REPORT ON

LA/3AHA Ja TIC£

PREPARED FOR ~E

CON~ER CE ON ALABAMA JUSTICE

US '!GEE IN T§TUTE FEB. 3, 196'~ S ONSORE Y THE AD HOC COM 1 E FOR .J GCE 8 MACONI COUH '(

THURSDAY, Feb . 3, 1966 Tuskegee Institute

'l1he purpose of this conference · is to determine the raany '"rays in t-ihich Al­abama.' s legal s;7stem falls short of j1lstice, to c1eterm~ne '~>That can be done about it , and to rededicate our­selves to the task of doing vrhat must be done .

8 P . H., Logan Hall

_2.hai:t:'3_an of. t:r~~ C~~fere~c::~ : Fred Gray N.!;ACP att.ornes .. ; acti'~te in local pol:Ltical and civil rights affairs ,

The Speakers

FLCYD .B. HCh.IS:JTCK : ------Nalional· Chairman of co:rm; elected to succeed James Fanner

as National Dir ector of GORE on Harch 1, 1966 . An attorney, Hr . HcKissick he..s argued civil rights cases before many Southern courts .

J A!JIES FORENAN Executive Secretary of the Student Corn:mittee . J.VIr . Foreman has vJOrl-ced in every part of the Sc,uth .

C~iARLES IiiCHOA!'l, JH. •

Non-Violent Coordinating actively for cj_vil rights

.A.i1 a·ftorn-ey-'lrho practiced for many years in Birmingham, Ala­bama . .Mr . l-'iorgan is presently southern regional ciired;or of the Jtmerican Civil Liberties 'Union .

tTO~_E.~Fli_b_ ~~~ : p; '- JR . Attor:u:w fo:;_~ the Hiss is sippi Freecl.o::l Dernocr:3 \:,ic Party dur:... ~ --- t·-> .. , TJ ~.r 1~ J __ • · "f·t·.-, l C rr::· t'·· -i 19··1. ~-~d -~-r' t . .d1e:. 11c "- e:~,uc_ awlC 1• ,,_ _ l,.na on\ .:.n J_un _n _ Ot.t, e:tu ,_ v- esen -ly counsel for the Le~1cl.:::rshin Conference on Civ-Ll Hi c(i:;ts , ~rrLich represent.::: about 50 nat.ional orgEmizatior.s :; ~ ~ t.;:,-e.c.<ted in promoting c:L vil rights legislation , l11r . Rauh i s << form­er national ch<3.i rma:n of the l;mericans for Democr::J.tic Action (the ADA) .

Hid.'light , Logan Hall

MEJilOHIAL SERVI CE FUR J:.LL..THOSE tVHO .·LOST THEIR LIVES lrJHI LE FIGUT'ING FrJR CIVIL RIGHTS Il\f THE .ST.~.TE CF ALABAl\IA

Progra.m'.of the CONFERENCE ON ALAB.AJYiA J UST ICE (COnt.)

Since 19.55, twenty such deaths have occurred. Of the eighteen that occurred prior to 1966, not one case has been closed. as a result of a comr:Lction.

Those who died: ---- -l'1rs. Bessie McDo>-rell Rev. c. H. Baldwin Richard King Willie V. Dunigan Virgil vvare Johnny Robinson Denise ~·1cNair Addie Mae Collins Cynthia viesley Carol Robertson

1 A .1"1., Huntington Hall

John L. Coley ·willaim L. Moore Frank il.ndrews Rev. <ionathan ~1. Daniels W.ill1e Brec-lster Mrs. Viola Cregg Liuzzo Rev, J a'Tles Eee b Ji~nie Lee Jackson S~auel L. Younge, Jr. David Colson

Tvw Symposia lJill be held in rooms to be announced. One will deal with ALABAH.£\. LAlif AN.iJ POLITICS, the other .irr th ALABAi"lA LAW AND THE FEDE;RAL GOVEHliJMEHT.

_?rinc~pal partici:eants in these s~posia uill b e:

~HLLilU1 B. KUNSTLE:R Counselor to many civil rights' groups and to many of those individuals who have fought for civil rights . lVIr .. Kunstler was Cmmsel for the Freedom Riders. 1-ie is presently involved in criminal and civil litigation in Jackson and C1arksdale, IV!ississippi.

THEODORE R. IfEi1]]V'J..AN, J "{. A native of Tuskegee, Alabama, fo:nner attorney for the U. S. Justice Department ~ Hr. Ne}nna1·1 is presently an attorney in Washington, D.C.

FR.Al'JK REEVES Ci ·.:il ri ghts attorney; presently a member of t:he Lavl School Fac 'J lty at Howard University. IVIr. Reeves has h.ad government ex}Je~lcn.ce~

DA1'HEL l'f ¢ f!E;~J1AN

Exe:: '.l-::.:L .r s Director of the Institute on Americari Freedoms , l'1r ,. ::'' : tT,,.r>.~l is a Professor of GovernJnent at the American Uni­veroit.7 in \4ashington1 D.C~

and ma.-.y other participants f'r om across the state and arom·1d the country .

Supplement to Program

CONFERENCE ON ALABillVill JUSTICE

J.I.1EHORIAL SERVICE (IviiDNIGHT)

Reverend Lawrence Haygood ------------------------------------~ Invocation

Professor M. B. Tolson -----------will read his poem--------- 11Dark Symphonyu

Wendel Paris----------will address the conference on behalf of students con­cerned about Alabama Justice

SY§~OSIA (1:00 A. M. )

Sl'l-iPOSIULvi ON ALADAHA LA~v AND POLITICS

Place ---------------Huntington Rall---------------- (Room to be Anno1mced )

Principal Part icipants:

Mr ~ Theodore Ne~<vman (See Progr am) Ivlr . l\1at hew Jackson ------- Active in Civil Rights Activity in LoV>mdes

County Hiss Cynthia Washington ----Formerly Project Director for SNCC in Sumpter

County AND OTHEHS

STI'iPOSIUfil ON ALABAMA LAW AND THE FEDERAL GOVERI·JJ:.1ENT

Place - --------------------Huntington Hall----------(Room to be Announced)

Principal Participants

Mr. William Kunstler (See Program) Prof. Daniel Berman (S ee Program) Dr . Richard Wasserstrom (Former Attorney in the u.s. Justice Department.

Dean of School of Arts and Sciences)

AND OTHERS

TABLE v F CCNTENTS

I. Alaba~a Justice:

Selected pu blishe d incidents f rom Selma to Tuskegee Race r ela ted murders in P.labama s ince 1958

II. Statisti cs: The Condition of the Alabama Negro

III. Alabama ... -:-ust i ce: The Nature of 3m!thern Justi ce and t he ;\.ole of the Feder8 l Governl71ent

IV. Alabama Justice: Studies of L at·J Enforcement Practices and Personnel in Alabama

V. Select ion from Dr. i\iel v i n 'fol son's '~J ark 3ympltony' 1

lUabamn _Justi~: SeloctGd I ubJ.ish·::cl Incidents from G . .:; lma to Tuskegee

F~bruary 1965

SeL.rnao Dr. ::s:.rtin Luthor King l ed 2t800 1Iegro3s in votc;r registration march:::s on the cou:r·thousos in SeLm, "brian o..nd CA.nden. Nona of th0 marchers uere arrested. Sheriff' Jim Clark · ·as etbsent from the scene:::. {NYT)

Jelma. Sheriff Jim Clark ''unchod SCLC tdde h.ov. C. 'l'. Vivian at the: Selma courthouse and ord::;;rcd him arrested. Clark said b.ter he uas 11tmcertain'9

l.Jhether he had hit Vivio.n. (KiT) SeLT'fla. Tuo SlJCG Horkors uers ..:.'l.ttnclwd by thro:J uhi tes. l·'hrion. Jimmy Lc;;;: J3.clcson uas shot lrhen a riot crv.7tcd after stcte troopers

tried to ~:;top a 111.1.rch on ths courthouse -,:roL:sting the ::trrest of civil rights uorkers., Neusm,;n :1t th;;; sccns uere bo::.:tcn. .;J1m Clark Has among the troopers.

Tuo nen F Cr 3 c.rr;::;sted, found c;uilty and fined f,::;r th~.;; b~atings of the DGl·rsmen. JLTDr.'lY Lee Jackson Has charg3d uith assault Hith intent to lull. He died ei3ht days l ater. (NY.T)

l-hrch 1965

Selma. S8v:)n-l:;y uhite Alabe.mians, l ed by c.:ev • . J. Lllu.::n .::;er, sta8ed a march to the courthouse protastinc; t ha plight of t,he l·:egro. 'i'hey uere threatened by uhite :3pGctJ.tors. (.NYI') .

Sel..rna. ".Stat<:-:: traopGr·s and no, ntod 6 G_r:n)_tics bombarcbd 600 i'lcGross ui th tear gas uh;;,n they knolt to l1r;;,y on a bridrrc, then ::;.tta. ck,:;d the screaming dGmon­strators lJ:lth clubs . Troopers 2nd d:- ~mtize<..~ civiliU.l1S, actine under orders from Governor Ge:orc~; C. L'tl.l1. .. : ce t c stop tho "ualk for freedom" to Ibntgomery chased t.h.J choking, bl8oding l•Jegroes noa.rly a mi.le i.;Jn~ou::;h toun,. clubbing them as thoy run." J'{G least seventeen r :.::t.;"Toes uor.:: hos;d tnlized, vi th forty others inj'ured.

Governor UaJlac :,; d ::;;ni.;;od tha t police. an(~ troo~;er:J usGd tmnecessary force in routing tLP.ro mcrchers . l-ie rnainto.iw1d t:u t t ho a ction probably s oved the sroup .fro~; attacl\. by uhit '-) bys t<.mclors,. (i·JYT, l\0)

\·!as)1ington. 11Pr;;sident Johnson told Alabar:1a Governor G3orgG c. :_!allace the brutality in ScJJTI..a ••• must not b :: ro:leetsd, ::md urged '!allace to pledge uni­versal stl..ffrage in 1:cis state to ·.;nd such turmoil. 11 (CA)

S3lma. lio.r t in Luther King led 1500 Negroes and Hhitos on a march out of ;Selma despite e:.: federal court injunction, but .-::ndad it •' 3acefully outside totm, throu:>;l1 ·J. "re-arrn.ngBrrlont t·!ith troopers mcdiat~d by tho .i'odGral govern.!lont .

, (NYT) Selr"ua. Thr 3 Unitarian ministo!~·s lJho he_d jotl.nad th .. J Selma !na rch vere attacked

by uhito men. On3, Jo.mos i~.oeb ~ •.;a s s.::ri()usly injured and died t vo days later., (HYT) ·

r·Iontgomery. Sheriff's d0pu'i:.i :;s rode horses into a group of about 150 Negroes . None Hero report.:.:d hurt . (NY'£)

pngc 2

i:·IontGornecy,. ll;"\ht l·:er::: in,iur :d t-rh ~~n st .~t ~ and county P\ount~d poliec-l, using nie;htsticks and ropes, rode into u. ere :d of 600 civil rir:;llts 'Jor ker::> 1 :;d by Jam2s Forrnan. 'J.'ho U8!110n::d:.1~u tio?t a l ' lont. bo,:)a.me a r·iot d 't .. ~r u polie .. m~m rode a motorcycl ~ into :mc;.rchors ~··~:o hc.d ree;r !Uped s cvernl bloclcs oHay. (Nl'T)

Nont gomary. l~' .3d,~ n:l.l Juclr:;e Jo:mson authorized the S :lru~->:ontgor::;ry ~nrc:h; he en­joined ':-Iar~ace , Clark, :;:.nd IQ Lin~o f rom "hn.r -:c ssin ;·~ or thr ·latening" dG!'lonstra­tors, a nd ord .. roc~. th:;m to ·,.;rovid.c full ·)olic ;:; ,;rotection. He aa.ve full aonro-

. - 1.. ~ 1 ~

val to the T:k:'.rch. plan s u.b:nitted by civil rie;hts nttorneys nnd found th::.t s tate troopers and Jim Clark ho.d d·::mied ~·Tagroos thGir constitution!;!.l rights. (NYT)

Hontgomery. Sheri f f Butler !TI.:'J.de c public apology for the r outin:'!. of 600 marchers aftor a confer ~nee ~:.'i th Forma n and King in Hhich t h ;::y a [)Teed to e;ot officia l parade per r1its for all nublic x rches. This f olloued o. mach by ICing .::md 1600 demonstr:o.tors to t he Iiont gome:cy courthous e. (Ir:cr)

Ua shinr;:;ton·. l'rcsirlent Jolm ::;on ca ll8d up a LT!J.ost 4,000 t r oops to protQct th :J S .lma "!' 1-!ontGomery l1E·cr chers L{llct or·d.<Tced then to ba ses nea r th.:~ scene . He J:' :~minded .wllo.c e t!12t r _;s pons ibilit :v f or lavr rmd order rGst:s tfiti:l sta t ? and loc~.l gov ~::mmcmts. ({fiT) ··

Selma. King L~d .3 ,200 m;,.;rcher s out of ::·> :lm."'. t o be;::oy,i n t.h : 3cJ.t1.·,:.-iiont ?om ry ma.rch. The JM.rchers hop .~d to nr osont =:-t pet ! t i on :tor i~cgro rir,hts to Governm: vJ :t l J;-~ co.

2,900 of thG m.:_;.rchers r ~tlU'iLd to Selma by r a ilroo.d a t nightfall. The Justice Dc:J;;,rtm:.Jnt a rrn.n gcx1 t r :m s port tion, fs:;:!"in~ ~os s ible viol ~nee . (1·JYT)

Hontgor;~ery. King l ed some 1000 mc...r c'n·ars i ns i de t h::; j.:fontgomery cit~r limits four days after t.h3 0elEi.-'1-iiontgomGry m:;.rch had b .'gun. (ioJl"T)

:·bntgomory. H. Fischel, a uhit ·:;:: :;L:dical :::.i de Hith t h .0 march, 118.s b _:,-:-.+,en by a s ervice 'st:.;.tion a.ttonda nt shortly before the 2.n.rch 0 -3gan its f ina l l :~g. (111'1')

Hontgonery. Th ::; :ti1arc:1 f rom Sclrr<.1. Gn cied as 25,000 l'Scgros :yd vrhites rallied in i'ront of the co.pi tol in Hontf!'orr..,ry. l ~uv. 1\iw~ <~xho:-~·ted th ::cr..~ to Cf)ntinue the civil rightB ;:: trug~ ;l J by non=:·vlolent mc::~ns. '(m."''}

t!rs . Viola Liuzza Fa .s shot :m tLt ·' hi:rh~!:1.'T n ~<J.r Lc~omdesboro ' .:i1ile r eturning to :dontgomery n"om .Solma, uhGre she ha d tak:;m 0.. C~'.iX'loo.d ·)f rriD.rchers . (NYT)

lJashinct.on. ~Jresident John.non <\!mouncc!cl t :l .) e.rr-:::s t of' f our Klansmen in connection t.Jith tha r~b.yinc of i. Irs. Limn::o , 0.nd 11opened unrn on t he f..l<J(. (HYT)

Bi.rminghollla 11Skel-ncrv,:;:d i\.rrny e:xp0rtD defused n r:;:J.rly 200 s·GiCll:;3 of C.ynarJi.te in four ti.m.a baRbs s ot a t f our Eag!'o .;stnblinllr'1::Jnts a cross Birnu w;ham-on3 of them a Cs.t holic chnl~ch '.!he:r3 120 per s r)nfl uor . f\.:lth~r :·d . 11 (f;.C)

Birmingham. 11:3ix po:rzr f ul dynamite bombs GX . :lodGd i 11 a Fogro n r~ighborhood Thur s ­day and shor tly -~ ft ,;:rt..r:::.rc1 tlPl·:: b :!nb s ~.'oro f un,; ' ~ t t : i~:. ';· ·· 1.:-lS of t 1•o city offi­cia l s in '. ih:·l t ;~olice t hoor iz ..::d HD.s n f i 0ndish decoy plot to !dll or terr ori ze.

(..:< I ) C:::mden ., 11Ne8J."Oes t i'i ·3d f ive · :~imc~ to m":-crch do~-mt.o'tm i~onday .'ls vart of n voter

re~istr : tion drive but. ~Jer :; ;1r,ltad by , oli.cc trh o b ombard8d one e;roup ui th tear gas and .~!'lok.:- bombs uhcn t.h :::y r .;;fu.s sd t :· disperse. 11 C IA )

Nobilee 11A ·i:,i:;.rc:3c-judgc :i.'Gd '3I' ;,!. c;ourt orc1 ,:;red tha t :3h:::riff Je.mes CJ.a.rk of D i.lL',S Cou.nt;y c 2::.s0 tJsing E1 :~1'i1b;rs of th·.: co'Jnty posse t o l 1~'lic :o~ r a cia l m.::~.ttors . The posse is comlxy; :x !. of ci vili:ms , incllJ~Un:; ho:>.~s::;r, :.m, ·:lppointcd by t he sherif f e.s <nlXilia ry officers . Th :: sh::;riff had used thet-n fr :::qu ·mtly durin,. :re.cial clis­turbanc r:;s start:i. ng i n January. lrorG t h.J.n 2000 p\;r.sons ':!m;o '1T r Gs t36 during the rn.onths - long right-to-vote dr ive in t iL; Sel :!u r;r ea . H \}IA )

Hayncville ., Collie Leroy Filki ns, l~. Thomas and u. o. ~-ton usr c indicted by t he gr<.~nd j ury f m• f irst de;~r:.~e mtU·r'or in the slaying of • ,r s. Viola Liuzzc. (NY'l')

Auburn., Thorr,.s. s i!J.l"d can, Jr .. , a t·rhite 1i.uburn st...:u:Ient , uas arrested in Opelika c.1 T .. 1 t' " 'J h ' 1 1 ~ uhile ,'ltt:;;mptini~ to orgm1:tzc a J.•reedom u ;;a guo .l:ir:' n Ct1 ;wre 1. o:r· Jl egro - ~g1 scnoc.

students . (EYT)

page 3

I4ay 1965

Oxford . "A dynamite bomb smashed the inside of a I\fegro Methodist church where members 'haven't done anything but pray and try to get right lide we ought to do.' Robert Creel, Alabama Grand Dragon for the Klan, said his organization would offer a re­ward for informat ion leading to the bomber," {CA )

Demopolis. "Fifteen young Negroes have been arrested on charges o:f violating an in ... junction prohibiting non-students to meet ·with school children during school hours." (CA )

Anniston. "The three Ku Klux Klansmen accused of killing civil rights worker Viola Liuzzo marched side by side in a ten-block Klan march. They received a standing ovation after the demonstration. 11 (FTU)

Hayneville. A mistrial was declared in the \;Jilkins trial for murder after the jury reported i t se l£ deadloch:ed 10-2 on a first degree manslaughter charg(~. (NYT)

Montgomery. 11The Alabama Senate gave Gov. George Wallace a victory by approving a controversial resolution urging schools to delay meeting federal desegregation demands. The resolution passed by a 22-3 vote •••• " (mv )

Ivlontgonery. "The State Board o:£ Education told Hegro teachers in effect to keep their pupils in class--and away :from civil rights demonstrations--or risk J.oss of pay. It was the second drastic action taken by state authorities in recent. weeks in an effort to stop Negroes from boycotting classes in support of racial grievances." (AC

Tuskegee. A bi-racial group of ten persons gained admission to the downtown City Swimming Pool v.ri thout incident. The next day, however, garbage, oil, and a smal l alligator were thrown into the pool. The City Council closed the pool £or the rest of t he sum.<ller o

July 1965

Greensboro. "Violence erupted when a small force of city and state police and sher­iff 1 s deputies sough·t to break up a gathering of about 75 young Negro pickets who had refused to disperse £rom the grounds o£ the Hale County Courthouse. Officers swinging nightsticks began clubbing the Negroes to drive them back. Then a small number of whi 'ce bysta nders waded into the crowd, attacking the demonstrators with clubs , rubber hoses and :fists. One man swung a h.ammer ••• • Hours later, several hundred white men and women gathered in a high school stadium and hea:rd grand dra­gon Robert Creel of the United Klans of America •••• " (BW)

Mobile, "Justice rendered a rare color-blind verdict last Thursday when Nathanial Taylor, a 26-year-oJ.d Negro handyman, was regarded as innocent and acquitted by an all-white jury o£ the charge o:f murdering Mrs. Lillian Kohown, so, white, last Nov. 9. 11 {PC)

Annis'con. "Larry Kessinger, 22, a white oil company worker, was William Turner, 19, o n the steps of ·the Anniston High School. ployee of ICenneth Adams, former ICI<IC member .•• • " (BW)

convicted o£ beating Kissin9er is an em-

Linden, Negro prisoners were teargassed in their cells after being arrested under the Alabama boycott law: re _sheriff adm~tted using te~r gas on the p:~saners; "I only used · one or t wo squJ.rts--Just enough :ror them to ra1se hell about J.c. " {SC)

Atlanta. An augument was filed with the u.s. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit (southeastern states) in an attempt to desegregate Jefferson County juries. In the countyrs Bessemer Division, 39 out of every 100 men eligible for jury service are Negroes. Yet only one Negro was drawn for grand-jury service between 19.18 and 196~. Federal Judge H. G. Grooms o£ Birmingham has ruled that he could find no evidence o£ discrimination against Negroes in the selection of juries . The Court of Appeals is being asl<ed to reverse Judge Grooms 1 decision. (SC)

\vashington o Civil rights spokesmen s t rongly opposed President Johnson 1 s appointment of J. p. Coleman , :former governor o£ I·:Jississippi, to one of the 9 seats on the 5 t h Circu.i'c Court of Appeals. The appointment was attacked at a Senate Judiciary . Sub­commi·ttee hearing b e c a use o£ Coleman's segregationist recor d as governor between

page 4

;956and 1960, During that time he formulated the doctrine of interposition, which holds that a state may ignore any federal law which it d·islikes. "Coleman's stp ..

porters said that he was segregationist as a governor because it was the only way to get elected in Nississippi. As a judge he would not have ~co worry about elections o '' {SC)

Demopolis. Charles Saulsberry, a high school student, tried to take pictures of a de­puty who had arrested a white SCOPE worker for driving with an improper muffler. He was grabbed and chok8d by the deputy until he answered "Yes, sir,'' to questions concerning the legality c.f taking pictures of an officer. The deputy then took the camera , exposed the film to the sun, and dropped the film on the ground. (SC)

Tuskegee. 11 In a sweeping resolution this week, Tuskegee's City Council went on record saying it would support 'the letter and the spirit of the 1964 C:i_vil Rights Act, including the public accommodatior!s section , 1 11 (l\1A.)

Tv.skegee ,, A b: .. a:racial group of students ~vc.s attacked by some two dozen white men while trying to attend Methodist church services in Tuskegee. ~·Jhen a stud~mt tried to photograph one of the white men standing in front o:f the church, the man attacked him ; most of the other men then joined in an attack on the student. "Police had been cc:uising in the area 'Nhere the s:-;u:ffle took place, but they did not appear un­·tiJ. several minutes after the violence began. Sa:i.d Police Chief Story; 1 Although three patrol cars were in the area, no policemen 1·\li:tnessed the incidEmt.'" (SC) .

Greensboro. "Police broke up a marathon, 3-day civil rights demonstration by arresting 300 persons here, The?. estir;;.ated L.100 demonst:Lators had gati1ered behind a police bar­ricade~ demanding t.he right to ~arch to the courthouse to protest the burning of two Negro churches in the area " " (CA) .

August 1965

i''Iarion. Six months after Jimmy Lee Jackson had been killed no arrests had been made. circuit Solicitor Blanchard r.IcLeod sa.id ne knew which state trooper shot Jackson; no arrests w2re made, hov.;e ver, since the evidence 11points very strongly to sel£­de£en::.: e r. " McLeod conceded, however, tha·t some Negro observers disagreed with the trooper 7 s claim of self-defense. 11 It is natur al that eight or ten people might look at one incident dif£erentl)iU" he said . (SC)

Jackson " A 0ne-armed i·TP.gro was beaten by two whi t es at the M. W 0 Smith Lumbe~c Co. Although the Negro employees closed down the plant with a week-long s~crike deman­ding that the two men be f]_red~ they returned to work without any action being taken against the two men . (SC)

Tuskegee. "Tuskegee Institute professor Ben Zion t·Jardy conferred with Public Safety Director. Alton Taylor last Friday morning about the security situation in the city . As \;Vardy drove away afte:: the conference in City Hall, he was attacked by two thugs. The assailants hi·:: wardy ove:o:: the head and smashed the windshield o£ his car. 11 {SC)

Eufaula. Four Eu:fauia policzmen severely beat Joseph Williams, a 44-year-old Negro epileptic and dis :bled war veteran when vJilliams could not immediatels,' secure $6to pay a fine fox: allegedly running two stop signs. Police o££icials could not be reached for co~~ent. (SC)

Montg0i 1~ry. Patrolmen Brown and Be l den were suspended from the :force for five days after Brown allegedly cursed a Negro .suspect : Luman Oliver, Jr . , and beat him un­conscious wi·th a nightstick. Patrolrnan Brown said he had used only enough force to make Oliver drop the knife he had pulled and complete the arrest; Belden agreed. Speaking -th:cough 1vin~ that held his teeth together, Oliver said Brown's statement was untrue o He showed the court a bloody shirt and said his jaw was broken in three pieces and several ribs ·were cracked. Police Chief r.1arvin Stanly said the patrol.:. men "did not use the best of judgemenJc" in their e££orJcs to arrest the Ne~rr-o. (SC) .

pagG 5

Police c!iscov:-::r- .d s ~')on r..ftm' -'h ::: :lJ,c:ii:mt th =t Oli,r-:-~r Han not in-.:Tolv3d in th(: stnbbing. C)~j :i v ;:1:: · --::.s f..-~.-;. ~nd ~"uiJj:.. of .:i.SSJ.ttlt,inc; ~~11 off~icv1~ a11d fined ~!i29. (dG)

Gr n b Y - - -~ ~ - r.oo ' . 1 --- • ' ··- • · . • ·1 ' ., . ' ' G C · t Ge S oro. , ,~; .. !.~,{ ;_) Cl.VJ._ -<. '1.6f!t..S UOI' J ~;,~I'S '\:(JnT, 'tO JUl. o:::c · ~ nse r.i.Qyor n. • hrlS ·.

ian u :1~c1 not , :r:_;.nt t1Dm 2. pm''.lit t o L"crch L.oun :bin Str··~ :d:. to the H~_lc County Co'!.U't.:1ouse. '~'he:;r ' ·er8 ::' I lv:st;;;d .f tcr thBir n::1rch h=.:.d b .::gun and sent. to Camp S-Jlma in DaJ.L.s Coun-:,jr.

11 D8 monstr-? t or-IJ s .:::dd that ~.Jr i::;on C'.:md.:ltions •.;~x·e t :.'r:rib.l::; ; one sai d tho.t 150 p3o ;~l:J ,_,sre pl n ccd in 8. cD :'.l mG~ .. nt foz· rlbcut 30. H:.o said th ··_t at least 20 of the d<.:.::mon;:tr,·.tors h2-d to st~~no :.<11 ·the timo. ' Tht' t > as tho ? iltlliost }11D.CO I hav ·3 .wer .seen, 1 h0 s:'dc.l. 11 (SC)

Greanv:llle. H:::c;ro c1m:1onst1~a-r~ors$ :\l.'Otosting th.:J dalny in -,nnmmcinc th,._:: result s of vot·:;r rc rd TGY'!' tio11 ·t-,,,.,.q'{:,<"! ,_., ... ' ~' .; '"•''.:'·~· 0: '"' (~ ~"'IT ~F1Ql" ··, b ---~,bs ,.-nc·l r--~c!'c' 1\SC) • - ·~.,- ... ~ • , - .. '--"~ t-..-) . ,......... .... ~.. .. ~... . ', , ..... ..&.. , ...... .t. u"' ···*" .. ..... . .. - ' '·• ._ , __ .• , \..) .• ~~.... .

Clt::tyton. Tilr .:.~" :;hot~1 from a ;1r::.s;.-inc: co.r brok:) S81mr·· l '.:inO.o11s in th.o Lov. ::'hilip HcCants 1 ch r·ch. L':.t· •. : .cCnnts had l ::d SCOPL-orga11izcd voting :r:rrd1 :~:s to the C1 ")yt··)n C0U7"':·.:' nU''"'-' r-n til:• ~-~-<o ,. : '· 'T<' .:;,., .•. 1eQ'-i ··lt'···]"'r , .. J ..... .. _,C·'·'·C"l. 'f"l"" ·'-ll--~ "' 1'l00':•:t.'l'l~ (QC) ~. ... \. ... ... "" .•. 1.\, t.;Jt..- '-) 1- ~o~ "..1 . , -: '.J.,; ~.) ..wLJ.L. .-L. C v .. -t_; i .. L · .._~ ._. .. t .:.J::~ · .. d. ' -- ~ .. )!_ u . t:~. U

Jackson. "l·b:,:,ro-3s h~i .d t.o ···d:; '<Tvicc ~,t a r'c-st('.urcmt :.11 t~·lis soutl1~ ~:;st .\ln.ba::\13. tO'-:Il _,.,.,,1'" j-·,+·1.F'd'lV t0'1Ch 'i'1·:. o ·f'f '"· ''l '"''''~111!.1U..,_ c-? .• l'!.1.L;, .l :r• .. ,, tll'-'i· '- ,- ~'1''"'L-''"d t'~T -- '··•· .> .• ....,..,_,,. .. - . .., . ..,~. ··•c.· ' \.: .. r .. .Jo ~-- ~.) ....... ~--•. 4- ~ ... . J.,.J .. .... oV _.•_,_ . ~ .&. v .,_ '-~ J · \..J .L.l.!. <:......, J .. • ......,.._.

I1 3"7'0,."') •1l1r' !"' ' rh ·lt~"' ,._, ,,, II ( : C) "'!,.) , ,...._ "~· ··· ... ~ . .... ..a. - \ "-4l-Joe t-

Derno<'V'\l 'o ~ 11 fi. \1P<J D "m· o•·)o1 .; ~ ''"''t·Vn,.,nc"" ···nr, ,, roo·1r1+~7 ·"t ''1J', .,,..,l, ... ~J· on 11·••r··, COI7t•~l ··+ ·l,r , .. .t:;v ..!..-• · .... v~ ....... 2:: ..L.l .. .,._, v .·. _. ;.. : J.. .... v . . . L (.I. '-_i l...._. v~.: _ ! .. - ~J'-'U ~ L . \.· •... _, •.J ' --•U -- c.

_;~:-\.l scd -;·.;,_ ~ ; c orlt~ti tu.tiono.1. r~ ig1.rf- s of. .tr~ec ~JD 'J (·::cll L~i.Jc1

D'""'C·T::-•ul ·:: ; •M,.,,...J1 ... 1··., fo'l" ci~·iz ·::.nc· 11 ,, ·.;-., ... ec+.~ ·:,.L.,. t'11·""" ''' l·:-- c'lude· J." !"I'o-,.,-t'o,'+-!o~ .:._ v.._~ vJ. - ·-> ':I'""'- u . _ _u.._ ·- .:.>• .•~t~ .J.. v ,.J \...-. J ---·~- . t o • + .:.:.• _.._....1. .!J.

a~:;ain~Jt · r::-:lJd .. nr; t :-• t. ~ ::: busin JS ~: distr ict : :it~ 1·-;ss th'.l.n .:'3 in h:::nd; 2. F::~ohibi-tion Of ]71 . ::t; ·l n --;-~ b·f '"'TOV ·.c r·f 'Or' '' -Hy·:n t v o (SI"!l

"(".. • . _ ·· · : ..,. .~. :.• ~., ~ .1'--' • -. · •-' '"_) -- ·:-' u.. .. . ·• • . \ ·. '..JI " ,... -- • , •

.rL",yn~v~lle.o Jona:Ll1i.'l.n :.rnJ..:Jls 1!-C!.S lull;,jcl by ::: s'mt. ·:;c.m 'Jl ::st roJ l.O'.!J..nc: n~ r; relec'.Se .from j<"dl f or picl:ctinc;, 'hi.l~ th.,: lt3~J. 1l.-i .. ch·rd ~ ;orri. sroe 1128 critie.ally uound~::d. ~hG cl Gm.on:.; tr,,.-t,ion th;:;re c;.::s t,he f:Lrs t -~v::r h:..old in i}·,.; Gnmt~r {Icun­des) . Thor,;c:~s L. Colcm.:::.n ~ .;: m. . ..;;n;·.c:r o:~ on .. of _ \'::-, ;;n·:.:;v:Ul :; 's r:ost prominent f a '-'l.:i.li: 't-f''lS ch"' -r',-··.;;d ' ·it:l Pir·;t.-d,.,r:yer.:. '"~'u·,~r'er. 1\·sc) · ..... . . -- ,;~ . .. ' . . -· ~ . .. ,; •:;,) .... ..... ~.. -· ...

Greenville. TH·J i'i oGrO civil :::ights cL~! · !(!!1:3i:.rators, r:.~: . Cot:tonr,:;26.c~r :md John rb.rris, H:::-r·J c :: e. s ·~:d by -;;l';.:r:y; ~:;·dte nut~ ·o.rmad uith l:nj_,r:.s :~'. S th'JY loft th.J \,Jeste:e:n '1nion office. '~'l'l. ~y S r:t l.C. 'Jol::.c·o) lo ·kc•1 m 1, but did nothing. Doth

d t ( ~ 0) rn.a.n0~ec o esc~':}.p e. -..·Jv

Anniston . 11 'l'ho J..oc:~,l he·1d of the s·:::gr-:og; L:i.onist LaH.onal St:..~t ::~ s Litjhts I'arty . (lCettn<~th r,ch.ms) ;_r;:UJ :.?.I'j:'CfJt.:d ,;.u;:twt 20t,}l ;::n(~ C~'l''l" '~.x~ •·it!l l'oc·;ivin::: '':rith .tl'lc 4~"-"t ·1't -~o c··,--·, ,r-:-·r~t ·ro 11~"' o· 'f\ .,.1,,-,.,. , t · : ··r·~ ''J''~' ·r; ·ll of' ... ·r~~· --·1'll " ·, ,, .. ,.;. ····~ ... 1 rJ·''"V·"""' (i {:'~,DT·.J) .,L.-<..1 ,J • . • -_J, -.1 '· ~ · ~ .._... J ,., ,_j.,,,, ) ' ,.,.;. t.,.. ~.• · .• • !, . ._ -l .'<, o,.J .. .... ;~, ,(,. ;, ) .._ ' './ "· ' - . . ~.I.,,. .LJ. o...r ... ,,\,.~.' -..,' .:;,),..!. -17..:)· .. •

Birmingham. nnw ,:}Bl IJ[d.cl. Ii':cick ~,r it h.,-,;,:! '1rT':JSt,;,;<d ro:cm :~r I(l\~{ l ::;e.r..k:r u.nd local lwacl of the l'JationJ.l 3k:.t Js HiGht:; ~ ::·.:rty Y I'\~:; :··neth \d:o:.ms, in com1 . ction '.'ith a theft of' a 1 \!'(S3 c:whc of _;x{'llos:i.vGB fror'1 li'ort ; 'cC1clb.n. 11 (N&O)

Opelika. 66 pcopl-a '(Jere ::.·.r:reste:d for '1p:t:caC.ing ' .. ·it~1out a por mit 11 as tl18y b.{pn a m:~·rch to th :: crmnty c-::u.rt.ho;··se to c] Oirt:md mora votor ros5.strcd:.ion cb.ys in Lee County. { -~ C)

JacksonvilL ;. Tha d Chrlsti"Ln, r-1:-:: c;ro f ·t. t1::r of 7 ct:.ildr ;:n, '.1:': :3 s 1:ot J.nd ktll :d t,rhJ..lC· .i.·''.; ;., ··: 'ln ":' ·lt·' '1 co-:1·'11 liT.J'nit :--: """ln's CI"' ·=- ,.,lrli ;.r'l·H1 !' CC>r·n:--· · ·,.-1~· .... .,., {S'v') -• J. -f., -• ,...z..., .., >-J ~ .._ \...ol. t·'> ... .... ~ _,. ,. ..- - U i .V-. ~ ""...,..&~ . ~ • .\.. V-·~ '-"\. _ J' • • .._/J.,J.. \

Op<:>lika. 70 cl.::monstr:· ·':.o:-:-s, cJ oni :]d a p r>.rndo p~;I'mi t., o:::.t.:::r.:nt.cd to mJ. rch .c~n;r.-ray to protest too fGl·J r q;;i,otr:;tlon ckys, th3 11 ~1riv1:.t .:~ siens on th;,; cm.Jrthous •,; :rest­room d:)or, ~md too :f::;u ik~J!'!'O ·1ubJ.ic oi'ficiG.ls &nd l c.'.H-cnforconc:--1t of.ficers. The 1:-'lc,r·c;.l:Jrs uere ?T rest::xl !'.nd ch:·3.:"g ,d s nd shoved into an ole!. Gcho·;l bus. In thz cotmty jclil ·rcn ; 11lic·,n, e. 1:hit.-3 /:.ul)urn U:o.i'lC1rsit ;;r studGnt.ll u::.s b:1::tt cm by callElCtJSe (SC)

t'ionte;omc:ry. ~t.D. t~CJ Attoj~r~cy G :::n .~r :·, ·t Hichnc:nd Flo~~ors ,c;a id he tJ<;.s noving into ~h0 jonr~than D ·nj_:)ls case f,) J.lo·:.-ri.ng t.!1o::; h::md.in ·~ c1mm of n :r:!t:mslt?.ug:hter indictment agr;tin;J't Tb.c-s1<W Col trman by th.:: Lo• !nd~s Co1.mty c;rmd jury., "If this if; not murd0J l.,.,,., no C""" ., .~.. <11 11 '?lo··e1''"' s,, .;,, (qCJ'

I,J ~ .:,:.:,;::1 ~::; 1 • Lo r..l......_ p J.. - · \·,/. - -..'") C~ .J..L~ 0 IJ

Hetum:)Im., D,:borah. 'd:!.~clcay9 ono of' 20 .<. : ... c;ro -- tudents 1•ho hr.'.d irtu:_-r~·.t,;d \ otw~pka H:'u:•h .School :n ·_, ' · ::: ol~ :>:.l<~]j l'v ·.:::::: :"i1).S ;Tsilck:d_ in6ofJ.n5:\:,~ly a.nd ,;h~'.rged vith :•wsn·~·lt:'!.n:~ a 11l:lit,; stu0;;:nto '3he cla:i.m;:;d th:: b''Y h :c0. been rc~)0C>.t ::cUy shootinr; rubbo1~ b;:,.nds :'~t her ..

page 6

HJ.ss Bracey charged th::t t s~1e UC\S not ;:t]_lmrcd t0 :nt'Jc:: a phone eall after bein~ arrested on assault e.nd bntt8ry chaq;es. She s...,_id sha had to s .xmd the nif,"ht il~ a cell uith t~-ro other uomon and onG bzd. t!J don't knm-r 2, t h1ng in t he uorld abaut that," said Shoriff Holley. (SC)

Mobileo No indictments uere voted by the f cd:::ral grnnd jury ~;_fter a six-day in­vestig::ttion of police conduct during c~ivil rights d:3nonstr.-:tions in S lma ~md Marion. u.s. Attorney Vo:cnon R. Jo.nsGU, Jr., a long vith thrs:::: special prose­cutors from tho Justice D.cp:J.rtn-:;nt in .'a shington, has presented eas·::.'s of pos~ siblo viobtions of fedm:·o.l lm-1s th:•t ;T ohibit _ :olice brut:;~.lity enc:! conspira­ci ;s to doprive ~Jeople of their civil rightsi J o.nson said, 11 tlF::r .;o just isn't any such thing ••• ns a c ::J. se th.~ t fJOes to a f :;d3ral ~_;ro.nd jury ldthout sui'fi­cient evid0nc0 to convict." Th:.: jury "·a s invr:::stiP,;:::ting stat ~) and loce.l police conduct in dcnonstr·:'.tions lo.st P8bo 18 in , 'arion ( t1LJ I~il 'in'; of Jir1r.1y L::::e Jacl{son by a ste,to troop:::r), t.'_nd I I.::rch 7 ll in S-::Jlma ( t.hc ch1bb:i.ng and g~ _ ssing of demonstrators tryln;; to cr oss t','le :C:"mu.nd I'ettus Bridge).

October 1965

Hayneville .. :ln all- : r!1i-!:>;; i Jm-rn dGs County jury f ovnd. Thoma s L. Col'~mnn , a prominent citiz.:~n of t he county, not [",1.1ilty of manslaughter. Co .. v ;mcm c: ·.s :n tri::.l for t i·: shotc,tUn rm..1rdor of Jonathan J: niols. (SC)

Tuskegee. Fif-ty Tusl~eg::Je Instituta students '.:all.cd to the; Conf':.;d.:Jrr:ctc !Iom1L:. nt in the c '.c:ntur of to1m a nd tlLrG sang ": 'e Shall Ov,::rcome." They tt'.:::.~o lDd by fo'. boys carr~rinc a c'--iffin dro. ~ ;od in black, uith -i.:,h :; ':ords "AJ.o.bamc . .;u;:;tice" vrittcn an the sidco Th8 march ha d be n call ed t:::' ~)rot0st, ll '-' I.mmdes Covnty jury's finding Thonas CoL:man not ztlilty of mFLnsla.ughtcr in th,; fatal shooting of Jonathan D-niels., (.30)

Hurion. 'I'lL~ f'crry County gr::.nd jur;;r refused to indict <m unic1cnti.fied Llo.ba.!m st:J.t 0 trooper fer fh,st-cbc:roe murder in the f t; tc.l shooting of J:Lmmy Lc;c Jack­son. (;JC)

Hayncvill'-~• Colli<~ Lerc;y ; :ilkins uas found not.-[;uilty of tl1 -:; TIL'I.Y'c~o:r of iirs .• Violt Liuzzo by :l11 all-tr::1it~ jury.. In liilkins' first tria l on th : ":n.trd--cr char.:;e th;:; jury ' '::1.s vn ~:blo to a;rec on 2. vc::rdict~

~lovember 1965

: :O:b.ilo • . Holte.'!:' Hondrl cks9- Qll l8A7·:.::..'l!""""'ld i,:.o;gro~ v~~.s f o!md :::nilty of :raping a your 1i1hite uoman by an c.ll-uhite jury. Hendricks 01dmitt .:;d hc;ving r eL Ltions Fith t h E. 1-roman, but he test.i.fi -:.;d th ·t she did not resis t. Tl-n '·' 0!?1D.n C:::ni od thiso

f1lthough tho incident occurred :::round 9 r: 4m. in a hoav:ny popul\ltcd neiGh­borhood~ . thoro uore no Hi tn ::-:;:-; ses ~-rho so.u or h ·0.rd II :ndricks drac;ginc the uomnn to the school a.:;o.inst hc:c Pill., (SC)

E\.lta"t-.r.. Seven people HerG arrest:Jd for tr:.;sp~'.scin:3 :. n1 i:h .; gro;.m ~·s of Carvm~ Hieh School and tho Gr3 ::-:n 3 County 'l'ro.inin:; .School ·r~lil --' a.ttoEpting to recruit IIJD.rchors f'or the cont inuin::; da;nonstr:=:.t i ons ag:odns t "s::;~r -3gatcd justice. 11 (SC)

Greenville.. 1l. blind mnn, :tobart Jrm-m:- ';7, w1s evicted from his hoMe in GrcenvilJ. , He sa id it \ JO.S bGcausc ho :1c.::1 .. llo· cd dcmonst:r;J.tions o.t his home., (SC)

Anniston. il.n all-ul1ito jvry 0 Jcid.,Jd tho.t the civil riGhts of /l.rthur 1. Jackson, o.n Anniston lk:gro, had 11:-:t hnn violot .x1 in D.n o.ll;::ged b-.Jctinc by tuo cihitJ policeme:n uho htd D.rrGst:Jc1 J~:\_ ckson for rGckLJss driving and drivi ng Fl>.ilo in­toxicated., Jo.cltson 1 s lauy:-rs t mot:i.on -t.I1a.t the jury b e bala.uc3d 1Ii th m;]nbers of differsi1t rncss F~: s donh;d by the j udge" (SC)

Florence.. I:.n .:::11-ullito jury freed Al exandGr BoddL~, cho.r gcd '•it.h the r r;:PG of a. uhito vom.s.n in Florence, JUabamQ., 11 Feoplo in the c:;mt:;unity could not remember the l ast tilne a Noirro uas clr::ar-:3d of such n. charge.,11 (SC)

Docsmbor 1965

par;e 7

in fodor:J.l co".ll't on the ch;_~_rg ::; of cr;nspir c~ ;· to c~ :::ny til;:: civil ri~!xts of ~ 'lrs. Viola Liuzza; in cour·t, hc~r~.:w.:;;r, th-:: rciTG!'!F;";:;nt gr·ught to ::;T(>~!C~ t~lc.t it lJ[tS

these thr c:;2 U L!D Hho :>~lot ::md kill .d :~rs . :_,iuzzo. 1'his l'.'lS th'j t.'drd trio.l for dilkins in conn ~ ct.icn 1Jith •I'" - :"".,iuzzo's clc~D th. ·ft ')r :.1. ·i::;.trial in I;,:cy, o. Lot-mdes Cotm.t;r jury ~w(plitt Jd. hiin of' mm~,~- 'T• (JC)

i.lontgom;ry. .i\t a f :cl-. ;·.~o..l court lLo.rln ; h ~r '; tl.trc::o Lo'.:nc1 :s C unt;r Jury co:mmission­"'rs· said t!:wy co'O~dn 't r;"Jr:::nbGr so0:'.ng a ;.·:ogro on J. tri.'ll jtU7. Circuit Judf}3 T. t·! .:.)rth TIK~C~•rd, uho llolds court i~ ~o' ·nC3s County t,,:ic) L'. y ·r, co1.U.d11 't think of o.ny, either.

The jury comr:dssionors said thoy got na.":lcs fOl~ :·he jur;r rolls from vot.inr, lists and from "going around in our county <.mel {)icldn'::; out ch:;;; p~o~~le ,.:c think aro aligiblc. 11 Thoro ;>,ro 2,282 :rogro men e.nd u89 Hhito n ..;n in Lmmd;.:;s county.

lmnis·ton. Ji.n1my Glenn I(night, t.h .; prosocution's chi-.::f uitnJss in tha trtz1l of H.D. Str.:lng;;; for the r:1v.rdcr of Fillic L:::::; Dr ~)ust::r, t;.;:stifiod th3.t i~u:' u.tos after B:L"oustm· HD.:J shot, ;)trc'.nrc c..nd tvo cori!pr.'.niona boo.st :.:d, 11 i:a cot us a l').i~­gor. I got ono. I 1n pretty surG9 becau~>: tho cnr S'.':Jrv:.::e. off the road.n{bC;

Hub::;rt Dtl!-non Strnnse uc:s c:::nvict -~d of sec nd-ckgr•.:;e :, ~u-rcLl~" b7 u1 -.-.11-Fhit·:;; .jv.ry for the aicht-ridor· slayin~ of :·IilJ..io Br-:::Fster. He uas s ,_;;n·c. ·:;nc;:1d to 10 y":Jo.rs in prison, th ·:; lightest s .;ntonco possible for second-dcc;roe r:mrd .)r. (.SC)

Hantgomery.. Less than 24 hou.rs -~ ftGr Jt:r.an~e' G conviction, ::1n c..ll-ul!ito fcdoro.l jury in ; iol1tgom:;ry found thr;):: :(u Klux Klnnsr:wn gtlilty of cons ,·dr1C;/ 5.n tho de;:th of >.rs. \fiol.:-1 Gregg Liuzzo, .:md 3 :mtenc ::1d t :J.,::m to 10-y:.::-,r p1·ison terms.

S8L-na. ft.n a ll-;rhitl.'l jur~.r d.~llb8:C:J.t:>d for 90 r.rl.nut0s b .foro fi:ndi:ng three uhite men not-c:uilty of tho uurder of R~v. J~lTIUS L :eb. 1\:o of dr. r. eb's com~xmions on tha ni:~ht oi' his d .ath had pozitivdy idon·~if'icc1 one of tho 't.bl"..)a men, ·;.:,lmcr Cook, o.s tlE· n8.n uho ;ttc~ckcd them. (.SC)

JanuG.ry 1966

Tuskegee. Samuel Youneo, Jr., 21, u;,_s c:10t to cL_,~,th .]ust be.for c n5.d ~:; i c;ht n -.:<J.r a do:;nto1.-•n s urvice st.:ttion by a ~-·rhito service stD:cion :1ttoncL• nt, -. ~J.rvln So­grost, aft·Jr he had asked to me thJ ru<m 1s room in ·ch : s ervico st:J.tion. (SC)

Lot-mcks Co,11ty., Freedom City, a tent city for evicted Negro farrri fa:r:J.ilies,, v.ras begun on High1..ray 80 in Lovmdes County. Sheriff Frank Ryals said that the fam­ilies probably had to go becausG the plantation is changing over to cattle raising and mechanical cotton pickars. At least one family, hm·J·JVi;;:r, feels tlv:.;­registered voters are al;,rays the first to go. "I just think he r,.ranted his · house because they found out we had registered to vote," said Hrs. :tviandle Glover. "He 1 s had a mechanical picker since 155 ~" she said f1 ;re.nd he has lots of people v1ho ain't ragistered -vmrking, 11 (SC)

Camden. David Colson, a Negro carpenter~ \vas shot through the head by James T. Reaves a f'm.r moments after he stepped out of his car to see Hheth·cr the Hhi te man had hit and dented his car. Reaves turned himself in to a policeman. (SC)

Sources: (AC) Atlanta Constitution (.Amv) Atlanta Daily World (BN) Birmingham News (m-J) Birmingham Horld (CA) The Coilli'nercial Appeal,. Nemphis, Tennessee (FTU) Flo~ida Times-Union~ Jacksonville (~~) Montgomery Advertiser (N&O) ~he' News and Observer, Raleigh~ North Carolina (NYT) !ife-vJ1 York Times (PI) Philadelphia Inquirer (PC) Pittsburgh Courier

. I

Alabama Justice: Race Related Hurclers in Alabama since 1958

Hilliam L. Noore . A 35 year old Hhi te mail carrier from :Sal tirnore, t,!oore planned t o walk from Chattanooga , Tennessee to Jackson, Nississippi and deliver an

anti-segregation message to the governor, at that time Ross Barnett:. fJioore got as fs.r as Attalla in Etowah ::ounty, Alabama. On April 24, 1963 he -;vas gunned dotvn along U ,s. High>-Jay 11. Governor ~~allace called the murder ~ra dastardly act IV and offered a $1,000 reward for the killer. Ui thin a feH days, the local sheriff arres1:ed a suspect and ballistics tests shotved the suspect ~s weapon had fired the shots that killed Hoore; the sheriff nslwrl tha,t first degree m11~d~r chnr 3es ,be lodged against the white man. Five months later, at the, next regu­lar meeting oi: the gr~md jury, the jury refused to indict the suspe,ct. ilo comment was given by the jury foreman.

Carole Robertsonl, Denise NcNair, Addie Hae Collins, Cynthis Dianne Hesley. ~-Jith­

out warning a dynamite blast ripped through the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, injuring 20 people and tdlling these four girls . 1-Jithin recent months ~here had been eight such bombings; (',overnor Hallace announced to a college audience that the bombings were '1dast:ardly acts. :J Three men \·Jere ar­rested but there tms no evide-nce to prove a connection with the church bombing. The state circuit court overturned their conviction on a charge of illegal possession of explosives. There have been no further arrests.

Virgil ~.Jare. This 13-year-old Negro was killed by two tvhi te teen-agers \V"hile riding his bicycle in a suburban are.a of Birmingham follmving the dm..mto>m church bombing. Both white boys were apprehended and signed confessions; they were both Eagle Scouts, aged 16 and 17. They were first charged tvi th first-degree murder and released on $10,000 bond; •.;hen they came to trial the charge t11as dropped to second-degree manslaug!1ter. Both were convicted and sentenced to seven rnonths imprisonment. The boys were lectured and sent horne free; regarding the prison terms, the judge placed them on probation.

Johnny Brown Robinson. In Birr:dngham, shortly after the church bombing, a riot erupted in the Negro section. Birrnt'i;:;~-i<Si·:t pollee claimed that Johnny, 16, was thrm11ing rocks at their cruiser. They, ordered him to stop, then shot over his head with a shotgun. He died , shot in the neck. The coroner and grand jury decided, on the basis of the officers• testimony, that the weapon had been discharged accidentally.

John L. Coley. Thi s Negro also suffered fatal >vounds from shotgun pellets during rioti ng after an earlier race bombing., There \vere no arrests.

Jimmy Lee Jackson. On Feb. 18, 1965, 35 miles north of Selma, local Negroes marched on the courthouse. State troopers moved in on the people as they l<nelt in the streets, brutally beating women and children. Several newsmen tvere beaten by local whites as the troopers stood by watching.

After t he beatings had occurred state troopers rushed into a cafe looking for persons who had earlier throtvn coke bottles at them. Jackson ran from the cafe with the troopers in pursuit and beating him. He died of complica­tions resulting from his tvound. The state trooper who killed him VJas cleared by a grand jur-y on the basis of self-defense .

Reverend James J . Reeb,. Four t.Jhite residents of Selma attacked Reeb and ttvo minister companions who tvere in t own for the s'dma-Nontgomery mar ch. One attacl<er clubbed Reeb f r om behind; t'vo days later he died of bead injuries. Three of the attackers were indicted on murder charges ; all three were acquitted ..

Hrs. Viola Liuzza. This Detroit houseHif:e \vas shot and killed on Highway 80 vJhile returning to i·-Im<tgornery to tranS!)Ort civil rights marchers following the Selma-!iontgomery r:1arcl1. Three Klansmen \vere charged with murd1;r, Collie Leroy Hilkins Has tried twice for the murder. The first \.Jas declared a mis­trial because of a :-1ung jury; the seconcl jury acquitted him, Charges are still pending against :-Ji llia:n J. l:aton and Eugene Thomas. An all-Hb.i te jury did find all three guilty of conspiracy to violate Federal civil r;tghts statute; each received a 10 year sentence, and bond was set at $10,000.

\.Jillie Brm.vster, Bre,·1ster \·las l\ill~d in a night ... rider slayin~ tvhile driving home frortl work. Three tvhi te n1eu. were indicted by the grand jury on murder charges. On~. man, Hubert Damon Stran:;;e, was co1wicted of second degree murder and given a 10-year prison sentence. The other t\vo, Johnny Ira DeFries and Le>vis Blevins, still face murder charges.

Frank Andrews. A white sheriff's deputy si1ot Andrews in the back in Lisman. The county solicitor said the victim tvas attacking another deputy. There have been no arrests.

Jonathan H. Daniels. This Episcopal seminarian tvas killed after his release from Jail becrtuso of civil rights dernonstratior..s. The suspect Tom Coleman, a prom­inent member of the community (Hayneville), was arraigned for rrurdE:r and assault lvith intent to kill; after being jail for 11 hours he was released on bonds of $10,000 and $2,500. The grand jury brought an indictment for manslaughter, and assault and battery. The defendant was acquitted of manslaughter.

Thad Christian. This Negro man ~.Jas shot \vhile fishing in a ··:,vhite man's creek '1

outside ' of Anniston. Av7hite suspect \vas charged for murder in th.:: arrest \varrant.

Sam.tel L. Younge, Jr. This Ttiskegee Insti tue student Hho had led sevE:ral demon­strations in the past year was shot to death just before midnight near a dor,oznto-vm se:fvice station in Tuskegee. Younge had been a target of segre ­gationists' hatred for months; his father said his son's life had been · · threatened repeatedly since h.a led unsuccessful attempts to integrate the town •s stvimming pool and several churches this past summer.

Younge \vas shot by a vlhi te service station attendant, Harvin Segrest, after he had ::tsked to use the r,ien 9 s room in tt1e service station. Segrest has been arrested, char:;;ed \.Jith first degree murder, and released on bond .

David Colson. This Negro carpenter •~as shot by James T. Reaves in Camden a few moments after he had left his car to see <:vhether :teaves had hit and dented it. Reaves turned himself in at the local police station.

Sources: Si,TCC, Special Report on Alabama, 1;A Fe\-J Recent Deaths in Alabama, n 3/65. Southern Regional Council, The Nevl South, "Some Race Related De!aths

in the United States, (195 5- l 965), November 1965. The Soutl1ern Courier .

l-IEDIAN FA1ULY INCO!-:E for the State of fl.labo.na, Urban and Rural, by Color and Selected Counties in the State

Hcdinn Family Incone

Total Nonuhite Hhite

Alabama [J),937 $2,009 ~~4, 764

Urban 4,853 2,568 5,779 Rural 2,841 1,415 3,506

Counties

Autauca 3,170 1,436 * 4,715 Barbour 2,174 1,155 3,477 Bullock 1,557 901 4,307 Dallas 2,346 1,393 5,231 Gl'oene 1,404 971 4,372 Hale 1,703 1,203 3,729 Lo1:ndes 1,387 9.35 4,533 !·~aeon 2,428 1,904 4;244 .Slu.rJ.ter 1,564 1,087 ; ... , 719 Hi1cox 1,550 1,081 3,914

SoUl"ce: Bureau of the Census, Departm::mt of Co1r,m ,~rce, (1960).

* Calculated from data in the preceding columns.

HLDIJU\T SCHOOL YE.:.UiS COi-iTLET;_J) by the ~: ormlation 25 ye&rs and Over for the United States~ thG Stat0 of JiJ.abama, and Solcctc_;!d Counties in the State of Alabama, Urban and Tiural, by Color

ikdian School Year s Conpleted

Total Nonuhite :!lute

Unit2d States 10. 6 8. 2 10. 9

Urban 11.1 8.7 11.5 Rural 9-!J2 6o2 9.6

Alabama 9 .. 1 6. 5 10.2 Urban 10 • .3 7.3 11.6 Rural 8.1 s·.5 3.7

Counties

5.6 ~:·

J\.utauga Bo4 10.1 Bar bour 7. 5 4.7 9.6 Bullock 7.0 5.2 11.8 Dallas 8.8 5 .. 8 12.2 Gr::ene 6., 6 5. 0 11.9 Hale 6 .. 9 5.3 11.0 Loundes 6.,4 5. 1 12.1 Bacon 8.4 7.6 10.7 Sumter 6.6 5.0 12 .. 2 HilcoJt: 7.0 5.5 11.6

Source ; Bureau of the Census, Department of Co:;li:lercc (1960) .

-.. Ga.l culo.ted from da.ta in 't.,he preceding columns .

ALAI3ANA JUSTICE: THE RCLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The follmving article is taken from a reviel'-v of Burke Marshall •s Federalism and Civil Rights by Dr. Richard Hasserstrom, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Tuskegee Institute. Hr. Marshall tvas formerly Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights in the Department of Justice.

11 ••• Fede£§1ism and Civil Rig_hts is an important book because ilt so

largely reflects contemporary, as well as prior, governmental ideology of the extent of federal commitment. This ideology requires the taking of a quite restricted view of the role the federal government can and should play in the enforcement of civil rights. It consists further in the commitment to securing voluntary compliance from state and local officials. (T:1at this philo;;. sophy still prevails is evident from the fact that federal examiners have been sent into only a few Deep South counties even though the prohibitions of the 1965 Civil Rights Act in respect to literacy tests continue to be violated in any number of other counties.) And it insists, finally, that the fE:deral system itself is not at fault--only the persons functioning within the system are to blame.

If taken wholly seriously, this ideology is difficult to understand and even more difficult to commend, If a system really works so badly, if it has permitted--as Mr. Marshall so readily agrees that it has--systematic abuses and evasions of the magnitude of those h~, himself, delineated, then it viould surely be appropriate to conclude that there are serious and pervasive flaVJs in the system itself. The distinction bet1.veen system and ;;erso~ is just not a real one. A system is worked by and for people. If it is a good system, it is good because it fulfils certain desirable functions, given the nature of the person involved. It is suspect if, despite its theoretical virtues, people can and do regularly pervert its purposes tvi th impugni tY.

Similarly, the ideology comes at times to assume the status of a mythology. For there is surely something unreal about the maintenance of the belief that local ~vhi te segregationists will act voluntarily to abandon their vested interests in the maintenance of the system of uhite supremacy. And even if there \vere somf~ plausibility in believing in the possibility of this occurrence, where within the calculus of this ideology is there recoc;nition of the present, immediate and severe harms done to the Negro d tizens of the South? If I'-'lr, Marshall ~s analysis is correct, if this is all that the federal system has to offer, if this is the ''realistic" vie\v of w-but federalism comes to, then a much, much stronger case than he has made must be made of its virtues--if, that is, the present injustices, the continuing indignities, and the more than occasional murders are to be rationally viewed as a price clearly \vorth paying for the nondestruction of the federal system.

But the hard fact, as I see it, is simply that tvhat Hr. l'"1arshall has described is not the federal system as it is and must be. The limitations he imposes on federalism are in several respects contingent and not essential at all. And it is this that makes his book so troublesome and its philosophy, because so fully accepted in important circles, so unfortuna-te. un at least two occasions Hr. Harshall expresses concern over the 11misguided 1 but incessant pleas of civil rights Harkers for meaningful federal protection and int:ervention. The object of his indignation is not hmvever the ;:..:rorkers; rather9 it is instituM tions of higher education, almost all of whom have failed to teach people about

page 2.

these limitations of federalism, Apparently, he notes, the schools and uni ver .. si ties attended by civil rights workers '.,,have not taught them much about the working of the federal system.' For, he reports, 'There exists an immense ignorance, apparently untouched by the curricula of the best universities, of the consequences of the federal system. ' If Mr. Harshall 's conception of the nature and limitations of the federal system is correct, then his complaint is probably justified. I suspect, however, that a solid course in federalism would probably only exaccerbate the demands of civil rights workers. More to the point, there is, I submit, no reason at all why such a course of instruction should reduce them one bit. Such a course neither would nor should diminish the disillusionment of our youth simply because it would quite properly teach that the federal system permits, if does not in fact require, federal activitles and federal co1mnitments of a sort Mr. Marshall does not consider in his book .. Let us imagine some of the things that such a course on federalism might consider,

The course might begin, for example, with the notion that it is a federal system and not a confederacy that we have. Article VI of the Constitution does -proclaim that the~ Constitution and laws of the United States shall be the~ supreme law of the land--.even in state courts and even for state and local officials. But if the Supremacy Clause were thought too general an object of study, the course might consider those federal laws that relate explicitly to civil rights activity. Although Mr. Harshall does not mention it once, sec. 242 of Title 18 does provide that

1'i.vhoever, under color of any lm-v •• ;tvi llfully subjects any inhabitant of any state ••• to the deprivation of any rights, privileges or imnunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or to different punishmettts, pains, or penalties ••• by reason of his color or race, then are prescribed for the punishment of citizens, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.'

Conceivably, exposure to a course in federalism might lead students to suppose that this penal lm-v (even '>vith its most restrictive interpretation) do1es impose a serious obligation of enforcement upon those charged with the duty of enforcing federal laws generally. And it tvould be quite hard to see why such a course should teach that sec.242 really means the statute is to be enforced only where the likelihood of conviction is great, or the crime especially heinous. Yet 9

such is, apparently, federal policy.

And suppose our course talked some more about the enforcement of federal penal laws generally. Uhere is the text that ~vould instruct the students that an agent of the Federal B~reau of Investigation--or perhaps even .any person--can not make an arrest without a warrant for a misdemeanor com:nitted in his presence or upon reasonable cause that a felony has been comrnitr.:ed, etc.? The course could well advise, though, that the F .B.I, and other federal officials have been present when sec. 242 has been violated innumerabl1; times and that an arrest tvi thout a \varrant has never been attempted.

To be fair, our course on the federal system might also point out that some (including I-ir. Marshall, no doubt) have argued that there are sound pol icy (if not legal) reasons for proceeding with utmost caution in the enforcement of sec. 241 and seco 242 of Title 18. Nore specificallyg that it is often urged that an arrest should not be made or an indictment sought unless there is a really strong case--unless there is evidence that even a Hhite Southern jury would find it difficult to ignore. But our course should then surely inquire , as tvell , into hoT-J aggressively the United States has sought to o~tain such ev i de nce . Has i t ever , for example, considered disguising F.B . I . agents as

page 3.

Northern white 3.N.c.c. workezos, equipping ther:i vJith oiniature - Ca<iieras ·and · the like, and sending them into an ongoing racial demo nstration for thz purpose of seeing whether those .:n:·Jful, melodramatic tales of police brutality really are true? To put the point some<·1hat different l y: does the Federal Government pursue violators of sections 241 and 242 -wi:th ontil•half or even one-quarter the zeal vJi th ullich it searches out violators of the fede1·al nar ,:-. otics lmvs or labor racketeers? Again, '"ere our students of federalism to ask >vhat there is about the federal system that niakes these laws different from all ot her federal criminal laws, I suspect that no very plausible answer could be forthcoming.

And the list of unansuered questions could be lengthened appn~ciably. Hhy has the government not sought to have the registrars 'i·Jho so openly disregard injunctions secured under 42 U.s .c. 1971 held in contempt of court? Hho ca11 say \·Jhat the deterrent effect upon the typical recalcitrant registrar Hou ld have been had only a fe~v notorious violators been fined or jailed? The only thing we can say is that not a single one has yet to suffer this fate--despite Hr. l'·1arshall 's ackno\-Jledgement that the number of Negroes re gistered between 1957 and 1964 (since 42 u.s .c. 1971) is small indeed, Or ~vhat about the impeachment of that judge or those judges \vho, in He. Narshall •s mm •..mrds, • •• ,have expressed hostility to federal efforts to enforce the right to vot•::.,. 1 ? Does it not cease to be ~good behavior" \vi thin the meaning of Article III of the Constitution when this lwstili ty is expressed in open court and overtly acted upon to the detrernent of federal laws and the rights protected by those laws? How should the schools have taught the impatient, disillusioned civil righ t s \.JOrkers to anmver this one?

There may be, although I do not thin!<; that there are, good and satisfy­ing ansuers to these and other questions that can be raised. They are almost surely, though, unanstverable from an inspection and analysis of the structure of the federal system_ Cne can, of course, ans\ver them by reading into the federal system all of the sorts of limitations and restrictions that HC'. Harshall apparently finds there. But one should be very clear that ~vhat is novJ being discussed is not the federal system per se, but rather the federal system ~ ·Jith a complicated, restrictive, and by no means self-justifiable gloss imposed upon it out of conscious choice and not structural or te:xtual necessity.

Or, one could, perhaps, point to the political dimensions of t:he problem: A Southern senator controls certain key committees, hence · the White House deems it inexpedient to push too hard for registration in his country; the F.B.I. is, as a practical matter, immune from direction by even the Attorney Gene:ral; if X is prosecuted, the only result will be the solidification of his local power base; and so on. I do not mean to suggest that facto:t:s ·oo:ch as ·these r1t e necessarily crass or umJOrthy of consideration j ust because they are labeled '

9political. " Indeed, they may >:vell be decisive. But they azoe not, I :suspect, the kinds of things that Ivir . Ha:rshall expects to have taught in that course on federalism.

My complaint ~vith Hr. Harshall~s book is, o£ course, in part that I disagree with the policies of limited action under uhich the fed?ral government has proceeded in the area of civil rights. Hore relevant to an assessment of the book's merit, hmvever, ia its failure even to hint that these constraints might be the result, not of our federal system, but rather of a series of conscious decisions to reinterpret, redefine and reconstruct the limits of justifiable federal ac;tion . The hard question. that I-ir . Harshall's book does not ans"tver satisfactorily is hmv, in the light of the dismal record of enforcement to date and the injuries all too long endured and still suffered daily~ the con­tinued imposition of these constraints can still seem defensible."

page 4.

The na~ure o£ Southern justice and the r o le of the federal government .r:re further e~~ ::: lored i n t he collection of e ssays Southern Just i c e , edited by Leon Friedman (pu blisl1ed in 1965). Tb.e follmvi ng passages are taker1 from t hese e ssays.

Charles V10rgan, Jr ., Segregated Justice

"An interracial crime is reported- -:tt!,lEGRO Rii.PE3 HHITE 1-~0W'l' is the nel17Spaper headline--and the mact.ine begins to grind. Arrested by a member of an all-'tvhi te poli ce force, or sheriff ' s department or high\-.1ay patrol , the Negro defendant is brought, perhaps for the first time, into the lot1ely tvorld of the "t.rhi te South. n'le warrant for hj.s arrest, if there i s a \'1arrant, was sworn out by a 'tvhite man and issued by a tvhitc magistrate or commissioner. Then, transported to jail in a r acially segregated patrol •vagon , he is fingerprinted, photographed and assign­ed a number by a white clerk, and detained in a racially segregated cell in a jail run by white men. Later he is i ndicted by a white grand jury and pressured to conf ess or plead guilty. If he refuses, he is brought to a courtroom presided over by a white judge, provided a white defense lawyer, tr i ed before a segr egated audience, referred to with first-name condescension, and convicted by a white trial jury in a courthouse -c;.;ith segre gated restrooms and drinking fount ains .

The all --c;vhi te state supreme co1.1rt• some of •~hose jus t ices are t1S ~-1ell knm..m for their ba\vdy Negro stories as for their attacks apon the Supreme Court of the United States , then vieHs the appeal.,. The white latilyers lvrite their briefs , the law is studied by -c;11hite latol clerl~s , and the jury's verdict is approved .

If an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States fails, the Negro defendant, condenmed froni the be gi nning , nm11 conf ined to a racially seg:r egated cell on death roH, will be visited by vJhite guards, a tvhite chaplain and a white barber, each of whom expresses regrets. He is then strapped into an e liec tri c c hair (the state's desegregated instrumentality of justice) by Hhi te men a nd before white witnesses . A white man pushes a button or pulls a switch.

From birth in a racially segregated hospital, or no hospital at all, t he Negro man. whose name \.Jas never important, has moved to burial in the N1::lgro section of a racially se gregated potter's field ,

Fr om identification by a \chite >voman .... \ilho often says, ' ! can't tell one of them from the others' --to the filing of the death certificate , every decision involving the li fe and death of the Negro criminal defendant rested i n r acially antiseptic white hands.

In any society, dertlocratic or totalitarian, unbalanced i nstrument al:i ties o£ justice are weapons of repression. The racially exclusive system of southe rn justice , its Nhite juries and white lmrycrs . judges, sheriffs and depu t:Les,: police and clerks .• stenpgJ'f.p~:fi Mt ~~gr4,t~~~ti facil,i,·~~:.t; '* s ~lt~ ·tWpllh·tieated and effective guarantor of th,~ i~~~h~¥• w_~j; ~; life.

-k fc *

In 1880, the Supr eme Court of · t he United States struck dO\m a Hest Virginia statute providing that only Hwhi te male persons n \vere eligible for jury duty. Southern whites , unable to exclude Negroes from jury duty by lat~, t urned t o il'ldirection. States that r efused to educa t e Negroes required tha t jurolt"S be registered voterss or they required jurors to mm real pr operty. or they required vgood character, v ' experience, w or 'moral charac t er , v or 'intelligence , a or 'uprightness. 0 Determinations of character, e:\.peri ence , intelligence and uprightness, tlecessarily subjecti ve , were made by t.vhite jury commission(~rs .