report in phar dose lec
DESCRIPTION
pharTRANSCRIPT
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Particle Size Reduction
Comminution of Drugs
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Comminution/Grinding
• Defined as the process of particle size reduction
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METHODS OF COMMUNITION IN SMALL SCALE
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Trituration
• Process of grinding a powder in a mortar and pestle to reduce its particle size
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Levigation
• the process of reducing particle size by first forming paste of the solid with a minimum amount of a levigating agent
• Triturating the paste in a mortar or on slab with a spatula
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Basis of choice of Levigating agent
• ability to form a smooth paste with the substance
• compatibility in the product so water cannot be used for levigating a substance for oleaginous ointment base
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Blending Powders
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TUMBLING BY MECHANICAL MIXING
• process of mixing powders by placing in large containers or power blenders that rotates by tumbling motion
• thorough but time consuming
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V-Blender
• an efficient and versatile blending machine for mixing and lubrication process of powders homogenously
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Ribbon Blender
• an efficient and versatile blending machine for mixing of dry granules and powders homogenously
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SPATULATION
• a method by which small amount of powders may be blended by a spatula on a sheet of paper or pill till
• applied to solid substances which liquefy or form eutectic mixtures
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Examples
• phenol• camphor• menthol• thymol• ASA• phenylsalicylate• phenacetin
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TRITURATION
• may be employed both to comminute and to mix powder using mortar preferably with a rough inner surface
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Geometric Dilution
• in case a small amount of potent substance is to be mixed with a large amount of diluent
• employed to obtain uniform mix
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SIFTING
• process of mixing by passing the powder through sifters
• not generally acceptable for potent drugs
• results in a light puffy product
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DRY GRANULATION
• slugging or roller compaction• involves the pressing of mixed powders into
an object to be reground into a precise powder
• increases particle density• improves powder flow
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MILLING
• improve flow• reduce segregation• enhance drying• limit wide particle size distribution
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Segregation
• undesirable separation of the different components of the blend
• sifting or percolation• air entrapment (fluidization)• particle entrapment (dusting)
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Guidelines to minimize or prevent segregation
• minimum no. of transfer steps and drop heights
• control of dust generation• control of fluidization• slow fill/transfer rate• appropriate venting• use of a deflector, vane or distributor• proper hopper design and operating valves
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Hygroscopic Powders
• absorb moisture from the air
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Deliquescent Powders
• absorb moisture from the air to the extent that they will partially or wholly liquefy
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Efflorescent Powder
• crystalline powder that contains water of hydration or crystallization