renovating old orchards -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Renovating Old Orchards MICHAEL SMITH
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
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Why Renovate
• REDUCE TREE CROWDING TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION & QUALITY
• ELIMINATE DAMAGED TREES
• REPLACE OLD POOR-PERFORMING VARIETIES
• GAIN DISEASE OR INSECT RESISTANCE?
0
100
200
300
400
500
10 27 34 36 74
Cross-sectional trunk area/acre
lbs./
acre
7-year average
NATIVE PECAN YIELD AT DIFFERENT TREE DENSITIES
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Remove Entire Orchard vs. Individual Trees
ENTIRE ORCHARD
Allows greater opportunity to fix drainage problems
No decisions or supervision required during tree removal
Orchard uniformity
Eliminates cash flow for 6 or more years
INDIVIDUAL TREES
Maintains cash flow
Slows growth of new trees
Greater difficulty in managing young and old trees
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Selective tree removal with cutter & skidder
Cost $45/acre Removed 3-6 trees/acre
1 part Remedy, 3 parts diesel
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Selective tree removal with track hoe
$45 to $50/tree
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Tree removal with Stumpster Thinned 30-year-old ‘Pawnee’ ≈ 18” diameter
2 min/tree to cut
Tractor with grapple to remove trees
Machine cost ≈ $5000
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Tree Disposal Free firewood and then burn remains
Sell firewood and then burn remains
Sell logs (only significant market for good native timber) and burn remains
Burn everything
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Orchard Design Pecans are typically planted at a higher density, and then thinned as the trees become crowded.
◦ 40’x40’ = 27 trees/a
◦ 56’x56’ = 14 trees/a
◦ 80’x80’ = 7 trees/a
Hedging delays the need for tree removal, but does not eliminate the need to thin trees.
3 1 3 1 3
1 2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1 3
1 2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1 3
1 2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1 3
40’
56’ 80’
Pattern tree removal
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Selective tree removal
Make an orchard map - Should indicate
cultivar, health and size of trees
30C7 30 ft diameter canopy
‘Cape Fear’
score of 7 on a 10 point scale
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Selective Tree Removal Not selectively thinned Selectively thinned twice
water data
d 5 75 y 3 55 y 1 5 d 6 25 d 7 35 d 7 10 d 7 10 d 5 50tesche nay be topworked to schley, weak tree -cut1 65
s 7 5 d 4 60 y 2 70 s 5 5 d 5 35 d 6 55 y 3 5 d 4 60
d 4 90 y 4 5 d 3 15 d 5 5 d 5 85 y 4 60 s 3 85 s 6 65 y 2 25
s 4 5 d 3 80 s 7 55 s 4 80 y 3 5 d 4 90 y 4 5 d 3 20 d 6 5
s 5 55 d 5 5 d 3 75 y 3 5 d 3 65 s 4 5 d 4 85 s 5 well 55
d 6 5 d 3 85 y 4 5 d 4 25 d 5 5 d 3 75 y 3 5 d 5 45 d 5 55
d 6 90 y 3 10 d 5 20 d 6 90 y 3 5 d 4 65 y 2 65 y 2 5 d 4 60
valve
y 2 5 d 5 60 y 2 85 y 3 20 d 5 65 s 5 25 d 5 70 s 6
d 7 85 s 6 20 d 5 65 y 3 30 d 5 65 y 2 5 d 4 70
d 6 5 d 6 25 d 6 60 s 5 60d (or Alley)4 75 s 4 90 s 7 5 d 3 80 y 3 25
3 15 o 6 95 s 8 15 a 7 90 s 8 5 o 4 50 d 8 5 z 4 90 s 7 45 d 7 85 s 4
+ 15 g 4 + + + +
6 45 u 8 5 u 2 20 g 5 15 g 4 100 s 8 35 o 8 20 z 7 10 o 7 5 u 7 15 o 6
+ 10 o 6 + 15 a 8 + 15 o 6 + + 10 o 4
9 45 d 6 35 u 7 95 s 8 15 a 5 5 o 4 20 u 8 5 z 4 95 s 7 90 s 7 20 u 8
+ + + + +
6 5 u 7 35 d 5 20 a 7 95 s 8 30 u 7 40 o 8 95 s 7 5 o 3 45 u 7 10 o 5
+ + + + + 15 o 6
7 15 o 5 100 s 8 15 a 6 10 a 5 95 s 7 25 u 7 10 o 5 95 s 8 40 d? 6 50 d 7
+ 20 a 7 + + 20 o 6 + +
6 5 u 6 10 o 6 20 a 7 80 s 5 20 u 7 20 o 6 15 z 5 10 o 6 5 u 5 55 d 7
5 + + valve + + +
8 5 o 4 85 s 7 5 a 4 15 a 7 15 o 5 90 s 5 10 o 5 95 s 7 20 o 7 100 s 6
+ + + + 25 o 6 +
5 100 s 6 5 u 3 20 g 3 95 s 6 20 u 7 5 o 4 95 s 7 10 o 5 30 u 6 20 o 8
+ valve + + 15 o 6 + + 10 o 5
5 5 o 4 90 s 6 25 g 1 25 a 7 15 o 6 20 u 7 10 o 5 5 z 3 100 s 8 20 u 7
+ + + + +
5 5 u 6 15 o 7 85 s 5 20 g 3 100 s 8 5 o 4 25 z 8 20 z 6 10 u 5 20 o 7
+ 10 o 7 + + 15 o + 20 o 6 + 20 o 6
6 10 o 6 15 u 7 15 a 7 20 a 7 15 o 6 20 u 7 10 o 4 10 z 6 100 s 8 35 u 7
+ + + + +
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Trees Interplanted when Thinning Orchard
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Tre
e d
ia.
(mm
)
Distance to established tree (ft)
Distance to stump
12 ft 48 ft 96 ft
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Pollination Requirements
Pecan - pollinators within 150’ of cultivar to be
pollinated.
Prefer 2 protandrous (type 1) and 2 protogynous
(type 2) cultivars.
Self- & cross-pollinated nuts - ‘Western’ female parent
Male parent
Nut
characteristics Western Wichita
Percent
increase
Weight (g) 5.35 6.45 21
Volume (ml) 7.43 8.34 12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
June July Aug Sept Oct
Percen
t fr
uit
drop
San Saba Imp. Mahan
Self- & cross-pollinated nuts – ‘San Saba Imp.’ female
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Shoot & root growth after 2 growing seasons – silty clay loam soil.
1’ 2’ 3’
Tap root
length
(ft)
Cumulative
shoot
growth
(inches)
New
roots/tree
1 149 13
2 102 8
3 113 6
Roots develop from cut surfaces.
New roots, not existing roots, are important for establishment and growth.
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Planting Container –
◦ Time to plant ◦ Best: late Sept. & October.
◦ Acceptable: dormant
◦ Least desirable: active growth
◦ Shake most of the media from the roots at planting.
◦ Cut the root where it begins to wrap at the pot bottom.
◦ Plant at the same height or shallower than grown in the pot.
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Install Tree Protectors & Mulch
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Control Weeds!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
None Cutleaf
evening
primrose
Palmer
amaranth
CEP + PA
Cu
mu
lati
ve s
hoot
gro
wth
(fe
et)
. .
None CEP + PA
3.5 times more
growth
than CEP + PA
Cumulative shoot growth - (3 growing seasons)
Palmer amaranth
Cutleaf evening
primrose
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Size of weed-free circle
Weed-free
diameter
(ft)
Cumulative
yield
age 7-12
(lbs/tree)
0 555
3 1074
6 996
12 1488
24 1545
8th growing
season
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Questions?