biogas
Wind Power
1 North Lombok 3 407 - 1 -
2 West Lombok 5 1,206 - 9 - 3 Central Lombok 3 948 1 45 -
4 East Lombok 1 1,241 - 12 1
5 West Sumbawa - 609 - 2 -
6 Sumbawa 2 1,014 - 4 -
7 Dompu 1 908 1 9 8 Bima 2 934 - 2 1
Total 17 9,476 2 84 2 Source : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT, 2010
2.2.1 Microhydro Power Plant (MHP)
Installation of off grid microhydro power plant to electrify remote areas which are not reached by PLN carried out by the Government, financed from both the regional budget or the Central Government budget. Each year the Regional Government of West Nusa Tenggara Province through Mining and Energy Office conduct a preliminary study which, if judged feasible can be increased to Detail Design Engineering (DED). After the construction is completed, the management handed over to local community or village-owned enterprises (BUMDES) or cooperatives at village level. Tariff setting and community set up assisted by Mining and Energy Office and village government.
12
Figure 5. Lantan Microhydro at Lantan Village, Batukliang Utara Sub
Regency, Central Lombok Regency (on grid)
To calculate the electricity production generated by microhydro/minihydro power plant, it is used the following assumptions.
1. Since most of the MHP are off grid, then the pattern of daily operations are between 17 – 20 hours, except the MHP Pengga and MHP Lantan which have interconnection agreements with PLN;
2. Duration of wet season in Lombok island is 6 (six) months starting from November, December, January, February, March and April;
3. Duration of dry season in Sumbawa island is 4 (four) months starting from December, January, February and March;
4. Lifetime of MHP with good maintenance can reaches 25 years with capacity factor of 50% - 90%. Capacity factor of MHP under lifetime of 5 (five) years is 90% while the MHP with lifetime above 5 years is 50% - 80%.
Table 4. Microhydro Electricity Production Year 2010
No Operating
Microhydro Installed Capacity
(kW) Electricity Production
(kWh)
1 MHP Teres Genit 30 97,740 2 MHP Santong I 40 98,464
3 MHP Santong 2 25 69,233 4 MHP Murpeji 50 162,900
5 MHP Selenaik Atas 25 69,233 6 MHP Selenaik 22 60,925
7 MHP Aik Berik 22 60,925
8 MHP Lantan 100 390,960 9 MHP Bunut Jambul 30 97,740
10 MHP Tepal 30 64,796 11 MHP Oi Marai 200 435,600
12 MHP Pengga 400 868,800
13
Total 924 2,477,314 kWh
Equal to 3,948.09 BOE
2.2.2 Solar Power
Solar Home System (SHS) is most widely used of solar power utilization in West Nusa Tenggara Province. SHS is designed in such
a way that is easy to be assembled and operated by the ordinary villagers. But this benefit also being a weakness in SHS rural
electrification programme. Many SHS that had been distributed was traded by the beneficiaries. SHS characteristics that are
installed individually at each home, resulting in weak oversight and reduced function of management institutions which have
been established.
Figure 6. Centralized PV (on grid) at Gili Terawangan
To calculate the electricity production of SHS and Centralized PV, it used the following assumptions.
1. The pattern of daily operations for SHS and Centralized PV are 8 hours per day;
2. SHS and Centralized PV capacity factor 80%;
3. SHS and Centralized PV which are installed under 2006 are not taken into calculation (assumed broken or already sold).
. Table 5. Solar Power Electricity Production Year 2010
No Regency Operating Units Electricity Production
(kWh) SHS Centralized PV
1 North Lombok 405 2 50.,341 2 West Lombok 1203 3 155.,227
3 Central Lombok 944 4 160,016
4 East Lombok 1,235 6 173,682 5 West Sumbawa 608 1 82,694
6 Sumbawa 1,013 1 129,998 7 Dompu 908 - 106,054
8 Bima 934 - 109,091
14
Total 7,250 17 967,104 kWh
Equal to 592.83 BOE
2.2.3 Biogas
Utilization of biogas in West Nusa Tenggara Province are still limited to meet the need of fuel for household cooking.
Development of biogas, among others, implemented through a pilot scheme by Regional Government and BIRU programme
(Domestic Biogas Programme) which is managed by HIVOS (Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation) with technical
support from SNV (Netherlands Development Organisation). This programme is funded entirely by the Royal Netherlands Embassy
in Jakarta and supported by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia.
Figure 7. Household Scale Biogas at Gapura Village, Pujut Sub
Regency, Central Lombok Regency
In West Nusa Tenggara Province BIRU Programme has been running since July 2010 involving five (5) local partners in West
Lombok Regency, Central Lombok Regency and East Lombok Regency. Each local partner has a construction worker and several
supervisors who had been trained by HIVOS. The construction
costs depend on the size biogas digesters are shown in table 6.
Table 6. Cost of Biogas Digester Construction
Size (m3) 4 6 8 10 12
Construction Cost IDR 5.3 Million
IDR 6 Million
IDR 6.7 Million
IDR 7.6 Million
IDR 8.5 Million
Subsidize IDR 2 Juta Million
IDR 2 Million
IDR 2 Million
IDR 2 Million
IDR 2 Million
Consumer Cost IDR 3.3 Million
IDR 4 Million
IDR 4.7 Million
IDR 5.6 Million
IDR 6.5 Million
Source : Hivos, 2011
15
To calculate the energy production of biogas, it is used the following assumptions.
1. Size of the digester used is 4 m3 (for 3 cows); 2. Gas produced as much as 1 m3 and can be used to cook for 4
(four) hours; 3. Biogas built under 2009 is not taken into calculation (assumed
broken).
Table 7. Biogas Energy Production Year 2010
No Regency Number of
Operating Biogas
(Unit)
Gas Production in 2010 (m3)
1 North Lombok 1 292
2 West Lombok 9 23,652
3 Central Lombok 61 1,086,532
4 East Lombok 19 105,412 5 Sumbawa 1 292
6 Dompu 7 14,308
Total 98 1,230,488 M3
Equal to 1,300.60 SBM
From Regional Energy Profile of West Nusa Tenggara Province, it is
obtained energy consumption per type of fuel period 2001 to 2005. Then data from 2001 to 2005 is extrapolated to get data until 2010 as shown in
table 8.
16
Table 8. Data of Energy Consumption per Type of Fuel
Type of Energy Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Aviation (KL) 6,331.00 8,324.00 8,002.00 10,995.00 10,420.00 12,069.10 12,934.48 14,165.83 14,773.73 16,113.88
Premium (KL) 131,866.00 138,777.00 148,470.00 169,912.10 181,710.43 193,394.29 209,195.27 224,016.24 236,353.60 250,906.45 Kerosene (KL) 176,172.00 164,506.00 177,810.00 134,930.00 130,181.87 120,253.10 104,696.01 85,302.73 77,650.62 61,613.01
Automotive Diesel Oil for Electricity (KL)
87,698.41 89,732.90 91,851.50 98,575.68 131,092.56 128,479.54 142,966.74 158,233.50 171,226.55 179,406.36
Automotive Diesel Oil for Transportation (KL)
102,448.00 102,957.00 98,764.00 103,301.40 92,932.23 94,474.38 91,646.70 89,305.26 85,548.65 84,800.56
LPG (Tones) - - 1,839.10 2,980.13 2,767.32 3,457.07 3,921.18 4,385.29 4,691.45 5,277.41 Coal (Tones) 491,412.83 493,874.81 496,349.12 498,835.83 501,363.71 503,826.09 506,325.06 508,822.61 511,315.13 513,800.33
Source : Regional Energy Profile of West Nusa Tenggara Province , 2005
17
The data of energy consumption per type of fuel in 2010 then extrapolated into BOE
(barrels of oil equivalent) to be compared with energy consumption data derived from renewable energy (MHP, solar power and biogas).
Table 9. Energy Consumption in BOE Year 2010
Type of Energy
Energy
Consumption (BOE)
Aviation 94.922,06 Premium 1.462.157,36
Kerosene 365.204,95
ADO for Electricity 1.163.826,98
ADO for Transportation 550.109,73
LPG 44.987,79 Coal 2.563.503,97
Renewable Energy (MHP, Solar Power and Biogas)
5.832,58
Figure 8. Current Energy Utilization
From the above calculation, it is known that the utilization of renewable energy in West Nusa Tenggara Province is 0.12%. While the target set in the Regional Energy
Policy by 40%. Consumption of fuel fuels is still dominating by 73.09%, consist of 1.91% aviation, automotive diesel oil both for electricity and transportation is
34.45%, 7.34% kerosene and 29.39% premium. While the reduction target set in the Regional Energy Policy is less than 23% by 2025.
1,91%
29,39%
7,34%
23,39% 11,06%
0,90%
25,90%
0,12%
Current Energy Utilization in 2010 (BOE) Aviation
Premium
Kerosene
ADO for Electricity
ADO forTransportation
LPG
Coal
Renewable Energy
18
Figure 9. Current Energy Utilization for Electricity Generation
For electricity generation, coal usage is derived from the electricity generation owned by PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara is dominated by 50.97%, followed by automotive diesel oil at 48.92%. Contribution of renewable energy is still very small, MHP by 0.25% and 0.12% for solar power.
50,97%
48,42%
0,00%
0,19% 0,00% 0,00% 0,42%
Energy Mix for Electricity Generation (Current Condition)
Coal
ADO
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Hydro
Microhydro
19
Bab 3 Renewable Energy Development Opportunity
3.1 Renewable Energy Potential The potential of renewable energy can be classified into: a. Local energy (isolated), potential energy which is only used to meet local energy
needs; b. Tradable energy (on grid), it is used not only to meet local energy needs, but if there
is excess energy can be sold to another party via interconnection. As condition change so does the classification above. For example, a MHP previously used to electrify area around it, turns into tradeable energy when PLN grid is installed.
Based on the information and the survey conducted by Mining and Energy Provincial Office of West Nusa Tenggara, renewable energy potential can be classified into local energy and tradeable energy. Classifications are tabulated as follows.
Table 10. Renewable Energy Potential and It’s Current Utilization
Type of Energy Potential Installed
Capacity
Utilization
Minihydro 198.75 MW - -
Microhydro 13.73 MW 0.979 MW 1,274.02 BOE/Year
Geothermal 145 MWe - -
Biofuel
- Crude Jatropha Oil - Cake
115,186 BOE 125,424 BOE
- -
- -
Biomass 667,479 BOE Electricity
- -
Biogas 61,198,712 m3/Year
98 m3 1,300.60 BOE/Year
Wind - - -
Solar Power - 0.448 MW 640.81 BOE/Year
Sea Current - - -
3.2 Development Opportunity
Based on the data of renewable energy potential, renewable energy potential
development opportunities in West Nusa Tenggara are as follows.
20
Table 11. Renewable Energy Development Opportunity
Type of Energy Development Opportunity Maximum Capacity
Minihydro Power Plant Connect to grid (tradeable) 198.75 MW
MHP Rural electrification (local) 12.57 MW
Geothermal Power Plant Connect to grid (tradeable) 145 MWe Biofuel
- Crude Jatropha Oil - Cake
Commercial Household use
115,186 BOE 125,424 BOE
Biomass Gasification Power Plant
Electricity 667,479 BOE Electricity
Biogas Household use 10,220,185 m3/Year
Wind Power Electricity -
Solar Power Electricity -
Sea Current Power Plant Electricity -
3.2.1 Hydro Power
Classification of hydro power potential into local energy and tradable energy based on capacity. Capacity below 1 MW (<1 MW) belong to the local energy, while capacity above 1 MW (> 1 MW) are included in tradeable energy.
Table 12. Hydro Power Potential Development Opportunity
No Regency
Development Opportunity
Local (MW)
Tradable (MW)
1 North Lombok 1.99 12.50
2 West Lombok 1.19 -
3 Central Lombok 1.08 1.40
4 East Lombok 0.42 25.36 5 West Sumbawa 0.30 40.00
6 Sumbawa 4.82 119.50 7 Dompu 0.61 -
8 Bima 3.33 -
Total 13.73 198.75 Source : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT, 2010
3.2.2 Solar Power
The intensity of solar radiation in West Nusa Tenggara Province is by average of
4.51 Watt/m2/Jam. The utilization of solar energy for electricity generation beside carried out by the Government through rural electricity programme, but
21
also evolved from community initiative and participation of others through Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR), for example LIMAR programme from PLN’s CSR fund. However, due to it’s limited electricity generated and only sufficient to
meet the needs of small household, then the potential of solar energy is classified into local energy.
3.2.3 Biogas
Biogas potential can be seen from the development of cows population in all
regencies/municipalities in NTB as listed in table 13.
Table 13. Cows Population in West Nusa Tenggara Province
No Regency 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 r (%)
1. Kota Mataram 938 952 996 1,292 714 - 2.69
2. West Lombok 102,460 106,695 112,648 110,462 121,582 4.46 3. Central Lombok 72,159 72,519 73,891 74,843 75,744 1.22
4. East Lombok 60,896 60,135 60,677 64,947 64,414 1.47 5. West Sumbawa 15,449 17,941 20,224 21,737 29,337 17.83
6. Sumbawa 68,690 75,650 88,964 102,095 114,595 13.68
7. Dompu 43,164 49,947 52,339 58,897 61,120 9.20 8. Bima 57,087 59,012 61,874 62,398 65,988 3.71
9. Kota Bima 5,191 8,314 9,763 11,165 12,616 26.24
Total 426,034 451,165 481,376 507,836 546,114 6.41
Source : Blue Print One Mill ion Cows Programme, 2009
Development of biogas is primaly directed at Lombok island, considering the maintenance system by using a cage is applied. Collective cages seen more potential for development of biogas to generate electricity.
3.2.4 Geothermal
Geothermal potential found in 3 (three) locations in Sembalun namely, East
Lombok Regency at 70 MWe, in Maronge, Sumbawa Regency at 6 MWe and in Hu'u, Dompu Regency at 69 MWe.
Table 14. Geothermal Development Opportunity
No Regency Location Potential (MWe)
Local Tradable
1 East Lombok Sembalun - 70
2 Sumbawa Maronge - 6
3 Dompu Hu'u - 69 Total 0 145
Source : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT, 2010
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3.2.5 Biofuel
Jatropha curcas plantation in West Nusa Tenggara Province mostly conducted
by private and some are small pilot plantations owned by government agencies. Areas of plantation are as follows.
Table 15. Jatropha curcas Plantation
No Regency Plantation (Ha)
1 North Lombok 21.50
2 West Lombok 245.50
3 Central Lombok 1,769.18 4 East Lombok 1,699.70
5 West Sumbawa 873.00
6 Sumbawa 992.50
7 Dompu 612.89
8 Bima 1,213.00 9 Kota Bima 8.00
Total 7,435.27 Source : Central Statistic Beureau, 2010
3.2.6 Biomass
Biomass can be wood and various types of agricultural waste such as husks, coir and coconut shell. The use of biomass for energy can be classified into:
gasification, pirolisa, and direct burning. Gasification produces methane gas for combustion, electricity generation, and turn the turbines. Pirolisa produces
charcoal for burning, for example for cooking. Direct combustion as many have done in rural areas for cooking, or may also for heating boilers for electricity generation (mostly done on the plantation).
Table 16. Agricultural Waste Potential for Biomass
No Regency/Municipality Husk
(Tones) Corn
(Tones)
Peanut Shell
(Tones)
Coconut Shell
(Tones)
Coir (Tones)
Cassava (Tones)
Sugarcane (Tones)
1 North Lombok - - - 7,868 5,193 - -
2 Kota Mataram 6,401 8 3 15 10 - -
3 West Lombok 55,901 18,983 2,176 6,429 4,243 23,938 - 4 Central Lombok 107,852 6,656 1,112 5,961 3,934 11,422 -
5 East Lombok 87,324 48,776 263 4,820 3,181 11,571 1 6 West Sumbawa 17,106 6,414 46 527 348 94 9
7 Sumbawa 107,422 60,504 342 1,481 978 4,653 101 8 Dompu 45,179 14,638 64 241 159 1,420 -
9 Bima 86,360 27,158 1,625 633 418 6,254 9
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10 Kota Bima 10,272 2,181 162 116 76 8.696 -
Total 523,817 185,318 5,792 28,090 18,539 68,049 120 Source : Central Statistic Beureau, 2010
3.2.7 Wind Power
Data of wind velocity in West Nusa Tenggara Province are as follows : Table 17. Data of Wind Velocity
No Locations
Average
Velocity (m/s)
Add
1 West Lombok Reg.
Giligede 4.1 Data Lapan 2 Central Lombok Reg.
Kute 5.3 Data Lapan 3 East Lombok Reg.
Dusun Selayar , Desa Gelanggang
3.4 Pilot project by Lapan 7 kW, now it is broken
Sambelia 4.1 Data Lapan
Tembere 4.0 Data Lapan Sajang 4.0 Data Lapan
4 Dompu Reg. Doropeti 3.6 Data Lapan
Soriutu, Manggelewa 3.5 Preliminary survey by Mining and Energy Prov. Office of WNT
Nangadoro - Data Lapan
5 Bima Reg.
Bajopulau 3.9 Data Lapan Pai, Sape 3.3 Data Lapan
Source : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT, 2010
3.3 Supply Demand Analysis
Supply and demand analysis is divided into two as follows : 3.3.1. Supply Demand Micro Analysis
a. PLTM/PLTMH
Supply Demand micro analysis is based on observations in the field. This analysis is taken into consideration because of characteristic and development
opportunities of renewable energy is very "site specific". For example MHP development goal at first is to meet local energy needs by considering the
24
number of available development funds. But on further developments, because electricity consumption by local community is smaller than the power generated, then there is excess power that can be sold to PLN. For more
details take a few examples of cases as follows.
Table 18. Examples of MHP Cases for Supply Demand Micro Analysis
No Location Number
of Household
Number of
Electrified Household
Watt/Household (W)
Total Supply (MW)
Total Potential
(MW)
Utilization (%)
1 MHP Teres Genit, Bayan
Village, Bayan Sub Reg., North
Lombok Reg.
1,494 298 100 0.030 0.030 99.33
2 MHP Lantan, Lantan Village,
Batukliang Utara Sub Reg.,
Central Lombok Reg.
1,669 850 100 0.085 0.100 85.00
3 MHP Bunut Jambul, Tete
Batu Village, Sikur Sub Reg.,
Kab. East Lombok Reg.
1,531 297 100 0.030 0.030 99.00
4 MHP Tepal, Tepal Village,
Batulanteh Sub Reg., Sumbawa
Reg.
450 290 100 0.029 0.035 82.86
5 MHP Oi Marai, Oi Marai Village, Tambora Sub
Reg., Bima Reg.
535 200 100 0.020 0.200 10.00
From the cases above, it is known that the utilization of hydro power potential at MHP Teres Genit, MHP Lantan, MHP Bunut Jambul and MHP Tepal by
average of 91.55% of power generated. While at MHP Oi Marai because it is built near the site of transmigration settlements with small population, so that
their utilization is still low at 10% of power generated.
Besides population, other factors that influence is the pattern of electricity utilization by the community. In MHP Teres Genit, MHP Lantan, MHP Bunut
25
Jambul and MHP Tepal is not only used for lighting, electricity generated by MHP is used to drive productive activities. For instance cottage for tourist at MHP Teres Genit, animal feed production at MHP Lantan and coffe bean
processing at MHP Tepal. While at MHP Oi Marai, the electricity generated is used purely for the needs of lighting so that the percentage of utilization is
small.
Since the MHP development aimed to encourage the development of productive end use, the value of 91.55% is used to generalize the utilization of
hydro power potential belong to local energy in other locations, but still consider the availability of funds. On the other hand, the utilization of hydro
power belong to tradeable energy is 100%.
b. Solar Power
Development of both SHS and centralized PV according to the needs and
patterns of settlement area. For example centralized PV rather implemented in areas with settlement patterns accumulate (cluster), whereas the SHS more
suitable for areas with a dispersed settlement pattern.
c. Biogas
Based on data from the document Blue Print One Million Cows Programme,
and assuming each farmer has a 2 (two) cows, then the potential of biogas in
West Nusa Tenggara Province is:
Table 19. Number of Collective Cages in West Nusa Tenggara Province
No Regency Cows
Population
Number of
Collective Cages
Number of Farmer
(Household)
Number of Cows in Every Cages (Ekor)
1 West Lombok 67,229 324 7,890 15,780
2 Central Lombok 80,574 226 4,580 9,160
3 East Lombok 70,240 228 5,728 11,456
Total 218,043 259 18,198 36,396
Based on the above calculation, the potential of cows for the development of biogas is 16.7% of all population. So that the assumptions used to calculate the number of cows that potential for the development of biogas are:
Potential for development of biogas from cow manure is 16.7% of all population;
The development of biogas mostly done in Lombok island, since this area apply cage system to take care of their livestock;
26
Trends in population growth following scenario of One Million Cows programme.
Table 20. Biogas Development Opportunity
No Regency Number of
Cows
Biogas Production (m3/Year)
1 North Lombok 10,706 2,110,132
2 West Lombok 12,687 2,500,565
3 Central Lombok 15,205 2,996,929
4 East Lombok 13,255 2,612,559
Total 51,853 10,220,185
d. Geothermal Power Plant
Assumptions used are:
Because it belongs to tradable energy, geothermal resources are assumed to be utilized at a maximum of reserves available;
Stages of development plans following the General Plan of Electricity Supply (RUPTL) PT. PLN (Persero) of West Nusa Tenggara Province.
Table 21. Geothermal Development Opportunity
No Regency Geothermal
Development (MWe)
1 Sembalun, East Lombok Regency
70
2 Maronge, Sumbawa Regency
6
3 Hu’u, Dompu Regency 69
Total 145
e. Biofuel
There are 2 (two) components that can be utilized from the seeds of Jatropha curcas, oil and cake (slag which still contains oil). The assumptions used in the
calculation are: Expelling ratio is 30 %;
Every 1 Ha of Jatropha curcas plantation can produce 2,100 kg Crude Jatropha Oil or 2,307 litre and 4,900 kg cake.
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Table 22. Biofuel Development Opportunity
No Regency CJO(kg) Cake (kg)
1 North Lombok 45,150 105,350
2 West Lombok 515,550 1,202,950
3 Central Lombok 3,715,278 8,668,982
4 East Lombok 3,569,370 8,328,530 5 West Sumbawa 1,833,300 4,277,700
6 Sumbawa 2,084,250 4,863,250
7 Dompu 1,287,069 3,003,161
8 Bima 2,547,300 5,943,700
9 Kota Bima 16,800 39,200
Total 15,614,067 36,432,823
Then the number above are converted into BOE (Barrel Oil Equivalent) as
follows :
Table 23. Biofuel Development Opportunity (in BOE)
No Regency CJO(BOE) Cake (BOE)
1 North Lombok 333 363
2 West Lombok 3,803 4,141
3 Central Lombok 27,408 29,844
4 East Lombok 26,331 28,672
5 West Sumbawa 13,524 14,727
6 Sumbawa 15,376 16,742
7 Dompu 9,495 10,339
8 Bima 18,792 20,462
9 Kota Bima 124 135
Total 115,186 125,424
f. Biomass Gasification Power Plant
Utilization of biomass directly as firewood and charcoal for household cooking purposes are not included in the utilization of renewable energy. As for which
is included in the utilization of renewable energy is for electricity generation via biomass gasification process. Development opportunities are tabulated as
follows.
28
Table 24. Biomass Development Opportunity for Electricity Generation
g. Wind Power
Wind energy development in West Nusa Tenggara Province refers to documents of Electricity Development Master Plan 2010 until 2014, published by the Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.
3.3.2. Supply Demand Macro Analysis
Supply demand macro analysis are intended to calculate the utilization of
renewable energy in primary energy mix target. Data supply and demand of renewable energy derived from supply demand micro analysis, while the data of
total energy consumption obtained from the Regional Energy Profile Year 2005, and then interpolated until year 2025.
Table 25. Projection of Renewable Energy Utilization (BOE)
No Type of Energy Utilization 2010 2015 2020 2025
1 Minihydro Power Plant Grid - 96,942 99,338 99,338 2 Microhydro Power Plant Local 1,274 1,449 1,953 1,953
3 Solar Power Local 641 927 1,142 1,357
4 Biogas Local 1,301 9,648 9,847 10,046
5 Geothermal Power Plant Grid - 289,974 579,947 608,944
6 Biofuel Commercial - 255,019 270,291 286,477 7 Biomass Power Plant Industry - 707,451 749,817 794,719
8 Wind Power Local - 1,342 1,342 1,342 Note. The number are accumulated from previous year
No Regency Biomass Waste
(Tones) BOE Electricity BOE
1 North Lombok 13,061 22,503 9,001 2 Kota Mataram 6,436 12,425 4,970
3 West Lombok 111,670 212,335 84,934
4 Central Lombok 136,937 260,361 104,145 5 East Lombok 155,936 322,413 128,965
6 West Sumbawa 24,545 51,074 20,430 7 Sumbawa 175,481 372,510 149,004
8 Dompu 61,701 127,136 50,854 9 Bima 122,456 250,163 100,065
10 Kota Bima 21,503 37,777 15,111
Total 829,726 1,668,698 667,479
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Bab 4 Renewable Energy Development Action Plan
4.1 Renewable Energy Development Target
Based on projection of renewable energy utilization in sub chapter 3.2.2, renewable energy development target in West Nusa Tenggara Province are :
Table 26. Renewable Energy Development Target (BOE)
Type of Energy 2010 2025
Minihydro Power Plant - 100,000
Microhydro Power Plant 1,274 2,000 Solar Power 641 1,500
Biogas 1,301 10,000
Geothermal Power Plant - 600,000 Biofuel - 300,000
Biomass Power Plant - 800,000 Wind Power - 1,500
4.2 Action Plan
Hydro power plant is electricity generation with hydro power as a driving force, by utilizing high waterfall (head, in meters) and the amount of water discharge
(m3/second). Hydropower generally uses high dams and wide puddle. Unlike the micro hydro power plant (MHP), which generally uses run off river system so it is more
acceptable to all parties.
Based on scale of electric power generated, the generation of electricity using hydro power can be classified as follows:
< 10 kW : picohydro
10 – 1 MW : microhydro 1 MW – 10 MW : minihydro
> 10 MW : hydro power plant
Renewable energy target above can be detailed per type of energy as follows.
a. Minihydro Power Plant
Milestone until 2025 can be tabulated as follows.
30
Table 27. Minihydro Power Plant Development Plan
Name of Power Plant Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
Segara North Lombok - 5.8 MW - -
Kokok Putih East Lombok - 3.8 MW - -
Santong North Lombok - 0.85 MW - -
Kukusan East Lombok - 0.2 MW - -
Sumbawa Sumbawa - 10 MW - -
Bintang Bano West Sumbawa - 8 MW - -
Rea West Sumbawa - 5.7 MW - -
Rhee Sumbawa - 4.3 MW - -
Kokok Putih - 2 North Lombok - 1.8 MW - -
Sesaot West Lombok - - 1 MW -
Total - 40.45 MW 1 MW -
Investment Cost (IDR) - 699,785,000,000 30,488,511,119 -
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 % Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years
Investment cost is USD 2,000/kW (without transmission cost)
b. Microhydro Power Plant Milestone until 2025 can be tabulated as follows.
Table 28. Microhydro Power Plant Development Plan
Name of Power Plant Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
Murpeji North Lombok 0.05 - - -
Kok Sabang North Lombok - 0.05 - -
Sedau West Lombok - 0.08 - -
Pemotoh Central Lombok - 0.03 - -
Kalijaga Timur East Lombok - 0.025 - -
Kalijaga Selatan East Lombok - 0.012 - -
Sesaot West Lombok - 0.05 - -
Karang Sidemen Central Lombok - 0.05 - -
Jelateng West Lombok - 0.022 - -
Tepal - 2 Sumbawa - 0.098 - -
Baturotok - 2 Sumbawa - - 0.441 -
Rarak Ronges West Sumbawa - - 0.05 -
Pekat Dompu - - 0.025 -
Total 0.05 MW 0.417 MW 0.516 MW -
Investment Cost (IDR) 1,648,258,000 10,425,000,000 22,734,207,713 -
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 %
Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years Investment cost is USD 2,890/kW (without transmission cost)
31
c. Solar Power
Consist of Solar Home System (SHS) and PV centralized’s development plan.
Milestone of development until 2025 are tabulated as follows.
Table 29. SHS 50 Wp Development Plan
Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
North Lombok 100 300 200 200
West Lombok - 400 200 200
Central Lombok 100 400 200 200
East Lombok - 400 200 200
West Sumbawa - 200 150 150
Sumbawa - 300 200 200
Dompu - 200 150 150
Bima - 300 200 200
Total 200 Unit 2,500 Unit 1,500 Unit 1,500 Unit
Investment Cost (IDR) 1,200,000,000 15,000,000,000 15,861,075,149 27,952,633,875
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 %
Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years Investment cost is USD 694/unit (50 Wp)
Table 30. PV Centralized Development Plan
Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
North Lombok - 0.01 0.01 0.01
West Lombok 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.01
Central Lombok - 0.01 0.01 0.01
East Lombok - 0.015 0.015 0.015
West Sumbawa - 0.005 0.005 0.005
Sumbawa - 0.005 0.005 0.005
Dompu - 0.01 0.01 0.01
Bima - 0.01 0.01 0.01
Total 0.005 MW 0.075 MW 0.075 MW 0.075 MW
Investment Cost (IDR) 389,250,000 5,838,750,000 10,289,872,503 18,134,271,226
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 % Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years
Investment cost is USD 9,000/kW (without transmission cost)
d. Biogas
Biogas produced from manure or wastes of food industry. So far, the development of biogas in West Nusa Tenggara Province only utilizing animal manure (cow) took care in cage system. Milestone of development until 2025 is tabulated as follows.
32
Table 31. Biogas Development Plan
Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
North Lombok 1 130 3 3
West Lombok 9 154 4 4 Central Lombok 61 184 4 4
East Lombok 19 161 4 4 Sumbawa 1 - - -
Dompu 7 - - -
Total 98 Unit 629 Unit 15 Unit 15 Unit Investment Cost (IDR) 519,400,000 3,333,700,000 140,106,164 246,914,933
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 % Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years
Investment cost is 153/m3
e. Geothermal Power Plant
Milestone of geothermal power plant development until 2025 can be tabulated as follows.
Table 32. Geothermal Power Plant Development Plan
Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
East Lombok - 40 MW 20 MW -
Sumbawa - 20 MW 40 MW 6 MW Dompu - 20 MW 40 MW -
Total - 60 MW 60 MW 6 MW Investment Cost (IDR) - 622,800,000,000 1,097,586,400,297 193,432,226,416
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 % Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years
Investment cost is USD 1,200/kW (without transmission cost)
f. Biomass Power Plant
Milestone of biomass power plant development until 2025 can be tabulated as follows.
Table 33. Biomass Power Plant Development Plan
Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
Central Lombok - 0.03 - -
Sumbawa - - 0.,03 - Dompu - - - 0.03
Total - 0.03 MW 0.03 MW 0.03 MW Investment Cost (IDR) - 389,250,000 685,991,500 1,208,951,415
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 % Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years Investment cost is USD 1,500/kW (without transmission cost)
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g. Wind Power
Milestone of wind power development until 2025 can be tabulated as follows .
Table 34. Wind Power Development Plan
Regency 2010 2015 2020 2025
West Lombok - 0.60 MW - - Central Lombok - 0.60 MW - -
East Lombok - 0.65 MW - - Dompu 0.65 MW - -
Total - 2.50 MW - -
Investment Cost (IDR) - 108,125,000,000 - -
Notes. Rate of interest is 12 %
Numbers above are accumulated every 5 (five) years Investment cost is USD 5,000/kW (without transmission cost)
4.3 Implementation Strategy
To implement the action plan above, then the implementation strategies required are:
a. Establish and implement renewable energy institution;
b. Develop and implement the funding schemes; c. Setting up human resources and technology;
d. Develop detailed implementation plan.
4.3.1 Renewable Energy Institution
Renewable energy institution is the agency responsible for the development of renewable energy. This institution can be a unit under Regional Energy Forum (FORKENDA) which has been long established in West Nusa Tenggara Province.
Name of institution : Renewable Energy Development Team Patrons : Governor of West Nusa Tenggara
Chairman : Regional Development and Planning Board of WNT Chief Executive : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT
Development of Hydro Power/Minihydro Power Plant
Coordinator : Public Works Provincial Office of WNT Members : - River Area Office of West Nusa Tenggara
- Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT - PT. PLN (Persero) of West Nusa Tenggara
- Environment and Research Provincial Office of WNT - Forestry Provincial Office of WNT
34
Development of Microhydro Power Plant Coordinator : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT Members : - Public Works Provincial Office of WNT
- Cooperatives and Small/Medium Enterprises Provincial Office of WNT
- Industry and Trading Provincial Office of WNT
Development of Solar Power Coordinator : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT
Members : - PT. PLN (Persero) of West Nusa Tenggara - Fisheries and Maritime Provincial Office of WNT
- Community Empowerment Board and Village Government Provincial Office of WNT
Biogas Development
Coordinator : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT Members : Animal Husbandry Provincial Office of WNT Geothermal Development Coordinator : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT Members : - PT. PLN (Persero) of West Nusa Tenggara - Environment and Research Provincial Office of WNT - Forestry Provincial Office of WNT Development of Biofuels (Biodiesel and Bioethanol) Coordinator : Plantation Provincial Office of WNT
Members : - Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT - Industry and Trading Provincial Office of WNT
- Pertamina (oil and gas state company) - Association of industry/traders
Development of Biomass
Coordinator : Mining and Energy Provincial Office of WNT Members : - Agriculture Provincial Office of WNT - Plantation Provincial Office of WNT - Forestry Provincial Office of WNT - Industry and Trading Provincial Office of WNT - Association of industry/traders The idea of the institution responsible for the development of renewable energy have been implemented by Mining and Energy Provincial Office of West Nusa Tenggara, but only for 2 (two) types of energy, which are microhydro and biofuel, namely:
1. Governor Decree No. 328 Year 2010 concerning Establishment of Technical
Team of Microhydro Development;
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2. Governor Decree No. 468 Year 2009 concerning Establishment of Technical Team of the Biofuel Utilization as Alternative Energy.
But since 2011, the budget of government offices in the scope of West Nusa Tenggara Office are made based on their performance indicators. For example
the performance indicator of the Public Works Office is in the field of housing and infrastructure, so that it can’t be burdened with the responsibility of the
development in energy sector which is the performance indicator of Mining and Energy Office.
4.3.2 Funding Scheme
Considering the cost of renewable energy technologies remains high, it is needed sharing funding between the Government/Regional Government both
from National State Budget (APBN) and Regional State Budget (APBD) and private parties/IPP, sharing funding scheme is as follows.
Table 35. Sharing Funding Scheme Between Government and Private Sector
Government Sharing
Investment Cost (IDR)
Year 2015 Year 2020 Year 2025
Sharing 25 % 1,099,272,525,000 883,339,623,334 180,731,248,399
Sharing 50 % 732,848,350,000 588,893,082,223 120,487,498,932
Sharing 75 % 366,424,175,000 294,446,541,111 60,243,749,466
Assumption : Existing interest rate is 12 %
Funding of renewable energy development apart from the state can also come
from other funding sources, namely: Table 36. Renewable Energy Funding Sources
Institution Role in Renewable Energy Development
Government
Directorate General of Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation
1. Preparation of policy formulation and standardization of renewable energy, such as : solar power, microhydro, biogas and biofuel
Ministry of Cooperatives Small and Medium Enterprises
Implementation within the framework of rural enterprise development : MHP
Ministry of Rural Development
Implementation within the framework of rural development : solar power, microhydro, biogas and biofuel
Department of Industry and Trading
Implementation within the framework of rural industry development : biofuel
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Department of Farming Implementation in order to increase farmer’s welfare : biofuel
Funding Institution
GTZ Pioneering of technology development and management of Renewable energy : MHP
GEF – SGP Funding of renewable energy implementation in the context of environmental conservation : MHP
JICA Renewable energy implementation for rural enterprise development : MHP
Japan Embassy Renewable energy implementation in the framework of community based development : MHP
German Embassy Renewable energy implementation with participatory approach to forest conservation
Non Governmental Organizations and Associations
YBUL Facilitating the provision of renewable energy in collaboration with GEF: MHP
IBEKA Renewable energy development for community empowerment : MHP
Khaula Karya Renewable energy development through the franchise of rural energy service
PPLH Renewable energy management in the context of environmental education for the community : MHP
METI Forum of communication and information exchange for renewable energy development
Asosiasi Hidro Bandung Technology development and renewable energy implementation : MHP
Hivos Renewable energy implementation in the framework of community based development : Biogas for cooking and lighting
Finance Institutions, Private and State Company Bank Syariah Mandiri Financing renewable energy development : biogas
ADB Financing environmental project : MHP
World Bank Financing of rural electricity programme in cooperation with Directorate General of Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation
PLN Implementation and support the development of renewable energy : Minihydro, solar power, geothermal, wind power and biofuel
Pertamina Implementation and support the development of renewable energy : biofuel
In addition to the above, the financing could come from fund Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) of companies and State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) such as the construction plans by PT MHP Kalijaga East. Newmont Nusa
Tenggara and the People's Independent Electricity program (LIMAR) by PT. PLN (Persero).
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4.3.3 Human Resources and Technology
In order to identify and provide human resources and technology needed to
achieve the target of renewable energy development, the steps taken are:
a. Improving human resources competency in the field of renewable energy through education and technical training, organized by educational
institutions and appropriate and accredited training; b. Provide community development fund in the field of renewable energy to
educate human resources in project area; c. Improving the quality of human resources continuously to keep up
technology development, especially renewable energy sector; d. Carry out research and development of renewable energy technologies,
to ensure the sustainability of energy availability; e. Carry out energy research that focused on applied research as a follow-up
of existing research by way of cooperation between research institutes , both national and international institutes such as ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology), BPPT (Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology), Pusair (Hydro Research Center under Public Works Ministry) and P3TKEBT (Center for Research and Development of Electricity and Renewable Energy).
4.3.4 Detail Implementation Plan
a. Minihydro Power Plant
1) Encourage the implementation of the hydro power plant or minihydro
power plant to improve the energy mix that is managed by PLN; 2) Increase the content of local technology on whole power plant
components; 3) The private sector which are involve in the construction of hydro power
plant or minihydro power plant have obligation to implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for local communities living around the power plant;
4) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment; 5) Government support of funding can be provided in the form of feed in
tariff policy, investment and free import tax.
b. Micohydro Power Plant 1) Conduct data collecting and identification of small-scale hydro power
utilization (pico, micro and mini) especially for rural and remote areas;
2) Increase feasibility study/detailed engineering design activities at potential location for microhydro development;
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3) Encourage the development of off grid microhydro power plant in areas which are not reached by PLN’s grid to increase the electrification ratio;
4) Encourage research, development and local manufacturing of microhydro power plant components;
5) Empowering local communities for productive end use that will increase the income level that involves the role of various parties;
6) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment; 7) Government support in the form of funding can be provided in the form
of feed in tariff policy and investment loans.
c. Solar Power
1) SHS and PV centralized are only given to areas that have no other local energy potentials to be developed;
2) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment; 3) Government support of funding can be provided in the form of feed in
tariff policy, investment and free import tax.
d. Geothermal Power Plant 1) Conduct an inventory and evaluation of the potential through an
intensive exploration of the potential to change the status of speculative and hypothetical resource into a reserve and proved;
2) Development of geothermal potential for direct use (drying of agricultural products, etc.) and indirect (electricity generation);
3) Financing of the development of small-scale Geothermal Power Plant could come from government, IPP and local cooperatives;
4) The Government contributes indirectly through the provision of investment credit subsidies and tariffs are determined through a feed
in tariff policy and subsidize; 5) Increase the level of local content on whole power plant components;
6) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment.
e. Biogas 1) Identification of villages/sub villages which are ready for construction of
biogas; 2) Coordinate extensively with the developer of biogas as Hivos; 3) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment; 4) Government support of funding can be provided in the form of feed in
tariff policy, investment and free import tax.
f. Biofuel 1) Making regulations concerning trade system and biofuels market;
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2) Improve the development of the utilization of Jatropha curcas as alternative fuels for electricity generation and household cooking fuel;
3) Encouraging research and development activities in the field of
upgrading the quality of biofuels, assessment and application of blending systems and Jatropha curcas cultivation;
4) Implementation of integrated programs starting from good implementation of Jatropha curcas cultivation to ensure the continuity
of raw materials; 5) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment;
6) Government support of funding can be provided in the form of feed in tariff policy, investment and free import tax.
g. Biomass Power Plant
1) Use of wood as biomass must considering the sustainability concept of
forest production; 2) To socialize intensively to the public regarding the use of agricultural
wastes such as coconut shell and rice husk as fuel to generate electricity;
3) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment; 4) Implementation of the program "Forest as an Energy Reserves".
h. Other renewable energy 1) Pioneering the development of new technologies such as wave energy
and energy flows Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), and
others; 2) Creating a healthy and secure condition to support investment;
3) Government support of funding can be provided in the form of feed in tariff policy, investment and free import tax.
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Bibliography
Carepi, Team. 2005. Regional Energy Profile. Mataram, Carepi Project
Anonymous. 2010. The Statistics of West Nusa Tenggara Province. Mataram, Central
Beureau of Statistic
Anonymous. 2010. Annual Report of Energy Division. Mataram, Mining and Energy
Provincial Office of West Nusa Tenggara Province
Anonymous. 2009. Blue Print of One Million Cows Programme. Mataram, Animal Husbandry
Provincial Office of West Nusa Tenggara
http://www.fao.org/docrep/u2246e/u2246e02.htm http://www.jatrofuels.com/174-0-Energetic+Value+of+Jatropha.html