renewable energy integration // professor stephen lawrence leeds school
TRANSCRIPT
Renewable Energy Integration
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gif http://www.re-energy.ca/
Professor Stephen LawrenceLeeds School of BusinessUniversity of Colorado at Boulder
Tar Sands
http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm
Oil Shale
http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104
Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution
Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned Implicated in global warming
Nitrous oxides (NOx) – smog
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – acid rain
Measurable amounts of radioactive material Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant
Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant
Category Power Plant 100W Light Bulb
Power 500 MW 100 W
Energy / year 3.5 billion kWh 876 kWh
Coal / year 1.43 million tons 714 lbs
Sulfur Dioxide / year 10,000 Tons 5 pounds
Nitrogen Oxides / year 10,200 Tons 5.1 pounds
Carbon Dioxide / year 3,700,000 Tons 1,852 pounds
$0.00
$0.10
$0.20
$0.30
$0.40
1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2005
38 cents/kWh
Costs Nosedive Wind’s Success
3.5-5.0 cents/kWh
Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit
Solar Energy
http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm
Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales
Solar Cell Production Volume
http://sharp-world.com/solar/generation/images/graph_2004.gif
Sharp Corporation
Solar Thermal Energy
http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/re-kiosk/solar/solar-thermal/case-studies/central-receiver.shtml
Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines)
Direct drive to generator No gearboxes
Gravity base Versus a bored
foundation
Fixed pitch turbine blades Improved reliability But trades off efficiency
http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm
LIMPET Oscillating Water Column Completed 2000 Scottish Isles Two counter-rotating
Wells turbines Two generators 500 kW max power
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW)
Source Tides Waves Currents OTEC1
Salinity World electric2
World hydro
Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2,7003
5,000 200,000 1,000,000
4,000
Practical (est) 20 GW 500 50 40 NPA4
2,800 550
1 Temperature gradients2 As of 1998
3 Along coastlines4 Not presently available
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
Electrolysis of Water (H2O)
http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/edu_k-12/9-12/fc_energy/make_your_own_hydrogen_results.html
UNIDO-ICHET Projection
http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Centralized vs. Distributed Generation
http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm
Central Power Generation (today) Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants
Waste Heat (Nuclear) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg)
Nuclear Plants Waste Disposal
Hydroelectric Plants Flooding
Unreliable (2000-2003) 110 Grid Failures Cost $80-123 B./Yr Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Current Power Industry - Opinion Monopolies
Regulated No competition Ossified Expensive Inefficient Unreliable Unfriendly
“Time has come for an energy revolution”
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Distributed Generation Located next to user Range of energy sources
Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear
Capacity kw –Mw Economic benefits
“Waste” heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced Grid costs – peak/capital Lower electric bills
Flexibility of location Cogeneration
Combined heat & power (CHP) Micropower
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Opinions Regarding DG DG Can Play a Key Role
Where reliability is crucial- emergency capacity Alternative to local network expansion
Opinions “Has potential to fundamentally alter structure and organization of
our electric power system” (IEA) “Micropower passes nuclear as technology of choice for new plants
globally. We really could be seeing the revival of Edison’s dream” (VVV)
“The era of monopolization, centralization and other regulation has started to give way to market forces in electricity” (VVV)
United States today 931 DG Plants Deliver 72,800 MW 8.1% Of total US Power
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Sources of DG Solar – photovoltaic and thermal Wind Turbines Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) Geothermal Oceanic Nuclear Fossil Fuels
Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
CG vs. DG TodayCG DG
Waste Energy % 67 10 Delivered Electricity % 33 90 Total Costs ($)
Generation 4.2 5.2 T & D 6.6 0.6 Total 10.8 5.8
CO2 X 0.5X Oil Equivalent (BB) Y -122 Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $) Z -2.87
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
CG vs. DG in 2020CG DG
Capital $B 831 504 Total Power Cost $B 145 55 Unit Power Cost ¢/kWh 8.6 5.5 Emissions
CO2 X 0.5X NOx A 0.4A SO2 B 0.1B
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Microturbines Low to moderate initial capital cost Fuel flexibility,
burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene)
Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP
Extremely low air emissions NOx, CO, and SOx
Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60-
kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.
Microturbine Systems
http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htmhttp://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html
Micro-Hydro
http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm
Advantages of DG Local positioning avoids transmission and
distribution losses Generation adjacent to loads allows convenient use
of heat energy Combined heat and power (CHP)
Local positioning enables available sources of energy to be used, Waste products or renewable resources may be easily
utilized to supplement fossil fuels Local positioning allows the use of available single
or three phase generation
http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm
Disadvantages of DG Disadvantages
Conventional distribution systems need adequate protection in order to accommodate exchange of power
Signaling for dispatch of resources becomes extremely complicated
Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish Issues with DG
The use of “Net Power” in certain areas of the US Power companies must by power from distributors a market rates
IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric
power systems Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple sources System protection under two way exchange of power
http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm