repiratory anatomy and physiology
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Respiratory Anatomy and physiology
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anatomyThe respiratory system is made up of the organs involved in breathing and consists of the:nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
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The upper respiratory tract includes the:nose nasal cavity ethmoidal air cells frontal sinuses maxillary sinus larynx trachea
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The lower respiratory tract includes the:
lungs
bronchi
alveoli
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Respiration
Breathing
External respiration
Gas transport by blood
Internal respiration
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Process of breathing
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Breathing
Inspiration:Contraction of diaphragm / intercostal muscles
Expansion of thorax expansion of lungs Pressure in lungs ↓ Air inflow
Expiration:Relaxation of muscles Thorax / lung recoil back Pressure in lungs ↑ Air outflow
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Forceful breathing
Inspiration:Contraction of accessory muscles extra expansion of thorax extra air inflow
Expiration:Contraction abdominal muscles abdominal contents move up diaphragm moves up
Abdominal muscles retract rib cage
Internal intercostal muscles retract rib cage
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Lung volumes and capacities
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TIDAL VOLUME (TV): Volume inspired or expired with each normal breath.
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): Maximum volume that can be inspired over the inspiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. Used during exercise/exertion.
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EXPIRATRY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): Maximal volume that can be expired after the expiration of a tidal volume/normal breath.
RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): Volume that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration. CANNOT be measured by spirometry.
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY ( IC): Volume of maximal inspiration:RV + TV
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FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC): Volume of gas remaining in lung after normal expiration, cannot be measured by spirometry because it includes residual volume: ERV + RVVITAL CAPACITY (VC): Volume of maximal inspiration and expiration: IRV + TV + ERV = IC + ERV
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TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC): The volume of the lung after maximal inspiration. The sum of all four lung volumes, cannot be measured by spirometry because it includes residual volume: IRV+ TV + ERV + RV = IC + FRC
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DEAD SPACE: Volume of the respiratory apparatus that does not participate in gas exchange, approximately 300 ml in normal lungs. --ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE: Volume of the conducting airways, approximately 150 ml --PHYSIOLOGIC DEAD SPACE: The volume of the lung that does not participate in gas exchange. In normal lungs, is equal to the anatomic dead space (150 ml). May be greater in lung disease.
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FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME in 1 SECOND (FEV1): The volume of air that can be expired in 1 second after a maximal inspiration. Is normally 80% of the forced vital capacity, expressed as FEV1/FVC. In restrictive lung disease both FEV1 and FVC decrease , thus the ratio remains greater than or equal to 0.8. In obstructive lung disease, FEV1 is reduced more than the FVC, thus the FEV1/FVC ratio is less than 0.8.
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Atmospheric pressure
Free molecules
Gravity of earth
Dependent on location (height)
Normal atmospheric pressure (sea level) = 760 mm Hg
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Partial pressure
Atm Pressure: 760 mm Hg
Dalton’s law
Nitrogen= 597 mm Hg
Oxygen= 159 mm Hg
Carbondioxide:
Water:
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Partial pressure
Henry’s law: when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure gradient
H2O H2O
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Gas solubility
CO2 20 times more soluble in water than O2
N2 almost insoluble
H2O H2O H2O
Carbondioxide Oxygen Nitrogen
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External respiration (in lungs)
pO2= 104 mm Hg
pCO2= 40 mm Hg
Alveoli Capillaries
pO2= 40 mm Hg
pCO2= 45 mm Hg
pO2= 104 mm Hg
pCO2= 40 mm Hg
pO2= 104 mm Hg
pCO2= 40 mm Hg
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Internal respiration (in tissue)
pO2= 100 mm Hg
pCO2= 40 mm Hg
Capillaries Tissue
pO2< 40 mm Hg
pCO2> 45 mm Hg
pO2= 40 mm Hg
pCO2= 45 mm Hg
pO2= 40 mm Hg
pCO2= 45 mm Hg
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Oxygen transport
1.5 % dissolved
98.5 % bound to haemoglobin
Iron in Hb binds to oxygen
4 O2 molecules per Hb molecule
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Carbondioxide transport
7-10 % dissolved in plasma
22 % bound to Hb
70 % transported as HCO3-
COCO22 + H + H22OO HH22COCO33 HH++ + HCO + HCO33--
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Regulation of breathing
DRG stimulates inspiratory muscles, 12-15 times / minuteVRG active in forced breathingPontine respiration centre: finetuning of breathing / inhibits DRG
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Factors that influence respiration
Hypothalamus (emotions / pain)
Cortex (voluntary control)
Chemoreceptors:Central (in medulla oblongata): responds to CO2
↑CO2 passes blood brain barrier
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
H+ stimulates receptors breathing depth ↑ + rate ↑
Peripheral (in aortic / carotid bodies): responds when O2 < 60 mm Hg increase ventilation
Responds to pH ↓ increase ventilation
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Factors that influence respiration
Marieb, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7th edition
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Overview
Breathing:Inspiration: contraction muscles thorax expansion air inflowExpiration: relaxation recoil lungs air outflow
Different lung volumes and capacitiesExternal respiration:
Gas exchange following partial pressure gradientInternal respiration
Gas exchange following partial pressure gradientGas transport
O2 mainly bound to HbCO2 mainly transported as HCO3
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Regulation of breathingRespiratory centresChemoreceptors
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