1

Monitoring of electoral campaigning on social media – Tunisia

Report I

Reporting Period: 15 May – 15 July 2019

This report was created with the financial support of the German Federal Foreign Office and the technical support of Democracy Reporting International. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of ATIDE and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the German Federal Foreign Office or Democracy Reporting International.

2

Key findings:

Several Tunisian Facebook pages with large audiences have recently become increasingly engaged in political messaging. When listing a sample of 291 such Facebook pages that show a high political engagement, it appeared that 40% of them lack transparency regarding their affiliation, belonging or purpose. Typically, they present themselves as entertainment or satirical pages, without any declared political leaning or affiliation, but their consistent posting and sponsoring of political messages shows a clear political intent. These unofficial political pages tend to share more negative content and to use more polarizing language than pages openly affiliated to a political party. Over the period covered by this report, the activity of such unofficial pages gradually increased, while the activity level of official political pages remained constant. In the sample surveyed, the unofficial pages produced two thirds of all political messaging generated by non-media related Facebook pages.

We also detected patterns of sharing of identical political content between pages, suggesting either networks of pages operated by a single administrator or some other form of coordinated action. The pages belonging to these networks do not state their political purpose. Messages shared by these networks tend also to be more negative than messages shared by official political pages.

All of this shows a lack of transparency. A large part of the political campaigning that takes place on Facebook (Tunisian voters’ main source of electoral information), is conducted by undeclared political actors, undetected by monitoring bodies such as the Independent High Authority for Elections (Instance supérieure indépendante pour les élections – ISIE) ISIE or the High Independent Authority of the Audiovisual Commission (Haute Autorité Indépendante de la Communication Audiovisuelle – HAICA). This includes sponsored messaging, which raises the question of who funds this hidden campaigning.

1. General context:

Social media platforms evolved remarkably during the last 9 years and have become an essential space of public and semi-public discourse1. They are used in Tunisia as a tool to engage and share news about demonstrations and political on-goings in the different governorates that mainstream media do not always report on. This made Facebook “the People and the Revolution’ Media” that helped to end the reign of Ben Ali, January 14th, 20112. Since that day, social media, and Facebook in particular, won more credibility among citizens to become the number one source of information for Tunisian citizens3.

However, the last few years have also shown some of the risks that are present in social media. The low barriers to participation have been used throughout the world by various actors attempting to undermine electoral integrity by spreading disinformation, intimidating

1 https://news.barralaman.tn/publication-declarations-patrimoine-3-pays-3-continents/ 2https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/03/14/en-tunisie-la-premiere-revolution-facebook-entre-aux-archives-nationales_5094323_3212.html 3During the 2018 municipal elections campaign, Facebook was the Tunisians’ leading source of information (41%, against 19% for TV). https://news.barralaman.tn/sondage-tunisiens-confiance-medias-fr/

3

stakeholders and suppressing free speech. In several countries, Democracy Reporting International (DRI) has been working on methods to monitor in real-time and to understand how debates take place on social media and what rules may apply.

In Tunisia, the Association Tunisienne pour l'Intégrité et la Démocratie des Elections (ATIDE) and DRI entered into a partnership for the duration of the electoral campaign and pre-campaign periods of 2019, to assist ATIDE with its electoral observation mandate and to expand its capacity to monitor how the campaigns evolve on social media. Under this partnership, DRI assists with the methodology and with the data extraction and processing, while ATIDE provides analysis and interpretation.

The questions that ATIDE focuses on under this project are:

• What is the level of negative campaigning?4

• Is there a disconnect between the official Facebook pages of political actors and the unofficial ones, suggesting that political actors and their supporters hold a different discourse when they are not speaking under their own name?

• What types of messages elicit most reactions?

• Are there coordinated attempts to manipulate or polarize opinion?

• How are political actors using sponsored messages to target potential voters?

This report covers the period from May 15th, 2019 to July 15th, 2019. The monitoring continues during the whole process of the presidential and legislative elections and further reports will be produced.

2. Methodology:

This report covers the activity of 291 Facebook pages that shared “political content – posts” between May 15th, 2019 and July 15th, 2019.

Steps taken:

● Pre-monitoring: since March 2019, 6 months before the anticipated elections, our data analysts started monitoring the activity of Tunisian political figures’ Facebook pages, through normal daily use of Facebook, to identify the different stakeholders on the platform active in political messaging, document the language and key words used and to understand the behaviour of their pages.

● Mapping the political content creators: based on the pre-monitoring process results, we established the criteria for selecting the pages to be observed. The main criteria are identifiable political content, regular sharing of political messages and capacity for influence (measured by the number of followers or by the sponsoring of messages). The final list for this report contains 291 Facebook pages (see annex 1)5. We continuously revise this list of pages, because of the dynamic nature of the media ecosystem: as as election approaches, new pages are created, and some are deleted if Facebook identifies

4 We consider negative campaigning to be attempts at disinformation, dissemination of fake news or defamation against candidates 5 This list can evolve. As new pages appear that meet these criteria, they will be added to this number

4

that they are violating the code of conduct. Future reports will provide an updated list of pages monitored by the project.

● Data collection: Most of the information needed was collected manually via NETVIZZ6; an app used to extract raw data from Facebook (see annex 3) (primary data, all the collected data from the resources, before filtering), manually, from each page aside for a limited period. 52512 posts were collected/extracted using Netvizz. We set aside posts generated by media pages and analysed the remaining 29329 posts for their political content, using a second application, created by DRI’s technical team of coders specifically for this monitoring. The same application extracts the Textual content. Another application developed by our coders, extracted 12078 pictures from the posts primarily collected.

● Data cleaning: Going through the extracted raw data to ensure the accuracy of the content either manually or programmatically.

● Data vocabulary analysis: Classification of the words employed in the content according to an Arabic/Tunisian Arabic dictionary of words we typed (see annex 2).

● Data analysis: analyse the collected content to paint a clear image of the virtual political atmosphere through: o Analysing the Facebook posts’ textual content to classify the posts into political or not,

link it to the mentioned political figures, sentiment analysis. o Analysing the websites articles for the same classification. o Analysing the collected pictures with Facial Recognition technique to identify political

figures. o Qualitative/quantitative analysis of the posts shared around offline events, which were

online activity peaks during the period covered o Comparing timing and similarities of textual content and pictures between postings to

identify signs of coordinated action and evidence of existing page networks, thanks to an application coded for this purpose.

● Outputs: Starting from the quantitative peaks of content sharing, we link it to offline events to analyse the role of the social media sharing on the impact of the events. Analyse users' reactions towards the content.

Limits encountered: • The Netvizz app is no longer functional since August 23. There are currently no good

alternatives to automatically extract data from Facebook with the same level of granularity. This will limit our capacity to analyse message content and interaction automatically. We will compensate this by resorting increasingly to manual observation and extraction in future reports.

• Content analysis relies on a glossary of keywords. The words used are from the Tunisian dialect, which has no fixed written form. This means that the same word will be used by different users with different spellings (including transliteration in the roman alphabet and

6 https://dighumlab.org/netvizz-for-facebook-data-extraction-and-analysis/

5

in “Codeswitching7 Franco-Arabic chat alphabet”). We tried to capture all spelling occurrences of keywords but cannot ensure this was exhaustive (see Annex 2)

• Influential Facebook pages were identified through observation: following large accounts,

exploring suggested links and sponsored political ads. By doing this since March 2019, we believe that we have captured most actors who actively reach out to Facebook users. It is possible that some pages that do not advertise messages, that have very recently been created or are not captured by Facebook’s “pages you might like” algorithm may have escaped our observation.

A detailed analysis of sponsored messages requires full access to Facebook’s Ads library, which Facebook had granted to no one during the period covered. 3. Political discourse on social media

A. Social media platforms in Tunisia – an opportunity for political use:

Tunisia has 7.48 million active Facebook users.

Like many social media platforms, Facebook is an open tool for freedom of speech for individuals and wider outreach for groups and causes, without any need for an intermediate or a privileged access to mainstream traditional media outlets. Political actors can directly

7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching 8 https://napoleoncat.com/stats/facebook-users-in-tunisia/2019/01

6

interact with the users of Facebook. This provides the political parties with the opportunity to promote their ideas on social media to a growing audience and expand their influence.

Political parties invested in developing their outreach on social media platforms through creating pages, groups, and online communities that share a politically influential content. Since it became an inescapable platform to shape public opinion, Facebook is deliberately used by political parties and other stakeholders as a primary channel for political communication. This represents a strategic choice by political stakeholders especially during election period.

Example of a technical assistance activity for the social media team of a political party 9 (This post was shared on the official page of Afek Tounes, displaying a training for tens of young partisans and their social media

communication team)

B. Political content creators:

While scrolling their timeline, a random Tunisian Facebook user gets different types of content: entertaining (funny videos, written jokes, memes), informative (news, educational), rumours and political. The political posts come in different types depending of the source (political party/candidate) and the resources: personal pages of political figures/activists, political parties, NGOs, media outlets.

By observing such political messaging on Facebook since March 2019, we selected a sample of 291 Facebook pages, which can be categorised as follows:

9 https://www.facebook.com/afek.tounes.pageofficielle/posts/2905812459557749 https://www.facebook.com/afek.tounes.pageofficielle/posts/2905796796225982

7

• Official: the pages that are clearly aligned with or supportive of a political party or candidate. This can be deducted from their declared purpose, their verified status (where applicable), their name, their stated affiliation, or their communication. The transparency information by Facebook also gives more insights about the pages (old names, admins locations, creation date).

• Media: the pages belong to different media outlets (TV channels, Radios, Journals, e-magazines).

• Unofficial: the pages that appear to share regularly consistent political messages and to sponsor political ads, although their stated purpose is not political. Typically, they present themselves as entertainment or satirical pages, whose declared administrators show no discernible link to political actors. It is an important and unexpected finding of this report that, when building a sample of Facebook’s most influential / active political pages, the largest group is one of pages that have no ostensible purpose of discussing political issues. Those are also pages that do not appear on the radars of monitoring bodies such as HAICA or ISIE.

• Ministries & Institutions: the pages belonging to different ministries, constitutional institutions and governmental institutions.

All these pages, regardless of the category they belong to, shared political content during the monitoring period.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

unofficial media official ministry &organizations

unofficial media official ministry & organizations

8

Examples of entertainment pages sharing sponsored political content 101112

Text: People wonder: why is Sami Fehri doing everything he can to defend Nabil Karoui, when they used to be fierce enemies? Text: Chahed is pretending to be integrous. He resigned from his post as prime minister, leaving it to Kamel Morjen, who is actually the

president of the national council of his party. Poor Tunisia

C. Unofficial social media political accounts in Tunisia:

One would expect influential political messaging on Facebook to be mostly produced by media and by pages with a declared political agenda. However, we observed that one group of new Facebook actors has become increasingly politically active as elections get closer: the unofficial pages mentioned above, who shared 38.5% of all political messages collected under

10 https://www.facebook.com/IllegalStreetMoto 11 https://www.facebook.com/Edhhak.BeTounSi/ 12 https://www.facebook.com/AntiPopulisme/

9

this report. The graph below, which follows the sharing of political content by types of pages, illustrates this trend. Media pages become more active as elections approach, which is to be expected. But it is more surprising that the other category that picks up is the group of pages that do not have a declared political affiliation or purpose, while official political pages seem to remain constant in their activity level.

The growth of shared content by the different types of pages (x: date, y: number of posts)

Given their high numbers of followers, these unofficial pages have the potential to be influential political messengers: In contrast to official social media outlets, such unofficial channels can offer the opportunity for political actors to communicate freely without reservations while not being held accountable for their discourse, since there is no proof that they belong to these political stakeholders. As unofficial pages do not have a verified status, it is impossible to figure out who is behind them. We do not know whether they are simply run by individuals whose high political conscience dictates that they must get involved during an electoral period or whether there is a strategy behind the creation or the political use of such pages. In any case, it is worrying that a high level of political messaging, including paid-for messaging, is carried out on Tunisia’s most used social platform in an opaque manner, by unknown actors, below the radar of Tunisia’s electoral monitoring bodies.

This is even more worrying as keyword analysis showed the content of their messages to be on average more negative than the messages shared by official political pages.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

15/5 22/5 29/5 5/6 12/6 19/6 26/6 3/7 10/7

Media official

unofficial Ministeres & Organisations

Linear (official) Linear (unofficial)

10

Word cloud of the negative words mentioned in unofficial pages. Many insults, nicknames, shaming words show up in this cloud of words (buffoon, poor, dog, coup d’état, mercenary, treason, accusations, disaster, the brotherhood)

Word cloud of the used negative word in official pages Negative words are fewer and less insulting (defamation, misuse, shame, corruption, disaster)

D. : Page networks

After collecting, filtering and analysing the data of the unofficial pages, it became apparent that several similar posts were being shared on many pages in close timing. This suggests a possible coordination between the administrators of these pages or that the pages might even belong to the same owner. DRI established the term “page network” to describe these groups of pages sharing similar content within a certain time period.

To rule out any coincidence, DRI’s coders created an application to explore this phenomenon. The application analyses the content of all the 52512 posts, by comparing the textual content and the pictures shared with (facial recognition technique was used for this process).

Example of 3 different pages sharing/sponsoring the same content (shared video with the same text description)

The results were taken into consideration only if:

- The pictures are 98% identical - The textual content is 70% identical - There is a pattern of sharing repeated posts across the same group (at least 2 posts) - The network contains at least 6 identified members - The period of sharing between posts is less than 8 hours13

What we found:

13 This may seem like a long period for network posting. Discussions with administrators of page networks showed however that they tend to stagger posting between their network pages over time. Their pages tend to share fans and they want to avoid “spamming” the fans’ timelines with similar or identical posts from different sources. The criterion of a repeated pattern of sharing across the same group of pages allows us to eliminate cases of coincidental re-sharing.

11

• Page networks are only made up of unofficial pages. Like non-networked unofficial pages, they tend to share content of a more negative nature.

• We identified at least 13 page-networks, with the biggest network containing 24 pages, while the other networks are made up of 6 to 16 pages

• Some networks are interlinked. A message will be shared by a page to its network, then will be picked up and reshared by a page that acts as the mother-page of another network.

This is what the networks of Facebook pages look like in the coders screen

Every red dot is a Facebook page, every black line between 2 dots is a similar shared content. The thicker the line, the more posts have been shared between dots

Notice the dots in the corners sharing more than 10-15 posts with other pages.

The figure above illustrates the complexity of links, sharing and cross-sharing of messages between page networks. This first report merely shows the reality of this phenomenon, which is a complex one that needs further investigation to better understand behaviour, purpose, triggers (what activates a network). This will be the subject of our future reporting, focusing on the larger networks.

E. Review of some prominent events and political figures mentioned on Facebook

From 15 May 2019 to 15 July 2019, the pages on the monitoring sample list shared 52512 posts. 29329 posts were generated by non-media pages. 42,7% of these posts had a political content.

One can observe a continuous growth of the number of shared posts per day, with some peaks mostly apparent in the unofficial political pages and the media outlets Facebook pages.

12

Weekly growth of the number of shared contents of the unofficial pages

Looking at the unofficial pages, we notice 4 peaks in messaging. Here are the most used words during these peaks and the events they refer to:

- June 15th, 2019: Attesiaa TV Channel, Sami Fehri, Youssef Chahed, Nabil Karoui News were shared Sami Fehri, owner of Al Hiwar Attounsi TV channel, buying important shares of Attessia TV channel (one of its rivals) from a businessman and deputy, Ridha Charfeddine.14 A voting intentions’ survey results showed Nabil Karoui is the most favoured to win the presidential elections.15

- June 27th, 2019: Beji Caid Sebsi, Youssef Chahed, Charles de Gaulle street, Quick healing, the parliament The president Beji Caid Sebsi got sick and was rumoured to be dead.16 Questions about the post Beji Caid Sebsi era and the fate of Tunisia. A serial of terrorist bombings in Tunis, starting in Charles de Gaulle street17

- July 2nd, 2019: Beji Caid Sebsi, terrorist, Aymen Smiri. The official Facebook page of the presidency shared an announcement about the stable health situation of the president Beji Caid Sebsi and a first public report by the ministry of interior affairs shared the name of the terrorist responsible for one of the attacks in Tunis; June 27th, 2019, Aymen Smiri

- July 9th, 2019: Nabil Karoui, Rene Trabelsi, Mehdi Jomaa, Youssef Chahed The results of an opinions’ survey about the voter intentions for the coming elections were shared and hey included some potential names for political figures like Mehdi Jomaa and Youssef Chahed, but surprisingly the names of Nabil Karoui and the minister of tourism Rene Trabelsi.

Main political figures:

The 5 most mentioned political figures on social media were:

Unofficial FB pages Media outlet FB pages - Youssef Chahed: 1588 posts - Rached Ghannouchi: 748 posts - Nabil Karoui: 641 posts - Beji Caid Sebsi: 596 posts - Mehdi Jomaa: 453 posts

- Youssef Chahed: 1239 articles - Rached Ghannouchi: 783 articles - Nabil Karoui: 686 articles - Beji Caid Sebsi: 509 articles

14 https://www.shorturl.at/cpsE8 15 https://www.shorturl.at/fknNX 16https://www.shorturl.at/OQV57 17https://www.shorturl.at/kGJSV

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

15/5 22/5 29/5 5/6 12/6 19/6 26/6 3/7 10/7

13

The top four most mentioned politicians are the same in media pages as in unofficial pages. One can however wonder how Mehdi Jomaa, who hardly registers in media pages, became the 5th most-mentioned politician in unofficial Facebook pages. One can notice also that his name was the most associated with negative content (see word cloud below).

Word cloud of the most used political words in negative posts in the unofficial Facebook pages

Most appearing words: Mehdi Jomaa, Nabil Karoui, Prime minister, Tunisia, Youssef Chahed

The highest peaks are linked to the President’s health news. The second highest peaks belong to Youssef Chahed’s profile, which is not surprising given his prominent political role as head of government. It is interesting to look at the third most mentioned profile, Nabil Karoui, who suddenly appears with a mention of his electoral prospects in a poll and from then on remains consistently in the news.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 4 / 5 2 4 / 5 3 / 6 1 3 / 6 2 3 / 6 3 / 7 1 3 / 7

NUMBER OF FACEBOOK POSTS IN UNOFFICIAL PAGES PER POLITICAL F IGURE

Youssef chahed Rached Ghannouchi Nabil Karoui

Beji Caied Sebsi Mehdi Jomaa

14

● June 13th, 2019: an electoral opinions survey result shows Nabil Karoui is ranked 1st in voters’ intentions18

● June 18th, 2019: the parliament approves an electoral law modification which is suspected by many to aim to “ban Nabil Karoui from the elections”19

● July 2nd, 2019: Nabil Karoui is very active with quotes and political activity20 ● July 8th, 2019: the jurisdictional economic pole decides to freeze Nabil Karoui’s assets

and ban him from traveling 21 Rumour of the President’s death:

Since the beginning of the monitoring process, the name of Beji Caid Sebsi was nearly non-existent on Facebook, until his health required visits to the military hospital (1st in June 22nd, 2019, 2nd in June 27th, 2019). A rumour of his death even circulated on June 27th, 2019. Noticeably, this rumour was only shared by unofficial pages. This shows also that, contrary to official pages, unofficial pages do not demonstrate the same restraint in disseminating rumours and suggests that they may easily become active channels for fake news.

22 23 Examples of unofficial pages sharing the rumour of the president’s death, June 27th, 2019

The official announcement about Beji Caid Sebsi recovering from his last health issues, July 1st, 2019

18 https://www.mosaiquefm.net/ar//559696/ ع�ة- والرئاس�ة� ي -الت�ش

س�غما -نب�ل-القروي-يتصد- ر-نوا�ا- التص��ت-�ف19https://www.shorturl.at/cfuxX 20https://www.shorturl.at/aswI8 21 https://www.shorturl.at/arA37 22 https://fr-fr.facebook.com/Ibtassem.enta.fi.tounes/ 23 https://www.facebook.com/Tounes.Meskina/

15

This rumour ended when the official Facebook page of the presidency later shared a video of the president signing a presidential order to call the Tunisian citizens to vote, July 4th, 2019.

4. Conclusion

Since 2011, ATIDE contributed with its efforts of monitoring the electoral process and all of its regulations and updates, in improving the elections to international standards.

While monitoring the elections in 2014, we noticed a legislative lack of regulations concerning the political advertising during the electoral periods on social media platforms.

The Tunisian law mentioned the electronic outlets use during the electoral campaign and its financing regulations in the articles 59, 66,67 and 68. Also the articles 52, 56, 57, 65, 80 and 81 apply on them, but they were never clear or mentioning the social media platforms exactly.

This collaboration between ATIDE and DRI, through the monitoring from May 15th, 2019 to July 15th, 2019, permitted the exploration of Facebook’s Tunisian user experience. We noticed how important is Facebook for the political stakeholders and political parties.

Here are our main observations:

• We wonder about the growth in number of political posts, as we approach electoral periods, in some Facebook pages with no clear political affiliation, especially that these pages have an important number of fans/followers (sometimes over 100K).

• The unofficial Facebook pages have an important part of the political content on the platform. This is alarming considering the needed transparency for the electoral campaigns financing, especially that many of these pages are sponsoring their content with money. This is an extra effort for a claiming to be non-political Facebook page, and makes us ask questions about the money behind them.

• The communication techniques, tools and words differ clearly between the official and unofficial pages, who behave openly with no political-correctness limitations. This opens the door for an open unhealthy exchange of comments, defamation campaigns, hate and accusations.

In the coming report, based on the findings of this report, we will dig deeper in the page networks, trying also to monitor and intercept any negative behaviour which could potentially harm the electoral process.

16

Annex 1 FB pages analysed :

https://www.facebook.com/NidaaTounes.org/ https://www.facebook.com/9albTounes.AuCoeurDeLaTunisie/ https://www.facebook.com/Nahda.Tunisia/ https://www.facebook.com/alirada.tn https://www.facebook.com/tahyatounes.tn/ https://www.facebook.com/Jabha.Tunisie/ https://www.facebook.com/Machrou3ouna/ https://www.facebook.com/7arakcha3belmouatinin/ https://www.facebook.com/Attayar.page.officielle/ https://www.facebook.com/afek.tounes.pageofficielle https://www.facebook.com/Mahabba.Officiel/ https://www.facebook.com/Binaa.Officielle https://www.facebook.com/uplvivelatunisie https://www.facebook.com/AlbadilEttounsi/ https://www.facebook.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-Parti-Destourien-Libre-PDL-586691098029598/ https://www.facebook.com/beniwatani/ https://www.facebook.com/amaltounes.officielle https://www.facebook.com/100141364668825-قلب-تونس-أسود-الوطن/? https://www.facebook.com/KaisSaiedfanpage https://www.facebook.com/safisaidfanpage https://www.facebook.com/SofienBennaceurTunisie/ https://www.facebook.com/Nabil.Karoui.Officiel/ https://www.facebook.com/makseif.page/ https://www.facebook.com/460805244058645-حمة-الھمامي-رئیس-الجمھوریة-التونسیة/ https://www.facebook.com/makseif.page https://www.facebook.com/ridhabelhadjht/ https://www.facebook.com/M.Hamadi.Jebali/ https://www.facebook.com/Abidbrikioff/ https://www.facebook.com/fadhel.moussa.anc/ https://www.facebook.com/FadhelMoussa2019/ https://www.facebook.com/yassine.ayari.page.officielle/ https://www.facebook.com/BejiCEOfficial/ https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Marzouki.Moncef https://www.facebook.com/Youssefchahedofficiel https://www.facebook.com/AmorMansour.HDL/ https://www.facebook.com/Hamma.Hammami.Officiel/ https://www.facebook.com/Abir-Moussi-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D4%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%88%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1-1967823173521555/ https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi https://www.facebook.com/zitounlotfi https://www.facebook.com/Mr.Noureddine.Bhiri https://www.facebook.com/Maitre.Mourou https://www.facebook.com/khadminoureddine https://www.facebook.com/Mr.Ali.Laaridh https://www.facebook.com/Mehrzia.Labidi https://www.facebook.com/Hela-hammi- الحامي-ھالة -1205232182825559/ https://www.facebook.com/anouar.maarouf.tn/ https://www.facebook.com/mohamedfrikha22 https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Rafik.Abdessalem/ https://www.facebook.com/ridha.saidi.officiel https://www.facebook.com/Maitre.Habib.khedher https://www.facebook.com/politicienne.amel

17

https://www.facebook.com/yamina.zoghlami.officiel/ https://www.facebook.com/Mohamed.ben.salem.officiel/ https://www.facebook.com/abdmeki https://www.facebook.com/Mr.Ajmi.Lourimi https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Hayet/ https://www.facebook.com/abdelkarim.harouni/ https://www.facebook.com/Kalthoum.Badreddine/ https://www.facebook.com/Zied.Ladhari.Officiel/ https://www.facebook.com/Habib.Dababi.tn/ https://www.facebook.com/Hcaidessebsi/ https://www.facebook.com/Soufienne.Toubal/ https://www.facebook.com/onshattabb https://www.facebook.com/MedEnnaceur/ https://www.facebook.com/NejiJaloul/ https://www.facebook.com/Mondher.Zenaidi1/ https://www.facebook.com/Selma.Elloumi/ https://www.facebook.com/M.mehdi.jomaa/ https://www.facebook.com/Elloumi.Faouzi/ https://www.facebook.com/ridhabel7aj https://www.facebook.com/ImedDaimiOfficielle/ https://www.facebook.com/AdnenManser/ https://www.facebook.com/SelimAzzabiOfficiel/ https://www.facebook.com/sabrine.goubantini/ https://www.facebook.com/BenGharbia.Mehdi https://www.facebook.com/BenCheikhSonia/ https://www.facebook.com/Officiel.DrSouhailAlouini/ https://www.facebook.com/Hafedh-Zouari-1396491487311870/ https://www.facebook.com/ جالد-ولید -walid-jalled-648028578556011/ https://www.facebook.com/AMMAR.AMROUSSIA/ https://www.facebook.com/Mongi-Rahoui- الرسمیة-الصفحة -107611849427630/ https://www.facebook.com/MyriamBoujbel/ https://www.facebook.com/KhawlaBenAichaPageOfficielle/ https://www.facebook.com/Officiel.MohsenMarzouk/ https://www.facebook.com/Abbou.Samia/ https://www.facebook.com/Abbou.attayar/ https://www.facebook.com/yassine.brahim.afek/ https://www.facebook.com/WalidSfar/ https://www.facebook.com/RymMahjoub.AfekTounes/ https://www.facebook.com/Abir-Moussi-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D4%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%88%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1-1967823173521555/ https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Mustapha.Ben.Jaafar.OFFICIEL/ https://www.facebook.com/ElyesFakhfakhOfficiel/ https://www.facebook.com/Khelil.Ezzaouia/ https://www.facebook.com/KAMELMORJANE.page/ https://web.facebook.com/AbdelkrimZbidiPR/ https://www.facebook.com/LesAmisDeYoussefCHAHED https://www.facebook.com/ الشاھد-یوسف-شعب -1147016138772506/ https://www.facebook.com/M.Youssef.Chahed/ https://www.facebook.com/Les-gens-de-Youssef-Chahed-332055474259700/ https://www.facebook.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D7%D9%87%D8%AF-2208994065980616/ https://www.facebook.com/yousef.chahed.tunisie/ https://www.facebook.com/TunisianTrollPolitics/ https://www.facebook.com/429004027663201-الحكومة/ https://www.facebook.com/chabebtounsi/ https://www.facebook.com/ جلول-ناجي-أصدقاء -1952185285090509/ https://www.facebook.com/Les-jalloulistes-219290512325974/ https://www.facebook.com/andimanfdh7ek/

18

https://www.facebook.com/tunisiaFm2017/ https://www.facebook.com/mayghaltoukech/ https://www.facebook.com/lepresident.org/ https://www.facebook.com/Tunisna.Fm1 https://www.facebook.com/Tounsi.w.hamdleh https://www.facebook.com/A7la.Jawwww https://www.facebook.com/TunisiaSuccess/ https://www.facebook.com/TunisiaToDayTV1/ https://www.facebook.com/AvantPremiereTn https://www.facebook.com/2424-174509610028829/ https://www.facebook.com/SAFIR.TN https://www.facebook.com/Tn.People/ https://www.facebook.com/Belaid.Hero https://www.facebook.com/monTunis/ https://www.facebook.com/LjntMsandtNdaTwns https://www.facebook.com/A7la.Jawwww/ https://www.facebook.com/tunisiehorra1/ https://www.facebook.com/ للجمھوریة-رئیسا-سعید-قیس-األستاذ-لدعم-الشعبیة-الحملة -2019-487279448449480/ https://www.facebook.com/ نحلم-حقي-من -374520723131884/ https://www.facebook.com/tunliks/ https://www.facebook.com/chabebtunisi/ https://www.facebook.com/thwkrayettounseya/ https://www.facebook.com/bourgibistekh https://www.facebook.com/GhannouchiGhyrRachid/ https://www.facebook.com/5-Minutes-548012048866355/ https://www.facebook.com/15-Minutes-148723289042957/ https://www.facebook.com/Impasse-463125170840834 https://www.facebook.com/El-Boulitique-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%80%D9%83-296932623653807/ https://www.facebook.com/صنادیـــــــد-SNADIDtn-152462464846919/ https://www.facebook.com/Zahrouniyééééét-175362102483331-زھرونیات/ https://www.facebook.com/ االسود-الصندوق -789249058104188/ https://www.facebook.com/Lutte-Anti-Syst%C3%A8me-Tunisie-LAST-343316536310976/ https://www.facebook.com/quarantecinqsecondes/ https://www.facebook.com/Akherkhawar/ https://www.facebook.com/Nes.El.Kef/ https://www.facebook.com/now.tunisia/ https://www.facebook.com/rue.tunisien/ https://www.facebook.com/elwazir.org/ https://www.facebook.com/tunisiatimes.net https://www.facebook.com/a7na.tounes/ https://www.facebook.com/admin.be1/ https://www.facebook.com/si.elpresident/ https://www.facebook.com/JeSuisBardo-930482430337854/ https://www.facebook.com/DetectiveSahelien/ https://www.facebook.com/TunisiaTimes/ https://www.facebook.com/aljedidnews/ https://www.facebook.com/NotreTunisie2 https://www.facebook.com/hypocrites.tn/ https://www.facebook.com/politica.tunisie/ https://www.facebook.com/CarthageFm/ https://www.facebook.com/beweeldbled/ https://www.facebook.com/wled.bled.page.officielle.TN/ https://www.facebook.com/hkayatTN https://www.facebook.com/PageMJo/ https://www.facebook.com/TPAMATUNISIE/ https://www.facebook.com/politiquebelfalagui https://www.facebook.com/almourassel/

19

https://www.facebook.com/Maghrebana.tn/ https://www.facebook.com/mouch.ma39ol/ https://www.facebook.com/deltanewsII.org/ https://www.facebook.com/capbonsecret/ https://www.facebook.com/Ibtassem.enta.fi.tounes/ https://www.facebook.com/kachef.milfet.fesed/ https://www.facebook.com/cha3eb.toundi.el.3adhem/ https://www.facebook.com/Liajlikyakhadra https://www.facebook.com/worldInfo.TN/ https://www.facebook.com/yawmiatmowatenbtozeur/ https://www.facebook.com/TUNI.2019/?ref=page_internal https://www.facebook.com/LesamisdeHammaHammami https://www.facebook.com/Anti-populisme-386586225290097/ https://www.facebook.com/polemisons/ https://www.facebook.com/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-Spahis-26273514508 https://web.facebook.com/Bastaaaaaaaa/ https://web.facebook.com/idership/ https://web.facebook.com/nopassarantn/ https://web.facebook.com/TousAvecNabilKaroui/ https://web.facebook.com/Politica.Tunisienne1/ https://web.facebook.com/Political.Gags.Nawader/ https://web.facebook.com/Political.gags/ https://web.facebook.com/roubin.houd.5/ https://web.facebook.com/klibre/ https://web.facebook.com/Studio.sahel.news/ https://web.facebook.com/Ambiance-Sp%C3%A9cial-Tunisiens-403519706487843/ https://web.facebook.com/www.news24.tn/ https://web.facebook.com/Tunisie-1492372757456897/ https://web.facebook.com/contreATFD/ https://web.facebook.com/faketuni/ https://www.facebook.com/IllegalStreetMoto https://www.facebook.com/Tounes.Meskina/ https://www.facebook.com/Enaeltounsi/ https://www.facebook.com/tounesn7ebouha/ https://www.facebook.com/183435639106064-خلیل-تونس/ https://www.facebook.com/pg/QaneT.eTanbir/ https://www.facebook.com/847160895442307-أخبار-ھنا-تونس/ https://www.facebook.com/economicrealities https://www.facebook.com/Tunisiepolitique2011/ https://web.facebook.com/2022160131130475-2-الشعب-التونسي-یكره-الغنوشي/ https://web.facebook.com/maqalet/ https://web.facebook.com/Ambiance-Spécial-Tunisiens-403519706487843/ https://web.facebook.com/chalbou9/ https://web.facebook.com/ousoudelamneelwatani.CH/ https://www.facebook.com/alhakwalbatel/ https://www.facebook.com/fi.tounesss/ https://www.facebook.com/mou2mra/ https://www.facebook.com/saoutelhakika https://www.facebook.com/tounesaljadida2018/ https://www.facebook.com/tounes.cava/ https://www.facebook.com/Anti-Mahdi-Jomaa-455365655275289/ https://www.facebook.com/11.rak/ https://www.facebook.com/172965099421110-أخبار-تونسنا-الغالیة-الصفحة-الرسمیة/ https://www.facebook.com/a5bar.sari3a/ https://www.facebook.com/471929152847049-عذراً -لسیادة-الرئیس-زین-العابدین-بن-علي/? https://www.facebook.com/ennabarhouni/ https://www.facebook.com/twenssa.radio/ https://www.facebook.com/radiobizerteofficiel/

20

https://www.facebook.com/Tunisien.Intelligent/

Médias :

https://www.facebook.com/mosaiquefm/

https://www.facebook.com/ShemsFm.PageOfficielle/

https://www.facebook.com/EttounsiyaTV/

https://www.facebook.com/DiwanFM/

https://www.facebook.com/CapFm.PageOfficielle/

https://www.facebook.com/RadioExpressFm/

https://www.facebook.com/Radio.JawharaFM/

https://www.facebook.com/BanzartFM/

https://www.facebook.com/sabrafm/

https://www.facebook.com/AttessiaTV/

https://www.facebook.com/nessmatv.tv/

https://www.facebook.com/hannibaltv.com.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/aljanoubiatv.net/

https://www.facebook.com/MTunisia.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/Alinsen.tv/

https://www.facebook.com/assabahnews/

https://www.facebook.com/lapresse.tunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/TVN.Tunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/RadioTunisienne.tn?ref=hl

https://www.facebook.com/pageofficielleRTCI

https://www.facebook.com/zitounatv.official/

https://www.facebook.com/zitounafmofficiel/

https://www.facebook.com/CapFm.PageOfficielle/

https://www.facebook.com/HuffPostTunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/nawaat/

https://www.facebook.com/KapitalisInfo/

https://www.facebook.com/akherkhabaronline/

https://www.facebook.com/Alchourouk/

https://www.facebook.com/aljarida.com.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/babnet/

https://www.facebook.com/Tunigate/

https://www.facebook.com/JournalTunisienTn/

https://www.facebook.com/sada.page.officiel/

https://www.facebook.com/TunisTribune/

https://www.facebook.com/almasdar.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/Zoom.Tunisia/

21

https://www.facebook.com/Arrakmia/

https://www.facebook.com/tuniscopecom/

https://www.facebook.com/journalistesfax/

https://www.facebook.com/achahed.web/

https://www.facebook.com/RadioIfm/

https://www.facebook.com/InkyFada/

https://www.facebook.com/alhadath.Tunis/

https://www.facebook.com/alarabiya.tunis/

https://www.facebook.com/Alchourouk/

https://www.facebook.com/Le-Quotidien-Nouvelle-page-213113198884686/

https://www.facebook.com/alikhbaria/

https://www.facebook.com/Tunisie.Numerique

https://www.facebook.com/Arrakmia/ https://www.facebook.com/Ultra-Tunisia-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-529463630760916/

https://www.facebook.com/RadioNejmaFM/

https://www.facebook.com/Rassd.officiel/

https://www.facebook.com/tuniscopecom/

https://web.facebook.com/BusinessNewsOficiel/

https://web.facebook.com/TelvzaTVOff/

https://www.facebook.com/realites.tn/

Organisations et mouvements :

https://www.facebook.com/Presidence.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/isietn/

https://www.facebook.com/IVDTN/

https://www.facebook.com/HNEC.LY/

https://www.facebook.com/haicatunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/manichmsame7/

https://www.facebook.com/AlKhattOrg/

https://www.facebook.com/MOMTunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/3ichTounsi/

Ministères :

https://www.facebook.com/Presidencedugouvernementtunisien/

https://www.facebook.com/ministere.justice.tunisie/

22

https://www.facebook.com/uic.agrinet/

https://www.facebook.com/defense.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/ministere.interieur.tunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/TunisieDiplo/

https://www.facebook.com/M.AFFAIRES.CULTURELLES/

https://www.facebook.com/mar.gov.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/MinEquip/

https://www.facebook.com/MFTunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/MDICITUNISIE/

https://www.facebook.com/minist.commerce/

https://www.facebook.com/MDEAF.GOV.TN/

https://www.facebook.com/INDUSTRIEPMETN/

https://www.facebook.com/MinALEnv/

https://www.facebook.com/Ministere.education.Tunisie/ https://www.facebook.com/Minist%C3%A8re-de-lEnseignement-Sup%C3%A9rieur-et-de-la-Recherche-Scientifique-356832424371408/

https://www.facebook.com/ministere.jeunesse.sport.tunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/santetunisie.rns.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/infos.social.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/MFPE.GOV.TN/

https://www.facebook.com/MinistereTCEN/

https://www.facebook.com/femme.gov.tn/

https://www.facebook.com/ministere.Tourisme.Tunisie/

https://www.facebook.com/Tunisie.arp/

23

Annex 2 Coding Dictionary

politique=[" المجلس","البرلمان","الباجي","حركة","الفساد","السیاسة","السیاسي","الحكومة","المساواة","الھایكا","الثورة","المدني","الترشح","مترشح","مرشح","مناضل","مناضلي","مناضالت","اإلرھاب","البرلمانیة","برلمانیة","التوافق","توافق","انتخاب"

ستقالة","الشعب","التشریعیة","حزب","القروي","إستقالة","التصویت","تصویت","الغنوشي","ال ,"إنتخاب","المستقلة","مستقلة","ا شاھد","االنتخابات","ترشح","انتخابیة","ائتالف","الھیئة","ھیئة","المرشح","االئتالف","أشرف","القیادي","الترشح","النائب","النھ

ستوریة","قیادة","القیادة","القیادیون","قیادیون","القیادیات","قیادیات","القیادي ضة","السبسي","الترویكا","لإلنتخابات","الثورة","الدیة", ة","قیادئیة","القوانین","القانون","قوانین","سیادة","السیادة","بورقیبة","االتحاد","التیار","الدیمقراطیة","الدیمقراطي","دیمقراط

,"للجبھة","القانون","الرئاسیة","الرئاسي","رئاسي","وزیرة","الدستوري", "وزارة","الوزارة","الجبھة","قانون","مجلس","سیاسي""الدستور","دستور","االنتخابیة","انتخاب","الحزب","لحزب","للحزب","جبھة","النواب","الحركة","األحزاب","أحزاب","الرئیس" [","لالنتخابات

politiqueplus= (includes names of political figures and candidates) [" مھدي جمعة","مھدي طوطال"," لطفيجمعة","مھدي بن جمعة","خلیتلكم تونس امانة","حزب البدیل","الرئیس األسبق للحكومة التونسیة","المجلس","البرلمان","الباجي","حركة","الفساد","السیاسة","السیاسي",

ترشح","مرشح","مناضل","مناضلي","مناضالت","اإلرھاب","البر"الحكومة","المساواة","الھایكا","الثورة","المدني","الترشح","ملمانیة","برلمانیة","التوافق","توافق","انتخاب","إنتخاب","المستقلة","مستقلة","استقالة","الشعب","التشریعیة","حزب","القروي","إ

تالف","الھیئة","ھیئة","المرشح","االئتالف ستقالة","التصویت","تصویت","الغنوشي","الشاھد","االنتخابات","ترشح","انتخابیة","ائ ","أشرف","القیادي","الترشح","النائب","النھضة","السبسي","الترویكا","لإلنتخابات","الثورة","الدستوریة","قیادة","القیادة","القیاد

ادة","السیادة","بورقیبة","االتحاد","التيیون","قیادیون","القیادیات","قیادیات","القیادیة","قیادئیة","القوانین","القانون","قوانین","سی ار","الدیمقراطیة","الدیمقراطي","دیمقراطیة","وزارة","الوزارة","الجبھة","قانون","مجلس","سیاسي","للجبھة","القانون","الرئاس

للحزب","جبھة","ال یة","الرئاسي","رئاسي","وزیرة","الدستوري","الدستور","دستور","االنتخابیة","انتخاب","الحزب","لحزب","نواب","الحركة","األحزاب","أحزاب","الرئیس","لالنتخابات","نبیل القروي"," قناة نسمة","نسمة","خلیل تونس"," یرحم

", خلیل","خلیل القروي","بو بلوطة","غازي القروي","قناة العائلة","الخلیلیات","أّم الزواولة "Khalil Tounes","Nessma", " ",منى نور الدین "djo"," یوسف الشاھد","#فسفاط_قفصة","رئیس الحكومة","الشاھد", "رئیس حزب تحیا تونس","یوسف

",الفاشل "#GoDjo"," ",تحیا تونس","بجبوج","البجبوج "Président de la République"," برئاسة الجمھوریة","لرئاسةي قائد السبسي","رئیس الجمھوریة","القائد السبسي","رئیس الجمھوریة","رئاسة الجمھوریة","الباج

الحركة","رشودة","الشیخ","الغنوشي","راشد الغنوشي", "العصفور النادر""األستاذ راشد","الشیخ راشد","االستاذ راشد","لالستاذ ", راشد الغنوشي","سامیة عبو","النائب سامیة","سامیة_عبو","النائبة سامیة","االستاذة سامیة عبو "Samia Hamouda

Abbou"," سعید","حمادي الجبالي","الطرطور","منصف المرزوقي","الدكتور المرزوقي","طرطور","طوبال","سفیان قیس ",طوبال "Toubel","Yassine Ayari"," ",یاسین العیاري","نائب,ألمانیا","عبیر موسي","عبورة "abir moussi","sadi

said","Safi Saïd"," ",صافي سعید "Mohsen marzouk"," ",سن مرزوقمحسن مزروب","مح "Nizar chaari"," نزار", الشعري "Ahmed seddik"," ",أحمد صدیق "Larayedh"," ",علي العریض","العریض "Houcine Jaziri"," حسین", الجزیري "hamma"," ",حمھ الھمامي","ولد الشعب","حمة "Fayçal Tebini","Faycal Tebini"," ",التبیني "Jilani

Hammami"," ",الجیالني الھمامي "Rambourg"," ",رامبورغ "rahoui"," ", الرحوي","منجي الرحوي "slim riahi"," سلیم",الریاحي "lotfi zitoun"," ",الكركدن","لطفي زیتون "hamma"," ",حمھ الھمامي","ولد الشعب","حمة "Bsaies"," برھان",بسیس "Iyadh elloumi"," ",عیاض اللومي "Abdellatif Mekki"," ",المكي","عبداللطیف المكيعبد اللطیف "Ridha

Charfeddine"," ",رضا شرف الدین "hachmi hamdi"," ھاشمي الحامدي","الھاشمي", الحامدي "goubantini"," ",قوبطیني "Meherzia Labidi"," ",محرزیة "Yamina Zoghlami"," ", یمینة الزغالمي "Samir

Taïeb"," ", یمینة الزغالمي "Samir Taieb","Taboubi"," ",لدین الطبوبي","الطبوبينور ا "Selim Azzabi"," سلیم",العزابي "Souad Abderrahim"," ",سعاد عبد الرحیم "Néjib Chebbi","Nejib Chebbi"," ",نجیب الشابي "Issam

chebbi"," ",عصام الشابي "Sahbi Atigue","Sahbi Atig"," ",صحبي عتیق","الصحبي العتیق "Mustapha Ben Jaafar"," ",مصطفى بن جعفر "Salma Baccar"," ", سلمى بكار "Mehdi Ben Gharbia"," ",مھدي بن غربیة "mahmoud baroudi"," ",البرودي "Iyed Dahmani"," ",ایاد الدھماني "Zied Ladhari"," ",زیاد العذاري "Mohamed Abbou"," محمد

",عبو "bochra belhaj hmida"," ",بشرى بالحاج حمیدة "René Trabelsi"," ",روني الطرابلسي "Mourou"," روني", الطرابلسي "Mohamed Ennaceur"," ",محمد الناصر "Noureddine Bhiri"," ",البحیري "Samir

Dilou"," ",دیلو "Amroussia"," ",عمروسیة "Habib Essid"," ",حبیب الصید", "الحبیب الصید "Imed Hammami"," عماد",الحمامي "Khemaies Jhinaoui"," ",الجھیناوي", "الجیناوي "Hussein Jenayah"," ",جنیح "Jamel Boujeh"," جمال",بوجاح "yassine brahim","یاسین براھیم"]

24

mehdi_list=[" مھدي جمعة","مھدي طوطال"," لطفي جمعة","مھدي بن جمعة","خلیتلكم تونس امانة","حزب البدیل","الرئیس ["األسبق للحكومة التونسیة

Nabil_list=[" ","نسمة","خلیل تونس"," یرحم خلیل","خلیل القروي","بو بلوطة","غازي القروي","قناة نبیل القروي"," قناة نسمة ["منى نور الدین" ,"Khalil Tounes","Nessma"," العائلة","الخلیلیات","أّم الزواولة

Youssef_chahed=["djo"," یوسف یوسف الشاھد","#فسفاط_قفصة","رئیس الحكومة","الشاھد", "رئیس حزب تحیا تونس"," ["تحیا تونس","GoDjo#","الفاشل

Beji=[" بجبوج","البجبوج","Président de la République"," برئاسة الجمھوریة","لرئاسة الجمھوریة","القائد ["السبسي","رئیس الجمھوریة","رئاسة الجمھوریة","الباجي قائد السبسي

Rached=[" نوشي", "العصفور النادر""األستاذ راشد","الشیخ رئیس الحركة","رشودة","الشیخ","الغنوشي","راشد الغ ["راشد","االستاذ راشد","لالستاذ راشد الغنوشي

Samia_abbou=["سامیة عبو","النائب سامیة","سامیة_عبو","النائبة سامیة","االستاذة سامیة عبو","Samia Hamouda Abbou"]

Kais_saied=["قیس سعید"]

Hamadi_jebali=["حمادي الجبالي"]

Moncef_Marzouki=["الطرطور","منصف المرزوقي","الدكتور المرزوقي","طرطور"]

Sofien_Toubel=["طوبال","سفیان طوبال","Toubel"]

Yassine_ayari=["Yassine Ayari","یاسین العیاري","نائب,ألمانیا"]

Abir_moussi=["عبیر موسي","عبورة","abir moussi"]

Safi_said =["sadi said","Safi Saïd","صافي سعید"]

Mohsen_marzouk=["Mohsen marzouk"," محسن مزروب","محسن مرزوق"]

Nizar_chaari=["Nizar chaari","نزار الشعري"]

Ahmed_seddik=["Ahmed seddik","أحمد صدیق"]

Ali_Larayedh=["Larayedh","علي العریض","العریض"]

Houcine_Jaziri=["Houcine Jaziri"," ن الجزیريحسی "]

hamma_hammami=["hamma"," ","ولد الشعب","حمةالھمامي حمھ "]

Faycel_Tebini=["Fayçal Tebini","Faycal Tebini","التبیني"]

Jilani_hammami=["Jilani Hammami","الجیالني الھمامي"]

Olfa_terras=["Rambourg","رامبورغ"]

Mongi_rahoui=["rahoui","الرحوي","منجي الرحوي"]

Slim_riahi=["slim riahi","سلیم الریاحي"]

Lotfi_zitoun=["lotfi zitoun","الكركدن","لطفي زیتون"]

Hafedh_Caied_essebsi=["hamma"," ","ولد الشعب","حمةالھمامي حمھ "]

Borhen_Bsaies=["Bsaies","برھان بسیس"]

Iyadh_elloumi=["Iyadh elloumi","عیاض اللومي"]

25

Abdellatif_Mekki= ["Abdellatif Mekki","عبد اللطیف المكي","عبداللطیف المكي"]

Ridha_Charfeddine=["Ridha Charfeddine","رضا شرف الدین"]

hachmi_hamdi=["hachmi hamdi"," ھاشمي الحامدي","الھاشمي الحامدي"]

Sabrine_goubantini=["goubantini","قوبطیني"]

Meherzia_Labidi=["Meherzia Labidi","محرزیة"]

Yamina_Zoghlami=["Yamina Zoghlami","یمینة الزغالمي"]

Samir_Taïeb=["Samir Taïeb","یمینة الزغالمي","Samir Taieb"]

Nour_eddine_Taboubi=["hachmi hamdi","نور الدین الطبوبي","الطبوبي"]

Selim_Azzabi=["Selim Azzabi","سلیم العزابي"]

Souad_Abderrahim=["Souad Abderrahim","سعاد عبد الرحیم"]

Ahmed_Néjib_Chebbi=["Néjib Chebbi","Nejib Chebbi","نجیب الشابي"]

Issam_chebbi=["Issam chebbi","عصام الشابي"]

Sahbi_Atigue=["Sahbi Atigue","Sahbi Atig"," عتیق","الصحبي العتیقصحبي "]

Mustapha_Ben_Jaafar=["Mustapha Ben Jaafar","مصطفى بن جعفر"]

Salma_Baccar=["Salma Baccar","سلمى بكار"]

Mehdi_Ben_Gharbia=["Mehdi Ben Gharbia","مھدي بن غربیة"]

mahmoud_baroudi= ["mahmoud baroudi","البرودي"]

Iyed_Dahmani= ["Iyed Dahmani","ایاد الدھماني"]

Zied_Ladhari=["Zied Ladhari","زیاد العذاري"]

Mohamed_Abbou=["Mohamed Abbou","محمد عبو"]

bochra_belhaj_hmida= ["bochra belhaj hmida","بشرى بالحاج حمیدة"]

René_Trabelsi=["René Trabelsi","روني الطرابلسي"]

Abdelfattah_Mourou=["Mourou"," مورو"]

Mohamed_Ennaceur=["Mohamed Ennaceur","محمد الناصر"]

Noureddine_Bhiri=["Noureddine Bhiri","البحیري"]

Samir_Dilou=["Samir Dilou","دیلو"]

Ammar_Amroussia=["Amroussia"," عمروسیة"]

Habib_Essid= ["Habib Essid"," الصید", "الحبیب الصیدحبیب "]

Imed_Hammami=["Imed Hammami","عماد الحمامي"]

Khemaies_Jhinaoui= ["Khemaies Jhinaoui","الجھیناوي", "الجیناوي"]

Hussein_Jenayah= ["ussein Jenayah","جنیح"]

Jamel_Boujeh= ["Jamel Boujeh","جمال بوجاح"]

26

yassine_brahim= ["yassine brahim","یاسین براھیم"]

27

Data structure:

Netvizz application offers the ability to extract data from Facebook pages1, but it does not offer the ability to choose what to extract exactly. The extracted data from the different pages, contain links, shared basically from media outlets websites. These links are then treated by the created application to extract the textual content and pictures.

id_Page: Unique identifier page

id_Post: Unique identifier post

url_Post: Link to post

Type_content: Type of content (photo, video, link, user, note, status)

link: Direct link to the content, if the post is an external link

Picture: Direct link to the shared picture.

nb_comment: Number of comments on the post

nb_reactions: Number of reactions on the post

Post_published: post date

nb/Type_reactions: Number of reactions on the post by type of emoji (‘like’, 'love', 'haha', 'angry', 'wow', 'sad')