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Calculations for Building Regulations Part L 2017 TGD: Buildings other than Dwellings

Department of Housing Community Planning and Local Government and Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland

Project Number: 60531231

24 April 2017

Calculations for Part L 2017 TGD: Buildings other than Dwellings

Prepared for: Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland

AECOM

Quality information

Prepared by Checked by Approved by

Michael Lim David Ross Lionel Delorme



AECOM

Prepared for:

Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland

Prepared by:

AECOM Limited

Aldgate Tower

2 Leman Street

London

E1 8FA

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© 2017 AECOM Limited. All Rights Reserved.

This document has been prepared by AECOM Limited (“AECOM”) for sole use of our client (the

“Client”) in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the

terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties

and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated

in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written

agreement of AECOM.



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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Two levels of improvement in energy performance ............................................................ 3

2.3 Non-residential buildings modelled..................................................................................... 5

2.4 Energy modelling .............................................................................................................. 10

3. Capital cost data ......................................................................................................................... 11

3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 11

3.2 Assumptions and simplifications ....................................................................................... 11

3.3 Building fabric ................................................................................................................... 12

3.4 Enhanced air tightness and thermal bridging ................................................................... 13

3.5 Building services and renewable energy .......................................................................... 14

3.6 Overall building CAPEX .................................................................................................... 17

4. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 18

Calculations for Part L 2017 TGD: Buildings other than Dwellings 1


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Executive Summary

This report presents the calculations to support the proposed changes to Building Regulations Part L

2017 Technical Guidance Document (TGD) – Buildings other than Dwellings. It identifies the costs

associated with two levels of energy performance for an office, a primary school, a secondary school,

a hotel, a retail building and a mixed-use building. The building types and constructions are based on

planning permission data, Department of Education and Skills specifications and experience of

industry stakeholders in the design and specification of buildings.

The Part L 2017 performance specification was modelled for each of the buildings above to identify

the improvement in energy performance associated with this specification and the increase in capital

expenditure required to achieve this performance compared to current Part L requirements.

The results of the modelling in Table 13 showed that an improvement in the order of 50% to 65% is

achievable across the buildings modelled resulting in a BER ranging from A2 to B1.

The uplift in capital cost associated with the improvement in energy and carbon dioxide emissions

performance in Table 16b was in the range of 1.3% to 9.5% for the buildings modelled.

The ratio of renewable energy to total primary energy use known as the Renewable Energy Ratio

(RER) was modelled for two scenarios in accordance with Par 1.2.1 of the Draft TGD L . Where the

actual building energy and carbon emissions performance matched the performance of the reference

building the Renewable Energy Ratio (RER) was modelled at 20%. Where the actual building energy

and carbon emissions performance is 10% better than the reference building than the Renewable

Energy Ratio was modelled at 10%. It should be noted that whilst PV was modelled for consistency

across building types, other renewable energy sources may be more appropriate for different building

types and functions.

The cost optimal reports produced separately for Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance of

Buildings provides a life cost analysis. These are available on the Department of Housing, Planning,

Community and Local Government website at: http://www.housing.gov.ie/housing/building-

standards/energy-performance-buildings/energy-performance-buildings

http://www.housing.gov.ie/housing/building-standards/energy-performance-buildings/energy-performance-buildings

http://www.housing.gov.ie/housing/building-standards/energy-performance-buildings/energy-performance-buildings



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1. Introduction

This report presents calculations to support proposed changes to Part L of the Building Regulations

Technical Guidance Document (TGD) L 2017 for Buildings other than Dwellings. In particular, it

presents analysis of two levels of improved energy performance compared to Building Regulations

Part L 2008. These two levels of improvement have applied to representative new non-residential

buildings to quantify the benefits to the energy performance for different building types as well as

determine the additional capital costs required to achieve these improvements. This work has been

undertaken by AECOM with the cost data provided by Currie & Brown cost consultants. The

Department of Education and Skills (DoES) provided information on their current development

specifications and associated costs for recent school projects.

The report is structured as follows.

Section 2 presents the methodology used. In particular, it describes the two levels of energy and

carbon dioxide emissions performance evaluated in this work as well as the new non-residential

buildings to which these improvements have been applied.

Section 3 presents the capital cost data used in this analysis

Section 4 presents the results of this analysis. It includes both details of the benefits in energy

and carbon dioxide emissions performance and any additional costs from applying the two levels

of improvement to the new non-residential buildings.



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2. Methodology

2.1 Introduction

This section describes the calculations undertaken as part of this project. In particular, it describes the

following.

A description of the two levels of improved energy and carbon dioxide emissions performance

evaluated

Details of the new non-residential buildings to which the improvements in energy performance

have been applied

A summary of the building energy modelling undertaken

2.2 Two levels of improvement in energy performance

Table 1 shows current performance and two levels of improved performance for the modelled

buildings.

The current level of performance is based on the reference values in Appendix C of the Building

Regulations Part L 2008 Technical Guidance Document (TGD) – Buildings other than Dwellings.

Two levels of improvement have been separately provided for naturally ventilated and air

conditioned buildings. Performance values for fabric, service and renewable measures have

been specified for each of the improvement levels. These values were initially suggested by SEAI

and DHPCLG based on the results of the cost optimal reports and best practice examples of

Nearly Zero Energy Buildings and then refined following consultation with stakeholders.

In particular, the two levels of improved performance differ solely by the energy efficiency

specifications for the roof, walls and floor, i.e. their building services and other design features are the

same for each improved level. Option 1 shows improvement compared to the current values whilst

Option 2 has the same specifications as the current values. Option 1 represents the reference

building in Appendix C of the draft TGD L 2017-Buildings other than Dwellings.

Table 2 shows the thermal bridging values used in the modelling for buildings with non-metallic

cladding and with metal cladding.



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Table 1: Two levels of energy performance improvement to be analysed

Element Current Natural Ventilated

Buildings

Air Conditioned

Buildings

Option 1 Option 2 Option 1 Option 2

Roof U Value (W/(m2K)) 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16

Wall U Value (W/(m2K)) 0.27 0.18 0.27 0.18 0.27

Floor U Value (W/(m2K)) 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.25

Thermal Bridging (TB) Add 16% to

calculated heat

loss through

building elements

Key TB length x psi value

in Table 2

Key TB length x psi value

in Table 2

Window U Value

(W/(m2K))

2.2 1.4 (10% Frame Factor) 1.4 (10% Frame Factor)

g-Value (%) 72 40 40

Light Transmittance (%) 76 71 71

Air Permeability

(m3/(m

2h) @ 50Pa

Gross internal area less

than or equal to 250 m2

10 5 5

Air Permeability

(m3/(m

2h) @ 50Pa

Gross internal area

greater than 250 m2

10 3 3

Lighting luminaire

(Luminaire lumen/circuit

Watt - Llm/cW)

Lighting in

Occupied Areas

3.75 W/m² per 100

lux

Lighting in

UnOccupied

Areas 5.2 W/m²

per 100 lux

65 65

Occupancy Control No Yes Yes

Daylight Control No Yes Yes

Heating efficiency

(heating and hot

water)%

73 (nat vent)

83 (A/C) 91 91

Central Ventilation SFP

(W/(l/s)) 2.0 N/A 1.8

Terminal unit SFP 0.6 N/A 0.3

Cooling (air-conditioned)

(SEER/SSEER)

1.67 (SEER)

N/A 4.5/3.6

Demand Control

(mechanical ventilation

only) Variable speed

control of fans via CO2

sensors

No N/A Yes

Renewable Energy

Ratio (RER) % 0 20 20

PV system orientation N/A SW SW

PV system tilt N/A 30° 30°



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Table 2: Thermal Bridging Details (W/mK) modelled

Junction W/mK W/mK

Type of junction Involving metal cladding Not involving metal-cladding

Roof to wall 0.28 0.12

Wall to ground floor 1.0 0.16

Wall to wall (corner) 0.2 0.09

Wall to floor (not ground floor) 0.0 0.07

Lintel above window or door 1.0 0.30

Sill below window 0.95 0.04

Jamb at window or door 0.95 0.05

2.3 Non-residential buildings modelled

A summary of the buildings modelled is shown in Table 3. All of the buildings, with the exception of the

mixed-use building, secondary school building and the 4-storeys and 6-storeys office buildings were

developed previously for the Cost Optimal reports for Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy

Performance of Buildings1.

Table 3: Building Models

Building Category

Construction Type

Masonry Cavity Wall Light Metal Frame

1 Office 2F (NV - Natural Ventilation) 1,440 m2

2 Office 2F (AC - Air Conditioned) 1,440 m2

3 Office 4F (NV - Natural Ventilation) 2,880 m² 2,880 m²

4 Office 4F (AV - Air Conditioned) 2,880 m² 2,880 m²

7 Primary School (NV - Natural Ventilation) 2,311 m2

8 Secondary School (NV – Natural Ventilation) 8,502 m2

9 Hotel (AC - Air Conditioned) 2,536 m2 2,536 m

2

10 Retail (AC - Air Conditioned) 1,250 m2

11 Mixed-Use (NV - Natural Ventilation) 1,623 m2

An outline of the building models and key dimensions are provided on the following pages.

It should be noted that the geometry of each of the Actual Building (Figure 1 to Figure 7) is likely to be

slightly different from its corresponding Reference Building in that the Reference Building, based on

the TGD L 2008, is set to have a fixed percentage of total area of exposed walls for windows and

pedestrian doors as well as a fixed percentage of roof area for roof lights. The proportion of these

percentages would depend on the type of buildings.

1 EPBD non-residential buildings cost optimal study (http://www.housing.gov.ie/housing/building-standards/energy-

performance-buildings/energy-performance-buildings)



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2.3.1 Office buildings

Note that the naturally ventilated and air conditioned office buildings have the same dimensions.

Ground floor area 720m2

Total floor area 1,440m²

Roof area 720m2

External wall area 487m2

Glazing area 325m2

Glazing % 40%

Figure 1: Outline of the 2-floor office buildings


Total floor area 2,880m²

Roof area 720m2


Glazing area 650m2

Glazing % 40%

Figure 2: Outline of the 4-floor office buildings

18m40m

3.5m

3.5m

6m

6m

28m

6m

6m

4.5m

19m

3.5m

3.5m



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2.3.2 Primary school

Ground floor area 1,337m²

Total floor area 2,311m2

Roof area 1,348m2

External wall area 1,215m2

Glazing area 357m2

Glazing % 23%

Figure 3: Outline of the Primary School building

2.3.3 Secondary/Post-Primary School building

Ground floor area 4,842m2


Roof area 4,905m2


Glazing area 1,635m2

Glazing % 30%

Figure 4: Outline of the Secondary/Post-primary School building

42.5m

7.6m7.34m

18.7m

6m

3.6m

3.2m

5.6m

8..4m

19.5m

15.4m

42.5m

18.11m

32.75m

55m

41.7m

14.95m

19.68m

62.92m

57m

17.53m

3.83m

3.83m

3.15m

18.13m 7.65m

16.8m



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2.3.4 Hotel



Roof area 725m2


Glazing area 544m2

Glazing % 29%

Figure 5: Outline of the Hotel building

11.5m

31.5m

11.5m

43m

3.5m

3.5m

3.5m

3.5m

5m



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2.3.5 Retail

Ground floor area 1,250m2


Roof area 1,250m2


Glazing area 60m2

Glazing % 10%

Figure 6: Outline of the Retail building

2.3.6 Mixed-use building



Roof area 575m2


Glazing area 345m2

Glazing % 33%

Figure 7: Outline of the Mixed-use building

25m

5m

50m

35m

10m

5m

2.7m

4m

25m20m

3.5m

3.5m

4.0m

23m

8m

8.5m

8.5m

5m

4m



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2.4 Energy modelling

The energy and carbon dioxide emissions modelling were carried out in iSBEM 5.2.e as provided by

SEAI. This is a draft version of the updated version of iSBEM to be released with TGD L 2017. The

Primary Energy Factor and kgCO2/kWh values of 2.19 and 0.473 used for the DEAP in 2016 were

also used in the modelling

Models of the various building types were generated using IES <Virtual Environment> 2016, which

was used in the previous EPBD non-residential buildings cost optimal study, from which

corresponding *.inp files were derived using the IES-integrated SBEM interface. The *.inp files for the

buildings modelled were then fed into AECOM’s in-house batch manager tool which allows multiple

alternative options to be easily evaluated.

In general the energy outputs were provided by SBEM. The exception is that the Renewable Energy

Ratio (RER) was derived through entering SBEM output data into a spreadsheet provided by SEAI

and available on the SEAI Public Sector NZEB specification website.

The renewable energy contribution from the PV system was post-processed based on the following

system specification:

1,021 kWh/m² panel of annual global solar radiation at the panel surface

15% panel efficiency

75% inverter efficiency

Roof to PV panel area ratio of 2 to account for self-shading and access and maintenance



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3. Capital cost data

3.1 Introduction

Analysis has been undertaken on the capital cost impacts of the alternative policy options. The

underpinning capital cost data is summarised here.

The costs are presented as Q1 2017 prices. The data is drawn from Dublin-based cost information

held by Currie & Brown and from engagement with the construction supply chain. Where data has

been taken from historic information it has been adjusted to 2017 prices. Costs exclude preliminaries,

OH&P, contingency, fees and VAT.

The capital cost data was sourced from a combination of recent tenders for relevant projects and first

principles cost planning drawing on published materials costs and labour rates for relevant trades.

This cost analysis has been compiled based upon the building types and specifications contained with

the provided specifications and have been priced as defined. In some instances the exact provided

specification (e.g. a specific insulation thickness) was not identified as being available on the market,

and in these instances the specification and associated cost has been interpolated based on

specifications that are available in the Irish market.

3.2 Assumptions and simplifications

In the process of deriving the set of cost data for the study, the following assumptions and

simplifications have been made:

Reference building lighting: The Reference building lighting as per the TGD L 2008 has

been specified based on a power density of 3.75W/m²/100lux and 5.2W/m²/100lux depending

on whether the area is occupied or not. As the proposed lighting improvements are specified

based on luminaire lumen/cW, an equivalent Reference Building average has been derived

for the building types modelled, based on a Light Output Ratio (LOR) of 0.5. This enables

consistent costing methodology to be applied to the Reference Building as well as its

proposed improvements.

Product cost for the Reference building specification: There are elements of the

reference building where the products with the stated specification/performance are not

readily available in the marketplace. Hence, the cost data for the poorest performing products

that could be obtained has been used. This approach is applied to the following.

o Window with U-value of 2.2 W/m²K is based on cost data for U-value of 1.9 W/m²K

o Chiller with SEER 1.67 is based on cost data for SEER of 3.32

o FCU with SFP of 0.6 is based on cost data for SFP of 0.31

o Boiler with SCOP of 73% is based on cost data for SCOP of 83%

o Lighting for the respective Reference building for all modelled building types is based

on lowest performing luminaire typically or readily available in the current

marketplace. This is found to be in the range of around 55 luminaire lm/cW.

Insulation thickness for the specified fabric U-value performance: The U-values

specified in the study result in a range of insulation thicknesses, where some thicknesses are

not available on the market. The approach taken has been to interpolate between the costs

for thicknesses available.



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3.3 Building fabric

Table 4 presents the cost data for each building element achieving the different target performance

standards. Costs are based on a full elemental specification with adjustment to the depth or type of

insulation or other characteristics as necessary to achieve the target performance standard.

Table 4: Total cost of building fabric specification options per unit of elemental area

Element Type

Target

U-Value

(W/m² K)

Unit Rate €/per unit

ROOF

Pitched (sarking) - Rigid PIR board (100mm) 0.16 Per m² roof area € 158

Pitched (sarking) - Rigid PIR board (120mm) 0.15 Per m² roof area € 160

Profiled Metal – 225mm Mineral Wool Insulation (λ=0.034) 0.16 Per m² roof area € 280

Profiled Metal – 230mm Mineral Wool Insulation (λ=0.034) 0.15 Per m² roof area € 281

Flat Roof – 120mm PIR insulation 0.16 Per m² roof area € 140

Flat Roof – 125mm PIR insulation 0.15 Per m² roof area € 153

WALLS

Masonry Cavity (64mm PIR Insulation) 0.27 Per m² wall area € 203

Masonry Cavity (106mm PIR Insulation) 0.18 Per m² wall area € 218

Light Metal Frame (80mm PIR Insulation) 0.27 Per m² wall area € 290

Light Metal Frame (126mm PIR Insulation) 0.18 Per m² wall area € 302

FLOOR Solid ground floor (65mm PIR Insulation) 0.25 Per m² floor area € 63

Solid ground floor (120mm PIR Insulation) 0.15 Per m² floor area € 71

WINDOWS

uPVC Windows 1.9-2.2 U-Value 2.2 Per m² window area € 394

uPVC Windows 1.4-1.5 U-Value 1.4 Per m² window area € 415

Aluminium Windows 1.9-2.2 U-Value (for schools) 2.2 Per m² window area € 529 (€ 415)

Aluminium Windows 1.4-1.5 U-Value (for schools) 1.4 Per m² window area € 550 (€ 490)

The following notes apply to the analysis:

Roof

o Costs are based around the use of PIR insulation between trusses in the pitched roof

and on top of the flat roof. Mineral wool insulation is used in the profiled metal roof.

o The improvement in energy performance achieved by a marginal improvement in

Roof U Value can be achieved in a range of cost effective ways. The cost differential

derived for pitched and profiled metal roofing is based on interpolation of costs

between the known costs for different insulation thicknesses. In practice developers

might choose a specification slightly above or below the target U value or alternatively

could adjust the insulation specification to achieve a slightly enhanced/reduced

lambda value.

Walls

o Cavity wall cavities are a maximum of 150mm. Where the target U-value can be

achieved with mineral wool this is used as the basis for the costing. Where the use of

mineral wool would necessitate a cavity of over 150mm (i.e. a U-value of below 0.2

W/m²K), PIR insulation is used instead.

o Where necessary insulation thicknesses are rounded upwards to the next typically

available thickness.



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o No allowance is included for cavity closers or wind-posts

o Light metal frame costs assume PIR insulation is utilised together with aluminium

Rainscreen cladding.

o The analysis includes cost differentiation between 100mm and 150mm cavities where

applicable. For each cavity size, costs have been estimated for additional

foundations, cavity closers (lintels, trays and jambs), and enlarged roof area (based

on a low U-value roof to correspond with the low U-value walls). The analysis derived

a €10/m² difference in cost between a 100mm cavity wall and a 150mm cavity wall.

This differential drops to €6/m² for the 4 storey scenarios. Similar differential has

been used as being indicative of the additional costs of thicker insulation on light

metal framed wall (to cover foundations, roof and bracketing).

Floors

o Costs are based on PIR insulation over a concrete slab with screed topping.

Windows

o Costs are based on window sizes ranging from of 1 x 1.2m to 2.2 x 4m with U-values

in the ranges 1.4-1.5 W/m²K. Suppliers stated that they did not stock windows with

appreciably less good U-values (e.g. >2.0 W/m²K) but one supplier said that

supplying a uPVC window with a U-value of 1.9 W/m²K would be around 5% less

expensive than their 1.5 W/m²K specification, where the bulk of the cost

differentiation is in the window glazing. For Aluminium frame windows, this cost

differentiation is estimated at around 4%.

o Different rates apply to windows for schools, which are based on costs for

corresponding specifications for aluminium windows provided by the DoES which

reflect the particular units used in their buildings.

3.4 Enhanced air tightness and thermal bridging

The costs to achieve enhanced performance standards for building air tightness and for

reduced thermal bridging are estimated based on the costs for additional labour time to

oversee detail and quality management in construction. The estimated costs from this

analysis are shown in Table 5 and

Table 6. Rates are based on those used in 2012/13 and uplifted for inflation to end 2016. Prices were

revalidated through discussions with airtightness specialists in Ireland and associated benchmark

rates for tapes, membranes and parge coating.

Table 5: Estimated costs for enhanced air tightness performance

Air tightness of 3 m3/(m

2hr) @ 50Pa

Building type €/m² floor area Area m² Total cost (€)

Office NV 2 Floors €7.64

1,440 €11,002

Office NV 4 Floors 2,880 €22,003

Office AC 2 Floors €7.64 1,440 €11,002

Office AC 4 Floors 2,880 €22,003

Primary school NV €7.64 2,311 €17,656

Secondary/post-primary school NV €7.64 8,502 €64,955

Hotel AC €7.64 2,536 €19,375

Retail AC €7.64 1,250 €9,550

Mixed-use NV €7.64 1,623 €12,400



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Table 6: Estimated costs for enhanced thermal bridging performance

Thermal bridging: improved

Building type €/m² floor area Area m² Total cost (€)

Office NV 2 Floors €2.29

1,440 €3,298

Office NV 4 Floors 2,880 €6,595

Office AC 2 Floors €2.29

1,440 €3,298

Office AC 4 Floors 2,880 €6,595

Primary school NV €2.29 2,311 €5,292

Secondary/post-primary school NV €2.29 8,502 €19,470

Hotel AC €2.29 2,536 €5,807

Retail AC €2.29 1,250 €2,863

Mixed-use NV €2.29 1,623 €3,717

For NV buildings, the costs assume that adequate ventilation is provided through natural ventilation.

The Department of Education and Skills is of the opinion given the short operation hours of teaching

spaces and based on research and analysis and that it will be necessary to increase the provision for

ventilation. To achieve this, uplift provision of €19.04 /m2 floor area for Primary schools and €15.03 m

2

floor area for Post Primary schools is identified presently.”

3.5 Building services and renewable energy

Table 7 provides the indicative heating and cooling loads and ventilation system details for the

buildings being considered.

Table 7: Indicative building heating and cooling loads and ventilation system details

Building Type Building

Size (m²)

Heat

Load

(W/m²)

Building

heating

Load (kW)

Unit

Size

(kW)

Cool Load

(W/m²)

Building

cooling

load (kW)

AHU

capacity

(m3 per

second)

Number

of fan

coils

Office 2F NV 1,440 70 105 35 - - - -

Office 2F AC 1,440 70 105 35 120 180 2.4 40

Office 4F NV 2,880 70 205 60 - - - -

Office 4F AC 2,880 70 205 60 120 346 4.8 77

Primary school NV 2,311 100 235 100 - - - -

Secondary/post-primary

school NV 8,502 100 850 250 - -

- -

Hotel AC 2,536 90 230 75 150 380 4.0 68

Retail AC 1,250 110 140 50 140 175 3.6 33

Mixed-use NV 1,623 100 165 50 - - - -

Table 8 and Table 9 provide the estimated costs of heating, cooling and ventilation systems in each

building. It is assumed that heating is provided by a dual fuel gas boiler. Investigations did not

identify any new boilers with efficiencies as low as 73% (as used in the current reference case for

naturally ventilated buildings) with the least efficient boilers in most product ranges being at or more

efficient than 83%.



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Table 8: Capital costs for new non-domestic buildings - gas heating per kWth (2017)

Size

(kWth)

Seasonal efficiency (gross)

83% 91%

25 € 109 € 124

50 € 109 € 124

75 € 90 € 102

100 € 90 € 102

125 € 90 € 102

150 € 73 € 82

175 € 73 € 82

200 € 73 € 82

250 € 73 € 82

300 € 73 € 82

400 € 61 € 69

500 € 61 € 69

Table 9: Capital costs for new non-domestic buildings - cooling and ventilation (2017)

Building Type

Cooling Ventilation Fan coils Demand control

ventilation Chiller SEER Rate AHUSFP FCU SFP

3.32 4.5 (m³/s) 2.0 1.8 0.31 0.2

Office NV 2F - - - - - - - -

Office AC 2F €41,599 €44,719 2.4 €37,663 €41,429 €45,042 €52,152 €1,725

Office NV 4F - - - - - - - -

Office AC 4F €79,828 €85,815 4.8 €73,168 €80,485 €85,864 €99,418 €3,287

Primary school NV - - - - - - - -

Secondary/post-

primary school NV

- - - - - - - -

Hotel AC €86,635 €93,133 4.0 €61,333 €65,933 €75,446 €87,355 €2,875

Retail AC €40,453 €43,487 3.56 €54,824 €58,936 €37,160 €43,026 €1,438

Mixed-use NV - - - - - - - -

Table 10 shows the capital costs for lighting systems in the modelled buildings. The lighting costs

were derived from cost data for a range of T5 luminaire systems with luminaire efficacies from 53 to

83 Llm/cW. The appropriate costs for each building type were then determined by interpolating

between these costs based on the actual building-averaged luminaire efficacies. Costs are for the

whole lighting system including power and basic controls and emergency lighting systems.



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Table 10: Capital costs lighting (2017 prices)

Building type Luminaire efficiency

(Llm/cW)

Capital cost

(€/m2 floor)

Enhanced lighting control

Daylight

(€/m2 floor)

Occupancy

(€/m2 floor)

Office 53 € 54 €8.9 €8.9

65 € 55

School 53 € 48 €8.9 €8.9

65 € 49

Hotel 51 € 84 €7.7 €7.7

65 € 85

Retail 58 € 23 €2.4 €2.4

65 € 24

Mixed-use 55 € 43 €2.4 €2.4

65 € 44

Table 11 shows the capital costs for photovoltaic systems with different peak capacities. Costs have

been developed from those published for the UK by DECC in August 20152. Costs are based on UK

experience on the basis that Irish PV market is drawing on the same international supply chain. The

current market for PV in Ireland is smaller than in UK but this is projected to expand rapidly with

contractors working in the UK expanding operations in Ireland, and prices will therefore move rapidly

towards the UK market price. The costs shown in Table 11 were validated for selected capacities

through comparison to recent data provided by DoES for schools projects.

An uplift of €4/m² floor area to the rates shown in Table 11 is applicable to buildings with pitched roofs

where PV installation would necessitate strengthening to the roof structure to accommodate additional

loading from the installation.

Table 11 Capital costs for photovoltaics in new non-domestic buildings (2017 prices)

PV Output (kWp)

Panel size (m²)

€ per kWp Cost for system size

(€)

4 25 € 1,620 € 5,786

7 50 € 1,393 € 9,950

11 75 € 1,208 € 12,943

14 100 € 1,208 € 17,257

21 150 € 1,208 € 25,886

29 200 € 1,208 € 34,514

36 250 € 1,208 € 43,143

43 300 € 1,208 € 51,750

57 400 € 1,133 € 64,743

71 500 € 1,133 € 80,929

107 750 € 1,133 € 121,393

143 1000 € 1,133 € 161,857

179 1250 € 1,035 € 184,821

214 1500 € 1,035 € 221,786

250 1750 € 1,035 € 258,750

2 DECC, 2015. Small-scale generation cost update: final. Produced by Parsons Brinkerhoff.



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3.6 Overall building CAPEX

Table 12 provides the capital cost range for representative building developments. The construction

cost may vary for a variety of factors including choice of facades and finishes and design details.

Therefore, a cost range is proposed for each building type within which it would be expected that most

developments of each type would fall. The following comments apply to the respective building types

when deriving the cost estimates:

- Office: city centre development with open plan floor areas and no catering provision

- School: Costs are capped at €903/m² ex. VAT (February 2016). Based on DoES experience,

this cost limit can be difficult to achieve. It is an average cost per m2 and excludes external

works and fitted furniture and 'abnormal' costs.

- Hotel: based on 3 to 4 Star standards

- Retail: Shell & Core with client fit-out

- Mixed-use: Cost applicable for typical specification for commercial space on upper levels.

These cost ranges are drawn from analysis of project costs incurred for similar projects in Dublin

where cost management was undertaken by Currie & Brown. All rates are exclusive of Preliminaries,

Overheads and Profits, Design team fees and Vat and are budget rates only and may vary depending

on design specifics and/or project specific requirements.

Table 12: Capital costs of current building developments

Building type

Construction cost (€ per m²GIFA)

Total construction cost

Low High Low High

Office AC 2F €2,150 €3,360 € 3,096,000 € 4,838,400

Office NV 2F €1,990 €2,760 € 2,865,600 € 3,974,400

Office AC 4F €2,150 €3,360 € 6,192,000 € 9,676,800

Office NV 4F €1,990 €2,760 € 5,731,200 € 7,948,800

School - Primary NV €903 €903 € 2,086,833 € 2,086,833

School - Secondary NV €903 €903 € 7,677,306 € 7,677,306

Hotel AC €1,600 €2,500 € 4,057,600 € 6,340,000

Retail AC €1,950 €2,900 € 2,437,500 € 3,625,000

Mixed-use NV €2,500 €3,500 € 4,057,500 € 5,680,500



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4. Results

Table 13,

Table 14 and Table 15 summarise the energy modelling output for the different buildings. Whilst

photovoltaics have been applied as a renewable energy source for the purposes of modelling in Table

15a and 15b, other renewable energy sources can be used to meet the RER requirement such as

heat pumps, solar thermal, biomass or the primary energy savings from CHP.

Table 13: Summary of energy modelling output for the different buildings

Building type

Primary energy

CO2 emissions

Building Energy Rating

Energy Performance Coefficient

(Performance relative to

current Part L reference

building)

Carbon Performance Coefficient

(Performance relative to

current Part L reference building)

kWh/yr/m² kg/yr/m² Indicator BER EPC CPC

Office NV 2F: LMF - Ref 178.6 36.2 0.8 B2 1.00 1.00

Office NV 2F: LMF - Opt1 62.8 12.6 0.3 A2 0.35 0.35


Office AC 2F: LMF - Ref 296.7 61.9 1.4 C3 1.00 1.00

Office AC 2F: LMF - Opt1 100.1 20.7 0.5 A3 0.34 0.33


Office NV 4F: MC - Ref 162.8 33.3 0.8 B2 1.00 1.00

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt1 60.1 12.1 0.3 A2 0.37 0.36

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt2 61.4 12.3 0.3 A2 0.38 0.37

Office AC 4F: MC - Ref 285.4 60.0 1.4 C3 1.00 1.00

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt1 98.6 20.5 0.5 A3 0.35 0.34

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt2 99.7 20.6 0.5 A3 0.35 0.34

Office NV 4F: LMF - Ref 162.8 33.3 0.8 B2 1.00 1.00



Office AC 4F: LMF - Ref 285.4 60.0 1.4 C3 1.00 1.00



School - Primary NV: MC - Ref 115.9 22.8 0.8 B2 1.00 1.00

School - Primary NV: MC - Opt1 57.6 11.2 0.4 A3 0.50 0.49

School - Primary NV: MC - Opt2 58.4 11.3 0.4 A3 0.50 0.50

School - Secondary NV: MC - Ref 333.0 62.5 0.9 B3 1.00 1.00

School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt1 167.7 30.0 0.5 A3 0.50 0.48

School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt2 169.1 30.2 0.5 A3 0.51 0.48

Hotel AC: MC - Ref 785.3 151.8 1.2 C1 1.00 1.00

Hotel AC: MC - Opt1 348.1 65.3 0.5 B1 0.44 0.43

Hotel AC: MC - Opt2 351.0 65.8 0.5 B1 0.45 0.43

Hotel AC: LMF - Ref 785.3 151.8 1.2 C1 1.00 1.00

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt1 348.1 65.3 0.5 B1 0.44 0.43

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt2 351.0 65.8 0.5 B1 0.45 0.43

Retail AC: LMF - Ref 557.5 118.0 1.3 C2 1.00 1.00

Retail AC: LMF - Opt1 178.3 38.2 0.4 A3 0.32 0.32

Retail AC: LMF - Opt2 180.2 38.4 0.4 A3 0.32 0.33

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Ref 219.9 45.2 0.8 B2 1.00 1.00

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt1 89.3 18.2 0.3 A2 0.41 0.40

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt2 91.6 18.6 0.3 A2 0.42 0.41



AECOM

Table 14 Summary of end-use energy consumption for the different buildings

Building type Heating Cooling Auxiliary Lighting

Domestic hot water

kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m²

Office NV 2F: LMF - Ref 57.81 0.00 6.22 43.31 5.93

Office NV 2F: LMF - Opt1 26.80 0.00 3.20 16.56 2.67


Office AC 2F: LMF - Ref 51.17 35.18 28.33 43.31 5.93

Office AC 2F: LMF - Opt1 22.13 10.19 17.67 16.56 3.34


Office NV 4F: MC - Ref 43.44 0.00 6.22 43.31 5.93

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt1 23.65 0.00 3.20 16.56 2.67

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt2 25.06 0.00 3.20 16.56 2.67

Office AC 4F: MC - Ref 38.42 36.41 28.33 43.31 5.93

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt1 19.08 10.93 17.53 16.56 3.34

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt2 20.47 10.82 17.58 16.56 3.34

Office NV 4F: LMF - Ref 43.44 0.00 6.22 43.31 5.93



Office AC 4F: LMF - Ref 38.42 36.41 28.33 43.31 5.93



School - Primary NV: MC - Ref 31.13 0.00 1.50 21.14 29.21

School - Primary NV: MC - Opt1 15.61 0.00 1.40 14.22 18.78

School - Primary NV: MC - Opt2 16.53 0.00 1.40 14.22 18.78

School - Secondary NV: MC - Ref 35.07 0.00 3.60 22.66 215.32

School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt1 27.91 0.00 3.96 8.20 138.42

School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt2 29.53 0.00 3.96 8.20 138.42

Hotel AC: MC - Ref 134.49 28.21 54.46 38.19 338.79

Hotel AC: MC - Opt1 71.41 7.47 35.38 24.01 191.05

Hotel AC: MC - Opt2 74.62 7.41 35.50 24.01 191.05

Hotel AC: LMF - Ref 134.49 28.21 54.46 38.19 338.79

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt1 71.41 7.47 35.38 24.01 191.05

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt2 74.62 7.41 35.50 24.01 191.05

Retail AC: LMF - Ref 61.01 75.26 34.75 112.07 3.65

Retail AC: LMF - Opt1 7.51 18.59 19.50 58.91 2.06

Retail AC: LMF - Opt2 10.70 17.89 19.63 58.91 2.06

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Ref 55.66 0.00 2.35 67.90 4.42

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt1 27.84 0.00 2.31 33.52 2.35

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt2 30.37 0.00 2.31 33.52 2.35



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Table 15a Summary of PV system required to meet a 20% renewable energy ratio

Building type

Renewable Energy Ratio

PV panel capacity

PV panel area

Roof space required for PV

RER kWp m² % m²

Office NV 2F: LMF - Ref

Office NV 2F: LMF - Opt1 20% 12.9 90 25% 181


Office AC 2F: LMF - Ref

Office AC 2F: LMF - Opt1 20% 20.6 144 40% 288


Office NV 4F: MC - Ref Office NV 4F: MC - Opt1 20% 24.6 172 48% 344

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt2 20% 25.1 176 49% 351

Office AC 4F: MC - Ref

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt1 20% 40.4 283 78% 565

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt2 20% 40.8 286 79% 571

Office NV 4F: LMF - Ref



Office AC 4F: LMF - Ref



School - Primary NV: MC - Ref

School - Primary NV: MC - Opt1 20% 18.9 132 20% 265 School - Primary NV: MC - Opt2 20% 19.1 134 20% 268 School - Secondary NV: MC - Ref

School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt1 20% 202.4 1417 58% 2833 School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt2 20% 204.1 1429 58% 2857 Hotel AC: MC - Ref

Hotel AC: MC - Opt1 20% 125.3 877 242% 1755 Hotel AC: MC - Opt2 20% 126.4 885 244% 1769 Hotel AC: LMF - Ref

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt1 20% 125.3 877 242% 1755 Hotel AC: LMF - Opt2 20% 126.4 885 244% 1769 Retail AC: LMF - Ref

Retail AC: LMF - Opt1 20% 31.7 222 35% 443 Retail AC: LMF - Opt2 20% 32.0 224 36% 447 Mixed-use NV: LMF - Ref

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt1 20% 20.6 144 50% 288 Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt2 20% 21.1 148 51% 295

The draft TGD L 2017 Par 1.2.1 proposes that two alternatives are available to achieve the required contribution of renewable energy:

- RER 20% where EPC = 1 - RER 10% where EPC = 0.9

This provides a proposed flexibility that allows for a reduced renewable energy ratio to be achieved when an Energy Performance Coefficient (EPC) of 0.9 is achieved. At RER 10%, a multiplier of (0.45/2 = 0.9) is applied to Table 15a giving corresponding set of figures shown in Table 15b. Also included are the required EPC and CPC to be achieved with Option 1 and 2 improvement specification for each building type.



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Table 15b Summary of PV system required to meet a 10% renewable energy ratio

Building type

Renewable Energy Ratio

PV panel capacity

PV panel area

Roof space required for PV

EPC and CPC improvement to qualify for

RER 10%

RER kWp m² % m² EPC CPC

Office NV 2F: LMF - Ref 0.900 0.900

Office NV 2F: LMF - Opt1 10% 5.8 41 11% 81 0.317 0.313


Office AC 2F: LMF - Ref 0.900 0.900

Office AC 2F: LMF - Opt1 10% 9.3 65 18% 130 0.304 0.300


Office NV 4F: MC - Ref 0.900 0.900

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt1 10% 11.1 77 22% 155 0.447 0.441

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt2 10% 11.3 79 22% 158 0.454 0.447

Office AC 4F: MC - Ref 0.900 0.900

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt1 10% 18.2 127 35% 254 0.399 0.387

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt2 10% 18.4 129 36% 257 0.402 0.390

Office NV 4F: LMF - Ref 0.900 0.900



Office AC 4F: LMF - Ref 0.900 0.900


Office AC 4F: LMF - Opt2 10% 18.4 129 36% 257 0.291 0.293 School - Primary NV: MC - Ref 0.900 0.900 School - Primary NV: MC - Opt1 10% 8.5 60 9% 119 0.311 0.307 School - Primary NV: MC - Opt2 10% 8.6 60 9% 121 0.314 0.310 School - Secondary NV: MC - Ref 0.900 0.900 School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt1 10% 91.1 638 26% 1275 0.332 0.327 School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt2 10% 91.8 643 26% 1286 0.339 0.333 Hotel AC: MC - Ref 0.900 0.900 Hotel AC: MC - Opt1 10% 56.4 395 109% 790 0.311 0.307 Hotel AC: MC - Opt2 10% 56.9 398 110% 796 0.314 0.310 Hotel AC: LMF - Ref 0.900 0.900 Hotel AC: LMF - Opt1 10% 56.4 395 109% 790 0.338 0.332 Hotel AC: LMF - Opt2 10% 56.9 398 110% 796 0.343 0.336 Retail AC: LMF - Ref 0.900 0.900 Retail AC: LMF - Opt1 10% 14.2 100 16% 199 0.313 0.309 Retail AC: LMF - Opt2 10% 14.4 101 16% 201 0.316 0.311 Mixed-use NV: LMF - Ref 0.900 0.900 Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt1 10% 9.3 65 23% 130 0.453 0.432 Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt2 10% 9.5 66 23% 133 0.457 0.435



AECOM

Table 16a and 16b compares the capital cost for the Reference Building with the proposed Option 1

and 2 improvement specifications assuming an RER 20% is required. The building absolute CAPEX is

taken as the average between the low and high costs shown in Table 12. Table 16a shows

comparison excluding Prelims, Overheads and VAT and Table 16b shows comparison with 18% uplift

for Prelims and Overheads and 13.5% VAT.

Table 16a Summary of cost modelling output excluding Prelims, Overheads and VAT

Building type

Total Construction

CAPEX

Floor area pro-rated CAPEX

delta CAPEX

€ €/m² € €/m² %

Office NV 2F: LMF - Ref 3,420,000 2,375

Office NV 2F: LMF - Opt1 3,498,318 2,429 78,318 54 2.3%


Office AC 2F: LMF - Ref 3,967,200 2,755

Office AC 2F: LMF - Opt1 4,064,078 2,822 96,878 67 2.4%














Office NV 4F: MC - Ref 10,260,000 2,375

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt1 10,470,486 2,424 210,486 49 2.1%

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt2 10,454,745 2,420 194,745 45 1.9%

Office AC 4F: MC - Ref 11,901,600 2,755

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt1 12,162,592 2,815 260,992 60 2.2%

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt2 12,146,689 2,812 245,089 57 2.1%

School - Primary NV: MC - Ref 2,086,833 903

School - Primary NV: MC - Opt1 2,248,556 973 161,723 70 7.7%

School - Primary NV: MC - Opt2 2,217,217 959 130,384 56 6.2%

School - Secondary NV: MC - Ref 7,677,306 903

School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt1 8,403,694 988 726,388 85 9.5%

School - Secondary NV: MC - Opt2 8,298,592 976 621,286 73 8.1%

Hotel AC: MC - Ref 5,198,800 2,050

Hotel AC: MC - Opt1 5,481,061 2,161 282,261 111 5.4%

Hotel AC: MC - Opt2 5,439,041 2,145 240,241 95 4.6%

Hotel AC: LMF - Ref 5,198,800 2,050

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt1 5,475,466 2,159 276,666 109 5.3%

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt2 5,439,041 2,145 240,241 95 4.6%

Retail AC: LMF - Ref 3,031,250 2,425

Retail AC: LMF - Opt1 3,121,085 2,497 89,835 72 3.0%

Retail AC: LMF - Opt2 3,103,561 2,483 72,311 58 2.4%

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Ref 4,869,000 3,000

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Opt1 4,944,351 3,046 75,351 46 1.5%




AECOM

Table 16b Summary of cost modelling output including 18% Prelims and Overheads and 13.5%

VAT

Building type

Total Construction

CAPEX

Floor area pro-rated CAPEX

delta CAPEX

€ €/m² € €/m² %



















Office NV 4F: MC - Ref 13,741,218 3,181

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt1 14,023,122 3,246 281,904 65 2.1%

Office NV 4F: MC - Opt2 14,002,040 3,241 260,822 60 1.9%

Office AC 4F: MC - Ref 15,939,813 3,690

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt1 16,289,360 3,771 349,547 81 2.2%

Office AC 4F: MC - Opt2 16,268,061 3,766 328,248 76 2.1%

School* - Primary NV: MC - Ref 2,794,895 1,209

School* - Primary NV: MC - Opt1 3,011,491 1,303 216,595 94 7.7%

School* - Primary NV: MC - Opt2 2,969,518 1,285 174,623 76 6.2%

School* - Secondary NV: MC - Ref 10,282,216 1,209

School* - Secondary NV: MC - Opt1 11,255,068 1,324 972,852 114 9.5%

School* - Secondary NV: MC - Opt2 11,114,305 1,307 832,089 98 8.1%

Hotel AC: MC - Ref 6,962,753 2,746

Hotel AC: MC - Opt1 7,340,785 2,895 378,033 149 5.4%

Hotel AC: MC - Opt2 7,284,507 2,872 321,754 127 4.6%

Hotel AC: LMF - Ref 6,962,753 2,746

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt1 7,333,292 2,892 370,539 146 5.3%

Hotel AC: LMF - Opt2 7,284,507 2,872 321,754 127 4.6%

Retail AC: LMF - Ref 4,059,753 3,248

Retail AC: LMF - Opt1 4,180,069 3,344 120,316 96 3.0%

Retail AC: LMF - Opt2 4,156,599 3,325 96,846 77 2.4%

Mixed-use NV: LMF - Ref 6,521,052 4,018



* Basic Building Cost for schools excludes external works, fitted furniture and abnormal costs



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