renewable power generation wind energy systems: fastest growing segment of renewable energy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Renewable Power Generation
Wind Energy Systems: Fastest growing segment of renewable energy
business (up 75% in capacity since 1990) Possible limitations to acceptance-
Visual pollution Noise TV interference Harm to raptors
Good complement to solar- (low solar = high wind ??)
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Renewable Power Generation (cont.) Wind Energy Systems:
Market growth- 15% in 1998; 38% in 1999 Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) requires
utilities to purchase power Energy Tax Credits available
Estimated that 5 -15% of TOTAL ELECTRICAL needs of United States by 2020 provided by Wind Power !!
(currently 0.1 %)
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Renewable Power Generation (cont.) Wind Energy Systems:
Wind machine sizing/cost per kW-1981: 25 kW; $ 2,600/kW
1999: 1 MW (1000 kW) $ 800/kW
California is leading state in US (1,600 MW)5% of PG & E power currently is wind energy
Large growth in European community due to high energy prices, environmental concern, fuel security
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Renewable Power Generation (cont.) Wind Energy Systems:
Typical system is comprised of- Rotor (many different shapes) Generator Voltage regulator Synchronous inverter (for large AC applications) Batteries
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Renewable Power Generation (cont.) Wind Energy Systems:
Location of site critical Consistent winds = best overall efficiency If wind too high- excess power dumping High support structure to take advantage of wind
currents free from “ground effect’ Fewer blades more efficient at low wind speeds
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Renewable Power Generation (cont.) Wind Energy Systems:
Rotor style vs. efficiencyMAXIMUM THEORETICAL 59%
Multi-blade for water pumping applications 7% 2-3 blade “horizontal axis”
Altamont Pass machines: 100-200 kW each
Darrieus Eggbeater “vertical axis” Altamont Pass machines: 250 kW each
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Renewable Power Generation (cont.) Wind Energy Systems:
Potential for growth is HUGE !! (i.e. Table 12-4) Installed cost for power- $ 1,000/kW $ 0.05 – 0.06/kWh power generating cost !!
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Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems Ground Source Heat Pumps
“GeoExchange” with earth: stable temperature 55 – 70 F available as
HEAT SOURCE or HEAT SINK
Heating mode: HEAT SOURCEheat from refrigeration compressor
Cooling mode: HEAT SINK standard air conditioning unit with heat rejection to buried condenser loop.
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Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems Ground source heat pumps:
Capability to supply domestic hot water, radiant floor heating and forced air cooling systems.
Downside: all-electric system subject to cost of kwh from utility system.
Upside: 25 year warranty
25 – 50% overall energy savings
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Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems Ground source heat pumps:
Installation requirements-
vertical systems: several hundred foot deep holes with polyethylene piping 6 holes required for 2,000 sq ft home
horizontal systems: Long trenches at grade level with polyethylene piping Buried under reservoir, lake or pond
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Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems Ground source heat pump systems:
Installed Cost- $ 20,000 – 25,000 for 2,000 sq ft home.
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Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems Solar Thermal Electric systems:
Solar energy “focused” on central point; steam produced to run turbine/generator for electrical power. Parabolic troughs with local receiver Parabolic dishes with local receiver Central receivers with heliostats