report by: andrey petrov, university of northern...

RESEARCH REPORT # 1

Report by: Andrey Petrov, University of Northern Iowa

Inuvialuit Settlement Region Baseline Social Indicators Pilot Study (2014) of 41

INUVIALUIT SETTLEMENT REGION BASELINE SOCIAL INDICATORS

A PILOT STUDY BY ReSDA

Report by: Dr. Andrey N. Petrov

Participating experts:

Dr. Joan Nymand Larsen, Dr. Gail Fondahl,

Dr. Peter Schweitzer, Mr. Philip Cavin

IRC experts:

Mr. Bob Simpson, Mr. Simon Routh

2014


Contents Part 1. Arctic Social Indicators in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region: General Characteristics, Geographical Differences and Trends ........................................................................................................................................ 4

Background and Summary ............................................................................................................................... 4

Goal and Objectives.......................................................................................................................................... 5

Scope of work ................................................................................................................................................... 5

Baseline Analysis Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 6

Preliminary Results ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Regional Comparisons ................................................................................................................................ 10

Dynamics of well-being .............................................................................................................................. 10

Incorporating Community input into the Inuvialuit well-being monitoring system ...................................... 12

Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

Part 2: ReSDA Resource Development Impacts Scan (ReDIS) Indicators for the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) .................................................................................................................................................................... 13

Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

2a ISR Resource Development Impact Indicators ......................................................................................... 14

Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 14

2b. ISR Resource Development Impact Indicators (ReDIS) Pilot Implementation ......................................... 18

Material Well-Being .................................................................................................................................... 18

Closeness to Nature ................................................................................................................................... 22

Cultural Vitality ........................................................................................................................................... 24

Education .................................................................................................................................................... 24

Health and Demography ............................................................................................................................ 25

Fate Control and Community Empowerment ............................................................................................ 27

Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

Limitations and Future Directions .................................................................................................................. 28

APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 30

Material Well Being ........................................................................................................................................ 30

Cultural Well-Being......................................................................................................................................... 33

Contact with Nature ....................................................................................................................................... 35

Education Bachelors Degree of Higher........................................................................................................... 36

Fate Control .................................................................................................................................................... 37

Land Claim ...................................................................................................................................................... 38

Aboriginal Leadership ..................................................................................................................................... 39

Health and Population .................................................................................................................................... 40


Part 1. Arctic Social Indicators in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region: General Characteristics, Geographical Differences and Trends

Background and Summary

The Inuvialuit Baseline Indicators project is a collaborative effort between Resources and Sustainable Development in the Arctic (ReSDA), Arctic Social Indicators (ASI) projects and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC). The goal of the Inuvialuit Baseline Indicators (IBI) project is to develop a set of measurable, reliable and accessible indicators to monitor socio-economic conditions in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) with an emphasis on tracking impacts of resource development. This effort is focused on creating a framework to be used by local actors to collect, manage and analyze community-based data. The Inuvialuit region has been affected by a number of resource boom cycles associated with the resource activities in the Mackenzie Delta and more recently in the Beaufort Sea. The IRC created as a result of the Inuvialuit Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement has been collecting and publishing selected socio-economic data to aid in decision-making process and provide public access to IRC members. Given a growing interest in Arctic resources within the ISR, IRC engaged in collaboration with a social impacts monitoring team of polar scientists to develop a system of indicators based on past experiences in ISR and across the Arctic, local relevance and data availability. The objectives of the IBI project include (1) using ASI circumpolar framework of social indicators provide a background baseline analysis of IRC socioeconomic characteristics in comparison with Northwest Territories (NWT), Inuit regions of Canada/USA, and other circumpolar jurisdictions; (2) using ASI experience and community consultations identify more relevant domains that are to be included in to the socioeconomic monitoring system (3) define baseline indicators suitable for monitoring socio-economic conditions and impacts of resource development in ISR; (4) develop procedures that will enable community-based collection, management, and analysis of data by local actors; (5) collect necessary data and expand IRC database; (6) develop and disseminate Inuvialuit Baseline Indicators data and analysis to inform region’s stakeholders and aid in IRC’s decision making and ensure community awareness. The first stage of the project was to analyze of ISR socio-economic well-being using established indicators framework developed by the ASI under the auspice of the Arctic Council. The assessment was conducted for six domains: health and population, material well-being, cultural vitality, closeness to nature, education, and fate control. The analysis revealed considerable internal differences within ISR, especially between Inuvik and other communities. On most indicators ISR was better off than other NWT regions (unemployment, engagement in traditional activities, land claim status and fate control) or close to average (incomes, dependency on government transfers, consumption of county food, education). IRS fared worse than other NWT regions in respect to language retention and out-migration rates. In comparison with Inuit communities in Nunavut, ISR had generally higher level of material well-being, but demonstrated very low language retention, low


on consumption of traditional food, and inferior fate control status. The long-term trends (between 1986 and 2010) were positive for several indicators, such as participation rate, educational attainment, housing, teen birth, engagement in hunting and fishing, and negative for crime, ability to speak mother tongue, and dependency on income support, among others. The analysis shows that although ISR appears to improve levels of socio-economic well-being across most of the six domains, it still faces considerable social challenges and has to deal with severe interregional inequalities.

Goal and Objectives The study has the following goal and objectives:

Goal: develop a set of measurable, reliable and accessible indicators to monitor socio-economic conditions in the Inuvialuit Region with an emphasis on tracing impacts of resource development. Key question: is evidence that resource development in the Inuvialuit region resulted in social and economic benefits to local population in comparison to other regions and to its own pre- and early-development baseline? Objectives:

1. Using ASI framework provide a background baseline analysis of IRC socioeconomic characteristics in comparison with NWT, Inuit reigns of Canada/USA and Canada as a whole

2. Using ASI experience and community consultations identify more relevant domains that are to be included in to the socioeconomic monitoring system

3. Define Baseline Indicators within each domain and develop procedures that will enable community-based collection, management, and analysis of data by local actors

4. Collect necessary data, expand IRC database 5. Develop and disseminate Inuvialuit Baseline Indicators data and analysis to inform

IRC decision making and ensure community awareness

Scope of work

Objective 1 was fully implemented in 2011-2012 through an experts workshop and community visit in August of 2012. Dr. Andrey Petrov and UNI student (Philip Cavin) worked with Mr. Simon Rough to link available ISR data with the system of standardized baseline indicators developed by ASI. As a part of Objective 2, the site visit and interviews with IRC leadership and community members resulted in suggestion to add several additional variables, and discussions were held with NWT Statistics on how to retrieve or collect community-suggested indicators. In line with Objective 3 the baseline indicators, analysis of change between 1986 and 2009, as well as comparative analysis of ISR communities with other Inuit

Figure 1. Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Auditor General of Canada, 2007)


communities in NWT and Nunavut has been presented to the IRC. The preliminary results were also presented at the Arctic Observing Summit 2013 and a number of other venues. More funding, however, is necessary to fully complete Objectives 4-5 and ensure the inclusion suggested and other community-relevant variables. In addition, further work should focus on developing a systems of community-based monitoring (CBM) of baseline socio-economic variables and items of special importance as defined by the Inuvialuit community.

Baseline Analysis Methodology

The study utilized a two distinct approaches to develop appropriate social indicators. The first approach was to introduce, modify and apply the set of social indicators recommended by the Arctic Council’s Arctic Social Indicators Report (Larsen et al., 2010; 2013)1. This part of the study heavily relied on Canadian Census and NWT Statistical Bureau datasets and used available Inuvialuit data collected in the IRC database (http://inuvialuitindicators.com/). The purpose of applying a set of standardized indicators was to provide a baseline assessment of socio-economic conditions in the ISR. The study made comparisons between ISR communities and relevant settlements in NWT and Nunavut. In addition, collected and analyzed data allowed making further comparisons with communities in other Arctic regions (e.g., Nunavut). The second part of the project was focused on expanding the system of indicators by incorporating measures that are of particular concern for local residents and beneficiaries. The research team made a field visit and conducted interviews to determine additional indicators to be included in the future analysis.

This study followed the general methodology proposed in the first ASI Report (ASI, 2010). However, as for other regions, the data on ISR present challenges to exact implementation of the ASI indicators. Whereas most ASI measures are followed very closely, we had to redefine or adjust several indicators to ensure compatibility with available data. Table 1, below, outlines definitions and data specifications that we utilized in measuring socio-economic well-being in ISR. Most datasets were acquired from the Canadian Census. Additional information required for constructing certain indicators was obtained from the Aboriginal People’s Survey (2001 and 2006) and from data provided by the NWT Bureau of Statistics (Community Survey and other periodic and occasional surveys). This approach allowed us to extract the most replicable, detailed and comparable data that have been collected in multiple years with five-year regularity. For longitudinal analysis we used the baseline years of 1986 and 2009.

Below are specific social indicators selected for each domain given the data constraints. Table 1 presents a summary of ASI indicator names, definitions, and sources of data. Additional variable used to conduct longitudinal comparisons and provide a more detailed information for assessing well-being in each domain are listed in Table 2.

1 Larsen, J.N., Schweitzer, P. and Fondahl, G. eds. 2010. Arctic Social Indicators. Stefansson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, Iceland; Larsen,

J.N., Petrov, A., Schweitzer, P. eds. 2013. Arctic Social Indicators: Implementation TemaNord. Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen.

http://inuvialuitindicators.com/


Table 1. Basic Social Indicators for ISR (ASI Set)

DOMAIN ASI

RECOMMENDED INDICATORS

ISR INDICATOR 1

ISR INDICATOR 2

ISR INDICATOR 3

ISR INDICATOR 4

Health & Population

INFANT

MORTALITY

NET MIGRATION

TEENAGE BIRTH RATE: number of births to

mothers under the age of 14 per 1,000 residents.

POPULATION CHANGE

Difference between population in given

years

Material well-being

PER CAPITA HOUSEHOLD

INCOME

PER CAPITA HOUSEHOLD INCOME Total household income

per capita

UNEMPLOYMENT unemployed expressed as a percentage of the

labor force

Education

RATIO OF STUDENTS

COMPLETING POST-

SECONDARY EDUCATION

PERCENT WITH HIGH SCHOOL AND HIGHER LEVEL OF EDUCATION of population aged 15 and

over

PERCENT WITH UNIVERSITY

DEGREE (BACHELOR OR

HIGHER) of population aged 15

and over

Cultural well-being

and cultural vitality

LANGUAGE RETENTION

LANGUAGE RETENTION

Ratio between percent of respondents who repot an

ability to conduct a conversation in a Native language and percent of Aboriginal population in

total population.

SUBSISTENCE/TRADITIONAL

ACTIVITIES ENGAGEMENT

percent of people 15 years of age or older that hunted, fished,

and trapped during the year

Contact with nature

CONSUMPTION/H

ARVEST OF TRADITIONAL

FOODS

CONSUMPTION OF TRADITIONAL FOODS

Percent of Households That Half or More of Meat & Fish Consumed in 2008 Obtained Through Hunting

or Fishing

Fate control

FATE CONTROL

PC OF LOCAL/ABORIG IN GOVERNING INST/POSITIONS

Pc of Aboriginal people in government and

managerial occupations (defined by the National

Occupational Classification (NOC))

PC OF SELF-GENERATED INCOME (est.)

Percent of personal income other than transfer payments

PC SPEAKING MOTHER

LANGUAGE Ratio between

percent of respondents who repot an ability to

conduct a conversation in a Native language and percent of

Aboriginal population in total

population.

PC LAND CONTROL BY

ABORIGINAL/LOCAL

RESIDENTS

CENSUS Comprehensive Land Claim Agreements

NWT Bureau of Statistics

Health and population: Infant mortality is the main indicator recommended by ASI (2010). However, it may not be a reliable indicator in sparsely populated areas since it suffers severely from the small numbers problem. Other possible surrogates (which can also suffer from this problem) include suicide rate, self-assessed health, and obesity and smoking rates. In addition, the ASI II


(2013) team recommended utilizing the teenage birth rate (TBR) as a possible surrogate. In this case study we use the TBR, suicide rate and self-assessed health (see Table 1). The first two indicators are taken as five-year averages to alleviate the data volatility problem stemming from small populations. Net migration is the indicator recommended by the first ASI report (2010) to characterize population dynamics. However, it is challenging to measure net migration directly from available statistics. Instead, we used population change as a proxy (Table 1).

Material well-being: The first ASI Report recommends using per capita household income as a core indicator of economic well-being alongside five other supporting indicators. Unfortunately, per capita household income is not directly available from the Census or other surveys. However it can be approximated by dividing total household income by population. Both datasets are readily available and regularly collected (see definitions in Table 1). Net migration rate, selected by the ASI as another core measure of economic vitality, can also be estimated from Census and/or community surveys. In this case study we use per capita household income, net migration and unemployment rate as indicators of economic well-being. However, we caution that unemployment rate, at least in the context of the NWT, may not be a useful indicator, given the nature of NWT labor market and the manner in which this rate is estimated. We believe that participation rate will be a more useful characteristic that demonstrates the degree of the population’s engagement in the wage sector. We also suggest considering a transfer income measure (that measures the relative share of the government transfer in residents’ income) as another alternative economic well-being measure.

Education: The first ASI Report recommended three main indicators, all of which are based on educational attendance (the proportion of students pursuing post-secondary and completing education) or retention of educated people in a community (within 10 years after graduation). Whereas these indicators are important and appropriate, in the case of the NWT the required data are difficult to obtain or not collected. At the same time, Canadian Census and NWT Community Survey contain extensive data on educational attainment, the characteristics of the level of education attained by residents. These data have been routinely collected (although with some definitional changes) and provide a variety of educational characteristics to choose from. In this application the percent of population over 15 years old who have a graduated from high school.

Cultural well-being and cultural vitality: The composite indicator of cultural vitality suggested by the ASI (2010) incorporates cultural autonomy (an indicator of institutional arrangements for cultural self-determination), language retention and belonging (measured in terms of engagement in traditional subsistence activities). The language retention data are available through the Canadian Census. However, it provides only information for all persons who claim Aboriginal identity with no differentiation by ethnicity. This is a considerable limitation given that the ASI recommends using ethnic group-specific language retention rates. The Aboriginal People’s Survey (2001) includes a question on engagement in subsistence activities (hunting, fishing, trapping, and gathering of wild plants), and therefore can be used to measure “belonging.” The cultural autonomy indicator is very complex and difficult to develop, especially at the community scale. We omitted this component at this stage of analysis, thus retaining only two indicators of cultural well-being/vitality.


Contact with nature: The recommended indicator for contact with nature is the consumption and/or harvest of traditional foods. The measure has been computed using data from the NWT Survey of Country Food Consumption (2008). Unfortunately, the data for other years are not available.

Fate control: The ASI I Report recommended using a four-component composite indicator of community fate control. This includes political power, economic self-reliance, cultural empowerment and control over land. Two exact measures suggested in the report, the percent of public expenses paid from locally generated funds (economic control) and the percent of people speaking their mother tongue (knowledge construction/human rights), can be estimated using proxies or direct measures from the Census. We suggest using the percent of self-generated income in total household income to measure economic self-reliance. The language retention component is directly available from Census data. For the indicator of political power (percent of local/Aboriginal peoples in governing institutions/positions), we were able to develop a proxy using the percent of Aboriginal people in managerial and administrative occupations in NWT. The indicator of land control, however, was difficult to determine at the community level. We therefore used provisions of the Comprehensive Land Claim Agreements (CLCAs), where applicable, to estimate the percent of land over which Aboriginal communities exercise direct control. Albeit not a perfect measure, it gives an indication of the ability of local residents to have access and control over land. A composite index of fate control is calculated as the average of these four components.

Time series. The key limitation of the baseline analysis using ASI indicators is its reliance on recently collected datasets from major government agencies. We did not have access to data for time series to conduct longitudinal analysis of changes in well-being in the ISR. However, some of the relevant data were available through IRC statistical database. Additional variables of interest were traced to identify trends between 1986 and 2009. We used the selection of indicators most closely describing ASI domains of human well-being (Table 2).

Table 2. Additional Variables to trace 1986-2009 (IRC database)

Employment: Unemployment rate

Participation Rate, % working 26+ weeks % employed in managerial/ technical/ professional

employment

Income: Average Personal Income ($)

# of tax filers reporting Employment Income Average Employment Income ($)

Income support payments ($000) per 1,000 (3 year average)

Traditional Practices % 15+ who hunt & fish

% 15+ who spent time trapping % households with half or more country food

% 15+ who speak Aboriginal language

Health and Well Being: % lone parent (Census)

Violent Crime Rate (per 1,000 persons) Accidental Death Rate per 1,000 population % of Households in need of Major Repairs

% of Households in Core Need % of Households Owned

% of live births with low (<2.5 kg) birth weight

Educational Attainment: % 15+ with high school or more

Population: % Teen Births (of all Births -3 year average)

Population Mobility (5 years)


Preliminary Results

Regional Comparisons The first part of the study using baseline indicators was to compare communities within the ISR and them with other communities in NWT. The key findings are as follows (see Appendix 1 and Table 3). First of all, we indicate considerable internal differences in ISR. Most notable there is a gap between Inuvik and other ISR communities, with Inuvik having much stronger position in respect to many of the human well-being domains (material well-being, education, health and population). However, Inuvik was ranked lover compared to other ISR settlements in cultural vitality and contact with nature domains. In contrast, the outlying communities, such as Sachs Harbor and Paulatuk, demonstrated higher cultural and traditional well-being (higher language retention, more involvement in land/sea-based activities).

If we compare ISR with NWT averages, we observe that unemployment in ISR is 4.5% higher, wage economy participation rate is 4.9% lower, educational attainment (high school +) is lower, violent crime, percent of lone parents are substantially higher than territory’s average, and home ownership rate is lower than average. Income is considerably lower the territorial average as well, while income support payments are much higher. This said, it should be noted that territorial averages are strongly affected by Yellowknife, and these comparisons may not indicate ISR position with non-capital regions of the NWT. Most indicators associated with closeness to nature and engagement in traditional activities in ISR are much higher than NWT average. At the same time, language retention (core indicator of cultural vitality) is considerably lower than across the NWT.

In respect to other NWT regions (see Appendix 1 and Table 3, third column), ISR fares better than other NWT parts in terms of unemployment, engagement in traditional activities, land claim status and fate control. The region is close to average in incomes, dependency on government transfers, consumption of county food, education. Finally, IRS is worse than other regions in respect to language retention and population dynamics (out-migration).

Compared to Inuit communities in Nunavut, ISR settlements are generally better off in material well-being, but worse off in language retention and consumption of traditional food (see Appendix 1).

Dynamics of well-being

We analyzed the dynamics of well-being using variables from IRC database and other sources. Most data covered the period between 1986 and 2009. The general picture is presented in Figure 2. In general we observe a positive mobility in most of the relevant categories. Specifically, considerable gains were made in the ownership rates, education, participating in wage economy and some land/sea-based traditional activities (hunting and fishing). The upward trend in both of these indicators is an important sign of positive economic changes in the ISR. We also observe the decline in teen birth (key health/demographic parameter) and reduction of migration. Still, many of this gains did not completely closed the well-being gap between ISR, NWT and Canada. Among negative trends we observe increase in households in core need, continuing increase in government support payments and declining Aboriginal language retention.


Figure 2. Trends in Key Indicators of well-being, 1986-2010 Table 3. Dynamics and Comparison of selected indicators of well-being in the ISR

Category Years Trend between Years

Comparison of IRC & NWT

Employment Unemployment 86 – 09 0.3 Decline 4.5% Higher

Participation Rate, % working 26+ weeks

93 – 09 3 Decline 4.9% Lower

% employed in managerial/ technical/ professional

employment

04 – 09

1.3 Increase

0.3% Lower

Education Attainment % 15+ with high school or

more 91 – 09 3.9 Increase 11.6% Lower

Health and Well Being % lone parent (Census) 96 – 06 6.4 Increase 7.2% Higher Violent Crime Rate (per

1,000 persons) 98 – 10 18.8 Increase 30.4% Higher

Accidental Death Rate per 1,000 population

96 – 08 0.2 Increase 0.8% Higher

% of Households in need of Major Repairs


% of Households in Core Need


% of Households Owned 81 – 09 22.7 Increase 20.6% Lower % of live births with low (<2.5 kg) birth weight

95 – 09

0.1 Increase

0.9% higher

Income Average Personal Income ($) 97 – 09 $16106 Increase $8230 Lower

# of tax filers reporting Employment Income

97 – 09 540 Increase --


Average Employment Income ($)

97 – 09 $17817 Increase $6870 Lower

Income support payments ($000) per 1,000 (3 year

average)

98 - 11

$26.4 Increase

$207.7 Higher

Population % Teen Births (of all Births -

3 year average) 98 – 08 3.6% Decline 2.7% Higher

Population Mobility (5 years)

91 – 06 7.2% Decline 1% Lower

Traditional Practices % 15+ who hunt & fish 88 – 08 20.2% Increase 9% Higher % 15+ who spent time

trapping 88 – 08 0.7% Decline 2.7% Higher

% households with half or more country food

93 – 08 5.1% Decline 10.4% Higher

% 15+ who speak Aboriginal language

84 – 09 13.1% Decline 15% Lower

Incorporating Community input into the Inuvialuit well-being monitoring system Community input was solicited during consultations with IRC employees and community members in Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk. The following factors and variables were named as key community-relevant indicators to be added to the framework:

Additional factors to consider

1. Impacts of resource boom on ‘contact with nature’ – hunting, etc. (is resource activity enabling or inhibiting factor?)

2. Impact on cultural activities (does resource activity erodes or stimulates culture?)

Additional variables to include

1. Savings 2. Income disparity 3. Total wealth (wage + traditional economy) 4. Educational attainment/dropout vs. labor market (do jobs sway people away from

education?) Discussions were held with NWT Statistical Bureau in respect to data availability to fill these monitoring gaps. Some of the factors are very difficult to measure, and there is no retrospective datasets available for reanalysis. The two additional factors can be most successfully measured by the CBM program in ISR communities. Past effects could be partially reconstructed for factor 1 from interviews as well as some NWT and Statistics Canada survey data. Retrospective data for factor 2 can only be acquired through interviews and possibly some sporadic information sources (community activity records or newspapers).

Additional variables 1 and 2 are technically available, but may be challenging to accurately estimate. This first of all concerns savings that may be difficult to trace. Total wealth (3) is


also challenging to compute due to the difficulties with expressing the value of traditional activities in the monetary form. Variable 4 should be traceable through school statistics.

Future work is necessary to integrate community-proposed factors and variables in the Inuvialuit well-being monitoring system.

Conclusions This preliminary study of baseline indicators for the ISR utilized both standard (ASI) and modified sets of measures to provide an overview and regional comparison of social well-being in the ISR. We conclude that ISR experiences some considerable internal differences in ISR (Inuvik vs. other communities), is generally better off than other non-capital NWT regions and Nunavut settlements, except for language retention. ISR made gains in well-being since the settlement of the CLCA, however many socio-economic problems persist. The upward trend in both indicators of wage economy and traditional economy is a sign of positive economic changes in the ISR. At the same time, the well-being gap between ISR and southern Canada has not been closed. Future work is necessary to further improve the baseline indicators system and integrate community-proposed factors and variables in the Inuvialuit well-being monitoring system.

Part 2: ReSDA Resource Development Impacts Scan (ReDIS) Indicators for the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR)

Background The Inuvialuit Baseline Social Indicators (see Report Part 1) are designed to provide a baseline assessment of socioeconomic conditions experienced by ISR residents in six domains of well-being. Periodic analysis of these indicators is valuable in respect to assessing the overall wellness of the Inuvialuit population and in comparison with peer communities in the Territories. Most data for this set of indicators are available on the annual basis and can be collected and assessed yearly. However, the dynamics of some of the variables in relatively slow (“slow” social variables, e.g., language retention, most dimensions of fate control, demographic characteristics) since social change in many respects is not immediate and demonstrates a tendency to have a delayed, protracted response to external social, economic and environmental stressors. Therefore, the Baseline Indicators and trends they exhibit are most useful to analyze on the multiyear basis, such as once in 3 to 5 years.

This section of the report is not intended to duplicate existing economic impacts studies in the ISR (Measuring, 2014; Economic…, 2014) 2 , but rather provide an complementary overview of the possible social effects of resource development using a set of variables developed by the ASI/ReSDA team and based on the Inuvialuit Baseline Indicators. IBIs are designed for monitoring long-term social change, while the measures discussed below are created to reflect possible shorter-term impacts of resource development on key domain of human life. The recommendation for developing the indicators system are presented in Part 2a and their pilot implementation is described in Part 2b.

2 Measuring Effects of Major Projects in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (2014) Impact Economics, Yellowknife; Economics of Inuvialuit Communities and Households (2014) Impact Economics. Yellowknife.


2a ISR Resource Development Impact Indicators

Recommendations

Indicator Selection Principles Although this section refers to non-renewable resource development indicators, it is important to point out that the nature of development can vary. At different stages of resource development cycle the impacts will differ, and so will the indicators that are best designed to capture these influences. In the ISR we primality deal with implications of resource exploration and associated activities rather than directly resource extraction. It is also important to remember that these impacts are complex and intertwined with other drives of economic and social change.

In order to assess more immediate impacts from external stressors, such as resource development, another set of indicators is needed. The ideal measurement and monitoring system should be based on the same guiding principles as ASI/IBI, but include “fast” social variables, which are sensitive to short-term economic events and, at the same time, representative of the different elements of well-being. In this study we propose to utilize the ASI/IBI framework of six social well-being domains to define a selected group of key indicators measuring impacts of resource development. We propose the following principles for identifying Resource Development Impacts Scan (ReDIS) indicators:

Community relevance

Reflectiveness of six well-being domains

Sensitivity/responsiveness to impacts

Traceability over time, dynamic nature (“fast variables”)

Comparability (in time and across regions; must be comparable with a regional or national ‘baseline’)

Disaggregated nature (ability to measure at fine spatial and temporal scales)

Little to no cost of measurement

Baseline Community Selection We suggest that the effects of resource development on communities will be most identifiable if indicators are able to both show the dynamics (change from a previous state) and relative position of the ISR (compared to Territorial or national figures or a ‘baseline’ or benchmark community). For example, the impact of new employment opportunities on income in community A will be most clearly evidenced by comparing the new level of income to the past levels while controlling for the ‘baseline’ income growth/level in the Territory. In other words, we are interested not simply in the change of the variable (income), but in its relative change against other parts of the Territory or Canada. This approach also allows considering ISR communities in the context of broader economic changes taking place outside the ISR, and not in isolation.

The two obvious choices for the baseline is the Territorial average and the city of Yellowknife. The advantage of the first is that it includes all regions of NWT and thus compares ISR will all NWT


communities. The disadvantage is that territorial averages are not specific to any particular place (that could be important to illustrating the baseline) and also include the ISR itself. From this perspective using Yellowknife is more advisable; however it has to be understood that Yellowknife is a capital city and has different economic, geographic and population characteristics than the ISR. Nonetheless, in relation to economic prosperity and impacts it presents a convenient baseline for comparisons. Below we use Yellowknife as a baseline for the calculations, unless otherwise is specified.

Material Well-Being Since most immediate impacts of resource development appear in the material sector, and economic variables are dynamic, “fast” and responsive to these changes, we propose to use a number economic indicators primarily focusing on income and employment (both are typically well-monitored). In addition to income that is one of the basic ASI/IBI indicators, we include total employment income and its change rate, the Relative Income Power Index, and a measure of family income disparity (brought up among socially-important variables during community interviews). We also use a standard measure of employment: labor force participation rate. The Relative Income Power Index we define as the ratio between the living cost differential and income differential. In other words, this index accounts for both changes in income (relative to the baseline community/region) and changes in the cost of living (also relative to the same baseline community, e.g., Yellowknife). Considering living costs and income simultaneously is necessary since development, while may increase personal income, may also inflate costs of living (an influence rarely measured in economic impact studies). Living cost differential can be obtained using government isolated posts rates. However, the latter is not dynamic enough to reflect quick changes. Therefore, we propose to use the consumer price index as a proxy of the cost of living. Again, the comparison to the baseline (Yellowknife) is critical to properly assessing the changes specific to the ISR.

Total income

Total income change rate

Relative Income Power Index

o cost differential /income differential

Family income disparity (average household income/median household income)

Percent of low income families (actual and relative to the baseline community)

Participation rate

Closeness to Nature Closeness to nature is also extremely difficult to measure since little data are typically available outside periodic surveys. For tracking impacts of resource development we need variables that are tractable on at least annual basis. The ideal indicators are either harvest of traditional foods or the percent of households with more than 50% of meat and fish coming from the land/sea (used by NWT and Statistics Canada). Another indicator is obtainable from payroll and employment records: the percent of labor force employed part-time reflects the likelihood of participation in land/sea-based


activities (assuming that part-time employment is most conducive for active engagement in hunting, trapping, etc., when beneficiaries may have both time and means to be on the land/sea).

Percent of adults (15+) who hints and fish Percent of households with 50% or more food consumption coming from country food Percent of labor force employed part-time

Cultural Vitality The impacts of resource development on culture were mentioned during community

consultations. We did not find consensus among Inuvialuit respondents on whether resource development impacts on cultural activities were largely positive or negative. Among positive elements community members noted availability of financial support for cultural events, functions and performances, as well as overall “feeling good” mood that stimulates participation in cultural activities. On the other hand the Inuvialuit reported loss of interest and time for cultural activities by many beneficiaries involved with wage sector jobs. The cultural domain is extremely difficult to measure. Language retention used in the ASI/IBI framework is a “slow” variable and can’t be used to detect immediate impacts. Participation in cultural and traditional activities may be an appropriate indicator that can be obtained through surveys (as a part of Community Survey or CBMP, if such program is in effect). However, when survey data are not available, we propose a crude measure that may provide some sense of community’s cultural vitality: the number of cultural activities (festivals, celebrations, performances, etc.) per capita (per 1,000 beneficiaries and other Aboriginal residents). The data on cultural activities per year is easily collectable in each community. Finally, if none of these data are available, we suggest using language use/proficiency variable with a particular emphasis on the youth.

Participation in traditional activities (not available)

Language proficiency/use among youth (15-24)

Education Community members frequently mentioned the impacts of resource development on education, most specifically in respect to school dropout rates. The dropout problem and its links to resource development (as a source of low-skill job opportunities attracting high school students so that they drop out of school) is well-documented across the Arctic (AHDR, 2014). The ASI/IBI monitoring framework focuses on educational attainment, a “slow” social variable. In the case of short-term impacts it is more useful to focus on educational attendance, such as the high school dropout rate. This information is supposed to be obtainable from the school records. However, if attendance/graduation/dropout data is not available, we next best “attainment” variable is the percent of 15+ year olds with high school diploma. It also allows assessing the human capital endowment of the region. It is important to acknowledge, however, that this approach measures only formal education and does not consider informal education that has its special importance in the Arctic.

High school dropout rate (not available)

Percent of 15+ year olds with high school diploma


Health and Demography This domain of human well-being is very complex and multifaceted. Infant mortality and teen birth rate are used in the ASI/IBI monitoring system. However, both of them have significant lags in responding to other socio-economic changes and are not suitable for assessing impacts of resource development in a short-term. Instead we propose using the data on sexually transmitted infections, premature death (earlier than age of 50) or suicide rate (available from local police/hospital records). Premature deaths and suicide rate are generic indicators of social cohesion and health. STIs can also serve as an indicator of social problems arising with resource development.

If available, we also suggest including both net migration (in- minus out-migration) and total migration (in- plus out-migration) per 1,000 residents. The latter variable is designed to show the overall migration burden on the community that can be substantial with the high labor turnover during resource booms.

Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Premature deaths (including injuries and suicides)

Total and net migration rate per 1,000 residents (not available)

Fate Control and Community Empowerment The ability of community to define its own destiny is a “slow” variable. Significant changes in fate control are associated with major shifts in legal, political and civic spheres, such as finalizing CLCA, elections, court rulings, etc. Among the components of fate control, the economic self-reliance is most sensitive to resource development impacts. The ability of a community to collect more royalties and taxes is an important empowerment mechanism as it allows focusing on community’s own priorities in respect to local development and most specifically local spending. We propose to use per capita municipal budget (a “fast” variable) as a proxy of community’s fiscal independence. An alternative measure could be the percent of support income in the total income in the community.

Per capita budget expenditures (not available)

Percent of support payments in total income


2b. ISR Resource Development Impact Indicators (ReDIS) Pilot Implementation

Material Well-Being In the 2000s the NWT experienced several waves of resource-related development, including off- shore oil and gas exploration that is most relevant for this study (Fig.1). The indicators considered below are taken in to account within that perspective, and throughout the text, where possible and appropriate, we attempt to relate the dynamics of the ReDIS indicators and resource activities.

The total employment income can be considered a good crude indicator of the overall condition of the wage economy and a proxy of regional GDP. (Note that all figures are in current dollars, not adjusted for inflation or purchasing power). In the last decade the total employment income collected by ISR residents (both IFA beneficiaries and not) has been steadily increasing (Fig.2). The rate of change, however, was unsteady, and rapid growth was associated with active oil and gas exploration phases, especially around 2001 (jumped 28%) and much less in 2002-2004 and 2006-2007 (Fig.1 and 3). A decline in the total employment income was registered 2003. As mentioned in the IRC Report (Measuring…, 2014) the gains in benefits from resource exploration seem to stall in the late 2000s. In addition, we can see that the share of the ISR in the NWT total employment income, i.e. IRS weight in the territory’s wage sector, has diminished over the last ten years. Still 10% of all wages paid in NWT are collected in the Inuvialuit Region.

Other studies investigated possible effects of resource-related activities in the ISR on earnings of IFA beneficiaries and Aboriginal businesses (Measuring…, 2014). However, a direct approach to understanding the dynamics of incomes and wages may hide important considerations, such as the position of the ISR in respect to other NWT regions and the territorial capital. In selecting ReDIS indicators we advocate the comparative approach when economic variables in the ISR are compared to the territorial ‘baseline’. In selecting between the Territorial average and Yellowknife, the advantage of the first is that it includes all regions of NWT and thus compared ISR will all NWT communities; the disadvantage is that territorial averages are not specific to any particular place and also include ISR itself, which is not desirable. From this perspective using Yellowknife is more advantageous, although it is indeed very different from NWT communities. Nonetheless, in relation to economic prosperity in the wage economy terms it is the top NWT community, and therefore presents a convenient baseline for comparisons. Here and below we use Yellowknife as a baseline for most of the comparative assessments.

Figure 1 NWT Oil & Gas Exploration, SM


Figure 2. Total Employment Income, $000

Part 2b. Figure 3. Total Employment Income Change Rate, %

Part 2b Figure 4. Total Employment Income % of NWT


One of the ReDIS key economic impact indicators is the Relative Income Power Index (RIPI) that is derived from comparing personal income and costs of living differentials of ISR and Yellowknife. This gives us a measure that approximates the ‘real’ income of the IRS population. The measure is also important as it registers both positive impacts of development (increasing incomes) and negative (rising consumer prices). Average personal Income differential in the ISR has improved between 1997 and 2009, but even in the best year (2001) the average income of an ISR resident was more than 20% below than in Yellowknife. More so, in the last decade (since 2001) we clearly observe a growing gap between ISR and the capital. In 2009 average income in the ISR was 29% below the Yellowknife’s level, while cost of living (food price index) was 50-100% higher compared to the Territorial center. In comparing the RIPI we used food price index for Inuvik, so it is important to understand that the situation in other Inuvialuit communities will be even more troublesome. Figure 5 shows that when we consider both income and cost differentials, the relative income of ISR residents grew in the mid-2000s only to decline later in the decade. Given the rapid rise in consumer prices in the late 2000s the average relative (‘real’) income of IRS residents was lower than 10 years before. However, it is unlikely that the growth in cost of living in the ISR is directly attributable to the local resource development, but rather to growing fuel prices and other external forces.

Figure 5. Relative Income Power Index Another key ReDIS economic indicator is the participation rate. The latter shows the degree of population’s engagement in the wage economy. Overall, between 1986 and 2009 the participation rate in the ISR remained steady varying between 70 and 75%. It is difficult to clearly attribute its spikes to resource-related development impacts, but it appears that in the years of more intensive resource activities the participation rate was higher (1999-2001, 2004-2006), while in the ‘quiet’ periods it declined. Still, more than 25% of the ISR labor force remains outside the wage sector, a figure very similar to other non-capital regions in the Territory. See Report Part 1 for regional comparisons.


Figure 6. Participation rate, %

As a part of the community input we included a measure of income inequality. Social justice is a key element of sustainable development, and the distribution of benefits of resource activity among local residents is an important issue for ISR residents. We used data on average (mean) and median family income to calculate two indicators. Family Income inequality Index is the ratio between mean and median family incomes. A higher ratio indicates higher inequality since the mean is affected by few very high earners, while median is not. Therefore, a lower ratio shows a more normally spread income distribution. Figure 7 demonstrates the dynamics of the Family Income Inequality Index between 1997 and 2009. Intensive resource development periods are expected to be associated with growing income inequality, and data from the ISR reflects this pattern: the highest income inequality was observed in the early 2000s, 2003 and 2008.

It is also instrumental to look at low earning families (with income less than $30,000 per year). Overall, the number of such families dropped, but it cannot be considered a positive trend without adjusting for inflation or comparing with a baseline. Figure 8 shows such comparison: percent of low income families in the ISR vs. Yellowknife. As can be seen, the ISR has relatively more low income families than Yellowknife, and the gap slightly increased over recent years.


Figure7. Family income inequality index

Figure 9. Relative % of Families with less than $30K/year

Closeness to Nature Maintaining closeness to nature, to land and sea-based activities, is an important attribute of well-being of Arctic residents. The ReDIS system suggests a number of variables to measure this closeness. The main problem with most of the measures, however, is periodic, non-continuous data collection. Aboriginal Peoples Survey and NWT Community Survey data are good sources of information, but they are available for a limited number of years. For this analysis there a few data points collected in 1988, 1993, 2003 and 2008. The first indicator is the percent of adults (older than 15 years old) who hunt and fish. The impacts of resource development on sea and land-based activities is not simple. On one hand, with larger wage employment opportunities we expect that the number of people who participates in these activities will decline. On the other, availability of financial resources coming from wage employment enables people to purchase equipment and gear for hunting and fishing. In the ISR we observe an increase in the percentage of adults who hunt and fish, although the scarcity of data does not permit to relate this to the resource development impacts. We do, however, see some evidence of correlation with employment income (Fig.10). At the same

Figure 8. % Families with less than $30K/year


time, fewer families depend on traditional country food in their diets: 46% of ISR households covered 50% of more of their meat and fish consumption using country food in 1998 vs. just over 38% in 2009. This, however, may not be an indicator of declined participation in hunting and fishing, but rather result from two processes: increased reliance on imported foods (perhaps, due to higher incomes, increased availability of imported food and more diverse diet) and declining role of land-sea-based activities as a source of food (there is anecdotal evidence that more ISR residents now consider hunting and fishing a recreational undertaking rather than harvest to feed the family). As a consequence, ISR registers both a diminishing reliance on country food while maintaining high participation in land and sea-based activities.

Figure 10A

Figure 10b Another possible variable that can be considered is the part-time employment. It can be argued that part-time employment is more conducive of maintaining access to nature while still receiving wage income. In some respect it can be advantageous for residents who spend considerable time on the land. In the ISR the percentage of workers with part-time appointments (less than 26 weeks a year)

Figure 10C


has steadily declined indicating that proportional more wage sector employees are now working full time (Fig.11). This situation, along with other factors, may be responsible for changing ways in which people utilize their limited time on the land/sea and participate in hunting, trapping and other activities (more recreational rather than harvest-oriented).

Cultural Vitality As mentioned in Part 2a, the recommended indicator is participation in cultural activities and events. However, this data are not available at this time. Another option is to look at Aboriginal language use and proficiency. Although it is a “slow” variable and data are scarce, the ability to speak mother tongue, especially among the youth, can provide a valuable insight into cultural vitality. Figure 12 suggests that the language retention has diminished, especially for the younger population with only 8.2% of 15-24 year olds speaking the Aboriginal language in 2009. It is difficult to attribute this change directly to resource development impacts. However, with growing employment in the wage economy the relevance and use of the native language tends to decline.

Education Impacts of resource development on the education system can be examined in multiple ways. In terms of effects on enrollment and graduation, high school dropout rate may the most telling indicator. However, it requires the analysis of school records, a potentially time consuming and

Figure 11

Figure 12


costly procedure. As a next best option ReDIS uses the high school attainment as a measure of student progress of human capital that is also reflective of student progress. The percent of 15+ year olds with high school diploma is widely used for this purpose, although it is only available periodically. It is important to understand that this parameter is affected by both high school graduation, migration and changing population age structure (in and out-migration of high school graduates and shrinking of older population who tend to have less education). Therefore, over time we generally expect rising educational attainment. An influx of non-local workers with high-school plus education, a typical consequence of resource development, will inflate the attainment. In contrast, more frequent dropouts of local students who prefer to seek employment in the resource sector, will negatively impact the indicator. In the ISR 70-75% of population graduated from high school, and over the 2000s we observe a generally downward trend, although the dynamics was not very strong. Still, in 2009 the proportion of high-school educated people in the region was less than in 2001. It is possible to infer that this resulted from a combined influence of youth out-migration and resource development, although more data have to be analyzed to make a conclusion.

Health and Demography There is a variety of health characteristics that can be indicative of resource development impacts. Among “fast” variables recommended by the ASI/ReSDA team are the occurrence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and premature death. First is reflective of social processes often associated with resource development. Second characterizes the overall health, alcohol abuse, violent crime and traumatism, unnatural deaths (including suicide), but also can be used to assess the state of the healthcare system. Figure 14 reports diagnosed STI per 10,000 residents (3 year averages). The general upward trend is concerning, although other regions of NWT also experienced such growth. In fact STI rate in the ISR almost doubled between 2001 and 2011. To assess relative change in STI mobility Figure 14 compares STI in ISR and Yellowknife. Higher relative rates of infection were detected in the early 2000s (2001-2004), but then stabilized at lower levels (they were growing faster in Yellowknife than in ISR). Still, levels of STI reported in the ISR were almost 2.5 times higher than in the capital. It is likely that the increased in STI may be attributable to population change and turnover during the resource development cycles, as well as to improvement of diagnostics.

Figure 13


One of the ways to measure the prevalence of premature death is using potential years of life lost. These is a demographic indicator that represents a combined amount of years of live that have not been lived by people due to premature death (earlier than predicted by age-specific mortality rates). If people tend to die early in their life, the years lost will accumulate. Figures 16 and 17 plot this variable in the ISR and comparatively to Yellowknife. We do observe the spike in 2001-2003 that might be caused by an increased premature mortality due to injuries, suicides and other unnatural causes, although we do not have data to verify that. Although the gap between ISR and Yellowknife seems to be closing mostly due to improvements in the Inuvialuit region, the difference is still staggering: ISR has 1.6 times more years of life lost than the territorial capital.

Figure 14

Figure 16

Figure 17

Figure 15


Fate Control and Community Empowerment

Resource development may be a positive element for extending fate control, if community can capitalize on resource activity and has a say in its progress. One of the measures is fiscal self-reliance of community and its residents. In other words, improved local budget situation can be an important instrument for a community to achieve its goals in terms of spending on community-relevant needs instead of relying on transfers coming from outside. Similarly, the ability of ISR residents to have their own means to pursue their life goals is key to personal empowerment. Both of these are economic elements of fate control that are sensitive to impacts of resource development.

In terms of dependency on income support payments, Figure 18 shows the percent of income support in total income received by ISR residents. It can be easily seen that this proportion has declined. Today over 2% of the total income comes from such payments. This said, there are still many residents who depend on income support. The number of cases rapidly declined in the early 2000s, possibly due to improved job opportunities, but again increased after 2006 (Fig.19). The per capita amount of support grew substantially from $300 in 2004 to $583 in 2011. It, perhaps, can be argued that although the overall dependency of the ISR residents on support income diminished, the reliance of the most needy community members on income transfers may have in fact increased.

Conclusions

This study developed and implemented as set of Resource Development Impact Indicators (ReDIS) These indicators and monitoring system is be based on the guiding principles established by as ASI/IBI, but include “fast” social variables, which are sensitive to short-term economic events and, at the same time, representative of the different elements of well-being. It is also well-aligned with available data and utilizes various measures continuously collected by NWT Bureau of Statistics and IRC. It is, however, important to remember that most of these indicators do not measure impacts directly, and thus should be interpreted with this limitation in mind.

Figure 18 Figure 19


The overall analysis of ReDIS produces a complicated, ‘mixed’ picture of socio-economic conditions in ISR. Some trends reflect possible positive derivatives of (resource) development, while others suggest that development benefits have not led to improving social conditions or even caused negative externalities.

Generally ISR has been moving towards improving key social-economic conditions. However, it is possible to conclude that resource development has not resulted in substantial and equitable social and economic improvements in ISR communities. Here we focus on most concerning findings.

The percentage of workers with part-time appointments has declined indicating that proportional more wage sector employees are now working full time. At the same time, more than 25% of the ISR labor force remained outside the wage sector. Despite growing nominal incomes, we observe the rapid rise in consumer prices in the late 2000s the average relative (‘real’) income of IRS residents declined. Intensive resource development periods were associated with growing income inequality: the highest income inequality was observed in the early 2000s, 2003 and 2008. ISR has more low income families than Yellowknife, and the gap slightly increased over recent years. Although the overall dependency of the ISR residents on support income diminished, the reliance of the most needy community members on income transfers may have in fact increased.

Fewer ISR families depend on traditional country food in their diets, which indicates a possible drowning dependency on imported foods. This, however, may not be an indicator of declined participation in hunting and fishing, but may suggest a changing nature of these activities. Declining part-time employment may also be detrimental for the traditional sector. Language retention has declined, especially for the younger population with only 8.2% of 15-24 year olds speaking the Aboriginal language in 2009. It is difficult to attribute this change directly to resource development impacts. However, with growing employment in the wage economy the relevance and use of the native language tends to decline.

Finally, we do not see improvement in human capital: although 70-75% of population graduated from high school, in the 2000s we observe a slight downward trend. Human capital is likely leaking from ISR communities to other regions and/or schooling could be affected by resource development itself. The general upward trend in STI is concerning, although other regions of NWT also experienced such growth. The difference in premature deaths in ISR and Yellowknife seems to be closing mostly due to improvements in the Inuvialuit region, the difference is still considerable.

Limitations and Future Directions The main limitation of this study is it reliance on existing secondary data. As a result, most proposed and used indicators are only proxies and even thee proxies are limited in their utility by the nature and quality of the data in hand. However, they provide a snapshot of socio-economic conditions, and give powerful tools of impact assessment if interpreted carefully. Another primary concern is the lack of direct linkages between socio-economic variables available and resource development. Albeit most of the proposed indicators have been demonstrably related to social and economic impacts in other regions, we did not have an opportunity to establish these relationships in the ISR explicitly. It


is preferable that the ReDIS ‘scan’ is complimented by in-depth community-based surveys and economic and social data analysis from primary sources. Recommended future directions include (1) developing procedures that will enable community-based collection, management, and analysis of data by local actors; (2) collecting necessary data and expand IRC database; (3) developing and implementing an integrated Inuvialuit Indicators monitoring system to inform region’s stakeholders and aid in IRC’s decision making and ensure community awareness.


APPENDIX 1

Material Well Being

Region Per Capita Income 2011

Yellowknife Area

43261

South Slave 37456 Tullita- Deline 31941

Gwich’in 30806 Sahtu 27586

Inuvialuit 27014 Deh Cho 23097

Ticho 19827 Kasho Got’ine 14658

IRC & NU Community

Per Capita House Hold Income

2006 Iqaluit 34198.58 Inuvik 31270.44

Cambridge Bay 25838.29 Rankin Inlet 23336.94 Kugluktuk 18654.19

Chesterfield 18120.18 Pond Inlet 16737.88

Qikiqtarjuag 16478.28 Aklavik 16324.81

Pangnirtung 16265.78 Tuktoyaktuk 16114.37

Holman 15285.87 Baker Lake 14881.77 Gjoa Haven 14862.86 Kimmirut 14698.73 Arctic Bay 14514.55

Cape Dorset 14495.28 Igloolik 13837.69 Paulatuk 13725.26 Arviat 13483.02

Hall Beach 13423.17 Whale Cove 13212.66

Taloyoak 12681.76 Sanikiluaq 12664.73 Kugaaruk 12592.87

Clyde River 12277.11 Coral harbor 11723.33 Repulse Bay 9192.27

NWT Community ASI: Per Capita House Hold

Income 2006

Norman Wells 44310.77 Yellowknife 39413.73 Hay River 32336.1

Inuvik 31270.44 Fort Smith 31270.44

Fort Simpson 29481.72 Fort Resolution 29654.19 Fort Good Hope 19628.2

Behchoko 17916.91 Lutselk’e 17882.96

Fort Providence 17806.18 Fort McPherson 17135.53

Fort Liard 17076.45 Tulita 16898.39 Deline 16753.33

Aklavik 16324.81 Tuktoyaktuk 16114.37

Holman 15285.87 Whati 15057.5

Hay River Reserve 13828.87 Paulatuk 13725.26 Gameti 13101.38


Trend from 86 – 09 declined -0.3%

Comparison 4.5% higher than NWT

Region Unemployment Yellowknife

Area 5.8 South Slave 10

Tullita-Deline 13.1 Inuvialuit 14.8

Sahtu 16.5 Deh Cho 16.7 Gwich'in 17.1

Ticho 23.3 Kasho Got'ine 26.9

Community Unemployment Iqaluit 7.90

Cambridge Bay 9.70 Whale Cove 10.00 Rankin Inlet 10.20

Inuvik 11.2 Resolute 11.50 Arviat 13.80

Chesterfield Inlet 15.60 Igloolik 16.10

Hall Beach 16.20 Sanikiluaq 17.60

Pangnirtung 18.00 Baker Lake 18.90

Holman 19.4 Coral Harbour 19.40

Kimmirut 20.00 Cape Dorset 21.20

Kugaaruk 21.70 Kugluktuk 22.00 Arctic Bay 22.60 Pond Inlet 23.00

Clyde River 24.20 Aklavik 24.5

Sachs Harbour 25 Taloyoak 28.10 Paulatuk 29.2

Gjoa Haven 29.30 Qikiqtarjuaq 33.30 Tuktoyaktuk 33.3 Repulse Bay 35.20

NWT Community Unemployment Yellowknife 5.8

Norman Wells 6 Hay River 6.4 Fort Smith 8.3

Inuvik 11.2 Fort Simpson 12.9

Enterprise 16.7 Tulita 17.5

Holman 19.4 Colville Lake 20 Nahanni Butte 20 Tsiigehtchic 21.4

Deline 22.2 Detah 22.2

Hay River Reserve 23.3 Fort Food Hope 23.6

Whati 23.7 Fort Resolution 23.8

Aklavik 24.5 Jean Mean 25

Sachs Harbour 25 Wekweeti 25 Fort Liard 25.5 Behchoko 26.1

Fort McPherson 28.4 Lutselk’e 29 Paulatuk 29.2

Trout Lake 30 Wrigley 30

Tuktoyaktuk 33.3 Gameti 33.3 Kakisa 40


*calculated from XXXX,

Not directly comparable

Region Self-generated Income*

Yellowknife Area 89.89

Tullita-Deline 88.52 Sahtu 86.86

Gwich'in 85.44 Inuvialuit 84.94

South Slave 83.71 Deh Cho 82.40

Ticho 80.23 Kasho Got'ine 77.19

NWT Community Self-generated Income

Norman Wells 97.7 Yellowknife 96.2

Inuvik 94.7 Hay River 94.4

Fort Simpson 94.2 Fort Smith 93.4

Tulita 87.3 Fort Liard 86.9 Paulatuk 86.8

Fort Good Hope 85.8 Behchokò 85.3

Whatì 84.7 Holman 84.6

Fort McPherson 84.2 Tuktoyaktuk 83.9

Fort Resolution 83.8 Lutselk'e 83.8

Fort Providence 83.3 Gamètì 83.2 Déline 82.9

Hay River Reserve 82.9 Aklavik 82.5

Community Self-generated Income

Iqaluit 95.40 Inuvik 94.7

Cambridge Bay 93.00 Rankin Inlet 91.80

Chesterfield Inlet 87.40 Paulatuk 86.8

Kugluktuk 86.30 Pond Inlet 85.10 Holman 84.6

Tuktoyaktuk 83.9 Pangnirtung 82.90

Aklavik 82.5 Kimmirut 81.90

Qikiqtarjuaq 80.80 Whale Cove 80.40

Arviat 79.90 Cape Dorset 79.90 Baker Lake 79.60

Igloolik 79.10 Arctic Bay 79.10

Coral Harbour 78.80 Hall Beach 78.00 Kugaaruk 77.60

Clyde River 77.30 Sanikiluaq 77.20

Gjoa Haven 75.70 Repulse Bay 73.10

Taloyoak 71.50


Cultural Well-Being

Trend From 88 – 08 increased 20.2%

Comparison : 9% higher than NWT

Region Traditional Actives

Inuvialuit 48.4 Deh Cho 46.7

Kasho Got'ine 45.7 Sahtu 44.7

Tullita-Deline 44.3 Gwich'in 43.3

Ticho 40 South Slave 39.5 Yellowknife

Area 34.5

NWT Community Traditional Actives NWT Community (cont)

Traditional Actives

Trout Lake 53.7 Fort Smith 43.9 Lutselk'e 74.7 Tsiigehtchic 42.9

Sachs Harbour 73.3 Wrigley 42.9 Paulatuk 72.6 Fort Resolution 42.6 Holman 68.7 Norman Wells 42.5

Colville Lake 66.9 Fort Good Hope 41.9 Fort Liard 66.3 Tulita 41.7

Nahanni Butte 58.7 Fort Simpson 41.5 Jean Marie River 57.6 Inuvik 40.8

Wekweètì 55.9 Detah 38.5 Tuktoyaktuk 55.6 Gamètì 37.9

Aklavik 53.7 Behchokò 37.5 Kakisa 51.2 Hay River Reserve 35.5 Déline 49.4 Yellowknife 34.5 Whatì 47.2 Hay River 33.7

Fort McPherson 46.6 Enterprise 20.7 Fort Providence 45.7


Trend from 88 – 08 decline of 13.1%

Comparison : 15% lower than NWT

Region Language Retention

Ticho 90.4 Deh Cho 58.2


Kasho Got'ine 45.6 South Slave 25 Inuvialuit 23

Yellowknife Area 20.1

Gwich'in 17.1

NWT Community Language Retention Wekweètì 93.6 Trout Lake 87.1

Déline 86 Whatì 83.7

Wrigley 80.7 Gamètì 80.4 Kakisa 78.9

Behchokò 78 Nahanni Butte 69.9

Fort Liard 67.3 Lutselk'e 66.7

Jean Marie River 63.6 Detah 59.9

Fort Providence 58.6 Holman 51.4 Tulita 49.5

Colville Lake 47.9 Fort Simpson 43 Sachs Harbour 40

Hay River Dene 1 38.3 Fort Resolution 37.1 Fort Good Hope 36.9

Tuktoyaktuk 24 Fort McPherson 21.8

Yellowknife 21.3 Paulatuk 20.8

Norman Wells 19.7 Fort Smith 19.6 Hay River 16.3 Aklavik 15.6

Tsiigehtchic 15.2 Inuvik 12.9

Community Language Retention Qikiqtarjuaq 100.00 Clyde River 100.00

Arviat 99.70 Pangnirtung 99.60

Igloolik 99.30 Sanikiluaq 99.30 Arctic Bay 99.20 Hall Beach 99.20 Pond Inlet 98.80 Kimmirut 98.70

Cape Dorset 98.70 Whale Cove 98.50

Chesterfield Inlet 98.30 Coral Harbour 98.00 Repulse Bay 97.20 Rankin Inlet 92.80

Kugaaruk 90.60 Baker Lake 88.80

Iqaluit 87.80 Taloyoak 83.90

Gjoa Haven 79.00 Kugluktuk 51.90

Holman 51.4 Cambridge Bay 48.60 Sachs Harbour 40 Tuktoyaktuk 24

Paulatuk 20.8 Aklavik 15.6 Inuvik 12.9


Contact with Nature

Trend: from 93 – 08 increased 5.1

Comparison: 10.4% higher than NWT

Region Consumption of Traditional Food

Kasho Got'ine 79.7 Ticho 73.7 Sahtu 60.9

Tullita-Deline 54.5 Deh Cho 52.4 Inuvialuit 38.5 Gwich'in 37.7

South Slave 25.5 Yellowknife Area 11.3

NWT Community Consumption of Traditional Food

Kakisa 94.4 Colville Lake 94.3

Lutselk'e 91.9 Jean Marie River 90

Trout Lake 81.8 Tsiigehtchic 79.7

Tulita 78.5 Whatì 78

Nahanni Butte 77.1 Déline 77

Fort Good Hope 76.9 Fort McPherson 76.5

Paulatuk 74.7 Wrigley 73.8 Gamètì 73.2

Behchokò 73.2 Detah 70

Fort Resolution 69.4 Fort Liard 66.5 Wekweètì 65.7

Tuktoyaktuk 63.3 Holman 62.9

Sachs Harbour 61.7 Fort Providence 59.5

Hay River Dene 1 56.4 Aklavik 51.3

Fort Simpson 34.4 Norman Wells 29.3

Inuvik 25.2 Fort Smith 22.2 Hay River 15.7 Enterprise 15

Yellowknife 10.7


Education Bachelors Degree of Higher

Community Education Iqaluit 12.65 Inuvik 11.259

Cambridge Bay 9.76 Rankin Inlet 7.89

Kugaaruk 7.41 Pond Inlet 5.99 Igloolik 5.52

Kimmirut 5.45 Baker Lake 4.91 Whale Cove 4.76 Pangnirtung 4.68 Kugluktuk 4.44

Cape Dorset 4.32 Taloyoak 4.00

Clyde River 3.96 Gjoa Haven 3.82 Hall Beach 3.80

Holman 3.636 Arviat 3.63

Sanikiluaq 3.33 Arctic Bay 3.30

Qikiqtarjuaq 3.03 Tuktoyaktuk 2.4

Aklavik 2.247 Repulse Bay 2.22

Coral Harbour 2.17

Region Education Yellowknife Area 12.75

South Slave 7.946 Gwich'in 6.392 Inuvialuit 5.455


Deh Cho 3.728 Kasho Got'ine 3.355

Ticho 3.301

NWT Community Education Wekweètì 21.052

Yellowknife 17.50 Colville Lake 13.33

Fort Smith 11.716 Inuvik 11.259

Hay River 11.209 Norman Wells 8.6956 Fort Simpson 8.6021

Lutselk'e 6.521 Whatì 6.153 Tulita 5.797

Fort Resolution 5.555 Déline 5.333

Behchokò 4.724 Hay River Dene 1 4.651

Holman 3.636 Fort Liard 3.614

Fort Providence 3.571 Fort Good Hope 3.529 Fort McPherson 3.508

Tuktoyaktuk 2.4 Aklavik 2.24


Fate Control

Community Fate Control Clyde River 3.77 Kimmirut 3.69

Chesterfield Inlet 3.69 Coral Harbour 3.68

Sanikiluaq 3.64 Hall Beach 3.63

Igloolik 3.63 Pangnirtung 3.62 Pond Inlet 3.61

Whale Cove 3.59 Repulse Bay 3.56 Gjoa Haven 3.55

Arviat 3.55 Rankin Inlet 3.47 Arctic Bay 3.45

Cape Dorset 3.43 Qikiqtarjuaq 3.41

Kugaaruk 3.40 Baker Lake 3.36 Taloyoak 3.27

Iqaluit 3.24 Kugluktuk 3.16

Cambridge Bay 3.02 Holman 2.426778 Paulatuk 2.365 Aklavik 2.282889 Inuvik 1.985124

Tuktoyaktuk 1.983385 Sachs Harbour 0.689

Region Fate Control Ticho 2.604


Sahtu 2.050 Tullita-Deline 2.049


South Slave 1.491 Yellowknife Area 1.266

WT Community Fate Control Déline 2.837 Whatì 2.744

Gamètì 2.696 Behchokò 2.610 Fort Liard 2.431 Holman 2.427 Tulita 2.425

Paulatuk 2.365 Lutselk'e 2.362

Fort McPherson 2.306 Aklavik 2.283

Fort Providence 2.265 Hay River Dene 1 2.212 Fort Good Hope 2.193 Fort Resolution 2.098

Inuvik 1.985 Tuktoyaktuk 1.983 Fort Simpson 1.940 Norman Wells 1.675

Fort Smith 1.616 Hay River 1.420

Yellowknife 1.342 Wekweètì 0.996 Trout Lake 0.871

Wrigley 0.807 Kakisa 0.789 Detah 0.747

Nahanni Butte 0.699 Sachs Harbour 0.689

Jean Marie River 0.636 Colville Lake 0.627 Tsiigehtchic 0.565 Enterprise 0.107


Land Claim

Region Land Claim


Kasho Got'ine 14.8 Sahtu 14.8

Tullita-Deline 14.8 Ticho 6

Deh Cho 0 South Slave 0

Yellowknife Area 0

NWT Community Land Claim Aklavik 41.3

Fort McPherson 41.3 Inuvik 41.3

Tsiigehtchic 41.3 Holman 28.9 Paulatuk 28.9

Tuktoyaktuk 28.9 Sachs Harbour 28.9

Déline 14.8 Tulita 14.8

Fort Good Hope 14.8 Norman Wells 14.8

Detah 14.8 Colville Lake 14.8

Whatì 6.00 Gamètì 6.00

Behchokò 6.00 Wekweètì 6.00 Fort Liard 0.00 Lutselk'e 0.00

Fort Providence 0.00 Hay River Reserve 0.00

Fort Resolution 0.00 Fort Simpson 0.00


Yellowknife 0.00 Trout Lake 0.00

Wrigley 0.00 Kakisa 0.00

Nahanni Butte 0.00 Jean Marie River 0.00

Enterprise 0.00


Aboriginal Leadership

Community

%, Aboriginal in Leadership

Occupations Clyde River 100.00 Gjoa Haven 100.00

Paulatuk 100.00 Coral Harbour 90.91

Kimmirut 88.89 Aklavik 88.89

Sanikiluaq 87.50 Hall Beach 85.71

Repulse Bay 85.71 Igloolik 84.21

Chesterfield Inlet 83.33 Whale Cove 80.00 Pangnirtung 79.17

Kugluktuk 77.78 Holman 77.78

Pond Inlet 76.92 Arviat 75.00

Kugaaruk 71.43 Taloyoak 71.43

Baker Lake 68.00 Arctic Bay 66.67

Cape Dorset 64.71 Rankin Inlet 62.50 Tuktoyaktuk 61.538

Cambridge Bay 60.87 Qikiqtarjuaq 60.00

Inuvik 49.61 Iqaluit 40.87

Region


Occupations Ticho 83.784


Sahtu 50.000 Tullita-Deline 44.681

Inuvialuit 42.424 South Slave 40.351

Gwich'in 38.961 Yellowknife Area 16.625

NWT Community


Occupations Paulatuk 100.00 Déline 100 Whatì 100.00

Gamètì 100.00 Hay River Reserve 100.00

Behchokò 91.67 Tulita 90.90

Aklavik 88.89 Fort Liard 88.89

Fort Resolution 88.89 Lutselk'e 85.71

Fort Providence 84.62 Fort McPherson 83.33 Fort Good Hope 81.81

Holman 77.78 Tuktoyaktuk 61.54 Fort Simpson 56.82

Inuvik 49.61 Fort Smith 48.65

Norman Wells 35.294 Hay River 31.34

Yellowknife 16.67


Health and Population NWT Community Population Change

2006-2001 Yellowknife 2159

Inuvik 590 Behchokò 342 Fort Smith 179 Hay River 138

Norman Wells 95 Lutselk'e 70

Detah 65 Fort Liard 53

Fort Simpson 53 Hay River Reserve 40

Enterprise 36 Tulita 32

Jean Marie River 31 Colville Lake 24 Trout Lake 16

Fort McPherson 15 Kakisa 12 Gamètì 9

Fort Good Hope 8 Nahanni Butte 8

Paulatuk 8 Sachs Harbour 8

Whatì 7 Wekweètì 6 Holman 0 Déline -11

Tsiigehtchic -20 Fort Providence -26

Aklavik -38 Fort Resolution -41

Wrigley -43 Tuktoyaktuk -60

Community

Population Change 2006-2001

Iqaluit 948 Inuvik 590

Igloolik 252 Baker Lake 221 Rankin Inlet 181

Cambridge Bay 168 Arviat 161

Repulse Bay 136 Gjoa Haven 104 Pond Inlet 95 Kugluktuk 90 Taloyoak 89

Cape Dorset 88 Kugaaruk 83 Sanikiluaq 60

Coral Harbour 57 Pangnirtung 49 Whale Cove 48 Hall Beach 45 Arctic Bay 44

Clyde River 35 Resolute 14 Paulatuk 8

Sachs Harbour 8 Holman 0

Chesterfield Inlet -13 Grise Fiord -22 Kimmirut -22 Aklavik -38

Qikiqtarjuaq -46 Tuktoyaktuk -60

Region

Population change 2011-2006

Yellowknife Area 372 Ticho 140 Sahtu 114

Tullita-Deline 111 Kasho Got'ine 39

Inuvialuit 31 Deh Cho 5

South Slave -120 Gwich'in -171


Trend from 98 – 09 declined 3.6%

Comparison: 2.7% higher than NWT

Region

Teen Birth Rate 3 year ave

Ticho 15.4 Tullita-Deline 13.2

Inuvialuit 11.1 Sahtu 10.6

Gwich'in 10.5 Deh Cho 9.8

South Slave 8.8 Yellowknife Area 5

Kasho Got'ine 4.4

NWT Community Teen Birth Rate 5 yr. ave per 1000

Yellowknife 8.815 Paulatuk 8.392

Jean Marie River 7.894 Enterprise 6.880

Colville Lake 6.430 Fort Good Hope 4.914

Whatì 4.551 Tsiigehtchic 4.028 Tuktoyaktuk 3.996

Lutselk'e 3.78 Aklavik 3.772 Holman 2.872

Behchokò 2.815 Déline 2.552

Trout Lake 2.427 Fort Liard 2.357

Inuvik 2.325 Fort Resolution 1.88


Fort McPherson 1.728 Sachs Harbour 1.663

Tulita 1.558 Fort Providence 1.509

Wekweètì 1.40 Gamètì 1.36

Fort Simpson 1.280 Detah 0.858

Norman Wells 0.748

report by: andrey petrov, university of northern...

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