renewable energy in malaysia: review on energy · pdf filerenewable energy in malaysia: review...

Renewable Energy in Malaysia: Review on Energy Policies and

Economic Growth B Bakhtyar, A Zaharim, N Asim, K Sopian, CH Lim,

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI). Level 3, Perpustakaan Tun Sri Lanang,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,

Malaysia [email protected]

Abstract: - Malaysia as a Southeast Asian country is a set which includes the Western peninsular and

Eastern part Sabah and Sarawak. Having a population of almost 28 million people, its economy is about 447 billion dollars. The trends of industrialization and increasing consumption in Malaysia have caused that supplying energy become one of the first priorities. Tropical climate means high percentage of rain and sunshine which are reason of dense jungles and different rivers and it means a high potential for clean and green energies. The present study is a statistical-economic overview of the possibility of renewable energies production in Malaysia and its economic capacity. Through clarifying the effective relation between energy capacities and economic indexes in Malaysia, this article has tried to deal with the results.

Key words: - Renewable energy, Energy policy, Economic growth,

1 Introduction Malaysia as a Southeast Asian country has land

borders with Thailand from North, Singapore

from South and Indonesia in east peninsular all

members of Association of South East Asian

Nations (ASEAN)[1]. Malaysia planning system

follows periodical planning with aim of

Malaysia vision 2020. In the 8th Malaysian plan,

%5 of the total energy generated by Malaysia is

allocated for Renewable Energies (RE) [2].

In this plan 5 RE including biogas, biomass,

solar, wind and hydropower are mentioned.

During the development of the Ninth Malaysian

Plan, i.e. 2006 to 2010, the share of different

types of Malaysian energies is determined as

below:

Table 1. Share of different types of energies in

9th Malaysia Plan [3].

Energy Share

1 Natural gas %56

2 Coal %36

3 Hydropower %6

4 Oil %0.2

5 Renewable Energies %1.8

The decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide

emission by %40 in 2020 in comparison with

2005 is a part of Malaysia RE policy targets in

9th Malaysian Plan [4]. Solar has a key role in

Malaysian future RE plans. Study shows the

efficiency of solar energy has reached to %40 at

present time which is more efficient compare

with the past [5]. Meanwhile, it is predicted that

the cost of solar energy shifts under the price of

energy generated from fossil which will be less

than $12 Cents kW/h (10-12 cents) in 2050 [6].

Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Economic Development

ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 146

2 Malaysia's Economic IndexesThe Malaysian economic grow

Malaysia's independence 55 years ago which

shifted this country from a third world country

to a developing country. Statistics shows

1980, the average income of each Malaysian

was only $1812 [7]. This income

to $10,466 in 2012 and it is predicted

$14,000 in 2017.

Fig. 1. Malaysia GDP per capita, current prices

(1990-2012) [7]

The increase in the Malaysian income happened

because of Malaysia's economic trends through

1990-2012, although it had a significant halt in

1997 causes South East Asia financial crisis

Figure 2 confirms that the annual percentages of

constant price GDP has been upper than world

average most of the time and it is

it will remain at that situation [9]

Fig. 2.GDP, constant prices (1990

Economic Indexes The Malaysian economic growth started after

55 years ago which

a third world country

to a developing country. Statistics shows that in

average income of each Malaysian

income has increased

it is predicted to hit

1. Malaysia GDP per capita, current prices

Malaysian income happened

economic trends through

a significant halt in

1997 causes South East Asia financial crisis [8].

annual percentages of

s been upper than world

and it is predicted that

[9].

2.GDP, constant prices (1990-2017) [9]

Phillips curve works in Malaysia

significantly and as visible, economic growth

decreased unemployment rate. As Fig. 3. Shows,

through these years the rate of unemployment

has decreased from %5 in 1990 to %3 in 1993.

Right now, the rate of unemployment in

Malaysia is %3.1 which has

natural rate. Unemployment is one

indexes which guarantees the truth or falsity of a

country’s economic growth

Fig. 3.Malaysia’s unemployment rate (1990

2017)

Fig.4confirms the global economy optimism

about the employment condition in Malaysia.

Accordingly, most experts predict the future

condition of the employment in Malaysia is

better than that in 2011.

optimism about employment is due to the

growing optimism about

this country [11].

Phillips curve works in Malaysia

significantly and as visible, economic growth

decreased unemployment rate. As Fig. 3. Shows,

hrough these years the rate of unemployment

has decreased from %5 in 1990 to %3 in 1993.

Right now, the rate of unemployment in

Malaysia is %3.1 which has been defined as a

Unemployment is one of the

indexes which guarantees the truth or falsity of a

growth [10].

unemployment rate (1990-

2017) [10].

Fig.4confirms the global economy optimism

the employment condition in Malaysia.

Accordingly, most experts predict the future

condition of the employment in Malaysia is

better than that in 2011. Obviously, this

optimism about employment is due to the

growing optimism about the economic growth in


ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 147

Fig. 4.Global economy optimism about the

employment condition in Malaysia

It is clear that the growing economy, good

optimistic about future of an economy and

decreasing rate for unemployment

the increasing National Income (NI) and

enhance in NI increases National Savings

(NS)[12]. As it is visible in the Fig. 5

Gross National Saving (GNS) has been very

significant in Malaysia, especially at the height

of the financial crisis in 1998. The GNS in

Malaysia after 1991 is always more than %30

which is much higher than avera

[13].

Fig. 5.The Gross National Saving (% of GDP) of

Malaysia and World (1992-

Also, high percentage of saving leads the

people to the increase in investment

Obviously, more stable growth has tight

connection with fixed price of energy

Fluctuated oil price in past years has convinced

the Malaysian government that the energy

generated from oil and oil carriers can not be

reliable and political crises have always been

effective on oil price and then, economic growth

[16]. Accordingly, renewable energy became

alternative desire for global policy makers as

well as Malaysians.

3 Malaysia’s energy indicators

Fig. 4.Global economy optimism about the

employment condition in Malaysia [11].

growing economy, good

optimistic about future of an economy and

decreasing rate for unemployment are equal with

increasing National Income (NI) and

enhance in NI increases National Savings

. As it is visible in the Fig. 5 the rate of

Gross National Saving (GNS) has been very

especially at the height

of the financial crisis in 1998. The GNS in

Malaysia after 1991 is always more than %30

which is much higher than average world’s GNS

The Gross National Saving (% of GDP) of

2017) [13].

Also, high percentage of saving leads the

people to the increase in investment [14].

Obviously, more stable growth has tight

connection with fixed price of energy [15].

Fluctuated oil price in past years has convinced

Malaysian government that the energy

oil carriers can not be

reliable and political crises have always been

effective on oil price and then, economic growth

Accordingly, renewable energy became the

desire for global policy makers as

energy indicators

Malaysia needs to prepare 13 GW electricity

annually, which is increasing with developing

the country [17]. Despite

%84 of Malaysia’s energy is generat

thermal power plants and less than 16 percent of

it is generated in hydropower plants

share of renewable energies in Malaysian energy

is less than %0.5.

All Malaysia’s urban population and 98

percent of its rural population have access to the

national grid connection

uses almost 3,667 KW electricity per year

Malaysia as a tropical country

4.5 kWh/m2/day solar radiation

Solar Energy Technology Roadmap of Malaysia

solar should prepare 450 MWp in 2012

this amount is 140 MW at present. According

high potentials for different renewable resources

such as biomass, solar and bio

electricity from wind is not that serious in

Malaysia. Only some small islands

almost 0.15 MW electrici

According to the high amount of energy

provided from different renewable sources,

providing energy from

place in Malaysia and just in some small islands

of this country about 0.15 MW electricity is

generated from this kind of ene

Malaysia is taking benefit from considerable

geothermal sources in its East peninsula. There

is not any connection yet

of the Malaysian government

confirms that there are significant resources of

geothermal in Sabah and Sarawak

Technically, Malaysia has the possibilities of

producing 29,000 megawatts of hydropower

energy and at present, more than 2,000

megawatts of Malaysia’s electricity is produced

in large scale and 40 megawatts of its e

is generated in mini-scale

production of palm oil in Malaysia, there is the

possibility of producing abundant biomass

energy in this country and it is possible to

produce 29,000 megawatts of electricity from

Malaysia needs to prepare 13 GW electricity

annually, which is increasing with developing

. Despite the Malaysian 9th plan,

%84 of Malaysia’s energy is generated in

thermal power plants and less than 16 percent of

in hydropower plants [18]. The

share of renewable energies in Malaysian energy

All Malaysia’s urban population and 98

percent of its rural population have access to the

national grid connection [19]. Each Malaysian

electricity per year [20].

Malaysia as a tropical country takes an average

4.5 kWh/m2/day solar radiation [21]. According

Solar Energy Technology Roadmap of Malaysia

solar should prepare 450 MWp in 2012 [22]. But

this amount is 140 MW at present. According to

for different renewable resources

such as biomass, solar and biogas, generating

electricity from wind is not that serious in

Malaysia. Only some small islands generate

almost 0.15 MW electricity.

According to the high amount of energy

provided from different renewable sources,

providing energy from the wind power has no

place in Malaysia and just in some small islands

of this country about 0.15 MW electricity is

generated from this kind of energy[19]. Also,

Malaysia is taking benefit from considerable

geothermal sources in its East peninsula. There

connection yet, but huge investment

Malaysian government in that area

confirms that there are significant resources of

geothermal in Sabah and Sarawak [23].

Technically, Malaysia has the possibilities of

producing 29,000 megawatts of hydropower

energy and at present, more than 2,000

gawatts of Malaysia’s electricity is produced

in large scale and 40 megawatts of its electricity

scale. Regarding the mass

production of palm oil in Malaysia, there is the

possibility of producing abundant biomass

y and it is possible to

produce 29,000 megawatts of electricity from


ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 148

this source. Currently, 211 MW of electricity is

produced via this source [18].

The amount of CO2 emission per capita in

Malaysia is about 7.52 metric tons

amount of producing electricity from coal has

had a rising rate so that it has increased from 40

billion kilowatts in 2000 to about 60 billion

kilowatt in 2006 and 90 billion kilowatt in 2007.

The amount of total energy produced from

renewable sources has had fluctuations since

1997 which was equivalent to 15 billion

kilowatts in that year. However, it has been 26

billion kilowatts in recent years. Despite the

increased electricity production fr

energies in Malaysia (like the Philippines), the

share of electricity production from renewable

sources has gone lower than the total of

produced energy, and during 1995 to 2007 it has

decreased from 7% to 5%. At the present, the

total energy consumption is about 270,000 Kilo

Tons of Oil in this country [20].

4 Energy trend and solar role

Malaysia In recent decades, energy consumption has

grown rapidly in Malaysia in such a way that, as

an example, electricity consumption, which was

Less than 5 GW in the 1970s in this country, has

hit 90 GW in 2006 (see Fig. 1). The curve for

electricity consumption also shows a totally

ascending trend during these years. Fig. 1 shows

an accelerated trend of electricity demand

especially after 1992. In this period the

electricity consumption is less than 30 billion

kWh. However, from 2002 to 2010 this

parameter ranges between 70 billion to 100

billion kWh.

this source. Currently, 211 MW of electricity is

emission per capita in

Malaysia is about 7.52 metric tons [24]. The

amount of producing electricity from coal has

had a rising rate so that it has increased from 40

billion kilowatts in 2000 to about 60 billion

kilowatt in 2006 and 90 billion kilowatt in 2007.

The amount of total energy produced from

renewable sources has had fluctuations since

1997 which was equivalent to 15 billion

kilowatts in that year. However, it has been 26

billion kilowatts in recent years. Despite the

increased electricity production from renewable

energies in Malaysia (like the Philippines), the

share of electricity production from renewable

sources has gone lower than the total of

produced energy, and during 1995 to 2007 it has

decreased from 7% to 5%. At the present, the

consumption is about 270,000 Kilo

.

Energy trend and solar role in

In recent decades, energy consumption has

grown rapidly in Malaysia in such a way that, as

consumption, which was

Less than 5 GW in the 1970s in this country, has

hit 90 GW in 2006 (see Fig. 1). The curve for

electricity consumption also shows a totally

ascending trend during these years. Fig. 1 shows

an accelerated trend of electricity demand

specially after 1992. In this period the

electricity consumption is less than 30 billion

kWh. However, from 2002 to 2010 this

parameter ranges between 70 billion to 100

Fig.1. The electric power consumption in

Malaysia from 1970

However, the trend of the increase in costs

has also been quite natural

such a way that they have reached to about

0.7 US cent per kilowatt hours from less than 0.3

per kilowatt hours of the 1970s

increasing in electricity consumption,

of the energy use per dollar has

slowly in oscillating condit

1980 energy use (kg of oil equivalent) per dollar

1,000 GDP (constant 2005 PPP) was 180 which

rose to 210 in 1998 and descended to 191 by

2010 (see Fig 2).

Fig.2. Energy use (kg of oil equivalent) per

dollar1;000 GDP (constant 200

Malaysia per USD

Enjoying more than 4unit level

(sunshine), Malaysia has the most important

basis of implementing the solar energy among

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

ye

ar

19

68Th

e e

lect

ric

po

we

r

con

sum

pti

on

in M

ala

ysi

a

(bil

lio

n k

Wh

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

ye

ar

19

80

ye

ar

19

86

Fig.1. The electric power consumption in

Malaysia from 1970- 2009 [25]

However, the trend of the increase in costs

natural during these years in

such a way that they have reached to about to

0.7 US cent per kilowatt hours from less than 0.3

per kilowatt hours of the 1970s [26]. Because of

increasing in electricity consumption, the trend

of the energy use per dollar has, however, raised

slowly in oscillating conditions. Furthermore, in

of oil equivalent) per dollar

000 GDP (constant 2005 PPP) was 180 which

rose to 210 in 1998 and descended to 191 by

Fig.2. Energy use (kg of oil equivalent) per

dollar1;000 GDP (constant 2005 PPP) in

Malaysia per USD [27]

Enjoying more than 4unit levels of radiation

(sunshine), Malaysia has the most important

basis of implementing the solar energy among

ye

ar

19

84

ye

ar

20

08

ye

ar

20

10


ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 149

the renewable energies [28]. Meanwhile, due to

its tropical climate, this country

receives the same amount of solar energy. In

other words, solar energy can be utilized all year

long in this country. As it confirms,

enablers FiT in Malaysia entered to RE p

in 2011. Fig.3 illustrates the formation and

growth of the solar PV amongst the renewable

energies in Malaysia during 1999 to 2006 which

shows the increasing trend of both RE and PV

the same time.

Fig. 3. The growth of the solar PV amongst th

renewable energies during 1999 to 2006

Malaysia[29]

Fig. 4 nicely represents

government’s plans of expanding the use of the

solar energy amongst the renewable energies

through 2011 to 2050. This figure illustrates the

effect of FiT since implementing in 2011 and

raise in PV shares amongst other REs.

42 64 116188313 557

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

ye

ar

19

99

ye

ar

20

00

ye

ar

20

01

ye

ar

20

02

ye

ar

20

03

ye

ar

20

04

Ele

ctri

sity

ge

ne

rate

d (

GW

h)

RE

PV

Meanwhile, due to

its tropical climate, this country, more or less,

receives the same amount of solar energy. In

other words, solar energy can be utilized all year

As it confirms, as a base of

FiT in Malaysia entered to RE planning

in 2011. Fig.3 illustrates the formation and

solar PV amongst the renewable

energies in Malaysia during 1999 to 2006 which

shows the increasing trend of both RE and PV at

solar PV amongst the

renewable energies during 1999 to 2006 in

Fig. 4 nicely represents the Malaysian

plans of expanding the use of the

solar energy amongst the renewable energies

through 2011 to 2050. This figure illustrates the

effect of FiT since implementing in 2011 and

raise in PV shares amongst other REs.

Fig.4. Malaysia’s trend in generating so

energy amongst renewal energies 2011

[30]

As it is visible, solar PV is

and most possible renewable energy in

Malaysia. It needs to make investors interest in

any size of investment. The range of so

can cover the whole lands belong

Malaysia. Surely, FiT is a good motivation for

small and large inner investments but this

accelerated motion needs extra capital which has

to secure this growing trend. Foreign Direct

Investment or FDI is one of the accepted

solutions which are also approved by

Malaysian government.

5 Conclusion Five Renewable Energies, including biogas,

biomass, solar, wind and hydropower are

mentioned in the 8th Malaysian plan but solar

has a key role in Malaysian future RE plans.

Because of Malaysia's economic trends, the

increase in the Malaysian income has happened

significantly, through 1990

growth decreased unemployment rate and

improved National Saving.

after 1991 is always more than %30 which is

much higher than average of the world. High

percentage of saving leads the Malaysian people

to the increase in their investment but this

55712822220

ye

ar

20

04

ye

ar

20

05

ye

ar

20

06

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

20

11

20

20

20

35

MW

trend in generating solar

energy amongst renewal energies 2011-2050

[30]

solar PV is the most suitable

and most possible renewable energy in

Malaysia. It needs to make investors interest in

any size of investment. The range of solar PV

whole lands belonging to

is a good motivation for

small and large inner investments but this

accelerated motion needs extra capital which has

to secure this growing trend. Foreign Direct

Investment or FDI is one of the accepted

also approved by the

Five Renewable Energies, including biogas,

biomass, solar, wind and hydropower are

Malaysian plan but solar

has a key role in Malaysian future RE plans.

Because of Malaysia's economic trends, the

increase in the Malaysian income has happened

significantly, through 1990-2012. This economic

growth decreased unemployment rate and

National Saving. GNS in Malaysia

after 1991 is always more than %30 which is

much higher than average of the world. High

percentage of saving leads the Malaysian people

to the increase in their investment but this

20

35

20

50

Biomass

Biogas

Mini-hydro

SW

Solar PV


ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 150

investment is not conducted in renewable

energies, correctly. Each Malaysian uses almost

3,667 KW electricity per year but his share from

clean, green and renewable energy is less than

%0.5. Accordingly, Malaysia has planed a

transparent renewable energy roadmap for next

40 years. Enjoying more than 4unit levels of

radiation (sunshine), Malaysia has the most

important basis of implementing the solar

energy among the renewable energies which

force government for expanding the use of the

solar energy amongst the renewable energies,

through 2011 to 2050 and Feed in Tariff is one

of the basic policies for improving renewable

energies at this country.

References

[1] ASEAN, "Overwiev on ASEAN," 2011.

[Online]. Available:

http://www.aseansec.org/64.htm.

[2] SEDA, "Overview of the FiT System in

Malaysia," 2011. [Online]. Available:

http://seda.gov.my/go-

home.php?omaneg=0001010000000101010100

0100001000000000000000000000&s=6.

[3] B. Malek, "EU-Malaysia cooperation in

green technology: renewable energy

development in Malaysia," Ministry of Energy,

Green Technology and Water Malaysia, Kuala

Lumpur, 2010.

[4] K. Sopian, MYH. Othman, A. Wirsat,

"The wind energy potential of Malaysia,"

Renewable Energy, no. 6, p. 1005–16, 2011.

[5] REWS, "Renewable Energy World Asia

moves to Malaysia in 2011 for annual gathering

of renewable industry professionals," 2011.


www.renewableenergyworld-asia.com.

[6] P. Asmus, "California Crisis: The Best

Argument yet for Wind Power," The Electricity

Journal, no. 14, pp. 42-47, 2001.

[7] IMF, "GDP based on PPP per capita

GDP," April 2012. [Online]. Available:

http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=k

3s92bru78li6_#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&n

selm=h&met_y=ppppc&scale_y=lin&ind_y=fal

se&rdim=world&idim=country:ID:MY:PH:TH:

SG&ifdim=world&tstart=708451200000&tend=

1497369600000&hl=en_US&dl=en_US&ind=fa

lse.

[8] B Bakhtyar, A Zaharim, K Sopian, O

Saadatian, J Abdulateef, "Affordable Quality

Housing for Urban Low Income Earners in

Malaysia," in Advances in Environmental

Science and Sustainability, Slima, Malta, 2012.

[9] IMF, "GDP, constant prices (%

change)," April 2012. [Online]. Available:



selm=h&met_y=ngdp_rpch&scale_y=lin&ind_y

=false&rdim=world&idim=country:ID:MY:PH:

TH:SG&ifdim=world&tstart=708451200000&te

nd=1497369600000&hl=en_US&dl=en_US&in

d=false.

[10] IMF, "Unemployment rate (%)," April

2012. [Online]. Available:



selm=h&met_y=lur&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&

rdim=world&idim=country:ID:MY:PH:TH:SG

&ifdim=world&tstart=708451200000&tend=14

97369600000&hl=en_US&dl=en_US&ind=fals

e.

[11] Jobstreet, "Job out look in 5 Asian,"

2012. [Online]. Available:

http://www.jobstreet.com.my.

[12] W. W. Rostow, The Stage of Economic

Growth: The Economic History Review,


ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 151

Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, 1959.

[13] IMF, "Gross National Saving," 2012.




selm=h&met_y=ngsd_ngdp&scale_y=lin&ind_y

=false&rdim=world&idim=country:ID:MY:PH:

TH:SG&ifdim=world&tstart=708451200000&te

nd=1497369600000&hl=en_US&dl=en_US&in

d=false.

[14] Klaus Schmidt Hebber, Luis Serven,

Andres Solimano, "Saving and Investment

paradigms, puzzles, Policies," World Bank, New

York, 1996.

[15] J. A. Adjaye, "The relationship between

energy consumption, energyprices and

economicgrowth: time series evidence from

Asian developing countries," Energy

Economics, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 615–625, 2000.

[16] J. L. Williams, "Oil Price History and

Analysis," 2011. [Online]. Available:

http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm.

[17] Geni, "National Energy Grid of

Malaysia - National Electricity Transmission

Grid of Malaysia," 2010. [Online]. Available:

http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/nation

al_energy_grid/malaysia/index.shtml.

[18] N.W.A. Lidula, N. Mithulananthan, W.

Ongsakul,C. Widjaya, R. Henson, "ASEAN

towards clean and sustainable energy:Potentials,

utilization and barriers," Renewable Energy ,

vol. 32, p. 1441–1452, 2007.

[19] B Bakhtyar, A Zaharim, K Sopian, O

Saadatian,, "The effects of Feed in Tariff on

Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia," Wseas,

, 2012.

[20] ATM, "Asian Trends Monitoring

Bulletin 6," 2010. [Online]. Available:

http://www.asiantrendsmonitoring.com/wp-

content/uploads/2010/11/ATM-6-energy-low-

res.pdf.

[21] Sopian, K., M.Y. Othman., "Estimate of

monthly average daily solar radiation in

Malaysia," Renewable Energy, vol. 2, no. 3, pp.

319-325, 1992.

[22] K. Sopian, MYH. Othman, A. Wirsat,

"The wind energy potential of Malaysia,"

Renewable Energy, vol. 6, p. 1005–16, 2011.

[23] Shing Chyi Chua, Tick Hui Oh, Wei

Wei Goh, "Feed-in tariff outlook in Malaysia,"

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,

vol. 15, no. 1, p. 705–712, 2011.

[24] Tradingeconomics, "CO2 emissions in

Malaysia," 2008. [Online]. Available:

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/co2

-emissions-metric-tons-per-capita-wb-data.html.

[25] WorldBank, "Electric power

consumption in Malaysia," 2012. [Online].

Available:

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/elec

tric-power-consumption-kwh-per-capita-wb-

data.html.

[26] J. Chin, "Petronas to focus on overseas

ops," 2008. [Online]. Available:

http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2

008/7/16/business/21836412&sec=business.

[27] Worldbank, "Electric power

consumption in Malaysia," 2012. [Online].

Available:

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/ene

rgy-use-kg-of-oil-equivalent-per-dollar1-000-

gdp-constant-2005-ppp-wb-data.html.

[28] Ketteha, "Feed in Tariff," 2011a.


http://www.mbipv.net.my/dload/FAQs%20on%

20FiT.pdf.


ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 152

[29] Oh TH, Pang SY, Chua SC., " Energy

policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: issues

and challenges for sustainable growth,"

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, p.

14:1241–52., 2010.

[30] SC. Chua, TH. Oh, WW. Goh, "Feed-in

tariff outlook in Malaysia," Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, pp. 705-

712, 2011.


ISBN: 978-1-61804-139-5 153

renewable energy in malaysia: review on energy · pdf filerenewable energy in malaysia: review...

Documents