report for automatic power meter reading using gsm

5/25/2018 report for automatic power meter reading using GSM

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

GSM based Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically

collecting data from energy meter and transferring that data to a central database for billing

and/or analyzing. The Transmitter is connected to the meter and it counts the pulses from it

and displays it over the LCD display. An GSM modem is also connected to the kit so that

anybody can call to the number and get back the Meter readings as SMS.Now-a-days

technology has developed to a large extend. At the same time the need for systems with

automation and high security are preferred. So, by using one of the best technologies

available i.e. GSM we are designing an automatic power meter reading system for

commercial and domestic purposes. Traditional meter reading for electricity consumption andbilling done by human operator from houses to houses and building to building. This requires

huge number of labor operators and long working hour to achieve complete area reading and

billing. Human operator billing are prone to reading errors as sometime the houses

electricity power meter is placed in location where it is not easily accessible. Labor billing

job is sometime also restricted and is slowed down by bad weather conditions. By using this

project we can avoid such problems.

In this project we can use pic (Peripheral interface controller) microcontroller.

PIC (Peripheral interface controller) is the IC while was eveloped to control the

peripheral device, dispersing the function of the main CPU. PIC has the calculation functionand the memory like the CPU and is controlled by the software. However the throughput, the

memory capacity isnt big. It depends on kind of PIC but the maximum operation clock

frequency is about 20MHZ and the memory capacity to write the program is about 1K to 4K

words. The clock frequency is related with the speed to read the program and to execute the

instruction. Only at the clock frequency, the throughput cannot be judged. It changes with the

architecture in the processing parts for same architecture; the one with the higher clock

frequency is higher about the throughput. The point, which the PIC convenient for is that the

calculation part, the memory, the input/output part and so on, are incorporated into one piece

of the IC. The efficiency, the function is limited but can compose the control unit only by the

PIC even if it doesn't combine the various IC's so, the circuit can be compactly made. More

information please refer Data sheet 0f PIC 16F873.


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1.2 SAILENT FEATURES Fully micro controller based interface using PIC16F873 RISC MCU Working Voltage12V AC/DC Operating Current - 500ma Approx Relay Contact Rating230V AC / 500W On board 16 x 2 LCD display Fully Isolated electric meter interface for data input using optocoupler(Active Low

Input)

On board relay Status LED On board Flash EEPROM to store the update data and relay status (No require battery

backup)

Diode protection for reverse polarity connection of DC supply to the PCB Onboard regulator for regulated supply to the kit Extremely easy to install TRI-Band GSM Modem Interface for SMS Sending& receiving Microcontroller based design for greater flexibility

1.3 Components Required

1.3.1 Hardware Component

Microcontroller Power supply GSM Relay Energy Meter LCD Buzzer Opto coupler Keys

1.3.2 Software tools

PBP Embedded C


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Chapter 2

Hardware Component Description

2.1 Block diagram

In fig2.1 shows the how we are connecting the required hardware components to the

pic 16F873 microcontroller .In this project we are use different component like opto-coupler,

lcd display, relay, gsm modem, power supply .The detail description of this components we

will see in next concepts.

Fig2.1-Block digram of power meter reading using GSM

2.2 Pic 16F873

PIC (Peripheral interface controller) is the IC while was eveloped to control the

peripheral device, dispersing the function of the main CPU. PIC has the calculation function

and the memory like the CPU and is controlled by the software. However the throughput, the

memory capacity isnt big. It depends on kind of PIC but the maximum operation clock

frequency is about 20MHZ and the memory capacity to write the program is about 1K to 4K

words. The clock frequency is related with the speed to read the program and to execute the

instruction. Only at the clock frequency, the throughput cannot be judged. It changes with thearchitecture in the processing parts for same architecture; the one with the higher clock


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frequency is higher about the throughput.Followingfigure shows the pin digram of 16F873

microcontroller.There are 28 pins for this microcontroller.

Fig2.2-pin diagram of 16F873 microcontroller

2.3 16 x 2 LCD Display

HD44780 based LCD displays are very popular among hobbyists because they arecheap and they can display characters. Besides they are very easy to interface with

microcontrollers and most of the present day high-level compilers have in-built library

routines for them. The interface requires 6 I/O lines of the microcontroller: 4 data lines and 2control lines.

Control pinsThe control pin RS determines if the data transfer between the LCD module and an

external microcontroller are actual character data or command/status. When the

microcontroller needs to send commands to LCD or to read the LCD status, it must be pulled

low. Similarly, this must be pulled high if character data is to be sent to and from the LCD

module.

Fig2.3 - LCD Display


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The direction of data transfer is controlled by the R/W pin. If it is pulled Low, the

commands or character data is written to the LCD module. And, when it is pulled high, the

character data or status informationfrom the LCD registers is read. Here, we will use one way

data transfer, i.e., from microcontroller to LCD module, so the R/W pin will be grounded

permanently.The enable pin (E) initiates the actual data transfer. When writing to the LCD

display, the data is transferred only on the high to low transition of the E pin.

2.4 LCD INTERFACEThe dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays alphanumeric,

characters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dot-matrix liquid crystal display

under the control of a 4 or 8-bit microprocessor. Since all the functions such as display RAM,

character generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for driving a dot-matrix liquid crystal

display are internally provided on one chip, a minimal system can be interfaced with this

controller/driver. A single HD44780U can display up to two 8-character lines (16 x 2).

Fig2.4 - LCD interface

A LCD module, to display the information. Micro controllers send the data signals

through Pin 11 through 18 (RC0 RC3) and control signal through 4, 6 and 7 of the micro

controller. Pin no 3 of the LCD is used to control the contrast by using preset PR1.

2.5 Opto CouplerIn electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an opto-coupler, photo-coupler, or optical

isolator, is "an electronic device designed to transfer electrical signals by utilizing light wavesto provide coupling with electrical isolation between its input and output. The main purpose

of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high voltages or rapidly changing voltages on one side of

the circuit from damaging components or distorting transmissions on the other side.

Inelectronics,an opto-isolator, also called an opto coupler, photo coupler, or optical

isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using

light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal.

Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10kV and

voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/s.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an

LED and a phototransistor in the same package. Opto-isolators are usually used for

transmission of digital (on/off) signals, but some techniques allow use with analog

(proportional) signals.
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Fig2.5opto-coupler

2.6 GSM ModemThe GSM Modem will accept serial data from the micro controller at any time. The

signal ground is connected to the circuit ground and the remaining signals are sent to the

micro controller. The communication between the micro controller and the GSM Modem

requires an RS-232 interface which serves to convert the CMOS TTL output voltage of the

micro controller (0-5 volt) into a voltage of+/- 12 volt. The converter uses the MAX232

converter IC.

A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates ananalogcarrier signal

to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the

transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and

decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with any means of

transmitting analog signals, fromlight emitting diodes toradio.The most familiar example is

a voice band modem that turns the digital data of a personal computer into modulated

electrical signals in thevoice frequency range of a telephone channel. These signals can be

transmitted over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to

recover the digital data.

Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a givenunit

of time, usually expressed in bits per second (bit/s, or bps), or bytes per second (B/s).

Modems can alternatively be classified by theirsymbol rate,measured inbaud.The baud unit

denotes symbols per second, or the number of times per second the modem sends a new

signal. For example, the ITU V.21 standard used audio frequency shift keying with two

possible frequencies corresponding to two distinct symbols (or one bit per symbol), to carry300 bits per second using 300 baud. By contrast, the original ITU V.22 standard, which could

transmit and receive four distinct symbols (two bits per symbol), handled 1,200 bit/s by

sending 600 symbols per second (600 baud) usingphase shift keying.
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Fig2.6 - Modem

2.7 RelayIt closes the voltage less point of contact while the remote control works to control the

equipment outside. The relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through acoil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is

attached to a switch. So the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controlled by the current

flowing to the coil, or not, respectively. A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used

to electrically isolate different parts of a circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g.

5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit (e.g. 230 VAC or more). The relay

operates mechanically, so it cannot operate at high speed.

Fig2.7 - Relay

2.8 Crystal oscillatorA crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise

frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz

wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize

frequencies for radio transmitters/receivers.The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so

oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators, but other

piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz tohundreds of megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are
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used for consumer devices such aswristwatches,clocks,radios,computers,andcellphones.

Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters,

signal generators,andoscilloscope

Fig2.8 - Crystal oscillator

2.9 TransformerA transformer is a four-terminal device that transforms an alternating current (AC)

input voltage into a higher or lower AC output voltage. Transformers are not designed to

raise or lower direct current (DC) voltages. A transformer is composed of electrical

equipment designed to transfer energy byinductive couplingbetween its winding circuits. A

typical transformer has two or more coils that share a common laminated iron core. One ofthe coils is referred to as the primary (containing Npturns), while the other coil is called the

secondary (containing NS turns). A varyingcurrent in the primary winding creates a

varyingmagnetic flux in the transformer'score and thus a varying magnetic flux through the

secondary winding. This varying magnetic fluxinduces a varyingelectromotive force (emf)

orvoltage in the secondary winding. Transformers can be used to vary the relative voltage of

circuits orisolate them, or both.

Fig2.9-Transformer
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2.10 DiodeIn electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric

conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high

(ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type

today, is acrystallinepiece ofsemiconductor material with apn junction connected to two

electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes,aplate (anode) and a heated

cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The

discovery of crystals'rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in

1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes,developed around 1906,

were made of mineral crystals such as galena.Today most diodes are made of silicon,but

othersemiconductors such asselenium orgermanium are sometimes used

Fig 2.10Diode

2.11 CapacitorA capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical

component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.The forms of practical

capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by adielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated

by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts ofelectrical circuits in

many common electrical devices.

When there is apotential difference across the conductors, anelectric field develops

across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on

the other plate.Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized

by a single constant value, capacitance. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each

conductor to the potential difference between them. TheSI unit of capacitance is the farad,

which is equal to onecoulombpervolt.

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of

conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates, referring to an early means ofconstruction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage

current and also has an electric field strength limit, thebreakdown voltage.The conductors

andleads introduce an undesiredinductance andresistance.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while

allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of

power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric

power transmission systems they stabilize voltage and power flow.
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Fig2.11 - capacitor

2.12 Full-wave rectificationA full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant

polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of

the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output

voltage. Two diodes and acenter tappedtransformer,or four diodes in abridge configuration

and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.[3]Single

semiconductor diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-

diode bridges, are manufactured as single components.

Fig 2.12 Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes

2.13 RS-232 InterfaceIn telecommunications,RS-232 is the traditional name for a series of standards for

serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between DTE (data terminal

equipment) and DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data

communication equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard

defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the

physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F

Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.

An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of apersonal computer,used forconnections to modems,printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, andother peripheral devices. However, the low transmission speed, large voltage swing, and large

standard connectors motivated development of theUniversal Serial Bus,which has displaced

RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many modern personal computers have no

RS-232 ports and must use either an external USB-to-RS-232 converter or an internal

expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS-232 peripherals. RS-232

devices are still found, especially in industrial machines, networking equipment, and

scientific instruments.

Fig2.13-ADB-25 connector as described in the RS-232 standard
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Pin Signal Pin Signal

1 Data Carrier Detect 6 Data Set Ready2 Received Data 7 Request To Send

3 Transmitted Data 8 Clear To Send

4 Data Terminal Reedy 9 Ring Indicator

5 Signal Ground

Table-RS232 interface Pins


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Chapter3

Design And Working

3.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig3.1-circuit diagram of automatic power meter reading using GSM

The fig3.1 shows the how we are connecting the devices with the microcontroller

pins.In this figure the microcontroller pin no.21 that is RBO/INT is connected to the opto-

coupler.pin no.22 that is RB1 is connected to the relay driver for the purpose of ON/OFF

switching.The pin no.17 and 18 that is RX and TX is connected to the GSM modem for the

purpose of transmit and receive purpose.The pin no.11 to 16 is connected to the LCD for the

display purpose.The LCD display consist of three control pins. Also in figure the power

supply is used required for the above circuitary diagram. It consist of 12volt and 5volt power

supply.


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Fig3.2- shows connection setup between GSM modem and meter.


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Chapter 4

Integrated Development Environment

4.1 PBP (PIC Basic Pro)

Micro Code Studio is a powerful, visual Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

withIn Circuit Debugging (ICD) capability designed specifically for micro Engineering Labs

PIC Basic PRO compiler. The code explorer allows you to automatically jump to include

files, defines, constants, variables, aliases and modifiers, symbols and labels that are

contained within your source code. It's easy to set up your compiler, assembler and

programmer options or you can let Micro Code Studio do it for you with its built in auto

search feature. Compilation and assembler errors can easily be identified and corrected using

the error results window. Micro Code Studio even comes with a serial communications

window.

TheIn Circuit Debugger (ICD), enables you to execute a PIC Basic Program on a host

PIC micro controller and view variable values, Special Function Registers (SFR), memoryand EEPROM as the program is executing. You can toggle multiple breakpoints and step

through your PIC Basic code line by line. The graphical interface is built on micro

Engineering Labs debug architecture, which is both efficient and robust.

Micro Code Studio is an easy to use code editor for micro Engineering Labs PIC

Basic compilers. The main editor provides fullsyntax highlighting of your code with context

sensitive keyword help and syntax hints. The code explorer allows you to automatically

jump toinclude files,defines,constants,variables,aliases and modifiers,symbols andlabels

that are contained within your source code. Full cut, copy, paste and undo is provided,

together with search and replace features. Its easy to set up your compiler, assembler and

programmer options or you can let Micro Code Studio do it for you with its built in auto

search feature. Compilation and assembler errors can easily be identified and corrected using

the error results window. Micro Code Studio even comes with a serial communications

window,allowing you to debug and view serial output from your micro controller.

Micro Code Studio also has anIn Circuit Debugger (ICD), enabling you to execute a

PIC Basic Program on a host PIC micro controller and view variable values, Special Function

Registers (SFR), memory and EEPROM as the program is executing. You can toggle

multiple breakpoints and step through your PIC Basic code line by line. The graphical

interface is built on micro Engineering Labs debug architecture, which is both efficient and

robust.

4.2 PIC Kit3Microchip has gone on to manufacture the PICkit 3, a variation of the PICkit 2 with

the same form factor and a new translucent case. It features a faster 16-bit PIC24F processor

and a wider voltage regulation range. There are some complaints of it not being as reliable as

the Pickit 2.

Both PICkit 2 and PICkit 3 have internal, switch-mode voltage regulators. This allows

them, in the case of the PICkit 2, to generate voltages from 2.5 to 5 volts, or in the case of thePICkit 3, 2.5 to 5.5 volts, from 5V USB, at around 100mA. Both have options for calibrating

the output with a multimeter, for increased accuracy. Additionally, for some PICs, the MCLR

programming voltage can be generated, at around 13-14 volts. This voltage is required to

reprogram the flash memory.


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Fig4.1-PIC Kit3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PICKit3.jpg


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Chapter 5

Implementation


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5.1 Operation 1Sending sms ##1 to Automatic power meter reading system. Status of relay is ON

Fig 5.1 - sending sms ##1 to Automatic power meter reading system. Status of relay is ON


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5.2 Operation 2Sending sms ##2 to Automatic powermeter reading system. Status of relay is OFF

Fig5.2 - sending sms ##2 to Automatic power meter reading system. Status of relay is OFF


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5.3 Operation 3Sending sms ##3 to Automatic power meter reading system. Gives reply status of meter

reading to the mobile.

Fig 5.3 - Sending sms ##3 to Automatic power meter readingsystem. Gives reply status of

meter reading to the mobile.


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Chapter 6

Applications,Advantages and Disadvantages

6.1 Applications

Prepaid Electricity meter Water supply meter LPG gas pipeline Net metering

6.2 Advantages

Accurate meter reading , no more estimates. Improve billing. Accurate measurement classes,true cost applied. Less financial burden correcting mistakes Transparency of cost to readmetering. Improved security. No need trained people to operate this. Reduces human work.

6.3 Disadvantages

Meter readers losing their jobs Loss of privacy details of use reval information about user.


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ConclusionHence we conclude that the design and development of GSM power meter to

demonstrate the concept of wireless power metering and distribution control using GSM

network technology has been proved. with the development and implementation of GSMpower meter together with utilization of available GSM reading distribution control and

making fast billing system, accurate, effective and reduction of labor cost of operation.

Hence we are constructing the Automatic Power meter reading using GSM System.


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REFRENCES

Automatic power meter reading using GSM network by H.G. Rodney Tan ,IEEE , C.H.Lee and V.H. Mok ,IEEE

International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)www.ijera.com June-July 2012.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading http://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-

meters.aspx

S. Mohamed HajialiMaraicayar, G. Mohamed Riyaz , P.Mohan, "Digital EnergyMeterUsing GSM", SRM University, 2008

Huibin sui, Honghong Wang, Ming-Shun Lu and Wei-Jen Lee 2009. An AMI Systemfor the Deregulated electricity Markets. IEEE Transaction on Industry Application.

Yong Hoon Lim, Moon Suk Chai, Jong Mock Baek,Sang-Yeom Lee 2011. An EfficientHome Energy Management System Based on Automatic Meter Reading. IEEE

International Symposium on Power Line Communication and Its Applications, pp: 479-

484.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_meter_readinghttp://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspxhttp://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspxhttp://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspxhttp://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspxhttp://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspxhttp://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspxhttp://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading

report for automatic power meter reading using gsm

Documents

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automatic power meter

energy meter

traditional meter

meter readings

houseselectricity power

data input

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