Report No. 1726-SU & m

Sudan FILE CUPYLivestock Marketing ProjectAppraisal ReportVolume 11February 24, 1978

Eastern Africa RegionNorthern Agriculture Division

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Document of the World Bank

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipientsonly in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may nototherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

Currency Unit = Sudanese Pound (LSd);I LSd = 100 piastres (pt)

US$2.50 1/ = LSd 1.00US$1.00 = LSd 0.40US$2.5 million = LSd 1.0 million

WEIGHTS AID MEASURES

I hectare (ha) = 10,000 m - 2.47 acre (ac)I feddan (fed) = 1.04 ac - 0.42 haI ha 2.38 fedI ha 2 1.67 makhomas1 square kilometer (km ) = 100 ha1 kilometer = 1,000 meters (m)

ABBREVIATIONS

DG Director GeneralLM11C Livestock and Meat Marketing

CorporationODM Ministry of Overseas Development,

United KingdomPLIMO Provincial Livestock Marketing

OfficerRMEA Regional Mission in Eastern Africa

(World Bank)RTC River Transport CorporationSRC Sudan Railways Corporation

GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN

FISCAL YEAR

July 1 - June 30

1/ The effective parity relationship for the US dollar is LSd 1 -

US$2.87156. An effective exchange rate of LSd 1 = US$2.50 is appliedto all exchange transactions other than the purchase of proceeds fromexports of cotton and gum arabic, to which the exchange rate of LSd 1 -US$2.871 continues to apply, as a result of the application of exchangetaxes and subsidies of 5.18 piastres per US dollar (i.e. 15%) to therate of LSd 1 - US$2.87.

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR OFFICIAL USt ONLY

ANNEXES VOLUME

1. Livestock Marketing II 1/

Table I - Number of Livestock by ProvinceFigure 1.1 - Marketing Flows of Livestock in theProducing Areas

2. Railway Transport of Livestock II

Appendix 1 - Basic Assumptions Used in the Calculation ofRailway Operating Costs

Table I - Projection of Livestock Traffic Railed by LMMC:Actual Estimated Traffic and Full Capacity

Table 2 - Projection of Livestock Traffic Railed by LMMC:Wagons Loaded at Each Station

Table 3 - Projected Seasonality of LMMC Rail Traffic

3. Project Market and Transport Infrastructure II

Table 1 - Secondary and Terminal Markets - Market Capacities

Figure 3.1 - Livestock Flows - Khartoum Market

Figure 3.2 - Livestock Flows - Soba Railway terminal

Charts - Primary Market (World Bank 17705)- Secondary Market - El Obeid (World Bank 17694)

- Khartoum Terminal Market (World Bank 17695)- Railway Holding Yard - El Obeid (World Bank 17708)

- Railway Transit Yard - Er Rahad (World Bank 17706)

- Soba Railway Terminal Yard (World Bank 17707)

4. Project Costs

Table 1 - Project Cost SummaryTable 2 - Project Cost Including Contingencies II

Table 3 - Railway Transport

Table 4 - Transport Infrastructure - Summary

Table 5 - Transport Infrastructure - Aweil RailwayHolding Yard

Table 6 - Transport Infrastructure - Babanusa RailwayHolding Yard

Table 7 - Transport Infrastructure - Ed Da'ein Railway

Holding YardTable 8 - Transport Infrastructure - El Obeid Railway

Holding YardTable 9 - Transport Infrastructure - Meiram Railway

Holding YardTable 10- Transport Infrastructure - Nyala Railway

Holding Yard

1/ Volume II will not be circulated but will be available on requestfrom the Eastern Africa, Northern Agriculture Division.

This documnlt has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their oflicial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

ANNEXES VOLUME

Table 11 - Transport Infrastructure - Er Rahad, Kosti andSennar Railway Transit Yards

Table 12 - Transport Infrastructure - Soba RailwayTerminal Yard

Table 13 - Market Infrastructure - SummaryTable 14 - Market Infrastructure - Terminal Markets - SummaryTable 15 - Market Infrastructure - Khartoum Terminal MarketTable 16 - Market Infrastructure - Soba Terminal MarketTable 17 - Market Infrastructure - Secondary Markets - SummaryTable 18 - Market Infrastructure - Aweil Secondary MarketTable 19 - Market Infrastructure - Babanusa Secondary MarketTable 20 - Market Infrastructure - El Da'ein Secondary MarketTable 21 - Market Infrastructure - El Fasher Secondary MarketTable 22 - Market Infrastructure - El Obeid Secondary MarketTable 23 - Market Infrastructure - Kadugli Secondary MarketTable 24 - Market Infrastructure - Kosti Secondary MarketTable 25 - Market Infrastructure - Meiram Secondary MarketTable 26 - Market Infrastructure - Nyala Secondary MarketTable 27 - Market Infrastructure - Sennar Secondary MarketTable 28 - Market Infrastructure - Wad Medani Secondary MarketTable 29 - Market Infrastructure - Thirty Primary MarketsTable 30 - LMMC Headquarters - Capital and Operating CostsTable 31 - LMMC Headquarters - Staff Operating CostsTable 32 - Technical Assistance, Training and Studies

5. Disbursement and Project Implementation I

Table I - Estimated Schedule of DisbursementChart - Project Implementation Schedule (World Bank 17693)

6. Livestock and Meat Marketing Corporation (LMMC) I

Appendix 1 - Terms of Reference for Internationally IIRecruited Staff

Appendix 2 - Training Program for Senior LMMC StaffAppendix 3 - Livestock and Meat Marketing StudiesAppendix 4 - Order of Establishment for LMMCCharts - LMMC Organization (World Bank 17620) I

- LNMC Communications (World Bank 17682) II

7. Markets and Prices II

Table 1 - Recorded Export of Livestock and ChilledMeat by Main Importing Countries

ANNEXES VOLUME

Table 2 - Surplus of Cattle and Sheep and the Flow ofTrade Estimate for Base Year 1977

Table 3 - Projections of Cattle and Sheep Surplusesfrom Six Western Provinces and Demand forRail Transport

Table 4 - Projection of Provincial Surplus ofCattle and Sheep Destined for Consumption,Fattening/Processing for Export and LiveExport and the Resulting Demand for RailTransport

Appendix 1 - An Estimate of Inter-Provincial Market Flowsand National Export Potential

Table I - Inter-Provincial Market Flows and NationalExport Potential

Table 2 - Estimated Population of Townships notIncluded in Aerial Survey

8. Financial Benefits of Railing vs Trekking II

Table I - Costs and Benefits of Railing vs Trekking SheepTable 2 - Costs and Benefits of Railing vs Trekking Cattle

9. Financial Analysis I

Appendix I - LMMC Financial AssumptionsAppendix 2 - SRC Financial Assumptions with ProjectAppendix 3 - SRC Financial Assumptions without Project

Table 1 - Operating Assumptions to Financial Projections ITable 2 - LMMC Projection of Marketing RevenueTable 3 - LMMC Railway Transport of Livestock, Pro-forma

Profit and Loss StatementTable 4 - LMMC - Railway Transport of Livestock, Pro-forma

Cash FlowTable 5 - LMMC - Pro-forma Consolidated Profit and Loss

StatementTable 6 - LMMC - Pro-forma Consolidated Cash Flow

Table 7 - SRC Pro-forma Incremental Statement of Profitand Loss

Table 8 - SRC Pro-forma Balance Sheet With ProjectTable 9 - SRC - Pro-forma Incremental Cash Flow With

ProjectTable 10 - SRC - Schedule of Selected Financial Indicators

Table 11 - SRC - Financial Internal Rate of Return

Table 12 - SRC - Pro-forma Statement of Profit and Loss

Without Project

ANNEXES VOLUME

Table 13 - SRC - Pro-forma Balance Sheet Without Project

Table 14 - SRC - Pro-forma Cash Flow Without Project

Table 15 - SRC - Comparative Balance Sheets

Table 16 - SRC - Statement of Profit and Loss

10. Government Cash Flow I

11. Project Benefits and Economic Analysis I

Table 1 - Economic Rate of Return CalculationTable 2 - Cattle Trekking Losses, Weight and ValueTable 3 - Sheep Trekking Losses, Weight and ValueTable 4 - Financial and Economic PricesTable 5 - Project Effect on Livestock Marketing and Export

12. Livestock and the Economy IIAppendix I - Proposed Private Sector Investments

MAPS

Stock Routes, IBRD 12986 IMarket and Railway Infrastructure, IBRD 12987 I

ANNEX IPage 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Livestock Marketing

A. General

Livestock Numbers

1. It is exceedingly difficult to obtain reliable estimates of thelivestock population of most African countries. The majority of theseestimates are currently based on vaccination records, slaughterhouse figures,total market sales, and returns made by field officers or rural authorities.Due to the general inadequacy of the records available, as well as the un-willingness of the producers to give an accurate count of the numbers theyown (in order to minimize the level of taxes owed), these figures arenotoriously suspect, and give use to widely varying estimates depending onthe method used. Recognizing the importance of the livestock industry andthe crucial need for accurate herd estimates, the Sudan Government commis-sioned a comprehensive livestock census which was carried out by consultants(Resource Management and Research, Nairobi) over the period 1975/76 - 1976/77.The census was based on an aerial survey, supported by extensive groundinvestigations. The results of this census are presented in Table 1; asummary of the total numbers of livestock by category is given below:

Cattle Sheep Goats Camels…mi--------------mllion--------------------

15.36 16.23 11.29 2.36

2. These animals are owned almost exclusively by traditional producers;some 60% of the cattle and 80% of the sheep and goats, and almost all thecamels are owned by migratory pastoralist, with the remaining animals inthese categories owned mostly by small sedentary cultivators (see Annex 1).Four western provinces - Northern and Southern Darfur and Northern andSouthern Kordofan - contain about 40% of the cattle, 37% of the sheep, 42% ofthe goats and 52% of the camels.

Offtake

3. Present estimates of total offtake vary widely; these range from6-15% for cattle, and 20-35% for sheep and goats. Figures for marketedofftake are generally agreed to be about 5% for cattle, 20% for sheep, 25% forgoats and 4% for camels. The above offtake rates, and particularly that forcattle are fairly low. Sale of animals is constrained by custom, a highincidence of disease, a shortage of finance, and a marketing mechanism whichcannot respond to expanding opportunities in an adequate manner.

ANNEX IPage 2

B. The Livestock Marketing System

4. All marketing of livestock is financed and managed by the privatesector. The system is dominated by a small number of merchants who througha network of agents, traders and middlemen finance and organize the movementof livestock from the rural areas. Although these merchants have beenreasonably successful in assuring the functioning of the market system,several important constraints have limited the expansion of total marketedproduction; these include:

(a) the difficulty in channelling a widely scatteredsupply of animals through the official markets; itis estimated that only about half of the tradestock pass through official markets.

(b) the inefficiency of the present markets, due both to thelow level of physical investment and to the excessivenumber of middlemen who participate in virtually everysale; and

(c) the absence of adequate transport facilities necessitatingthe long and costly trekking of animals from the producingareas (mainly in the west) to the Khartoum area.

Livestock Markets

5. There are basically three types of livestock markets in the Sudan:primary markets, secondary markets and terminal markets. The primary marketsare located in the smaller and more remote villages in the livestock pro-ducing areas. The markets generally lack even the most basic physicalinfrastructure, and are often no more than a place where livestock aretraded. Stock are brought to the markets by the producers and by bushtraders who visit the nomad camps in the outlying areas; markets may be heldweekly, every two weeks, or in remote areas, even once a month. Almost allsales are arranged by brokers who operate as middlemen between the sellersand the agents and traders interested in purchasing stock. Secondary marketsare located in the larger towns in the producing areas. Although many lackeven rudimentary facilities, others may have a walled enclosure with someinterior divisions, an office, and on occasion a small covered stand forbuyers and a sales ring. Although some producers visit these markets, themajority of sales are between the bush traders on the one hand, and agentsand small independent traders on the other. Auction markets have been triedin several areas, but due to the concerted opposition of the brokers, thesehave proven largely unsuccessful. A terminal market is simply a very largesecondary market located in a major urban center; the Omdurman and the Wad Medanimarkets are probably the only markets in the country which would fall in thiscategory. Despite the large network of established markets it is estimatedthat, quite apart from the direct producer-consumer sales which it is impos-sible to regulate, some one-third to one-half of all the animals moving out of

ANNEX IPage 3

the producing areas do not pass through an official market. This can beattributed to the fact that at the present time there is little incentive forthe producer to bring his animals the often long distances to a market. It isgenerally far easier for him to sell his stock to the bush traders, for whilethe prices received in these transactions are often below market prices, theproducer is spared the trouble and the time involved in an often fruitlesstrek to the market; given the fact that as many as 50% of all animals offeredfor sale at a given market may fail to find willing buyers, it is difficult toconvince the producer to go out of his way to utilize these facilities.

6. The markets are administered by the local Rural Council, whichregulates sales and collects the relevant taxes. The most important market taxis the livestock sales tax. This tax is levied at a fixed rate which is setannually for the whole province, and is paid by the buyer. At Ed Da'ein forexample, the tax represents just over .5 percent of the value of animalstraded. (In some markets, a local "self-help" contribution tax has recentlybeen added to the basic tax by the Rural Council). At the main markets thesale tax is collected by clerks of the Rural Council; a legal sales receiptcannot be obtained unless the tax has been paid. In a number of smallermarkets the rights to collect the sales tax and to issue legal sales receiptsare leased to private individuals. The value of tax receipts sold may be twoor three times the lease value of the market, and thus the council loses acertain amount of potential tax revenues by utilizing this procedure. On theother hand, however, it saves money which would otherwise have to be spentmobilizing clerks to attend the markets. As markets grow in size, they areoften taken over and controlled by the Rural Council. An estimate of theaverage sales taxes imposed in Southern Darfur is given below. These ratesmay be taken as roughly typical of rates in the major producing area.

Livestock Sales Tax Rates

Southern Darfur 1975

Sales Tax(ESd per head)

Cattle (mature) 0.50Calves 0.20Sheep 0.10Goats 0.06Camels 0.375Horses 0.625Donkeys 0.125

It is clear that a large number of transactions go untaxed.

kNNEX IPage 4

The Trading Process

7. One of the most important characteristics of the livestock market-

ing system is the number of extremely complex functional relationships which

exist between individuals engaged in the livestock trade. A thorough under-

standing of the network of inter-relationships, why they exist and the

implications of upsetting them, is essential if realistic proposals for

improvement of the marketing system are to be formulated. The marketing

network involves physical supply links, financial links and, most important,

bonds of kin and friendship (an overview of the process can be seen in

Figure 2.1).

8. Brokers (Sebabi). A producer wishing to sell some of his animals

has relatively few outlets available. The majority, especially those selling

cattle, go to a livestock market where they sell through a broker (sebabi)

who acts as an intermediary between the producer and the buyer. It is very

simple to become a broker since there are no barriers to entry and licencing

is not enforced; a minimal amount of capital is required and the onlycosts are those of travelling to various markets. Professional qualifications

include a thorough knowledge of the local market situation and current prices

and self-confidence in dealing with merchants. The broker has a range of

functions from acting simply as intermediaries to trading. He does not

handle money on behalf of the buyer or the seller, but sells his expertise

as a negotiator and his knowledge of current prices to the producer. At

most markets it is almost impossible for a producer to deal directly with a

merchant. As he approaches the market he may be intercepted by several

brokers, each offering to act on his behalf at the market and promising goodprices in return for a small commission. Eventually the producer succumbs,

and from that moment the broker is continuously active, approaching merchants

and buying agents and consulting with the producer. Eventually, a price is

agreed upon and he receives his commission from the seller. Sometimes thebroker may extend his activities, visiting adjacent ferigs or settlements a

few days before a major market to collect animals to take to the market.In some cases he may be promised a commission by a merchant for every animalhe brings to the market or, if he is well-known and trusted in the ferig,

he may simply sell the animals on behalf of the nomads. It is not always

easy to tell whether a broker is working as an agent for a merchant or asa broker and whether his primary responsibility is to the buyer or the seller.

Without exception, the brokers as a group see themselves as performing a

valuable service for the nomads by protecting them from exploitation bymerchants. In terms of class, tribe and income, they are closest to the

producers. However, they also perform a valauble service for the merchantsby spreading market information in the ferigs and, by collecting animals,

enabling them to buy large numbers in a short time. Clearly, there are

opportunities for the unscrupulous to obtain commissions from both sidesin a deal and to cheat over prices. However, the broker depends on his

good reputation, and if he loses this by deceiving either buyer or seller,

his opportunities for business will disappear. A respected broker doesnot have to pursue commissions, but is approached by buyers and sellers

alike.

ANNEX IPage 5

9. Traders (Gelaia). The traders are distinguished from the brokersin that they use their own capital to finance purchases rather than relyingon trust and credit. The gelaja, a small-scale local trader, specializesin short-distance and short-term buying and selling. His principal activityis travelling to the camps (ferigs), paying cash on the spot for animals and,having collected together a herd of say 10-15 cdttle, selling them at a localmarket. During the peak marketing period, gelajas may also be able to profitfrom buying at a market where there happen to be few large merchants andconsequently prices are low, and then selling just a few days later at anadjacent market where prices are high. During the dry season many gelaias whomay well have their own herds, travel to the southern pastures where they areable to profit from "hardship" sales of stock. These animals they may trekperiodically to supply butchers in the urban centers such as Ed Da'ein andBabanusa; alternatively they may hold the animals and run them with their ownherds until the following rainy season when prices rise. It is impossible tobe precise about the number of gelajas operating or their share of the market.However, on the basis of information from merchants, brokers and market clerksat Ed Da'ein, it is estimated that gelajas handle somewhat less than 10percent of all cattle purchased by merchants.

10. Agents (Wakils). The agent acts as a buying agent for a merchant;in this capacity he functions much as does a trader. The only difference isthat whereas the trader uses his own working capital, the agent is financed bysomeone else. It is not uncommon however, to find an agent simultaneouslyactive in the capacity of both a trader and an agent. The agents are generallyfinanced either by local merchants or by large merchants and exporters inOmdurman. They receive their working capital from the sponsoring merchantalong with precise instructions on the number of animals to be bought andprices to be paid. His qualifications for the responsible task of buyinganimals are primarily that he has a thorough knowledge of the livestock tradeand that he is trusted by the merchant. Throughout the period he is buyinganimals, he exchanges market information with Omdurman and other centers bytelegraph, letters and word of mouth to help him gauge prices and trendsaccurately; the return to the capital invested by the merchant depends entirelyupon his agent's ability to do this successfully.

11. In addition to the major agents who are given considerable re-sponsibility and autonomy in the buying and transporting of animals, there arealso minor agents who perform functions very similar to those of the brokersand traders; indeed, some may also act in those capacities when not engaged bya merchant. These minor agents are usually employed on a commission basis toact on behalf of the merchant or his main agent in the market place itself.They handle little or no cash, but simply collect together small numbers ofanimals for the merchant (or his agent) to purchase. In effect, the roleof the minor agent, as with that of the broker engaged by a merchant, is toenable purchases of large numbers of cattle (100 or more) to be accomplishedin the few hours that the market lasts. In view of the protracted hagglingover price which takes place, a merchant would be unable to conduct individualtransactions for each animal. Speed is essential when it is rememberedthat in some areas at least, more than three-quarters of all cattle salestake place in four months of the year.

ANNEX 1Page 6

12. Merchants (Jellabas). The definitive character of the merchant isthe control of capital. In fact, it is the merchant who, by supplyingmillions of pounds every year in working capital, ensures that the marketingsystem continues to function. Unlike the trader who operates with smallamounts of working capital over a limited time, the merchant may have hismoney tied up in purchases of stock for six months or more, financing themovement of animals from the producing areas through to the domestic consumeror the export markets. Besides capital, the main contribution of merchants tolivestock marketing is expertise. Provincial merchants may personally parti-cipate in purchasing animals and may spend considerable time and money infollowing their animals as they are trekked east. City merchants rarely go tothe producing areas themselves but rely on experienced agents to do thebuying. However, they maintain a close watch on local and world marketprices and send out a stream of advice and orders to their agents. A trendwhich has been observed in the west (but which cannot be quantified) is agrowth in the number of small independent traders and merchants. This trendshould increase competitiveness to the benefit of the producer. One reasonfor this trend is possibly the shift by city merchants away from financing thepurchase of herds in the west, which ties up capital for 6-9 months, topurchasing in Omdurman and reconditioning (or even fattening) for export. Theresult has been fewer large agents in the west, greater reliance on localcapital in the trade, and the emergence of small merchants. In this way thecity merchants transfer the substantial risks in trekking livestock to theirprovincial counterparts and concentrate their capital in the lucrative exporttrade. At the present time there are between 15 and 20 large merchants whodominate the domestic trade, and some 6-7 merchants who control the livestockexport market.

13. Guarantors (Damins). The guarantor guarantees all livestock sales.His stamp or signature is required on each tax receipt issued; this signaturetestifies to the ownership of the animal and the seller's right to be sellingit. In order to be able to do this, the guarantor must know all the familieswithin the tribe for which he acts as damin. For this reason mature menare generally appointed to this quite lucrative post. If an animal whichhas been certified by a damin is found to have been stolen, either the owneror the buyer can sue the damin for the value of the animal. For this servicethe damin receives in some cases 2 percent of the market value, in others asum of 15-25 piasters (pt) for cattle and 5 pt for sheep from the seller. Atmajor markets (such as Nyala and Ed D'ein) there are 20 or more damins, onefor each community in the area; they are also present in reduced numbersat the smaller markets. The damin, therefore, has a very important'role toplay, especially in areas near frontiers where stealing and smuggling ofcattle is a hazard. He provides informal insurance for the buyer (usually amerchant) against the risk of producers selling stolen stock.

14. Financial and Personal Relationships. Livestock marketing inthe Sudan is organized on the basis of an extensive network of informalfinancial and personal relationship. Services vital to the operation ofthe system, including credit, market information, and transport, which in alldeveloped and many developing countries are provided by Government, are all

ANNEX IPage 7

provided here by this privately organized informal institutional infrastruc-ture. For most purposes, personal and financial relationships go together;business is, wherever possible, conducted with members of the extended familyand close friends. Credit is customarily made available to members of theextended family and to trusted friends, but it is extended only on veryextortionate terms to others. Limited access to starting capital and credithas ensured that trading in general has remained in the hands of the merchantsfor generations. The major part of the working capital for the livestockmarketing system is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number ofmerchants based in Omdurman. This capital is distributed through the systemby the network of agents and sub-agents. This crucial relationship betweenthe merchant, his agent and the sub-agents, is based on trust. On the onehand, trust that the thousands of pounds entrusted to the agent will not beembezzled, and on the other that the merchant will acknowledge a job well doneby offering his agent opportunities to expand and grow richer. For thisreason only kin or long-established friends are chosen as agents. Similarly,the ability to obtain such things as an export licence or priority for a stockwagon on the railway depends largely on the extent of the merchants's contactsor wastas. The creation and maintenance of a network of obligations amongpeople strategically located in the economy is essential for any large-scaletrader.

15. Market information concerning prices and numbers of animals enter-ing different markets is provided by the network of agents and relatives. Anindividual who sustains a trading loss will be supported by gifts and creditfrom relatives and friends. Working credit on an informal personal basisextends throughout the marketing system from butchers who slaughter and sellon credit from merchants to traders who purchase on credit from producers.Indeed, an agent or trader can only make maximum use of his working capital byusing his position of trust in the community. It is not uncommon for locallywell-known and respected traders to purchase livestock, especially sheep on15-30 day credit, paying approximately 50 percent of the agreed price to theproducer or other supplier in cash and the balance after the stock hasbeen subsequently sold to a large-scale merchant. In this way the tradercan double his turn-over. Since most capital is in the hands of large mer-chants, individual progress in the trade is largely dependent upon theestablishment and maintenance of a position of personal trust with theimmediate supplier of capital. Thus, the financial relationships based ontrust which are essential to the continued operation of the marketing systemare very stable, and it is in the interests of individuals who need capital tomaintain them.

Movement of Stock

16. At present the great majority of trade stock are trekked from therural areas to Omdurman; it is estimated that some 150,000 cattle (in groupsof around 100) and around 400,000 sheep (in groups of about 300) make the trekto Omdurman each year. Most of the movement takes place during and immediatelyafter the rains when ample feed and water is available throughout the trek;peak periods of trekking occur between October and January when mortality andweight losses are minimal.

ANNEX 1Page 8

17. Animals destined for the east, whether bought by merchants or agentsare usually held in the area until they can be trekked. Cattle bought duringthe rainy season are usually held for only short periods near the majormarkets and, as each merchant completes his trekking herd (say, 2-3 herds ofapproximately 50 cattle each), they move off for the 40-60 day trek. Cattlebought between February and June in the dry season grazing areas are notusually moved immediately unless the previous rainy season was so good thatgrazing is still available, or unless prices are so high that the merchant isable to cover the high risk of loss on a quick trek to the east. Merchantsbuying cattle at this time of year are playing off the low buying prices andthe chance of trekking a herd eastwards early in the rainy season when pricesin the city are at peak, against the constant struggle to find pasture andwater, and the high risk of loss. Trade herds have played a major part in theovergrazing that has occurred in the vicinity of the major markets, asthey are held in these areas waiting for the trek to begin.

18. Livestock trekking eastward along broadly defined stockroutes,average about 20 km per day. The two main stock routes emerge from pointsabout 200 km apart in western Sudan, one at El Fasher in Northern Darfur andthe other at Nyala, the railhead in Southern Darfur. (Map, IBRD 12986).These two routes continue on a parallel course north of the railway, ultimate-ly converging at Fatasha, about 40 km from Omdurman. The El Fasher-Omdurmanroute covers a distance of some 900 km, and the Nyala-Omdurman route adistance of about 1,400 km. A number of feeder routes, some involving a trekof over 400 km, connect other producing areas in the west with the two mainstockroutes. Livestock using the feeder routes are mostly small mobs obtainedfrom primary markets and bush trader collections purchased outside of themarkets (the latter are mostly disposed of at the secondary markets situatedon or near the main stockroutes). The stockroutes were administered by theAnimal Resources Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, but are now theresponsibility of the Livestock and Meat Marketing Corportaion (LMMC). Alllivestock entering the stockroutes must be vaccinated by the VeterinaryOfficers before they can receive movement permits. Proof of vaccination mustalso be shown in order to gain admittance to the established water pointsalong the route. Water yards 1/ have been established by the Rural WaterCorporation along the stockroutes (most of them are now operated by the RuralCouncils). Wells have also been dug at numerous other locations along theroutes. One or the other type of water point is generally found at intervalsof roughly one day's trek. Thus, in the rainy season stock are usuallywatered every day; in the dry season, however, because of the limited suppliesof water and the high charges often imposed for the use of water points, stockare watered only every two days. Although the construction of new water yardshas alleviated the difficulties of trekking over these long distances, seriousproblems remain. Maintenance of borehole facilities, lack of fuel for pumps,absence of fodder and poor communications all contribute to the difficultiesof travel.

1/ A water yard uslally consists of a fully equipped borehole, an elevatedreservoir (50 m ), fountains for the human population, and metal2wateringtroughs. These are located in a fenced area of 3,000 to 4,000 m .

ANNEX 1Page 9

19. The difficulty of moving livestock from the producing areas in thewest to the main markets in the east is undoubtedly the principal constraintupon the development of the livestock sector. The present system wherebymost of the livestock cover these long distances entirely on foot, does -in spite of the fact that it is a relatively low cost method of transportingstock - have several serious disadvantages. First, it produces a verypronounced seasonality of supply, with a consequent impact upon prices inOmdurman. Second, animals trekked during the dry season when pastureand water are scarce, usually suffer severe weight losses enroute, andcostly reconditioning is required to prepare the animals for either localconsumption or for export. Third, mortality is much higher during thedry trek than is the case in the rainy season.

20. In addition to those animals trekked to Omdurman, smaller number ofboth cattle and sheep are transported to Khartowm by rail. In 1974 it isestimated that some 10,000 cattle and 40-50,000 sheep were transported fromthe west by Sudan Railways. The number of animals (particularly cattle)transported was low due mainly to the lack of cattle wagons and the unreliabi-lity of service. A comparison of costs (including the cost of reconditioning)shows however, that if these constraints can be overcome, transport by railwould be much the preferred alternative.

Transport Costs - 1974

Trekking Railway

Oct-Jan Feb-June Oct-Jan Feb-June…i-----------------ISd/head--------------------

Cattle 3 22 5 6Sheep I not possible 1 1

Omdurman Market (Zariba)

21. Omdurman is the hub of the livestock marketing system. Not onlydoes it attract the major share of all marketed livestock, but it is also thefinancial and organizational center. It provides much of the working capitalfor the system in the producing areas, credit for the butchers in the domesticmarket, and capital and expertise for finding and supplying markets abroad. Asimple model of the flow of livestock from the producing areas to the consumeror the export market is shown in Figure 2.1..

22. The livestock market at Omdurman is really no different fromany of the large markets in the producing areas except that it is muchbigger. During the peak months, 200-250 cattle on average may be sold

ANNEX IPage 10

per day and 600-650 sheep; the animals actually brought to the market may

well total over 1,000 cattle and 2,000 sheep. The market is operated bythe Municipal Council and is located in the center of Omdurman near theveterinary station and the municipal abattoir. The location of the Omdurmanmarket is undoubtedly convenient for both traders and butchers and geo-graphically well placed in relation to the abattoir, but the massive and

constant movement of animals through the town to the market presents everincreasing problems, especially with regard to sanitation and disease out-breaks. In spite of its size the market is unable to handle the large numberof transactions which take place each day, and a considerable number of salesare carried out in the open space around the market. Any physical expansionof the facilities would be impossible, however, as the space is badly neededfor the construction of housing. As in most markets a large proportion of allthe transactions (especially of sheep) are conducted outside the market itselfwhere control of vaccination and tax is impossible. Many animals, especially

the small stock, do not come to the market to be sold, but go direct to themultitude of small butchers; no systematic attempt is made to control thisillegal marketing.

23. Omdurman Holding Grounds. The principal constraint on the systemat Omdurman is that practically all the animals have to be held in the vici-nity for between 3 weeks and 3 months. This is due to the fact that over a6-12 week period, all the cattle and most sheep have had to walk between 500and 1,000 miles from the producing area to Omdurman; consequently they arerarely in a condition to be slaughtered or exported immediately. The need to

hold animals for reconditioning (that is, putting back the weight lost intrekking) adds considerably to the cost of marketing, directly in terms of thefeedstuffs and labor involved and indirectly in terms of the additional timeduring which working capital is employed. An estimate of the daily directcost of reconditioning bulls is 35 pt. per head per day. The ration mostcommonly used consists of cotton seed cake (sometimes groundnut cake andwheat bran), or occasionally forage sorghum (Abu 70), sorghum stover orgroundnut husks and salt. In addition, as a result of the relatively shortseason during which trekking is possible, a large stock of animals to supplymeat for the Three Towns has to be built up. Even if the animals require onlylittle reconditioning, they must be supplied at least with maintenance rationsuntil they can be finally sold. The greatest number of animals is to be foundin the holding areas during November and December, that is, immediately afterthe rainy season. The principal holding areas are Wadi Seidna and Hassaya(north of Omdurman along the Nile), Zagalona, Thowra and Um Badr (west ofOmdurman and close to the market) and Fiteihab (south of Omdurman just belowthe confluence of the Niles). A census carried out in November 1975 foundmore than 7,000 cattle and 10,000 sheep held within a radius of 10 km ofOmdurman (see Table below). The average herd size was 101 cattle and 145sheep, although the actual herds ranged from 10 to 500 cattle and up to 1,000sheep. Both cattle herds and sheep flocks had been in the holding area for anaverage of 3 weeks, but some had been there for as long as three and a halfmonths.

ANNEX 1Page 11

Livestock in Holding Areas near Omdurman, November 1975

Area Bulls Cows Calves Total % Sheep %

Zagalona 5,603 77 96 5,776 79 5,618 55Fiteihab 455 - 10 465 6 248 2Hassaya 995 4 - 999 14 592 6Fatasha - - - - - 2,281 22Other 16 - 16 32 1 1,538 15

Total 7,069 81 122 7,272 100 10,277 100

Since there are no pastures whatever in the areas, the herds remain allthe time at small camps, usually tended by the herders (khabeers) who havetrekked them from the west. They are watered daily from the Nile or, inthe area west of Omdurman, from standpipes and troughs. Feed is supplied bylorry from Omdurman oil mills and Gezira farms and presented to the animals incut-down oil drums.

24. During and shortly after the rainy season, merchants try to delay aslong as possible the movement of herds into the final holding grounds and mayhold and graze the herds up to 150 miles away, in the vicinity of Um Inderaba,Fatasha or Esh Sheik es Sediq (in Gezira and White Nile Provinces), or evenbeyond El Obeid, until the time when prices are right to bring them intoOmdurman. During the dry season this option is not open and the herds musttraverse the difficult El Obeid - Omdurman section of the stockroute asquickly as possible in order to reach the supplies of fodder available there.Sometimes merchants may even truck forage to stock on this section. As aresult of this, and the inevitably greater loss of weight during the dryseason, animals are held much longer during the dry than the rainy season.

25. The fact that most livestock coming from the west must be recon-ditioned before being sold for export or slaughter, means that most small-scale provincial merchants are forced to sell "thin" animals immeditely uponarrival at Omdurman. They have neither the additional working capital tofinance the reconditioning, nor the agents or expertise in Omdurman tcoorganize it. Consequently, many herds reaching Omdurman are sold to the largedomestic/export merhants or to small specialist "reconditioning" merchants.Reconditioning merchants maintain feedlot camps in the holding areas, buyingin cattle direct from the trek in batches of 10-15 and selling fat cattle asthey are ready. Being close to Omdurman, they are in an excellent position to

ANNEX I

Page 12

gauge the right time to buy and sell and to secure buyers, either wholesalebutchers or exporters for their fat cattle. Generally these merchants arefinanced independently, and may even have to provide short-term credit (10-15days) if they sell to small butchers. Their profit depends upon knowing whenTheir profit depends upon knowing when to buy and sell, avoiding sick animalsand being able to buy supplies of forage at reasonable prices. In some cases,these merchants also buy cows with calves, marketing fresh milk in nearbyOmdurman and fattening the calves to sell to quality butchers.

26. Large-Scale Export and Domestic Market Merchants. The large-scalemerchants who engage in the export trade and supply much of the domesticmarket have their own holding and reconditioning grounds; these all haveconstant throughput of animals. They trek their own herds from the west andalso buy in Omdurman market. Any cattle they believe are not suitable for theexport are sold to butchers or small reconditioning merchants for the domesticmarket. With specific markets in mind and possibly even signed contracts,these large merchants are able to direct their agents in the west and buyersin Omdurman, to the types of animal required. These are then reconditionedand possibly fattened in order to reach target live or carcass weights.

C. Meat Processing

Livestock Slaughter for the Domestic Market

27. The central municipal abattoir for the Three Towns is located atOmdurman, a short distance from the livestock market. It was constructed in1952 and at that time was considered the most modern and hygienic of its kind.It is owned and operated by the Municipality as a service for the localwholesale and retail meat trade, and until the 1974 ban on exports, servedalso the considerable and increasing trade in chilled carcasses for export(now handled by the Kadero abattoir, see below). The plant was designed toachieve a daily throughput of 150 cattle and 500 small stock. Given a con-stant operation, this would allow an annual throughput of 54,750 cattle and182,250 sheep and goats. In practice these numbers have been well and con-sistently overtaken as is indicated in the table below.

Total Annual Slaughter at the Central Abattoir

Cattle Sheep and Goats Camels

1970/71 90,303 253,224 7911971/72 85,877 256,083 4731972/73 71,823 307,007 9131973/74 77,734 185,903 1,0711974/75 63,394 147,205 4861975/76 65,623 254,880 20

ANNEX 1Page 13

This increased throughput has put somewhat of a strain on the abattoirfacilities; very often delays are encountered due to mechanical breakdown,hygiene problems or other difficulties. The machinery and equipment havegiven good service over 25 years of continuous use, particularly consideringthe limited opportunities for a general overhaul or preventive maintenance.However, replacement with up-to-date plant must be considered soon if theabattoir is to continue the present rate of production under desired hygienicstandards. Moreover, given the expanded consumption requirements of theThree Towns, the construction of a second abattoir is now necessary.

28. Butchers. At present, some 65 wholesale butchers make use of thecentral abattoir. Of these, 30 are from Omdurman, 20 from Khartoum and 15from Khartoum North. The charges for slaughter and dressing are: CattleESd 1, calves and immatures LSd 0.60, sheep and goats [Sd 0.25, and camelsESd 1.25. The butchers operate a fund as an insurance against condemnationsof cattle, paying ESd 1/head as a premium. Compensation is paid on condemnedcarcass weignt at a rate of ESd 0.3/kilo. The fund at present has a reserveof ISd 20,000. Condemnations for the 12 months ending December 1976 were:

Cattle Calves/Immatures Sheep

Carcasses 1.3% 0.58% 0.05%Livers 12.23% NA 8.47%

Processed by-products (except blood meal) produced mainly from condemnedmaterials, brought a return of over ISd 30,000 in 1976. The present pricesobtained are meat meal, ESd 200/ton; bone meal, LSd 175/ton; and blood mealESd 30/ton. The price of blood meal is exceptionally low. In addition,nearly ISd 10,000 were obtained from the sale of feet.

29. As a result of the climate and the lack of refrigerated storage,there are a large number of retail butchers serving the Three Towns. Themajority of these operate on an extremely small scale, selling only halfor even a quarter carcass and 2-3 sheep per day. Supplies are receivedeach day from the wholesale butchers who arrange for the slaughter. The

wholesale butchers are mostly concerned with supplying the smaller retailers,although many of them have their own retail outlets. As they need to ensure aregular supply of slaughter stock every day, they have holding areas wherecattle are reconditioned and held on maintenance rations until ready forslaughter. Apart from convenience, the obvious advantage of this procedure isthat they are able to purchase animals where prices are low (i.e. during thepeak trekking period October-January) and hold them until prices for fatcattle and meat rise at the end of the dry season.

30. Meat Supply to the Three Towns. The total meat supply for the Three

Towns from the central abattoir at Omdurman is set out below. It shows that

ANNEX 1Page 14

the supply fell considerably between 1971 and 1975; beef, veal, goat andcamel meat continued to fall during 1976, but the supply of mutton increasedin that year by 42% above the 1975 figure. This change could have beenprecipitated in part by the lifting of the ban on exports in October of1976.

Estimated Meat Supply of Three Towns-

Khartoum, Khartoum North, Omdurman 1/

(Tons)

1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76

Beef 10,258.8 8,545.5 6,747.0 6,530.6 6,072.4Veal 2,430.1 2,222.2 2,294.8 2,607.7 1,724.8Mutton 4,635.2 5,042.1 4,993.6 2,181.2 3,113.8Goat 152.4 125.5 190.3 169.4 100.1Camel 48.6 104.0 232.0 175.6 15.2Total 17,525.1 16,039.3 14,457.7 11,664.5 11,927.2

I/ Combined population is 800,000 persons.

31. Actual consumption of meat in the Three Towns is difficult toassess with any degree of accuracy due to the unrecorded slaughtering whichtakes place outside of the Omdurman slaughterhouse. It is extremely unlikelythat any appreciable numbers of cattle could be disposed of in this way, butthe numbers of sheep and goats slaughtered in family compounds and by small,unregistered butchers would be considerable.

32. In the outskirts of the Three Towns and within Khartoum Province,there are six small slaughterhouses where meat inspection is carried out andfor which the veterinary department keeps records. The combined throughput ofthese six slaughterhouses is set out below. The figures reveal a remarkableincrease in throughput in the years 1974/75 over those of 1973/74. In termsof meat, the increase in 1974/75 is 2,238 tons or 28%, and for 1975/1976 theincrease is 1,819 tons or 252%. It is possible that all or part of thisstriking increase could have been disposed of in the Three Towns and wouldthus account for the reduced supply from the central abattoir.

Throughput of 6 Small Slaughterhouses in Khartoum Province

Cattle Sheep Goats CamelsNo. of Meat No. of Meat No. of Meat No. of MeatHead (Tons) Head (Tons) Head (Tons) Head (Tons)

1973/74 6,334 950 13,556 244 1,163 14 72 141974/75 16,171 2,426 55,909 1,066 3,149 38 401 801975/76 10,979 1,647 75,863 1,366 2,085 25 7 1.4

ANNEX 1Page 15

Livestock Slaughter for Export

33. The export abattoir at Kadero, north of Khartoum, is located withinthe Disease Free Zone and adjacent to the quarantine station. Situated withina fenced site of 15 feddans, the slaughterhouse was constructed with Danishaid by the Danish contractors (Intercool). The daily capacity of the plant isgiven as 250 cattle and 1,000 sheep over a 10 hour working day. However, theexcellent "on rail" layout and equipment on the killing floors indicate thatwith slight modification and trained staff these numbers could be significant-ly expanded.

34. The buildings are well designed and constructed but lack a wideconcrete apron or tarmac surrounds to prevent dirt and sand being carried intothe slaughterhouse. Service installations (water, steam and electricity) havebeen well carried out. Water is obtained from a borehole on the site andpumped to a head tank which, given a capacity slaughter, would hold not muchmore than one hour's supply. Generally, under conditions such as those whichprevail at Kadero, a reserve supply of water to cover at least one day's fullkill is desirable; this would require the construction of a reservoir tocontain about 170,000 gallons.

35. The holding pens for both cattle and sheep are a model for anyslaughterhouse - well laid out and fully shaded. The race leading to thestunning pen is however poorly designed, being far too wide to be functional.Cattle turn back in the race, and in spite of electric prodders it requiresthree time the usual number of staff to rope and drag the animals into thestunning pen. Inevitable delays follow on the slaying and dressing floors.The troubles can be overcome simply by narrowing the race to about 15 inchesat floor level and opening up to about 30 inches at the top, sufficient toallow large horned cattle to pass. The stunning pen is the large revolvingwheel, ritual type, stunning is carried out by means of the captive boltpistol. To cope with the throughput envisaged for Kadero, the standard boxtype stunning pen with drop bottom and rising side would be required. Electricstunning would also speed up the rate of kill.

36. The by-products plant consists of one small dryer/melter, a smallcenfrifuge, one small disintegrator and two tallow refining vessels. Theplant and building appear unbalanced in relation to the size and capacity ofthe slaughterhouse. Although tripes, intestines, lungs, etc. are disposedof as edible products, the machinery installed is far too small and will betotally inadequate to cope with the bones when the boneless beef section comesinto production. The one boiler is surprisingly small and unlikely to producesufficient steam for the full requirements of Kadero. The building containingthe by-products plant and boiler is small in keeping with the size of themachinery. To accommodate additional plant it would seem that eventuallythe by-products building must be combined with the boiler section by removingthe dividing wall and construct a new and larger boiler house.

ANNEX IPage 16

37. Kadero began operations in October 1976, at slow pace in orderto train staff and eliminate teething troubles associated with a new plant.Between start up and the year-end, production was limited to the slaughter andchilling of some 1,439 goats which were dispatched to the Yemen Arab Republic(YAR). Production for the first two months of 1977 was:

Cattle Sheep GoatsSlaughter Export Slaughter Export Slaughter Export

January 281 231 1,888 1,830 713 709

February 160 128 6,082 5,985 448 445

Most of the carcasses were destined for Saudi Arabia and with a small amountgoing to YAR. Average carcass weights for January were: cattle, 180 kg;sheep, 20 kg; and goats, 11 kg. Yields, carcass weight to liveweight, arenot available, as the liveweight scales installed are not used for the dailyslaughter.

38. Meat inspection records for January show the following:

Cattle Sheep Goats

Totally condemned 0.71% 0.79% 0.14%Conditionally Passed 2.63% 2.22% 0.42%

Totally condemned offals include:

Cattle Sheep Goats

Livers 4.98% 31.78% 10.38%Lungs 3.20% 1.17% 0.70%Intestines 1.07% 18.17% -Heads 7.12% - -

Condemnations for cattle carcasses are comparable with the figures forindigenous herds in East Africa but the condemnation for offals, particularlylivers appear to be low. Unlike Omdurdam, there is no insurance schemeoperating to compensate for condemnations. No figures were available for theproduction of processed by-products from condemned materials or inedibleoffals. The Kadero slaughterhouse is controlled and operated by the AnimalResources Department, who have apparently introduced an element of grading forexport quality; consequently, the "conditionally passed" carcasses are di-verted for sale on the local market. In January, 40 head of export grade werealso sold on the local market when the charter transport plane failed toappear.

1/ Average carcass weights for January are: cattle 180 kg, sheep 20 kg, andgoats 11 kgs. Yields, carcass weight to liveweight, are not available,unfortunately the liveweight scales already installed are not used for thedairy slaughter.

ANNEX 1Page 17

S,r ict- feer, c1.argedl it Kadero rt( ctver slaughter, dressing andchilling are: cattle ESd 6, sheep ESd 2.50, and goats ESd 1. The slaughterhouse retains only feet, blood and condemned meat and offals. Charges are'.evied for cold storage at the rate of ESd 5 per ton per day for carcassesremaining after 24 hours. Up to the end of February only two merchants hadmade use of the slaughterhouse facilities. Thereafter, a small group ofmerchants responded to a Government request to supply 15,000 beef and 20,000sheep carcasses to Egypt.

40. Extensions to the buildings are already in progress, a large de-boning department is under construction and additional cold rooms are planned.When completed it is intended to supply the export market with selectedboneless cuts. These will attract a premium price and should allow thesub-standard cuts and remainder of the carcasses to be marketed locally atlower than prevailing prices. The development of the export trade incarcass or boneless beef will have a marked impact on prices of beef andoffals to the low income groups of the Three Towns. Indeed at the timewher exports reached their peak in 1974 the wholesale prices of offalsfrom the central slaughterhouse fell by about 50 percent.

41. Export Quotas. In 1974, the Government of Sudan imposed a banon all exports of cattle and sheep; the ban was lifted in October 1976, andreplaced by a quota on sheep exports only. The quota allowed exports equiv-alent to 250,000 head of sheep; of these, 100,000 head could be exported liveby traders under special export permits,50,000 could be exported by the"special projects" (fattening enterprises, etc.) and 100,000 could be exportedin the form of meat. The quota was restricted to sheep, as the high pricesoffered in the Jeddah market made such exports an extremely profitable pro-position; Government feared that without these controls, domestic sheep priceswould rise substantially, possibly putting mutton beyond the reach of manyurban consumers. Given the large size of the domestic cattle herd, and lessattractive export prices, Government had little fear that expanded cattleexports would have a corresponding effect on domestic market prices. Thisquota was a temporary regulation designed to test its effect on the domesticmarket; it is now being reviewed by Government.

Hides and Skins

42. Prices paid to butchers for hides and skins may vary from place toplace. In many towns hide and skin merchants will buy the hide or skin atan advantageous price, before the animals are slaughtered. Other merchantswill finance the butcher operations and take hides and skins as interest.Hides are usually bought "green", that is ex-slaughterhouse by weight; pricesvary from MSd 0.7 - 0.11 per kilo in a weight range of 15 to 27 kilos. Skins,both sheep and goat, are bought by the piece at ESd 0.70 to ESd 1.25 perpiece. Sub-standard skins fetch ESd 0.25. These prices appear low in rela-tion to world market prices which, however, are very sensitive and subject toconstant fluctuations. There is little accurate information regarding hideand skin production, and consequently the above estimates are at best to beviewed with caution.

ANNEX 1Page 18

43. It is estimated that over 50 percent of the hides produced in theSudan have been damaged by cuts and gouging due to poor flaying furtherdamage often has resulted from improper curing. The value of hides and skinsdowngraded to seconds and thirds is only 50 percent and 35 percent respec-tively of the first grade product. On a national basis the loss to theeconomy is appreciable, involving as it does a considerable reduction inpossible foreign exchange from the export business. Improved flaying methodsusing suitable tools followed by washing and immediate dry salting (usingadequate salt) would increase substantially the value of a considerable volumeof the hides and skins now produced. The value of exported hides and skinsfrom 1970 to 1974 is shown below:

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974---------------------tSd-----------------------

1,698 1,938 3,315 6,073 3,776

D. Future Development of the Livestock Marketing System

44. The livestock industry is of significant importance to the Sudaneseeconomy, as it is one of the principal sources of food and employment for thepopulation as well as an important source of foreign exchange. The expansionof total marketed offtake has been given high priority by the Sudanese Govern-ment; such as expansion is of vital importance as it would:

(a) ease grazing pressure on the heavily overstockedrangelands;

(b) increase the volume of meat available for the country'sgrowing urban population;

(c) allow a significant expansion of exports of livestock andmeat, thus providing the country with badly needed foreignexchange; and

(d) permit the stratification of the livestock industry, thusenabling the marketing of higher quality animals and animalproducts.

45. The weakness of the marketing system is perhaps one of the mostimportant constraints on the expansion of total marketed production. Thisweakness is the product of several inter-related characteristics which include:

(a) the general absence of basic physical infrastructure;

ANNEX IPage 19

(b) lack of organization and control of the tradingprocess;

(c) the excessive number of middlemen who participatein almost every sale;

(d) the limited amount of capital available to the smallindependent traders for purchase of animals and the longdelays involved in the return of capital to the traders,both of which result in substantial numbers of animalsremaining unsold after every market day (see Table 2);

(e) the necessity of trekking the majority of animalsfrom the rural areas to the Omdurman market which results,particularly in the dry season, in relatively high weightlosses and increased mortality.

The solution of these problems will require increased Government interven-tion in the marketing system. Thus far, Government efforts have been focusedon the development of stockroutes through the provision of water, veterinaryservices and sometimes feed. Although these efforts may well have helpedto extend the trekking season somewhat, the severe limitations of trekkinglivestock over long distances drastically limits the improvement which canbe achieved along these lines. Likewise, efforts have been made to moveincreased numbers of animals by rail from the west to Khartoum; however, theseefforts have been largely doomed by the poor quality of the rail service(shortages of wagons, inordinate delays in obtaining wagons, and inefficientservice resulting in unacceptably long journeys). It is hoped that with thecreation of the Livestock and Meat Marketing Commission (LMMC) in 1976 (seeAnnex 6), Government will be able to implement a comprehensive upgrading ofthe entire marketing system.

46. Two important areas will require immediate attention: first, therequired infrastructure must be provided in the local markets, and regulationsissued to facilitate and control the sale of animals; and secondly, thetransport of livestock from the producing areas to the Omdurman market mustbe expedited through investments in improved transport services (rail, truck,barge, etc.) These improvements would eliminate unnecessary confusion anddelays and reduce the number of middlemen operating in a market, therebyencouraging producers to bring their animals into the market. At the sametime they would provide a faster capital turnover for the traders, thusallowing them to re-enter the market sooner than would otherwise have beenpossible. Overall it is expected that, together with the anticipated newinvestments in the livestock sub-sector, they would result in a significantexpansion in total marketed production.

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 1Table 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Number of Livestock by Province 1/(Head)

Province Cattle Sheep Goats Camels

Blue Nile 899,558 1,079,000 594,499 37,787

White Nile 1,563,568 2,207,686 657,336 77,877

El Gezira 503,916 1,216,321 1,143,711 146,051

Khartoum 56,871 296,965 429,969 13,740

Kassala 642,883 1,589,532 925,009 567,949

Red Sea 36,488 223,923 . 444,981 95,479

Nile 43,717 272,488 263,030 59,058

Northern 14,198 212,070 138,096 108,265

Upper Nile 1,428,092 1,047,465 375,866 4,922

Junglei 1,404,553 174,619 460,900 -

Eastern Equatoria 797,774 914,824 240,485 28,430

Western Equatoria 229 1,269 20,055 -

Southern Kordofan 1,467,367 830,053 696,030 1,798

Northern Kordofan 937,127 2,470,580 1,683,647 851,587

Northern Darfur 907,081 1,409,531 1,193,613 226,103

Southern Darfur 2,735,360 1,232,024 1,117,220 142,083

El Buheyrat 700,719 333,130 303,946 -

Bahr El Ghazal 1,227,707 718,238 604,099 -

Total 15,367,208 16,229,718 11,292,492 2,361,129

1/ Estimates based on an aerial survey and ground investigations carried

out by Murray Watson (consultant to the Sudan Government).

ANNEX 1Figure 1.1

MARKETING FLOWS OF LIVESTOCK IN PRODUCING AREAS

PRODUCER

GUARANTOR -K-> ER

SUB-AGENT'- -7L O BUTCHER

CIY EOLECAL MERCHAT

CITY MERCHANT/EXPORTER WHOLESALE BUTCHER

ANNEX 2Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Livestock Transport

A. Railway Transport

Existing Sudan Railways Corporation (SRC) Service

1. During the last decade, SRC's livestock transport service hasproven increasingly unreliable and inefficient (considerably more inefficientin fact than SRC's overall service). One of the main reasons for this poorperformance is that SRC has been required by Government to carry livestockat rates below the actual cost of transport; this has meant that it prefersto use its wagons to transport commodities such as groundnuts rather thanlivestock. Under this system SRC has no incentive to use the limitednumber of livestock wagons in its fleet for livestock transport; thesewagons consequently are mainly used to carry more lucrative items. This,combined with the fact that the available number of livestock wagons istotally inadequate for the existing demand, has created an extreme (ifsomewhat artificial) shortage of wagons. These shortages have discouragedmost traders from even attempting to ship their livestock by rail.

2. SRC livestock transport service (as with its overall operations) hasalso been hampered by poor maintenance procedures, leading to a very poorhistory of reliability for locomotives. Locomotive maintenance problems haveproven particularly difficult to resolve, and have had the most serious effecton the railroad's overall operating efficiency. When changing over from steamtraction to diesel, SRC adapted the relatively simple maintenance proceduresof steam locomotives for use in maintaining its diesel fleet; when theseproved totally unsuited to the more complex requirements of the diesel en-gines, the inevitable result was an unacceptably low locomotive availabilityand many lost train hours due to locomotive breakdowns on the line. Theavailability of locomotives averaged 64% in 1975/76, as compared with the80% availability percentage considered acceptable under Sudanese conditions.Train delays due to locomotive failure for the period 1975/76 was an aver-age of nine hours per train on the line between Sennar and Nyala; however,many of these delays were actually far longer, particularly on the more re-mote sections of the network.

3. These two interrelated problems have contributed to the tremendousdecline in the numbers of livestock transported by rail; present estimatesshow that numbers carried dropped from 580,000 head in 1970/71 to 387,000head in 1973/74. This decrease continued over the life of the export ban(which virtually halted the Khartoum - Port Sudan livestock traffic). Tradersincreasingly preferred to trek their animals rather than expose them to thevagaries of the present service, where it is impossible to guarantee eitherhow long it will take to ship stock between two points or in what conditionthey will arrive.

ANNEX 2Page 2

4. The Fourth Railway Project (IDA) will eventually help to improveSRC's overall operating efficiency; particular attention will be paid toimproved locomotive availability and upgraded maintenance operations. How-ever, given the present situation, these improvements will take some time tomake themselves felt. Moreover, any effort to upgrade livestock transportwithin the present system would necessarily have to include significant addi-tional investments in locomotives and livestock wagons, as existing equipmentis clearly unable to handle an expansion in the present volume of traffic. Asthe SRC's overall operating efficiency can offer only limited guarantees ofreliability, it is clearly essential that some type of special scheduled ser-vice be offered in order to ensure the efficiency and reliability of servicenecessary to attract an expanded volume of trade and to remove the obstaclesto the smooth functioning of the main surface export channel via Port Sudan tothe Saudi Arabian market. Presently the transport of live animals fromKhartoum to Jeddah may take as much as 12 days due to: (i) an initial dlelay inthe provision of wagons at Khartoum (3-5 days); (ii) waiting for ship space atPort Sudan for up to one week, (because of the unscheduled arrival of trains,it is impossible for the special livestock ships to schedule their services).A reasonable time-frame for a well organized transport service from Khartoumto Jeddah would be in the order of 3-5 days; this would ensure the arrival ofanimals in good condition and would give traders the guarantee of reliabilitynecessary for them to enter into regular supply contracts.

LMMC Block Train Service

5. The Project would support the establishment of a livestock blocktrain service between Nyala and Khartoum and between Khartoum and Port Sudan.These block trains would be organized by LMMC and SRC and operated by SRC;they would be exclusively devoted to the transport of livestock. Each trainwould be drawn by two locomotives (para 8), and would be comprised of up to27 livestock wagons, a guard van and a brake van. The livestock wagons wouldbe of two types - double-deck sheep wagons (procured under the Project to beused exclusively by the block trains), and single-deck cattle wagons (leasedfrom SRC in the required numbers). The exact make-up of each train and itscapacity utilization would vary significantly from one season to the nextaccording to demand (which would depend on the comparative costs and effi-ciency of trekking the stock). Train schedules and capacity would be ad-justed regularly to most efficiently meet the projected demand.

6. Trains would be operated by SRC personnel, but their scheduling,loading and unloading would be the responsibility of the LMMC TransportOffice located at LMMC headquarters in Khartoum. This office, under an in-ternationally recruited Transport Officer, would coordinate all movementswith the SRC according to a tentative schedule established every six months;day-to-day traffic would be supervised through direct contact (by radio) be-tween LMMC's headquarters and the Project Railway Holding Yards (RHY) andRailway Transit Yards (RTY). Passages would be booked by the owner (itrader)through LMMC's Provincial Livestock Marketing Officers or directly at theRHY's or RTY's from which the animals were to be loaded. Request for

ANNEX 2Page 3

transport would be passed to the Transport Office which would reserve spaceand confirm date of loading. In preparation for transport the animals wouldbe inspected and vaccinated by veterinary assistants. From this point on alllivestock would be subject to strict quarantine regulations (which would beenforced by district veterinary staff). All animals would be held outside theloading areas for five days to ensure that the vaccinations had taken; theywould then be moved into the LMMC holding pens to await the next train depar-ture. It is estimated that on arrival in Khartoum the animals would haveserved nearly half of their required quarantine (thus reducing the time spentin Khartoum before export and the risk of disease outbreaks in that area).During the quarantine the owner/trader or herdsmen accompanying the animalswould be responsible for their feeding; water would be provided by the LMMC.

7. Projected Traffic. Projections of the estimated numbers of animalsor carloads to be handled by the LMMC block trains are given in Tables 1 and2. The block train service would be initiated in Project Year 3, and wouldbuild gradually over four years. In order to provide service which would beattractive to users, train service from all stations (except for Aweil andMeiram, where due to the limited numbers expected the service has been basedon only 20 trains during the year) was planned for a minimum of one de-parture per week. The length of passing loops (sidings) on certain sectionsof the SRC lines limits the train length to 27 livestock cars plus two vansand locomotives. When volumes are too high for a weekly 27-car train (suchas at El Obeid during the peak months), additional trains would be scheduled.En developing traffic estimates, the build-up of demand for block trainservice was projected on a conservative basis. However, it is expected thatin Years 5 and 6 demand for transport will exceed the capacity of the blocktrains. This excess would be met by regular SRC livestock trains. It isexpected that SRC would continue serving stations on the western line notserviced by the LMMC block trains, and would also continue to transportlivestock between Khartoum and Port Sudan. The block trains would essentiallyhandle incremental traffic from surplus areas, and would only carry animalsunder quarantine.

8. Type of Locomotives Required. Grade and track limitations do notpermit operation of a single type of locomotive over all SRC routes to beused by the block trains. West of Babanusa 50 lb rail limits the use of thisline to light locomotives (maximum load per axle to 13.5 tons) while on theroute between Khartoum and Port Sudan, steep grades on certain sections ofthe line require larger locomotives for fully loaded trains. These two re-strictions require either that LMHC use two different types of locomotivesor use two of the lighter weight units on a train on at least certain seg-ments of the railroad. Several considerations dictated the recommendationthat each of the LMMC block trains be hauled by two locomotives on allsections of the planned routes; the most important of these were:

(a) the need for reliability in meeting train schedules,both in order to convince potential customers of

ANNEX 2

Page 4

the benefits of the service and to keep mortality,weight losses etc. to a minimum on the long journeyfrom the west;

(b) the need to be able to operate the block trains inde-pendently, since SRC at present would not be able to

provide replacement engines in the case of a breakdownwithout unacceptably long delays;

(c) the fact that in the case of breakdown of one of thelighter engines, the second engine would be able to con-

tinue moving the train (except on the Haiya-Port Sudansection) until a replacement engine from Sennar couldmeet the train.

The need for reliability of service was an important consideration in the re-

commendation for the establishment of the block train service. Livestock,unlike other types of freight, cannot be allowed to stand unattended for

long periods of time far from any station while train crews endeavor to find

a substitute locomotive. With double-headed trains, the failure of one loco-motive would still allow the train to be moved by the remaining engine.Agreement would be reached with SRC that no locomotive could be detached

from a LMMC block train. In an emergency, a disabled train blocking thetrack would be moved to the nearst siding to allow the block train to pass.

9. On this basis it was recommended that the locomotive provided for

the block trains be 1,600 hp with 6 axles, and with a maximum axle-load of13.5 tons. As far as possible efforts would be made to purchase a type of

locomotive already being used by SRC. All locomotives and wagons purchasedunder the Project would be reserved solely for the use of LMMC; however,should it appear that this equipment would not be fully employed in the earlyProject years, LMMC would allow SRC to use the equipment for a specifiedperiod under agreed conditions.

10. Livestock Wagons. All livestock wagons purchased for LMMC wouldbe double-deck sheep wagons. These wagons would allow greater transporteconomy, since they would be able to haul double the number of sheep (theanimal for which transport demand is the greatest) than could be carriedin the single deck wagons now used by SRC. Since the carrying capacity ofthe train is limited by its maximum length (para 7), the additional numberof animals per wagon would substantially reduce the transport cost peranimal (and hence the LMMC transport charge). SRC at the present time hasonly three double-deck wagons; experience gained in the use of these wagonswill be used in the design of the double-deck wagons to be purchased under

the Project. At present, height constraints would not allow cattle to be

ANNEX 2Page 5

transported in double-deck wagons, and therefore single deck wagons wouldalso be required for the block trains. LMMC would require a maximum of 54such wagons at any one time, and SRC should be able to meet this demandfrom its existing fleet. It was agreed during appraisal that SRC wouldconstruct at its workshop at Atbara an experimental double deck wagon de-signed to carry cattle on the lower deck-and small stock on the top deck.If such a design proves successful, this type of wagon would eventually be-come the preferred type in the future. There are however too many unre-solved issues to permit the provision of such wagons under the Project.

11. Block Train Schedules. A study was made to determine the numbersof locomotives and wagons needed to move the expected volume of livestock.Operation of a fleet of wagons and locomotives was simulated. Trial sche-dules were devised which are considered within the ability of SRC to meetin all but the most extreme cases. Time was built into these schedules tocover loading, enroute stops to pick up additional carloads or to feed andwater animals, and the servicing of the locomotives. At the end of eachround trip, time was added to allow for cleaning the wagons.

12. It was found that four trains would be required to handle theexpected traffic. A brief description of the traffic handled and operationsof the four trains in Year 6 is given below: I/

Train A. Would operate 60 round trips per year betweenKhartoum and Port Sudan. During certain peakperiods this train would also be required tomake occasional trips between El Obeid (or ErRahad) and Khartoum.

Train B. Would operate 60 round trips per year between ElObeid and Khartoum. Every second or third weekthe empty train on its westbound trip would leavepart of its empty cars at Er Rahad and continueon to Aweil. This train would then bring animalsfrom Aweil and Meiram back to the railway transityard at Er Rahad. While these animals were rest-ing at Er Rahad the train would run to El Obeidand return with animals loaded there; leaving ErRahad, the train would then carry animals fromAweil, Meiram and El Obeid to Khartoum.

1/ The movements from Kosti are fairly small and would be heaviest duringthe third quarter when quantities from other origins are down in num-ber. There would be two to four trains passing this station weekly,and this traffic has not been allocated to a specific train. The wagonrequirements for Kosti have been based on a one-week turnaround time,although in some cases it may be possible to obtain two round-tripsper week from wagons on the Kosti to Khartoum service.

ANNEX 2Page 6

Train C. Would operate weekly between Nyala and Khartoumwith an enroute rest stop at one of the threerailway transit yards (Er Rahad, Kosti or Sennar).

Train D. Would operate weekly between Ed Da'ein andKhartoum with an enroute rest stop at one ofthe three railway transit yeards. This trainwould be required only during the peak months ofNovember, December, January, February and March.During the remainder of the year, Train C wouldhave sufficient capacity to pick up animals atEd Da'ein and Babanusa. Train D would consistsolely of single-deck livestock wagons leasedfrom SRC, as it was not considered economic topurchase additional double-deck cars for use insuch a restricted period.

13. During the third year of the Project (first year of block trainservice), only three trains would be required on a year round basis. Thefourth train would be required for two months in the fourth year of theproject (second year of service), three months in the fifth year, and fivemonths in the sixth year. Each of these trains would require two locomlotives,an additional two would be required in stand-by service and for maintenancepurposes. Ten locomotives would therefore be required for the Project. Thetwo locomotives allocated to Train D would be available for use by the SRC whenthey are not needed by LMMC; the contract between SRC and LMMC should havea provision that SRC could use these locomotives in its own service. Thelease should specify that these locomotives would be returned to LMMC serviceupon reasonable notice (not less than 15 days).

14. An operating scheme, based on the projected demand, was devised inorder to determine Project equipment requirements and operating costs. It

should not be regarded as the unique or optimal solution. The final schedulewould be worked out by LMMC's Transport Officer in cooperation with SRCstaff. The trial schedules were based on the following considerations:

(a) Average speed west of Rahad (light rail) and east ofHaiya (heavy grades and congestion) of 25 km perhour loaded, 20 km per hour empty. On all other routesspeeds of 35 km/hr (loaded) and 30 km/hr (empty) wereused.

(b) Additional time was added enroute for the following items:

(i) to set out or pick up wagons without loading orunloading animals - 1 hour;

(ii) to load or unload animals - 3 hours;

ANNEX 2Page 7

(iii) trains from Babanusa and stations west wouldmake one stop at a railway transit yard tounload, feed, water, rest and reload animalsunto the same wagons - 8 hours; 1/ and

(iv) wagon cleaning at the end of trip - 20 hours(includes time waiting for daybreak).

(c) Additional slack time to compensate for possible delays:

(i) from stations west of Er Rahad to Khartoum -6 hours; and

(ii) between all other stations - 3 hours.

Using the criteria above, the following turn-around times were estimated:

Calculated Allowed 2/(hours) (days)

Nyala - Khartoum 146 7Ed Da'ein - Khartoum 128 6Aweil - Er Rahad 74 4Khartoum - Port Sudan 72 4El Obeid - Khartoum 72 3

In most cases a train would have one or more additional days lay-over beforefurther use (as for example: Train D will make only one round trip every 168hour week on a schedule that can be completed in 126 hours). These schedulesallow time at all stations enroute for picking up animals or setting out emptywagons. In many cases stops would not be made at the intermediate railwayholding yards. For example, during the period of the year that Train D isoperating, it is contemplated that Train C would load at Nyala and operatethrough to Khartoum with a stop at a transit yard to rest animals enroute,and stops at Babanusa and Sennar to service the locomotive.

1/ It was assumed that animals from stations beyond Er Rahad would haveone eight hour rest stop enroute at one of the railway transit yards.From the standpoint of overall schedules it makes little differencewhether this is done at Er Rahad, Kosti or Sennar, as the total runningplus stopping time is the same.

2/ For scheduling repeated loadings of the same wagons, the already generousround-trip cycle times were increased to the next whole day (24 hours)figure.

ANNEX 2Page 8

Project Investment

15. The four block trains would req0re 10 locomotives, 69 double-decksheep wagons, 54 single-deck cattle wagons and 9 vans. The number of wagonsrequired in service, for maintenance, and to provide for unforeseen peaks inthe loadings is shown below. Only the single-deck wagons actually requiredare included in the tabulation; no allowance has been made for maintenance,as it is expected that the lease terms will require SRC to provide serviceablewagons (and to replace those that are not fit for service). A summary ofequipment required for the Project is given below:

Type of Equipment Source Number

Locomotives: In service Purchased new 8Maintenance 2

Total 10

Double-deckWagons: In service Purchased new 60

Maintenance 3Variationsin loadings 6

Total 69

Single-deckWagons: In service Leased from SRC 48

Variationsin loadings 6

Total 54

Vans: In service Purchased new 8Maintenance 1

Total 9

Locomotives and double-deck wagons would be procured through internationalcompetitive bidding. Single-deck wagons would be leased from the SRC. Vanswould be built in the SRC workshop.

ANNEX 2Page 9

16. Total investment costs are:

LSd

10 locomotives 3,360,00069 double-deck wagons 1,228,0009 vans 162,000spare parts 378,000

Total 5.128,000

The total investment cost if trains were drawn by only one engine would be ESd4,892,000. Estimates of f.o.b. prices for rolling stock were obtained fromwagon and locomotive builders; freight costs and Sudanese custom duties wereadded to determine the total investment required. The single-deck wagonswould be leased by LMMC from SRC's fleet. The majority of SRC's livestockwagons are between 10 and 19 years old. It is assumed that these wagons havea present value of ESd 5,000 and a remaining life of ten years, which impliesa rental charge of ESd 63 per wagon per month.

17. Purchase of rolling stock can be done in one batch or spread outthrough the Project period. In view of the small size of Project requirements(relative to normal railway wagon and locomotive orders), a single purchaseis recommended. Based on information supplied from builders, ESd 101,000(US$250,000) would be added to locomotive costs and ESd 61,000 (US$150,000)would be added to wagon costs if the order were split in two equal parts.Additional amounts would have to be paid if the order were to be split intothree or four parts. SRC at the present time has a major problem in thenumber of locomotive types they have in their fleet. Splitting the ordermight incur a risk that the remaining part of the order might be cancelled orchanged. Finally, the acquisition of all the equipment during an early stagewould give LMMC additional flexibility during its start-up period, shouldestimates of demand prove too conservative.

Operating Costs (Appendix 1)

18. The operating costs for the LMMC trains were estimated usingexisting SRC costs as published in their financial statement for 1975/76.The applicability of these estimates will depend upon the payment terms setout in the contract between SRC and LMMC. The costs used herein representthe most likely estimates.

ANNEX 2Page 10

Basis ofAnnual Cost ESd Cost Allocation

Locomotive maintenance 404,000 Locomotive kmWagon maintenance 49,300 Wagon monthsFuel and lubricants 188,300 Gross ton kmWages 20,G00 Train hoursTrack maintenance 148,600 Gross ton km

Total 810,200

Actual operating costs to be paid by LMMC would be based on separate accountskept for this purpose by SRC. The operating cost for single-headed trainswould be ESd 642,700 (Appendix 1). While these are somewhat lower than theabove estimates, it is believed that the added expense is well -justifltd bythe improved reliability and efficiency of the double-headed trains.

Rates

19. The rate LMMC has to pay for livestock transport should bebased upon SRC's actual cost for the service. The costs are of two kinds:(a) capital cost; and (b) operating cost. The rate should consequentlybe of two kinds, one fixed portion reflecting SRC's capital cost plusinterest, and one variable portion reflecting SRC's direct cost. To thedirect cost should be added overhead and profit.

20. The fixed portion of the rate should be based upon the economiclife of the locomotives (20 years) and the wagons (25 years). The interestrate would be 8.5%. The variable portion should cover SRC's direct costs.For this reaon SRC has to keep separate accounts of the costs of transport ofthe Project. The rate should be paid monthly in advance and then reviewed atregular intervals. For the review LMMC should have access to SRC's accounts.

B. Highway Transport

21. The growth of the network of hard-surfaced roads and a feedlotindustry is likely to increase the derand for transport of live animals inthe Khartoum-Wad Medani-Gaderef area. Most of the need will probably bemet by the private sector. At the present time lorry owners can engagein for-hire transport of goods between any points in the Sudan without obtain-ing any type of route certificate. Although in the past the trucking industryhas been restricted by the poor nature of the road system, as the roads areextended, private operators can be expected to meet the transport needs ofthe area.

ANNEX 2Page 11

22. The two lorry-trailer combinations included in LNMC headquarterswould provide, on a demonstration basis, shuttle service in the Khartoumarea and over the roads between Gedaref, Sennar, Wad Medani and Khartoum.The actual distance travelled will depend on the length of run, whetheror not they are used at night, loading time constraint, etc. The operationof these lorries by LMMC would be carried out on an experimental basis, andexpansion is not envisioned. LMMC pricing for this service should be on acommercial basis, and the LMMC should not plan on expanding the operationbeyond the life of the equipment.

23. At Port Sudan. Animals are trekked through the city from thequarantine yard to the port. This trek is unacceptable for quarantinedanimals since they have contact with other animals and humans in thecongested city area. Ships with a capacity of 2,500 sheep are loaded in 8hours, or an average rate of 312 sheep per hour; cattle are loaded at therate of 20 head per hour. In order to avoid delays it is necessary for ashuttle transport system to have the capacity to bring at least 312 sheepor 20 cattle each hour to the port. If the vehicles used to supply thetransport can complete a round trip in 2 hours and 40 minutes (1 hour eachway in transit, 20 minutes loading, 20 minutes unloading) then the vehiclesused must have a carrying capacity corresponding to the animals loaded intoships in 2 hours and 40 minutes (834 sheep or 53 cattle).

24. The Project would therefore include provision for the purchaseof two tractor-trailer combinations (plus two spare trailers) to haullivestock from the quarantine yards to the port. Single deck trailerswould be used for both cattle and sheep; they would be augmented by doubledeck trailers designed to haul sheep only.

25. A Port Project has been appraised by IDA. This Project wouldprovide a Ro-Ro berth at the south end of the port. Since such a.berthwould change livestock loading from a sling to a walk-on operation, alivestock holding facility would be constructed in the port area near theRo-Ro berth. The provision of walk-on facilities would change the basicconsiderations which led to the trailer component, since loading timeswould be much less and the railroad could be used to transport animals fromthe Port Sudan quarantine yard; furthermore, animals quarantined in theblock trains would be unloaded in the port holding yards directly, withoutstopping at the quarantine yard. The holdings pens would be constructedunder the Port Project. The truck method of livestock transportationwould be retained for two reasons, however; first the livestock facilitieswithin the port would not be completed as soon as needed by LMMC, andsecondly the increase in livestock traffic within the port would requirethe additional capacity made possible by the tractor-trailers.

ANNEX 2Page 12

C. River Transport

26. The eventual establishment of scheduled transport of livestockby barge on the White and Blue Nile and the lower part of the Bahr ElGhazal would be most important to achieve proper economic exploitation ofthe large surplus of cattle in Jonglei Province and the southern part ofthe Upper Nile Province. The River Transport Corporation (RTC) is respon-sible for providing passenger and freight service along the major rivers inSudan. The majority of freight arrives by rail in Kosti where it thenmoves on barges upstream along the White Nile to Malakal and Juba. Thereis also a less important wet-season operation on the Blue Nile upstreamfrom Singa to Er Roseires. There is always empty space on the returnmovement to Kosti. This space could be used for the transport of livestockinto Kosti where it could connect with LMMC livestock block trains.

27. The RTC fleet consists of almost 200 barges. These barges rangein condition from fairly good to many which appear to be beyond repair.Some are converted passenger vessels with flat decks covered by a roof.Other are more modern barges that require the use of a crane to liftfreight into or out of the hold. The exact make-up of barge tows isdetermined by traffic, which moves predominantly upstream. Some of thebarges can be used for animals while others are completely unsuited to thistraffic. Vessels designed specially for livestock might be placed on thisrun and operated on schedules to suit the livestock traffic and timed toconnect with trains at Kosti. During Project implementation LMMC wouldwork closely with the RTC to identify the potential movements and attemptto have a more regular schedule followed with barges that are suited tohandling animals.

D. Ocean Shipping

28. With improvements in the livestock transport within Sudan greaterexports of live animnals can be expected in the short and medium term.Saudi Arabia is currently the largest buyer of livestock from Sudan, andshould continue in this role for the near future. Travel time is onlyeight hours by ship across the Red Sea from Port Sudan, and there areseveral private operators who provide ship service for animals railed intoPort Sudan. Regular arrivals of animals by train would provide the shippingcompanies with an incentive to have their ships offer scheduled services.At the present time the port is subject to congestion but this is allegedlynot a problem to scheduling of livestock movements, as ships handlinglivestock have priority. The improvement in loading facilities and theprovision of efficient transport between the quarantine yards and the portwould be major steps in resolving the present delays.

ANNEX 2Page 13

E. Air Shipments

29. Air shipments of live animals have taken place between Khartoumand the Near East, predominantly to Jeddah. Transport cost is about threetimes that of the current rail-sea combination. Air shipment is attractive inthat it can offer immediate service between two points; as there is asubstantial price difference in value of live sheep in the two locations, airshipment thus permits traders to take advantage of price spot markets.Scheduled improvements of block train service and a more regular sea operationwould likely reduce the demand for air transport, however.

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 2Appendix 1Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Basic Assumption Used in the Calculation ofRailway Operating Costs

(in ESd)

Locomotive Maintenance

Base = cost per locomotive kmTotal 1976 cost excluding superintendence and depreciation = 4,004,425Total locomotive km = 8,283,000Cost per km = 0.483451Cost per year = 0.483451 x 781,120 = 377,633 - for double headed trainsCost per year = 0.483451 x 485,000 = 234,475 - for single headed trainsCost increase from 1975 to 1976 = 4.6%Estimated annual cost February 1978 = 404,000 - double headingEstimated annual cost February 1978 = 251,000 - single heading

Wagon Maintenance

Base = cost per wagon monthTotal cost 1976 excluding superintendence and depreciation = 3,107,207Total number of wagons and coaches = 7,367Cost per wagon and month = 35.15Double deck wagon months = 69 x 12 = 828Single deck wagon months = 27 x 12 + 27 x 5 = 359

Vans wagon months = 6 x 12 + 2 x 5 = 82Total wagon months = 1,269

Cost per year = 1,269 x 35.15 = 44,605 - double heading

Cost per year = (1,269 + 27 x 12) x 35.15 = 55,994 - single headingCost increase from 1975 to 1976 = 6.7%Estimated annual cost February 1978 = 49,333 - double headingEstimated annual cost February 1978 = 62,863 - single heading

Fuel and Lubricants

Base = cost per gross ton-kmTotal 1976 cost = 4,152,862Total gross ton-km = 5,831,875,890Cost per 1,000 gross ton-km = 0.7221Total annual cost for LMMC trains = 0.7221 x 240,399.260 = 171,188 -

doubling headingTotal annual cost for LMMC trains = 0.7221 x 216,561.6 = 156,379 -

single headingEstimated cost increase = 10%

ANNEX 2Appendix 1Page 2

Estimated annual cost February 1978 = 188,307 - double headingEstimated annual cost February 1978 = 172,017 - single heading

Wages

Base = cost per train hoursCost per train hour in 1976 (according to SRC) = ESd 1

Trips Hours per HoursTo Rahad No. Round Trips Total

From: Nyala 52 74 3,848Ed Da'ein 18 61 1,098Aweil 20 76 1,520

To Khartoum

From: El Obeid 60 53 3,180Er Rahad 76 47 3,572

To Port Sudan

From: Khartoum 60 60 3,600

Subtotal 16,818Add 10% for delays 1,682Total train hours 18,500

Estimated annual cost February 1978 = 20,000 - double headingEstimated annual cost February 1978 = 23,000 - single heading

Track Maintenance

Base = cost per gross ton-kmTotal cost 1976 = 3,247,919Total gross ton-km = 5,831,875,890Cost per 1,000 gross ton-km = 0.5569Cost per year = 0.5569 x 240,399,260 = 133,878 - double headingCost per year = 0.5569 x 216,561.6 = 120,603 - single headingCost increase from 1975 to 1976 = 11%Estimated annual cost February 1978 = 148,600 - double headingEstimated annual cost February 1978 = 133,900 - single heading

ANNEX 2Appendix IPage 3

Summary of Operating Cost

Double Heading Single HeadingLSd ISd

Locomotive maintenance 404,000 251,000Wagon maintenance 49,300 62,800Fuel and lubricants 188,300 172,000Wages 20,000 23,000Track maintenance 148,600 133,900

Total 810,200 642,700Difference + 167,500

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 2SUDAN Table 1

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

ProJection of Livestock Traffic Railed by EMMC

Actual Estimated Traffic and Fu1l Capacity

(Number of Animals)

Project Year

------------------------------- Years ----------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 22

SHEEP I/

Full Capacity

From To

Western Provinces 21 Khartoum - - 217,000 259,000 345,000 432,000 540,000

Khartoum Port Sudan - - 106,000 127,000 170,000 212,000 267,oo0

Total FPll Capacity 323,000 386,000 515,000 644,000 807,000

Actual Estimated Traffic

From To

Western Provinces 2/ Khartoum - 130,000 181,000 276,000 367,000 486,000

Khartoum Port Sudan - - 64,000 89,000 136,000 180,000 240.000

Total Actual Estinated Traffic - - 194,000 270,000 412,000 547,000 726,000

Unused Capacity - - 129,000 116,000 103,000 97 000 81,000

CATTLE 3/

Ful Capacitv

Prom To

Western Provinces 4/ Khartoum - - 19,000 22,000 31,000 38,000 48.000

Khartoum Port Sudan - - 5,000 6,000 7,000 9,000 i2,000

Total FPll Capacity 24,000 28,000 38,000 47,000 60,000

Acteal Estimated Traffic

From To

Western Provinces 4/ Khartoum - - 11,000 16,000 24,000 32,000 43.000Khartoum Port Sudan - - 3,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 11,000

Total Actual Estimated Traffic 14,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 54 000

Unused Capacity - - 10.000 8,000 8,000 7,000 6,000

1/ 200 sheep per car load2/ From the following stations: Meiram, Nyala,

Ed Dacein, Babanusa, El Obeid, Kosti3! 25 cattle per car load4/ From the following stations: Meiram, Nyala,

Ed Dacein, Baanusa, El Obeid Kosti. A.eil

August lI, 1977

SUDANANNEX 2

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT Table 2

Project of Livestock Traffic Railed by LMMC

Wagons Loaded from Each Station

Project Year

Distance - ---------- Years ------------------km. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 22

CARLOADS OF SHEEP

From To

Meiram Khartoum 1.115 - - 14 18 28 36 80

Nyala " 1,318 - - 126 178 270 360 500

Ed Da'ein " 1,168 - - 64 90 136 180 260

Babanusa " 983 - - 64 90 136 180 250

El Obeid " 689 - - 286 400 610 810 1,042

Kosti " 382 - - 94 130 202 270 300

Khartoum Port Sudan 787 - - 318 444 678 900 1,200

Total Carloads of Sheep 966 1,350 2,060 2,736 3,632

CARLOADS OF CATTLE

From To

Meiram Khartoum 1,115 - - 10 14 22 28 70

Nyala " 1,318 - - 110 156 238 316 406

Ed Dacein " 1,168 - - 46 66 100 132 174

Babanusa " 983 - - 44 62 94 126 166

El Obeid " 689 - - 150 210 320 426 564

Kosti 382 - - 26 38 58 78 104

Aweil 1, 292 - - 68 94 142 190 240

Khartoum Port Sudan 787 - - 112 156 240 318 422

Total Carloads of Cattle 566 796 1.214 1,614 2,146

Loaded Sheep Wagon x km 1' 803,000 1,123,000 1,711,000 2,271,000 3.075,000

Loaded Cattle Wagon x km 1/ 544,000 763,000 1,162 000 1,545.000 2,050,000

Total Loaded Wagon xakm I/ 1,347,000 1,886.000 2,873 000 3,816,000 5 125 000

1/ Total number of cars multiplied by distance of each run,

August 11, 1977

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT ANNEX 2

Table 3

Projected Seasonality of LMMC Rail Traffic

(Quarterly Percentages from Each Station)

First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter TotalCalendar Year

SHEEP

From To

Meir-n Khartoum I 1 - - 2Nyala " 6 3 3 8 20Ed DaOein " 3 1 2 4 10El Obeid 14 6 14 10 44Babanusa " 3 2 1 4 10Kosti 3 1 6 4 14

Total Sheep from Western Provinces 30 14 26 30 100

Khartoum Port Sudan 30 20 15 35 100

CATTLE

From To

Meiram Khartoum 2 1 - - 3Nyala " 9 7 4 5 25Ed Da'ein " 3 3 2 2 10El Obeid " 11 11 5 7 34Babanusa ' 4 3 1 2 10Kosti '2 1 1 1 5Aweil " 4 4 2 3 13

Total Cattle from Western Provinces 35 30 15 20 100

Khartoum Port Sudan 25 35 15 25 100

surce: 1972-74 actual seasonality pattern and mission estimates

August 11, 1977

ANNEX 3Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Project Market and Transport Infrastructure

A. Market Infrastructure

General

1. The Project would support the development of the Sudan's livestockmarket system through the establishment and/or improvement of 30 primarymarkets, 11 secondary markets and 2 terminal markets. This developmentwould be carried out by the Livestock and Meat Marketing Corporation (LMMC),which would set up a network of field officers to supervise the operation ofthe markets (see Annex 6). The LMMC field service would be organized around12 Provincial Livestock Marketing Offices - one in each of 11 livestockproduction areas and one in Khartoum; these offices would be headed by aProvincial Livestock Marketing Officer (PLMO), who would be responsible toLMMC's Director of Domestic Markets. Each office would have a total staffof eight persons, except for the three most important centers (Nyala, El Obeidand Babanusa), where an Assistant Livestock Marketing Officer would also beposted. These staff would oversee the administration of all markets undertheir jurisdiction, supervise the collection of market fees, and organizethe collection of data on the movement and marketing of livestock. In addi-tion to the 12 field offices, permanent LMMC staff would be stationedat the two terminal markets and at each of the secondary markets to beestablished under the Project. Finally six mobile marketing teams would beset up to supervise the operation of the primary markets under their juris-diction. It is expected that the improved market facilities and the LMMCfield staff would allow LMMC to reorganize and rationalize the existingmarket operations. It is expected that, over the Project period, improvedmarketing procedures would result in an increasing percentage of marketedofftake moving through the official markets, as both producers and tradersbecome convinced of the convenience and financial benefits of utilizing thesefacilities.

2. Project Investment. A minimum of infrastructure would be providedat 30 primary markets which presently have no facilities of any kind. Themarket area would be enclosed by a thorn fence; a sales ring would be estab-lished inside this area which would be reached through a race with a con-necting gate. No provision would be made for holding pens, a traders standor offices. Eleven secondary markets would be improved under the Project.Where possible, these markets would be constructed on the same site as theexisting market, although in the majority of cases the markets would have tobe moved to a new location in order to obtain the necessary space and suf-ficient water for the increased number of livestock expected to utilize these

ANNEX 3Page 2

facilities. Basically, the market would consist of a large fenced area, withseparate sections for sales of cattle and small animals (sheep and goats)respectively. On entering the market, the stock would be placed in sortingsheds, where they would be held until ready for sale. They would then movethrough a race, and into the sales ring. From the sales ring the animalswould pass along a vaccination crush into holding pens for buyers' stock;unsold animals would leave the ring by a separate exit. The market would alsobe provided with offices, a covered stand for buyers and water tanks. Thedesign of a typical secondary market is illustrated in the accompanying chart.Terminal markets would be established at two locations near the Three Towns,i.e. at Soba and near Khartoum. In general, both markets would be laid outalong the same lines as the secondary markets; the main difference would be inthe area reserved for small stock, where holding pens only would be providedas it was not believed feasible to auction the large numbers of sheep andgoats moving through the market on a given day. The market outside Khartoumwould be by far the larger of the two; it would be able to handle about 480cattle and 3,000 small stock daily, as compared to 180 cattle and 1,500 smallstock daily for the Soba market.

Design and Standards

3. All market structures would be based on the same general design, sothat after the initial construction phase further construction would berepetitive, thus contributing to the efficiency of the operation and lower-ing overall costs. The designs are of course only preliminary, and duringProject implementation some changes could be expected.

Buildings

4. The buildings for the most part would be constructed to standardsand designs in common use by all agencies of the Sudanese Government. Theresidences would be the regular houses furnished to middle and junior gradecivil servants. Housing would be provided to certain market staff in thosesmall towns where housing would not be available. Personnel earning ESd 1,601to ESd 2,999 would be entitled to a middle grade house (T-2), which has twobedrooms. The junior grade house (T-3) has one bedroom and would be providedstaff earning from LSd 900 to iSd 1,600. Designs for stores, veterinaryoffices and small ancillary offices would be in accordance with Governmentstandards. If standards for some structures, (such as the traders stand andmarket office) are not available, engineers of the Ministry of Public Worksand Construction would produce them. Market offices would be designed sothat people from the outside could see office staff working from all sides.

Pens and Enclosures

5. All pens would be of the same general design. Several designsfor pens and enclosures were considered keeping in mind cost, utility,

ANNEX 3Page 3

simplicity of construction and ease of maintenance. The use of wire forany of the pens or enclosures was discarded after inspection of the remainsof wire fence in western Sudan. Wire fences in these areas are expensiveto construct and almost impossible to maintain. Most of the fences observedwere at least 40% covered with sand, since each wire fence causes an ob-struction for sand to drift against during the "haboobs" or sand storms.Soon the weight of the sand causes the fence either to collapse or rendersit ineffective. Enclosures with all-pipe rails would meet all the criteria,but construction costs would be extremely high. The most satisfactory de-sign would probably be of used railroad rail welded together. Although re-placement of members would be difficult, the structural qualities would besuch that replacement may never be necessary. The railroad rail structuraldesign was not adopted because the Sudan Railway Corporation officials couldnot assure that materials would be available in a timely fashion during con-struction, as LMMC would have to assume a lower priority position as far asthe second-hand materials would be concerned. If, however, at the time ofimplementation, used rail is available, substantial savings could be realizedin overall construction cost as well as foreign exchange. The following de-sign was selected as the one that most nearly meets the established standards.Posts would be of two inch diameter standard steel pipe set in concrete andgenerally three meters apart. The top rail would also be of standard steelpipe and would be fastened to the posts by means of hook bolts running throughholes in the posts. The lower rails would consist of one half inch smoothsteel reinforcing bars fastened to the posts in the same manner. Pens andenclosures for cattle would be 1.75 m high and those for small animals wouldbe 1.25 m above the ground.

6. The races and sales rings would be of the same general design asthe pens, except that in some cases three meter spacing of the posts wouldhave to be shortened. The floor of the sales rings would be soil cement.

Secondary Markets

7. Administrative Area. The administrative area for all the secondarymarkets would be alike and consist of a double traders stand (one for cattleand one for small animals) and an office which would serve both markets. Allof the administrative area would be covered by a roof supported by steelstructural members.

8. Sales Rings and Races. The sales rings would be located in frontof the traders stands; they would be connected to the sorting sheds andbuyers pens with short races suitably gated. Although cattle are not soldby weight at the present time, a foundation for a weigh bridge would be pro-vided at the entrance to the sales ring so that when weigh bridges are fin-ally used the sales area would not need to be reconstructed. A double racewould be constructed at this point to either direct the animals over theweigh bridge or bypass it.

ANNEX 3Page 4

9. Sorting Sheds. There would be ten cattle sorting sheds and tensmall animal sorting sheds at each of the secondary markets. The sortingsheds would be of the same general design as the pens except that post spac-ings would be 2 meters apart and shade would be provided over the middleportion. Where possible, the sheds should be located so that the shadeswould be at right angles to the sun. This orientation allows the shadow tosweep across the entire pen during the day. The moving shadow encouragesthe animals to spread their manure evenly across the pen and also preventsaccumulated moisture in one location under the shade. The shades would con-sist of locally manufactured reed mats supported by a framework of steelpipe. The support rail would be two inch standard steel pipe and the pur-lins would be 1" pipe on 50 cm centers fastened to the rails with 6 mm U-bolts. The rails would be spaced 29 cm apart for cattle. The top railwould be 2" standard steel pipe and the five lower rails would be 1/2" dia-meter smooth reinforcing steel evenly spaced. One half inch diameter steeldroppers would be welded to the rails midway between the posts. The smallanimal sorting sheds would have a top rail of 1" diameter standard steelpipe and four 1/2" diameter reinforcing steel rails spaced at 15 cm centersfor the first three above the ground and 30 cm above those. As in the cattlesorting sheds, steel droppers would be welded to the rails midway between theposts.

10. Buyers Pens. The number of buyers pens at each market would varyin accordance with the number of animals to be marketed on any one day.Table 1 shows the capacity of the secondary and terminal markets, and thiscapacity is reflected in the number of buyers pens planned for them. Eachbuyers pen is 12 meters square and provides space for 60 cattle or 300 sheep.The cattle pens would have a top rail of 2" diameter steel pipe and lowerrails of 1/2" diameter smooth reinforcing steel evenly spaced. The smallanimal pens would be similarly constructed, but the three bottom railswould be 15 cm above ground and 15 cm apart respectively and evenly spacedabove. The buyer pens would not be shaded since the animals would neces-sarily not remain in the pens over long periods of time.

11. Perimeter and Division Walls. As in existing markets, perimeterwalls would be of brick. Division walls between the cattle and small ani-mal markets would be of the same material. The walls would be two bricksthick and 1.75 meters above the ground. The walls would enclose an arealarge enough to leave a free area of not less than five meters from themost remote pen to the perimeter wall, but in no case would the area beless than one hectare. In addition to the pens and administrative area,the workers and traders shades, the toilets, the guard houses and storeswould be inside the perimeter wall. Entrance gates would be installed atsuitable points in the enclosure and a small gate between the cattle andsmall animal market would allow people to go from one market to the other.

12. Water Supply. All the secondary markets would be supplied withan independent water supply, with the exception of El Obeid which would besupplied with water from the city system. However, since the El Obeid mar-ket would be some distance from the nearest water point, provision has been

ANNEX 3Page 5

made for pumps at the source connected to storage at the market. Boreholeswould be provided for the secondary markets at Nyala, Ed Da'ein, El Fasher,Meiram, Babanusa, Aweil and Kadugli. Necessary pumps and piping would beinstalled for the Kosti market to be supplied with water from the river.The Sennar and Wad Medani markets would be equipped to receive water fromthe irrigation canal. Each animal pen would be equipped with suitable watertroughs and hydrants so piped water would be available at all times. Elevatedwater storage tanks are planned for all the markets so that at least a dayssupply would be available in the event of a breakdown. Standby pumps, enginesand spare parts would be available so the markets would not be dependent onother agencies for these items when repair would become necessary. Repairswould be made by either private repair shops or the Rural Water Corporation;if standbys and parts would be available the down-time would be minimized andrepairs could probably be made before the water in the storage tanks wouldneed to be replaced.

Terminal Markets

13. Administrative Area. The administrative area would be similar tothe secondary markets, except the traders stand would only be for the cattlemarket. The office would necessarily be somewhat larger than in the secon-dary markets but would be of the same general design in that it would beaccessible from all sides by the buyers. Shade would only be necessaryover the traders' stand.

14. Pens and Enclosures. These are structurally the same as in thesecondary markets. The sorting sheds in the cattle market would be the sameas in the secondary markets and there would be no sorting sheds in the smallanimal market. The cattle market would contain two buyers pens holding 60head of cattle each in the Soba market and twice that many pens in the Khar-toum market. Twenty-four private treaty pens (for privately arranged sales)holding ten cattle each would be provided in the Khartoum market and sixof these type pens would be available in the Soba market. While the cattlepens, as in the secondary markets, are near the dividing wall, the small ani-mal market pens are located 25 m from this wall. In the Khartoum marketthere would be 40 pens with a capacity of 50 small animals each and 40 penswith a capacity of 25 small animals each. The pens are separated in groupsin such a manner that the buyers can readily circulate around the pens andappraise the value of the animals contained therein. The Soba market wouldprovide half as many small animal pens but would afford the same easy cir-culation. Both markets would have spraying and vaccinating races. The smallanimal pens would be shaded in the same manner as the sorting sheds.

15. The perimeter and dividing walls would be the same design as thesecondary markets and would encompass an area large enough to allow thedoubling of the market capacities with at least 25 meters clearance betweenthe outermost pen and the perimeter wall. In addition to the above men-tioned structures the walls would contain lean-to sheds for the accomodation of

ANNEX 3Page 6

herders, toilets, guard house and store. Gates as needed would provide accessto the markets. There would be loading ramps outside the gates so animalscould be loaded and trucked away.

16. Water Supply. As in the secondary markets, an adequate watersupply would be a feature of the terminal markets. The Khartoum market wouldbe supplied from its own borehole for reliability. The Soba market wouldhave the irrigation canal for its source. Each market would have an ele-vated storage tank and would employ standby pumps and engines as well asa supply of spare parts. Water would be piped from there to the wateringtroughs in each pen.

Cost Estimates

17. The cost estimates were derived from base costs obtained in theSudan. The unit costs are based on unit costs in Khartoum adjusted toFebruary 1978 and are in-place costs. Variances in unit costs due to marketlocation are compensated for by introducing a freight cost item from Khar-toum to the market site. Unit costs for the terminal markets would not varyand are the same as the Khartoum price. Cost extensions and additions are tothe nearest ES 1,000. This is standard estimating practice and accounts forslight inaccuracies in extensions but does not affect the overall practicalresult.

18. Capital Costs. With the exception of housing, all building costsare the estimated completed cost including labor, materials, overhead, ve-hicles and equipment operating costs, but not including the cost of construc-tion equipment and vehicles. Housing cost represents the finished price ofthe houses including only vehicles and equipment necessary for construction.The costs of pens and enclosures include all labor, material, overhead,vehicle and equipment operation. It does not include the cost of vehiclesand equipment necessary for construction. The costs for water supply repre-sent the total finished cost and include all components such as labor, mate-rial, equipment and vehicles necessary for the installation of all the facili-ties involved. The vehicles and equipment item in the cost tables includesall equipment and vehicles to be used for the construction of the marketswith the exception of housing and water supply. Trucks purchased for theprimary markets would be used during construction where necessary and thenturned over to the mobile teams to be used during market operations. Nonconstruction equipment would be used for market operations. Wherever pos-sible construction vehicles and equipment would be used on more than onemarket. The planned use of these items is shown on the cost tables, butduring construction the most efficient dispersal and location would be ef-fected depending on coordination and Project scheduling.

Construction

19. The construction would be divided into three groups depending onthe type of work to be done, namely, housing, water supply and markets.

ANNEX 3Page 7

20. Markets. The construction of the markets proper consisting of pens

and enclosures, the administrative area, traders shades, toilets, guard houses

loading platforms and site preparation would be performed by the forces of

the Ministry of Construction and Public Works under a formal agreement withLMMC. The LMMC would furnish some equipment and vehicles from Project funds

to be used on market construction only. After construction the equipmentwould remain under the control of LMMC to be used for maintenance of completed

markets and construction of new ones not considered in this Project.

21. Housing. To avoid overloading the force account capability of

the Ministry of Construction and Public Works, the housing would be built,

where possible, under contracts with private construction contractors. Toattract maximum competition the housing for the markets would be combined with

the railway infrastructure housing and tendered as one contract.

22. Water Supply. The water supply for the markets would be offered

for competitive tender and the contract awarded to the low bidder. In addi-

tion to qualified private enterpreneurs, the Rural Water Corporation would

be eligible to bid. As in the case of the housing, the water work for the

railway infrastructure would be included in the same contract to maximize

the competition and assure the lowest possible price.

23. Scheduling. World Bank Chart 17693 in Annex 5 shows the Project

implementation schedule. The first Project year would be used for mobiliza-tion and procurement of equipment as well as the preparation of tender docu-ments and approval and award of contracts. About ninety percent of the mar-ket water supply would be completed during the second year with the rest in

the early part of the third year. Housing for personnel of the terminalmarket at Soba would be constructed during years two and three. The construc-

tion of housing in connection with the secondary markets would begin in yearthree and be completed in year four. Erection of housing for the mobileteams associated with the primary markets would begin in year three and be

completed in year four. Site work, construction of administration *teas, pens

and enclosures and ancillary works would begin for the terminal markets in

the second year, the secondary markets in the third year and the primary mar-

kets in year four. It would be completed in year three for the terminal mar-kets and year four for the secondary markets. The races and sales rings aswell as the thorn perimeter fences in the primary markets would be completedin year six. In summary, market construction would begin in year two withpeak activity occuring during year two and three; there would be a sharpmoderation in year four since the terminal markets would be finished and thesecondary markets two thirds completed. The primary market construction be-cause of size and remote location would continue at a low level through yearsix.

ANNEX 3Page 8

B. Transport Infrastructure

General

24. The Project would provide for the establishment of 6 railway holdingyards, 3 railway transit yards and 1 railway terminal yard along the railwaybetween Khartoum and Nyala. The six railway holding yards would be estab-lished at Nyala, Ed Da'ein, Aweil, Meiram, Babanusa and El Obeid. The hold-ing yards would allow LMMC to build up specific numbers of carloads of stockin advance of train departures, and would allow veterinary officials to in-stitute comprehensive quarantine and disease control measures at an earlystage in the marketing process. Given Sudan Railway's present standard ofservice it would not be posible to ship livestock directly from the westernproducing areas to Khartoum without allowing a stop to rest and water theanimals 1/. Railway transit yards would therefore be established at Er Rahad,Kosti and Sennar. Animals coming from the west would be off-loaded at one ofthese yards, watered, rested and eventually re-loaded for shipment east. Thetransit yards would also have holding facilities just outside the transityards for the reception of stock from the surrounding area which intend tojoin the block trains at these points; animals would be vaccinated prior toentry into these holding areas and held there until veterinary restrictionsallowed them to be moved to the transit yards. The Kosti and Sennar transityards would be developed at as yet unutilized sites. The Er Rahad facilitieswould, however, be constructed on the site of an existing railway loadingfacility and holding ground; while some of the existing facilities wouldbe used by the Project, extensive innovations and construction would benecessary. The terminal yard at Soba would be located at an existing sidingwhich is used for handling livestock.

Design and Standards

25. The railway transport infrastructure consists of three major com-ponents, Railway Holding Yards, Railway Transit Yards and the Railway Ter-minal Yards. Although they have different functions, the same general de-sign applies to the structures. This should contribute to the efficiencyof the construction operation since building and erection would become arepetitive process, shortening the construction period and tending to lowercosts. The designs, of course, are preliminary for cost estimating purposes,and some changes would be expected during final design and implementation.

26. Buildings. The buildings for the most part would be constructedto standards and designs in common use by all agencies of the Sudanese Gov-ernment. The residences would be the regular houses furnished to middleand junior grade civil servants. Housing would be provided to certain staff

1/ Animals coming from El Obeid would generally be shipped direct toKhartoum after joining a full block train at one of the transit yards.

ANNEX 3Page 9

in those small towns where housing would not be available. Personnel earn-ing ISd 1,601 to ESd 2,999 would be entitled to a middle grade house (T-2)which has two bedrooms. The Junior grade house (T-3) has one bedroom andwould be provided staff earning from ESd 900 to ESd 1,600. Designs forstores, veterinary offices and small ancillary structures would be in ac-cordance with Government standards. If standards for some, such as theworkers shade would not be available, engineers of the Ministry of PublicWorks and Construction would produce them.

27. Pens and Enclosure. Pens and enclosures at the railway facilitieswould be designed according to the same standards used for similar installa-tions at the market sites. Posts would be of two inch diameter standardsteel pipe set in concrete and generally three meters apart. The top railwould also be of standard steel pipe and would be fastened to the posts bymeans of hook bolts running through holes in the posts. The lower railswould consist of one half inch smooth steel reinforcing bars fastened tothe posts in the same manner. Pens and enclosures would be 1.75 m high.All pens would be designed to accommodate either cattle or small animalsand thus would be dual purpose. The perimeter walls would be of brick witha two brick thickness or concrete block depending on availability of mate-rials. There would be stock guards at the railway entrances. Since allyards would be under quarantine, access would be limited and animals wouldbe confined to the inner pens.

Railway Transit Yards

28. Three Railway Transit Yards would be established at Er Rahad, Sennarand Kosti. All would be constructed to the same design and capacity, andwould be capable of holding the largest trainload of livestock which would be5,400 small animals.

29. Holding Pens and Races. There would be eighteen holding pens ateach transit yard within the main enclosure. A small annex holding areawould contain four pens and veterinary facilities. Each holding pen wouldjbe twelve meters square and would have a capacity of 300 small animals or b0cattle and could be used for either. Gates and races would lead the animalsfrom the holding pens to the loading pens or vice versa. Since the animalswould be in strict quarantine, the holding pens within the main enclosureare twelve meters apart. The holding pens and races at Sennar and Kostiwould have posts of 2" diameter standard steel pipe spaced 3 meters apartand set in concrete. The top rail would be 2" diameter steel pipe; theseven lower rails would be 1/2" diameter smooth mild steel reinforcing barswith the lower four rails spaced 15 cm apart and the upper three spacedevenly above. Droppers of the same material as the small rails would bewelded at midpoints between posts.

30. The design of the holding pens at Er Rahad would be modified toprovide for the use of the material in the present stock pens. The exist-ing 30 meter square pens would be razed and re-erected to conform with thesizes planned for Sennar and Kosti. The salvaged material would be usedto the greatest extent possible. The salvaged posts would be used with

ANNEX 3Page 10

their rail brackets and the four 3" pipe rails could be used, but 1/2" dia-meter rebar rails would have to be installed midway between the three lowerpipe rails and below the lowest pipe rail to contain the small animals.At a salvage rate of 80% for rail and 60% for bolts, it would be necessaryto purchase only a small amount of new material for the pens and races atEr Rahad.

31. It would be necessary to install shades over the middle portion ofthe holding pens. They would be supported by a pipe frame consisting oflonger middle posts and additional posts three meters each side of the middlepost as well as intermediate posts inside the pen to support the shade rails.These additional posts would be necessary because without them the two inchdiameter pipe shade support rail could not satisfactorily span the 12 meterwidth of the pen. Purlins of 1" diameter steel pipe on 50 cm centers wouldbe attached to the shade rail by the use of U bolts. Locally manufacturedreed mats would be spread over the purlins for shade. Where possible thesheds should be located so that the shades would extend north and south.This orientation allows the shadow to sweep across the entire pen during theday. The moving shadow encourages the animals to spread their manure evenlyacross the pen and also prevents accumulated moisture in one location underthe shade.

32. Loading Platform and Loading Pens. The existing loading platformat Er Rahad would be more than long enough since it is planned to load orunload fourteen wagons at a time. As the locomotive would be attached tothe block train at all times, the other thirteen cars would be loaded orunloaded by moving the train after the initial cars were full or empty. Newloading platforms would be constructed at Kosti and Sennar to accommodatethe 14 loading stations and to clearance specification of the Sudan RailwaysCorporation. The platforms would consist of earthfill behind a concreteblock or brick retaining wall with the surface stabilized with soil cement.

33. The fourteen loading pens would be loading either cattle or smallanimals and would each have a capacity of two hundred small animals, or onedouble deck wagon load. Each pen would be constructed on the loading plat-form and would be 8 m by 12 m with gates in the rear adjacent to the raceleading from the holding pens. A short race from each loading pen on thetrack side would extend to within 76 cm from the edge of the platform.Railway regulations do not allow extending it closer to the track. The load-ing race would a total of two meters long and would funnel from the loadingpen from a width of two meters to one meter in a horizontal distance of onemeter. It would remain one meter wide the remaining one meter in distanceand would be gated when it first reaches the one meter width. Portable rampswould be available and fit inside the permanent ramps for loading the topdecks of the wagons. Shading of the loading pens would not be necessary be-cause of the short time the animals would be confined therein.

34. Water Supply. Each transit yard would have an adequate water supplysystem consisting of a storage tank, distribution and cattle and small animal

ANNEX 3Page 11

watering troughs with hydrants in each holding pen. The existing supply line

and storage tank would be used at Er Rahad, but new pumps and engines would

be installed at the lake. Water would be supplied from the irrigation canal

to a storage tank at Sennar which would also supply the Sennar Secondary Mar-

ket. Water would be obtained from the railway water supply at Kosti but a

booster pump would be utilized to assure a supply into the storage tank.

35. Railway Sidings. Railway siding construction would be necessary at

all the transit yards so as to have enough track to load as well as enough for

cleaning wagons outside the transit yard.

Railway Holding Yards

36. The railway holding yards would be located in Aweil, Babanusa, Ed

Da'ein, El Obeid, Meiram and Nyala. The ones at El Obeid and Nyala would have

18 holding pens and 14 loading pens. The Ed Da'ein holding yard would consist

of fourteen holding pens and seven loading pens. The holding yards at Aweil,

Babanusa, and Meiram would have 9 holding pens and 7 loading pens. As in the

transit yards the pens would be constructed to hold either cattle or small

animals and the same materials would be used. The holding pens and the load-

ing pens in all the holding yards would be constructed exactly like the ones

in the transit yards. As in the transit yards a brick or block wall 20 cm

thick and 1.75 m high would surround the pens for quarantine purposes. The

holding pens would be a minimum distance of 60 meters from the inside of the

wall. All perimeter widths would be 150 m while the lengths would be 324

meters at Babanusa, Aweil and Meiram, 444 meters at Ed Da'ein, and 540 meters

at Nyala and El Obeid. These perimeter dimensions would allow ample room for

expansion with the retention of quarantine standards.

37. Water Supply. Water would be supplied to all the holding pens. All

holding yards would have the use of storage tanks which would feed the distri-

bution system to the holding pens. Each holding pen would be equipped with

cattle and small animal watering troughs that would be filled by a hydrant

from the distribution system. All the holding yards would be supplied by the

same source as the markets in the same town. They would share the use of the

storage tanks in all cases except El Obeid where it would be less costly to

have a separate storage tank for the market and the holding yard. All watersources would be equipped with standby pumps and engines as well as a good

supply of spare parts. Although LMMC would have to depend upon others such

as the Rural Water Corportion to repair the pumps and engines, these reserve

items would be available and water services should not be interrupted due to

a long wait while orders were being prepared and parts shipped. Pumps and/or

engines could be changed and repaired in the shortest possible time while the

livestock was being watered from the storage tanks. Boreholes would be

drilled at all locations except El Obeid where water would have to be obtainedfrom the municipality. However, since the El Obeid Holding Yard would be

some distance from the nearest water point, provision has been made for pumpsat the source connected to storage at the holding yard.

38. Railway Sidings and Loading Platforms. Where necessary, railroadsidings and loading platforms would be constructed. The railroad sidings

ANNEX 3Page 12

only need to be long enough to load the livestock inside the holding area.However, most of the holding yards would be a considerable distance fromthe nearest switch points. In these cases existing sidings must be extendedor new ones constructed with the necessary switch points. The loading plat-forms would be constructed according to the standards and designs furnishedby the Sudan Railways Corporation. They would be long enough in each caseto support the required number of loading pens and the surface would bestabilized with soil cement.

Railway Terminal Yard

39. The Railway Terminal Yard would be located at Soba at the sidingwhere livestock have been loaded and unloaded in the past. The same struc-tural standards and design would be used as in the other railway infra-structure components but holding pen orientation would be changed. While theloading/unloading pens would necessarily be located on the loading/unloadingplatform, the holding pens would be in a group parallel to the railroad sidingbut 36 meters away from the loading pens. They would be arranged on each sideof a race which would extend from the loading/ unloading pens to the exit/entrance of the perimeter wall. Since the animals arriving on the block trainand any animals waiting to be exported would be well into their quarantineperiod, the holding pens would not be separated, as in the other holding andtransit yards, but would have a common fence between them. The arrangement ofthe pens and races is such that animals departing from the train could eitherleave the quarantine area immediately or be held for completion of the quaran-tine. In a like manner, animals boarding the train here can either go di-rectly to the train or be held for quarantine purposes for short periods oftime. The railway terminal yard perimeter fence would be constructed to thesame structural design as the holding yards. It would enclose an area 130 m by338 m and have twice the holding capacity of the largest holding yards. Therewould be room to double its capacity and still retain adequate quarantinestandards. Due to clearance problems the perimeter wall would be all on oneside of the railroad siding and connect with the loading/unloading pen fencerather than cross the track.

40. As in the holding yards, there would be an adequate water supplywith storage, distribution and watering troughs for both large and smallanimals. The water source would be the irrigation canal between the terminaland the Forestry Station. There would be the necessary piping and structuresas well as standby pumps and engines with an adequate supply of spare parts tofurnish repair agencies in the event of a breakdown. Repairs could be com-pleted before the water in storage is fully depleted. The water supply wouldbe independent of the Soba market because costs of supply from a common pump-ing station would exceed the costs of establishing the smaller stations alongthe canal.

41. The existing railway siding would have to be extended to providespace for cleaning wagons outside the terminal area. The extension would beconstructed so that with the installation of a switch point, the empty blocktrain would continue on to the main line without backing through the unload-ing area after the cleaning operation would be completed.

ANNEX 3Page 13

Cost Estimates

42. The cost estimates were derived from base costs obtained in theSudan. The unit costs are based on unit costs in Khartoum adjusted toFebruary 1978 and are in-place costs. Variances in unit costs due to loca-tion are compensated for by introducing a freight cost item from Khartoum tothe yard site. Unit costs for the terminal holding yard would not vary andare the same as the Khartoum price. Cost extensions and additions on thecost tables are to the nearest LS 1000. This is standard estimating practiceand accounts for slight inaccuracies in extensions but does not affect theoverall practical result.

43. Capital Costs. With the exception of housing, all building costsare the estimated completed cost including labor, materials, overhead, ve-hicles and equipment operating costs, but not including the cost of con-struction equipment and vehicles. Housing cost represents the finished priceof the houses including vehicles and equipment necessary for construction.The costs of pens and enclosures include all labor, material, overhead, ve-hicle and equipment operation. It does not include the cost of vehicles andequipment necessary for construction. The costs for water supply representthe total finished cost and include all components such as labor, material,equipment and vehicles necessary for the installation of all the facilitiesinvolved. The vehicles and equipment item in the cost tables includes allequipment and vehicles to be used for the construction of the yards with theexception of housing and water supply. Non construction equipment would beused for yard operations. Although the cost tables show certain equipment andvehicles for each yard, this should not confine the use of the equipment toone location. If it is necessary to move equipment from one location toanother for construction eficiency and scheduling, it should be done.

44. Operating Costs. The operating costs include costs for staffingeach transit, holding and terminal yard in accordance with the staffing pat-tern provided for LMMC (Annex 6). In addition, operating costs for vehiclesused in the operation of the railway infrastructure facilities and miscellan-eous operating costs such as utilities, office supplies, and maintenance ofstructures are detailed in Annex 4. The water cost on the tables representsthe total operating cost of the water supply including amortization of capitalcosts. Operating costs for the equipment and vehicles used on constructionare not included, since they are a part of the cost of construction and areincluded in the in-place unit prices of each construction item.

Construction

45. The construction would be divided into three groups depending onthe type of work to be done - namely, yards, housing and water supply.

46. Yards. The construction on the yards proper consisting of pensand enclosures, the administrative area, traders shades, toilets, guardhouses, loading platforms and site preparation would be performed by the

ANNEX 3Page 14

forces of the Ministry of Construction and Public Works under agreements

with LMMC. The LMMC and the Ministry would enter into one agreement forengineering design and a separate one for construction. The design agreementwould stipulate, in addition to the standard clauses, that the Ministry would

perform the necessary design work in close association with the LMMC and thatall final designs would be approved by the Director General of the LMMC. The

construction agreement would contain all the standard provisions of a contractwith a private construction contractor such as:

(a) responsibility for work;

(b) commencement and prosecution of work;

(c) time of completion;

(d) suspension of work;

(e) delays;

(f) annulment and default of Agreement;

(g) sub-contracting;

(h) extension of time;

(i) and if legally possible, liquidated damages and bonusfor early completion.

Other special provisions such as payment, and the furnishing of equipment andmaterials and those clauses specifically related to local conditions andGovernment inter agency agreements should also be included. The LMMC would

furnish some equipment and vehicles from Project funds to be used on railwayinfrastructure construction only. After construction, the equipment wouldremain under the control of LMMC to be used for maintenance of completedfacilities and construction of new ones not considered in this Project.

47. Housing. To avoid overloading the force account capability of theMinistry of Construction and Public Works, the housing would be built wherepossible under contract with private construction contractors. To attractmaximum competition the housing for the railway infrastructure would be com-

bined with the market housing and tendered as one contract.

48. Water Supply. The water supply for the markets would be offeredfor competitive tender and the contract awarded to the low bidder. In addi-

tion to qualified private enterpreneurs, the Rural Water Corporation wouldbe eligible to bid. As in the case of the housing, the water work for themarkets would be included in the same contract to maximize the competitionand assure the lowest price.

ANNEX 3Page 15

49. Scheduling. World Bank Chart 17693 in Annex 5 shows the Projectimplementation schedule. The first Project year would be used for mobiliza-tion and procurement of equipment and materials as well as the preparationof tender documents and approval and award of contracts, with emphasis onthe completion of the railway infrastructure from the terminal west as soonas possible. All of the construction would be completed by the end of thethird Project year, 80% of which would be completed during the second year,or the first year of construction activity. About ninety percent of thewater supply for this infrastructure would be completed during the secondProject year with the rest during the third year. All the housing would becompleted during the second year of project operation. Site work, offices,stores, loading ramps, pens, perimeter walls and ancillary works would becompleted on the Terminal, the Er Rahad Transit, and the El Obeid, Ed Da'einand Nyala Holding Yards during the second year; the rest of this type workwould be completed during the first four months of the third year. Therailroad sidings to serve the terminal, holding, and transit yards would be85% completed during the second year with the rest of the work scheduled tobe completed during the first quarter of the third year.

50. In summary, the railway infrastructure construction work wouldbe about 80% completed at the end of the second Project year. And at thistime, the Railway Terminal Yard, the Er Rahad Transit Yard and the RailwayHolding Yards at El Obeid, Ed Da'eim and Nyala would be fully operational.The Sennar and Kosti Transit Yards as well as the Holding Yards in Aweil,Babanusa and Meiram would become completely operational during the firstquarter of the third Project year.

C. Summary of Project Investments

51. A summary of proposed Project investments is given below:

ANNEX 3Page 16

I. Northern Darfur

Existing Arrangement Secondary Markets (2) El Fasher El Geneina

Primary Markets (8) Kutum KulbusMellit TaweishaKebkabiya Umm KeddadaForo Burunga Malha

Project Proposals

The establishment or development of:

1 Provincial Livestock Marketing Office El Fasher Staff: 8

1 Secondary Market El Fasher Staff: 15

4 Primary Markets 1/ Mellit El Geneina 2/Kebkabiya Umm Keddada

I Mobile Marketing Team Staff: 8

1I. Southern Darfur

Existing Arrangement Secondary Markets .(3) Nyala Ed Da'ein Zalingei

Primary Markets (24) Abu Gabra Abu Matariq MireighaMuhagiria Buran TullusRahad el Idd el Ghanam Kubbum

BerdiKas Safaha DereisaUmm Dafoq Gimelaya FerdousUmm Agaga Abu Karinka Kileikli

Abu SalMazroub Dar es Salam SinunAdida Sharif Angabo

1/ Foro Burunga for geographical reasons will be established and servicedfrom Nyala.

2/ The secondary market at El Geneina would be developed on the lines ofa primary market on the assumption that it would be given special atten-tion by the mobile marketing team.

ANNEX 3Page 17

Project Proposals

The establishment or development of:

I Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Nyala Staff: 9 1/

2 Secondary Markets Nyala Ed Da'ein Staff: 30

11 Primary Markets Zalingei 2/ GimelayaForo Burunga 3/ FurdosIdd el Ghanam BuramTullus Umm Agaga 4/Rahad el Berdi Safaha 4/Kas

2 Mobile Marketing Teams Staff: 16

2 Railway Holding Yards Nyala El Da'ein Staff: 30

III. Northern Kordofan

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (2) El Obeid Er Nahud

Primary Markets (20) Rahad Um Rawaba BaraSodiri Umm Summta Umm DamEl Ghabsha Hurat el Hamrat el

Sheikh WazyUmm Badir Umm Safya NayrubUmm Bel Dam Gamad Wad BandaSuqa el Gamal Sa'Ata El KhuweiOlyal Bakheit Umm Inderaba

1/ An Assistant Provincial Livestock Marketing Officer would be included in

view of the large numbers of livestock moving through the South Darfurmarkets.

2/ Zalingei would be developed as primary market.

3/ Both Zalingei and Foro Burunga, because of their importance, would re-

ceive special attention from one of the mobile marketing teams fromNyala.

4/ The markets of Safaha and Umm Agaga would be operated by the mobile team

based at Meiram, which is geographically better placed than the teams

operating from Nyala or Ed Da'ein.

ANNEX 3Page 18

Project Proposals

The establishment or development of:

I Provincial Livestock Marketing Office El Obeid Staff: 9 1/

1 Secondary Market El Obeid Staff: 15

6 Primary Markets Sodir Um RuwabaEn Nahud 2/ BaraHamrat esh Er RahadSheikh

1 Mobile Marketing Team Staff: 8

1 Railway Holding Yard El Obeid Staff: 15

I Railway Transit Yard Er Rahad Staff: 27

IV. South Kordofan

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (2) Babanusa Kadugli

Primary Markets (22) El Fula Lagowa El MugladMeiram Abu Zabad TibonAbu Bateike Umm Tajok Abu KonAbyei Sunnut DabkarDilling Umm Berem-

beita TalodiKologi Abu Gibeiha RashadAbbasaya Bagara HeibanKailak

1/ In view of the large throughput at the El Obeid market and the importanceof Er Rahad as a transit point for livestock from the west, an AssistantPLMO would be recruited for the El Obeid Provincial Livestock MarketingOffice.

2/ Er Nahud would initially be developed as a primary market.

ANNEX 3Page 19

Project Proposals

The establishment or development of:

1 Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Babanusa Staff: 9 1/

3 Secondary Markets Kadugli Babanusa Meiram 2/ Staff: 31

8 Primary Markets Dilling TalodiKologi Abbasiya Abu ZabadTibun El Fula Abyei

2 Mobile Market Teams 3/ Staff: 16

2 Railway Holding Yards Babanusa Meiram Staff: 30

V. Bahr el Ghazal

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (2) Wau Aweil

Primary Markets (5) Gogrial Raga Wun RoqNyamlele Deim Zubeir

Project Proposals

The establishment or development of:

1 Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Aweil Staff: 8

1 Secondary Market Aweil 4/ Staff: 16

1 Primary Market Gogrial

1 Railway Holding Yard Aweil Staff: 15

1/ An Assistant PLMO has been included in the staff for the Babanusa Provin-cial Livestock Marketing Office in view of the large volume of livestockmoving through the South Kordofan markets.

2/ Transport and a driver have been included for the secondary market estab-lishment at Meiram; as the market is essentially a seasonal operation,the market staff would operate as a mobile team as required and alsoservice the South Darfur markets of Safaha and Umm Agaga.

3/ One mobile marketing team would be based at Kadugli and the second teamwould operate from Babanusa.

4/ Transport and a driver have been included in the secondary market estab-lishment at Aweil to service the primary markets in the area.

ANNEX 3Page 20

VI. White Nile

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (2) Kosti Ed Dueim

Primary Markets (6) El Kawa El Shugeig RabakUmm Gasa Shawall Wusa'a

Project Proposals

The establishment or development of:

1 Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Kosti Staff: 8

1 Secondary Market Kosti Staff: 15

1 Railway Transit Yard Kosti Staff: 27

VII. Blue Nile

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (4) Damazin Sennar SingaDinder

Primary Markets (12) Kurmuk Abu Huggar SukiAbu Hasham Karkoj Wad NailAbu Sheneina Bau QeissanChali Ubu Umm Shoka

Prolect Proposals

The establishment or development of:

I Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Singa Staff: 8

1 Secondary Market Sennar Staff: 15

1 Railway Transit Yard Sennar Staff: 27

VII. El Gezira

Existing Arranaements Secondary Markets (2) Wad Medani Manaqil

Primary Markets (8) Madina Kab el Didad Haq AbdellaEl Hosh Tambull RufaaKanlin Hasaheisa

ANNEX 3Page 21

Prolect Proposals

The establishment or development of:

I Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Wad Medani Staff: 8

l Secondary Market Wad Medani Staff: 15

IX. Upper Nile

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (1) Malakal

Primary Markets (8) Bentiu Nasser KodokTonga Wangkai AjokShambe Renk

Prolect Proposals

The establishment of:

1 Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Malakal Staff: 8

X. Kassala

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (3) Kassala Gedaref New Halfa

Primary Markets (11) Aroma Doka Wad el HeleiuEl Showak Mafaza HawataEl Sufeiya Goz Rageb Abu GamalQallabat El Fau

Pro1ect Proposals

The establishment of:

1 Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Kassala Staff: 8

XI. Nile

Existing Arrangements Secondary Markets (3) Atbara Ed Damar Shandi

Primary Markets (6) Metama Kaboshia Abu HamadZeidab El Bauga Berber

ANNEX 3Page 22

Prolect Proposals

The establishment of:

1 Provincial Livestock Marketing Office 1/ El Damar Staff: 8

XII. Khartoum

Existing Arrangements Terminal Market (1) Omdurman

Pro1ect Proposals

The establishment or development of:

I Provincial Livestock Marketing Office Khartoum Staff: 8

2 Terminal Markets

I outside Khartoum (to replace the Staff: 27existing Omdurman market)

I at Soba (to service both livestock Staff: 23arriving by rail and those arrivingon hoof from Blue Nile and GeziraProvinces)

1 Rail Terminal Soba Staff: 31(including holding yards for quarantinepurposes)

1/ This would also serve Northern Province.

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 3Table 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Secondary and Terminal Markets - Market Capacitie§

Cattle Small Animals

El Obeid 600 3,00Q

El Fasher 240 1,200

Nyala 240 600

Kadugli 240 600

Meiram 300 300

Aweil 300 300

Ed Da'ein 180 600

Sennar 180 600

Wad Medani 120 900

Kosti 180 300

Babanusa 120 300

Soba 180 1,500

Khartoum 480 3,000

ANNEX 3Figure 3.1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Livestock Flows - Khartoum Market

STOCKROUTE

~1KHARTOUMVETERINARY DETENTION PENSC ONTROL POST FOR SICK ANIMALS

FEED 'tsLOTS

BUFFERZONE HOLDING PENS FOR ANIMALS

QUARANTINE / KHARTOUM THOUT MOVEMENT PERMITSFOR EXPORT BUFFER FEED TERMINAL (-LIVE OR < ZONE - LOTS M MARKETKADERO SLAUGHTERHOUSE

LOCAL MERCHANTSFOR RECONDITIONING LOCAL MERCHANTS

WHOLESALE FOR RECONDITIONING\ ~~BUTCHERS/

SOBA\ / TERMINAL\ / WHOLESALE MARKET4\ /BUTCHERS

ABATTOIR

RETAIL BUTCHERS

ANNEX 3Figure 3.2

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Livestock Flows - Soba Railway Terminal

ON HOOF FROMBLUE NILE AREA SOBA

TERMINAL

SOBA VETERINARYCONTROLX

SOBA SOBA DETENTION PENSVETERINARY CONTROL - FOR SICK ANIMALS

SOBATERMINAL

/MARKET

LOCAL M A1T

MERCHANTS SOBAQUARANTINE

HOLDING PENSWHOLESALEBUTCHEKS FEED

KA/ERO LOTS

\ z / ~~~~~~KAPERO

OMDURMAN QUARANTINESLAUGHTERHOUSE STATION

RETAIL BUTCHERSEXPORT EXPORT, KADEROLIVE SLAUGHTERHOUSE

SUDANLIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

PRIMARY MARKET

_. * t t..- - _ _- -- _ - _ s __ - _; - ,

4M ,l

en ~ eL__v OSALES RING OUTb -

THORN BUSH

NOT TO SCALE

July 13, 1977World Bank 17705

D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IVESTOCK MARKTIN PROEC

... ~~~~~~~ WALLH ANIMALS _-_{_;

I~<Tl2SEDS\-

l ~ ~~~~ ~ *HD |SPt.ME...IA

TtJliETS | / \ n | TAHY } 7b1 1~~~~~~~~~~CrrL

_ OILETS - - iTRADERSSHADE |WATER TOWER A RO

SUDANLIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECTKHARTOUM TERMINAL MARKET

5 5 5 5 5 2.5252.52.52.5

SMALL ANIMALS

; -E lBUYERS

9E ... 4 SDREiNG SHEDS4 _

CATTLE

230 TO

World B.~k -17695

SUDANLIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

EL OBEID RAILWAY HOLDING YARD

STOCK GUARD P.R SIDING STOCK GUARD

CGR. SLOA DING PLATFORM /fETN .

RACES 00 00 " " 0 " " m 1" -^t^

18 SHADED HOLDING PENS 12M APART AND 12M X 12M EACH. GATE ALL PENS & ENCLOSURES AS REQUIRED.

SHADE PERIMETER WALL

VACCINATE & SPRAY

SCALE- 17250

JIy IIS, 1977 World Bank - 17708

SUDANLIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

RAILWAY TRANSIT YARD (ER RAHAD)

STOCK GUARD PRR. SIDING STOCK GURD

CLEA;ING AREA _ _ | RACES 1 - LOADING PLATFORM E DJ, ItN G -- -

l < ~~~~~~~~18 SHADED HOLDING PENS 12M APART AND 12M X12M EACH GATE ALL PENS & ENCLOSURES AS REQUIRED.

,SHADE PERIMETER WALL

t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SCALE -1:1250

12

OFFICE STORE

VACCINATE & SPRAY_V

JuIl 13, 1977 W.rld 8-nE, 17706

SUDANLIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECTSOBA RAILWAY TERMINAL YARD

338

TOI LETS TOI LETS

HOLDING PENS

GATE AS NECESSARY

I I I I I A S/ I 1 1

SHADES \SHADES

LOADING/UNLOADING PENS LOADING PLATFORM

SHADE > 2| l l | 7 7 X t i||SHD

R.R. SIDING

SCALE - 1:1000

July 13, 1 1977 World rn,k - 17707

I

SUDAN -aNNe 4

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Project Cost Including Contingencies

(US$ '000)

Local Foreign Total Taxes TotalNet of Taxes

a) Livestock Transport 7,000 13,500 20,500 4,700 15,800

b) Transport Infrastructure 5,700 4,000 9,700 1,400 8,300

c) Market Infrastructure 5,800 2,900 8,700 1,100 7,600

d) LMMC Headquarters 7,100 2,200 9,300 1,000 8,300

e) Technical Assistance,Training & Studies 700 2,400 3,100 - 3,100

Total Project Cost 26,300 25,000 51,300 8,200 43,100

August 12, 1977

ANNEX 4Table 3

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKET ING PROJECT

(a) Livestock Transport

Invest-ent Costa

(Md.)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Years I - 6 Foreign Tes &Iten Utit Unit Cost Units coat Units Coat Uelts Cost Units Cost Units Cost Units Cost Total Tat Exchange Doies

Unita Coat %

R.llies Stock

Locoeotives 1/ No. 336,000 3 1,008,000 3 1,008,000 4 1.344,000 - - - - - - 10 3,360,000 71 29Doable Deck Wagoes 2/ No. 17,800 14 249,000 14 249,000 41 730;000 - - - - _ 69 1,228,000 80 20Va.a No, 18,000 3 54,000 3 54,000 3 54,000 - - - - - 9 162,000 80 20

Sub-Total 1,311,000 1,311,ooo 2,128,000 4,750,000 74 26

Spate Parts

Locomotiv-a Set 336,000 - - - 1 336,000 1 336,000 71 29Wagons & Vans Set 42,000 - - - - 1 42,000 - - - - - - 1 42,000 80 20

Sob-Total 378,000 378,000 72 28

Working Capital - LMMC 3/ Luep se - - - - 446,oo0 - 324,000 - 233,000 - 153,000 1,156,000 30 8

Total lnveatneot Costs 1,311,000 1,311,000 2,952,000 324,000 233,000 153,000 6,284,000 66 23

I! Delivery to take place at the beginning of year 3 and Frogre.. paymentsof 307 each in yeara 1 and 2, balance at delivery.

2/ Delivery to take place at the beginning of year 3 and progress paynentsof 207 each in years 1 and 2, balance at delivery.

3/ Aa.sa.es LMNC vould pay rental to SRC in saoothly advances. cf . Anne 9, Table 4.

July 6, 1977

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK HARMIK NG PR.CT

(b) Tr"ap-ort Iafr..trenture

Su_ary of Investment Costs

Years Years 1 - 6 Foreig Taxes and

It..5 1 2 3 14 5 6 Total Coat Exchange DestS..

CAPITAL COSTS

B.ildings 223,000 - - - - 223,000 52 IS

Site Preparation - 102,000 - _ _ _ 102,000 63 23

Pens end Enclosures - 607,000 318,000 9 _ _ 925,000 44 11

Rail.ay Sidings and Loading Platfoms - 288,000 49,000 - - - 337,000 42 11

Water Suply _ 220,000 25,000 - - - 24s,ooo 56 18

Vehicles and Equipment - 377,000 2,000 - - - 379,000 61 30

Freight - 54,00 11,000 6sooo 52 16

Total Capital Costs 1,871,000 405,000 2,276,000 50 16

OPERATING COSTS

StaCf f 1,0CC 89,0CC 117,000 114,000 133,000 454,000 -

Vehicle and Equipaent Operatisn - _ 9,000 13,0C00 6,0C0 12,000 50,000 77 17

Mi-Scell.neou Operating Costs - - 32.000 49.0CC 74.000 77l000 232.000 42 23

Total Operating Coats 1,000 130,000 1759,000 204,000 222,000 736,000 18 8

= =

Total Transport ICfrastructure 1,872,000 535,000 179,000 204,000 222,000 3.012,000 42 14

Juns 27, 1977

SUDAN A A

LIVESTOCK MAHFTUING PPOJSCT

I (b) Tranaport Iorrantr-ottre

Capital and Operating Coats - Avail P iHay Holding Yard

(tu)

Year 1 Year 2 Yer5Year 4 Year 5 Yea 6 Ia-, I 6 PAreg lass aSdIt.e Unit Unit Co-t Unite Cost -Unie aCot U nit o Uite Coat Units Cost Unite Coat Total Total bIeh.bs Detis.Unite Cast

CAPITAL COSTS

ldieg V _ - _ - 26,ooo - 2 - - - - - ' ' 26,ooo 52 15

Site Preparation / - _ - - 11,000 - - - - - - - ' ll,oo0 65 24

Pan sad Enolsure

LoadingPN.. 9,000 9,000 53 14Holding Pens V - 5,0CC 14,000 - - - - - - 19,000 55 i4S.e. V _ _ _ _ - 1,000 _ 12,000 - - - - - - - 13,000 5S 14

Walls and Gates _ - _ _ 16- 0 - _ - 16,00 17 4SDb-Total Peas and Enoloenree 15,000 42,000 57,000 44 11

Water Supply

Horn Hole H No. 13,345.00 - - 0.5 7,000 - - - - - - - - 0U5 7,000 60 28Pu=p ene . 2s, 70.00 - l,00U 8 1,00 52 15PisIp J No. 1,lO0.00 I _ 1 ,Oo _ _ _ -_ _ _ _ 1 1,000 56 14Feine V No. 2200 00 - _ 1 2,000 - - - _ _ _ - _ 1 2,000 56 14Elevated Thai iV No. 6,450 00 - - 0.5 f,00U - - - - - - - - 0.5 3,000 54 21SUpply Pping a 6.so - - 110 1,000 - - _ - _ - _110 1,000 56 14Diatribotion Piping 425 - - 37 ,000 375 2,000 56 14l5drsnts No 22. 00 _ 9 - - _ _ _ _ - - _ 9 - 56 14Water Troussa (Cattle) No. 110.00 _ - 9 1,000 - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 1,000 54 21Water Troughs (Sheep) No. 50.00 - - 9 - - - - - - - 9 _ 54 21

Sob-Totnl Wter Supply 18,000 18,000 57 21

Vehicle and Eqoipnant i/ - - _ _ - 22,00N - - 22,0D0 59 35

Nail'oad Siding and loading PstrormV - - _ - - 51,000 - - - - - - - - - SD,o000 40 11

Do-eatin Freight

Freight via Sallay Ton/K. 0U02 - - 4so,coo 9,ON 14,O0 3 - - - - _ _ 624,000 12.000 52 i6SDb-Total DoseStiO Freight 9,000 3,000 12,000 52 16

Total Capital Coats 152,000 45,000 197,000

OYFhATINO COSTS

Staff - - - - - - - 7,00 - 9,000 - 8,000 11,000 3 S5,000 - -

Mia..llanaoI. operating Costa V - _ - 2,000 - 2-000 5,000 - 6, o 15,000 45 18

Vehicle Operatlon 2/ - - - - - -_ ,UOO - 1,000 - 2,000 - 1,0 _0 5-,N0 77 17

SDb-Total OPerating Cots IC,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 55,000

Total Coat Avail Railesy Holding Yard 152,000 55,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 252,000

. . Acnna 4 Table U for det-il.V To auPPV tbe Aesil anelot niub nte ala./ Sen An-e 4 Teble 9 fo- detaile.

Jose 27, 1977

Table 6

Coaita an opratng oat-Aaae.saRailwy Coldieg Card

(ZSd)

S-caYerf CnYe.e. Ioc er Year 6 fear 1- F-rign T-oosooNt- Mit

tUio Coa toots Coat hitS Coot uhOd Cost a.lt, Cost hoits Coat Total Col P CotaL Tortes

2EITAL COSTS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oteCa

COPCOOI CCITt~ ~ ~~~~~~~ 1 2 I 1

Yerertoaooo OSCiro/Storo ~~No. 2,200.04 1 2,00 - -- -I 2,0 coo 01

3ose Stellar No. 60.00,. 2 - - - - - - -- -2 - o t

Coillars te 271.0 - 2 1,00 - 1,00 520Worer Otado No. l,000.OC - 1 1,0 - - -- -I ,0 rioltdl ...radS_oooa No. 12,300.00 I 200 -------- 1 1,0 P1eoiotoroeda H..a.i No . 7,300.TC - .0 - -- -0 [000 lT

CobT-Cool Codlloga 26,000 26,00 52 15

-atoeor- m .o - - 7,000 9,000 - - - - - - 7,00 MO 000 68 2D-ala- Stroot-o ltoOn 2,0000K - I-,a 00~ 2,000 - --lnoOo 2 CO0 00 00

Sob-Coral Sit.e Pes9artioo Id 00 11,000 65 oh

sr- aod E-Ilaora

Ltieote Po- oe soCI

ooithCotrt o 11 - - 150 1,000 C 110, c,0 30tTle?pPoo .0.0 - - 260 t,0 Do 00 0001 i

CTtOd1il -go 0. . 00 285 2,0CC - - -- - 00 ,0 Ti oh-ren -1i -, 2/i 0.O - - 1,996 1,00 -Do - - - 1,996 1,000 IL i66- It Bnolt:- ot o.04 - f I,, ---- f - "I 14

6oo ToH Bolts - o d. 1 . Tal6

1,000 -I ,o 10:0 tOot-ic do. 710i 4 1,0 - -c- 14 1,000 IC s

Portble L,-adTO OapeT. OC 7 1,00 - - - - - -- - 7 1,000 56 o4LoadSg Pladh do. 150. DC - - I 1,0CC - - - - - -- - 7 1,000 T6 14.

H.tidlg Pet

attCoe--rte No. -.06 i 216 ----- 4 1000 30 10telPpep Soos- .1.0 723 ,00 -6 O ,0 t1

st_aalClNdOlt-" r .-2-C- - 4140 2,00 - - -O 7 ,00So

btsCo NodoNorI -2' o. ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~5.00 - 3 - 76 2,000 - `-- O 0 C 02~ lbPoelloa - 0' a, 7.60 - - - -~~~~~~~38 1,C0DO 6,oro - - - 100 6000 06 lii

RsOaeTaNl 1/0" a. 0.CC - - - - 7000 0000 - - - - - - 7,100 2,000 04 16~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-'o 1

Tlb-aDeWsop- 112b0 - - 70 - - -- 0 - - -

6o.so-kolaTolt.200 do 0.79 - - - t - 190 - 6 14boo Soot So1ta - 15..To 0.00 - - 1290 1,00 - 1200 1,000 5O 14Eaoodlts -tIs..To. 0.0 -5--3 00 -700-- - - t6 14

Tee- ts Post Toles .ae Fillatt Co-oeb No5.110 - - 211b T,OS - - - - -- - 210 1,0cC 35 10Ot-1 Os om 2' a-t.5.70 - - 600 T,00 - - - 600 3,00C 56 l4~tIsa CITe TIt - 2' .t6 - - - 30 000 - 000~ 0,000 56 1l

Tease dali-S/St a. 0.10 - - - - 6,000 7,000 - - - - - - 6,000 7,000 t1, o6. coo ,- 3~C ~ 4 1

Oela- Toee-1/2', 6.005 - - - 0 - 10 L

Eeso-ktlolt- IaNo 0,79 270 - 70 -56 146

n loot dolts 1- iCoNo 0.00 -goo ,90 110) - - - - ,0 1,000 Si 14

Walls sad Ostes

Oer,se-.- Wale aI 16.00 948 10,00 - 18 15,000 15 7Gates No. 150.00 - - - - - - - -is -2- I2 -56 "I

SrookaT-1 No.11.0-- - - 2 2,000 - 7-- - , 02 4 11

loSH-tos Pe7 riTo0,oe 15,0CC 62005,0040t

Water C2 oT5 0 .S 8C OTlyoo02

E d=t.d T.OOs 2/ N,2S 1,0.0 - - 0.5 3TSCO - .5I 8,00 0 28

do, 110000~ ~~~ - 2,0 ,000 56 14

fllelrtbooioo POpioW a.~~~~1 4.0 -3750 9,0 7 2,0 56 14It'd .. l No. 22.0 -9 - - - - -5 6 L1

Wate T-h.g (Carl) o 10.0,0 - - 9 1,0COO- - - -- ,005.C

Waret rTete, (bth-g) No 1.0 - 9 - - - - - - -- .9 54h

-loTt-Irl Aster- I 20,000 05 000 57 20

/To aoppo-y ooasrto -ths Taba-os wrbt o

ANISE 4Table 6

SUDAII Page 2

LIVESTOCK MAIEETrNG PROJECT

(b) Transport Infrastructure

Capital and Oprating Coots - Rahan.sa Railway Holding Yard

(fESd)

Year 1 Yar 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Years 1 - 6 Ford gn Taxes andItem Unit Unit Coat Units Cost Hails Cot Units Cost Units Cost nita Cost Units Cost Total Total Exchange Duties

Units Coat

CAPITAL COSTS (Continued)

Vehicles and Euirment

Block Machine No. 1,100.00 - - 1 1,000 _ _ _ - - _ 1 1,000 72 18Dump Truck L/ INo. 14,400.00 - _ 0.33 5,000 - - - - - - - - 0.33 5,000 66 35Welding Machine N No. 2,500.00 - - 0.33 1,000 - - - - - - - - 0.33 1,000 70 184 WD Plea-Op NO. 4,80o.oo _ _ 1 5,000 - _ _ _ 1 1,000 34 62Concrete Miner Rn. 2,200.00 - - 0.33 1,000 - - - - - - - - 0.33 1,000 76 18Water BSeser N No. 4,300.00 _ - 0.33 1,000 - - - - - - - - 0.33 1,000 6o 14Generators - 1000 W. N No. 941.00 - _ 1 1,000 I - _ _ _ _ - _ 1 1,000 70 18

_mall Tools Lump Slo 1,000.00 - _ _ap lox 1,000 75 20Cleaning Equipment Lump Suo 500.00 _ - Luxp Sum 1,000 - _ _ _ _ _ - _ Lump Sl 1,000 65 20Office Equipmnt Set 1,000.00 _ _ 1 1,000 - - - - - - - - 1 1,000 6o 36Initial Spare Parts - 20% J Lump Su. 4,000.00 - - Lump Slo 4,000 _ _ - - L--p Inn 4,000 60 31

Sub-Total Vehicles and Equipment 22,000 22,000 59 35

Railroad tiding and Loading Platform

Siding Extension EKn. 21,500.00 _ _ 2 43,000 - _ _ - - _ - _ 2 43,000 37 10Blok Retaining Wall m. 9.00 - - 102 1,000 102 1,00 30 8Co-pacted Earth a

32.00 _ _ 1,800 4,000 - - - - - - - - 1,800 4,ooo 68 25

Soil Cement Surfaen m2 3.00 868 3,000 - - - _ _ _ _ _ 868 3,000 51 13

Sob-Total Railroad Siding and Loading Platform 51,000 11,000 40 11

Domestic Freight

Freight vie Railway Ton/K.. 0.02 _ - 369,ooo 7,000 105,780 2,00 - - - - 474,780 9,000 52 16

Stb-Total Domestic Freight 7,000 2,000 9,1000 52 16

Total Capital Coats 157,000 44,000 201,000 49 16

OPERATTNG COSTS

Staff N _ - - - - - - 7,000 - 9,000 - 8,ooo 11,000 - 35,000 - -

Vehicle Operation N - - - - - 1,000 -_0 1,000 - 5,000 77 17

Miscellaneous Operating Costs

Water m3

0.27 - - - - ,500 1,000 5,500 1,000 5,500 2,000 5,500 2,000 22,000 6,000 31 23Office Supplies per yr. 250.00 - - _ - 1 1,000 1 - I - 1 - 4 1,000 74 19Maintenance of Structures N % per yr. 2.5 - - - - - - Lup Sum 1,000 Lup Sox 3,000 Lap Slm 4,000 Lump Slm 8,100 52 15

Sub-Total Miacellane- Operating Costs 2,000 2,000 5,000 6,ooo 15,000 45 18

Total Operating Costa 10,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 55,000 19 6

T …ct- Cost B.anusa B±il-ey Holding Cand 157,000 54,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 256,000 43 14

/ CIcluding furniture.N To aupply water to the Babanusn r maet also.3/ To be used for cnstructon of Aweil and Melrum holding yards also.

-Incldes water supply pump and engine.5] lee Annes 4 Table 9 for details.i No structure maintenance the first year construction is complnted and 1/2 estimated amount the second year.

Jupe 24, 1977

Bio sO -0aaio, Posta - Ed 20 sin -0la 010 ad

7002)

21~ 201 Siooo 092 ots~' Cst 9006Yer, -6 dtelo e-aan

E.-$Ol Oln 0,nrno0220 2,000 63 03

60n2Bop20no0/ - - - - - 9,00C - - - - - - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E 9,050 s6 1

Holin NonE.

n-nonts Post 0-1, and..1

aIoO9.norr$n $0. 0~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~.40 - 336 200 - - - - - 2 ,0 3$ 11

Stesllsnls Idn..3 - - 1,2 6,0 - - - -- .0 6203 14noslll$nslaIB-0'0 n. 1.61 - - 600 6,206 - - - - - - - - $20 -1020 nO so~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

dnOn20Onlos-C5na In. 0.02 - - 220 - - - - - - - - - 290 - 56 0.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8 ~ 2, 5 1

09111 011 00101- 0" 7 a. 0.30~~~~~~~~7 - 2 ,2 0 5,00i 10.

BO,,001n0001-2t a.3.0 - - 6.00 7,20 - -- - - - ,o6 7.o0 s :2

Osna- Ball - 1,2' 6 a. 0~~~~: t~.00 - - 000 600 - - - . - - - , 000 10 62

201a0roBnoo./o0 1 0.$ - 630 - - - - - - - 60 - 6 10$a,$ookfloln,-2$om So. 0.70 - - 620 - - - - - - - - - 600 - 00 6 ~

Onolo 20100 - lOoto 100. 1.90 . - 0,020 2,200 - - - - - - - - 2,000 0,001 20 oh~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

00002009 SaIl a. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~2~10.0 .120 $,2 ,2 0001 So. oio.20 - -2 - - - - - - - - - - - sO n6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ESoOlloolnOl Bo. 550.20 - - 0 2,000 - - - - - - - 2 2

n~~~~~~~~7 90 22

OoO-Oooeo 0100 1002 000100.0,51 39,020 73,020 -.6 01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~42

nor, 01203/ So. 0,320.00 - 0.1 9,00 - - - - -1- 4 0. 9,20 0 1Boo,oSo.,s,3/ n~~~~~~~~~~ 20.20 - - B 1,200 - - - - - - . - 0 1,203 30 20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~32009010 to. 1,020.00 - . 0 0,010 - - - - - - 0 1,000 sO 26~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3, 1 . 4

1200913' 050. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2,202 0 0706- - $ 020s 10tOtn,$,t 0100

2o tOo. 6,110,20 - - 0.0 5020 - - - - - - - - 0$ 3,061 11 20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

topl0$Oq-/ n 05 7 .0 ,0 --- 090 0,2 60$i1500o02i20 PipIng n. 6.21 . - 110 0,000 - - - . - - - - 020 2,020 $0 oL.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7

5,0120011.BI 200106115~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~50 1 2

01000 0101011 On. 1,100.00 - - ''00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - - - - - - i 1.201 30 od~~~~~~~~~~~~~P9 31 l 1

Oases 001,sr 10. 6,320.20 - - 1 I,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - - - - - - a 1,000 iro oo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 i

9,oaoa$o,-0200 20. 9s5,20 - - B 0,00 - - - -. .6 .l- ,- -. 2 ,00701

21101 $0111 bIg 020 2,200.20~~~~~~~~~~1 - 01 01 000 - - - - 00O ,0 10COIlning lsnOoe,0 Ing 020 0,202.20 - - ~ ~ t20 0,020 - - - - - - - - 6010 ba 1,200 20I00

opirioslsoipsso 0 tao 1,000.2 - 0 5,01 - - - - - . - - 1 .0 o

0020201 02090 019n0. 0' Isog Ing ',200.20 - - 0.020 - - - - . - - - 0.020 60 31~~~~~~~~~~~~~4, 6.. L,0~ 3 '

.0n9-tnBao 200006-0 -lo,ool 622,20: 62 56~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Soa ,B19 Ca7O

AIs4X 4

SU5Ad. Table8

Lr3ESTocK WWiBEINrG PRO=E

(b) Transm rt Tofrastrottura

CoAttal .od Opera-tlo Cots - El ObUid ail-s Ho,dtna tart

(biSd)

Teen T eac 2TYear 3 Tee,4 YeS Yle b T rsI - 6 ForeIgn Te- est

tri 1it Ultr1 r-an Units -t Stt Unite Cost Units Cost Total Total E-ah.ge D,ties

Unit. Cost

CiPITAL COSCi

Puildl ' -i - - 7,rno - _ _ _ - - - _ _ 7, CC0 52i

Site Priparatiost

ebrthrnrk =3 1.25 - - 7,000 9,200 - _ _ _ _ - _ _ 7,000 9,00C 69 25Dtrirne stm tores Lo=p ton 2,0C0.O. - -CO S 2,-00p - _ _ _ _ _ Ltlrp 4 2, OC 541 21

Soot-Cratl SIta Preparation 11,D Cl,o00 65 24

Pens arC,d Enclosua2s

L Froin Eens -_ _ - - 17, -_ _ _ _ _ _ - - 17,0C0 53 i4

Ho1tt -r Pena: -, -i,OO_ 5b4 114

Eaceb / - - - - - 22,000 - - - - - - - - 22,OOC 53 14

Wat1a1 r00ntea - - - - - 2300I - - - - - - - - 45.0CC 17

50-ortal Onr a-td EnlcFrei 113,00O 113,000 46 i2

ta-e Sop5ly

P-'p ,-o7e/ s 7C.C 5 - -97-- -o _ - 8 I,i O 52 IS

Supply npiag U,' =. 9.5 1-,0 0 n 0 _ _ _ - _ _ _ 1,000 C0,COo 56 14

B-ut-r FnPwEri 2/rBo l iOC , 'O 0 56 F flO( 5 4 1

ti-teitotiot Pips 4. 4.2b - 4,000 0 - _ _ _ _ _ _ bp 4,0OC n6 1i4

Ty-tret 2c 2.00 - la - - -- 8 - 6i 14

Wa er Tr-uohp (Cattle) hr 110.00 - - t9 .oO 00 _ - - - - 1-8 2,000 14 21

Waar rrugh Sh-eep) Nc. bO.O -O- tO * - - - - 18 1,000 t4 21

Fcuntaina hr. bSUOO - - __ _ _ _ _ -_ _ _ 6 - a4 21

S.4-T0tal Wtrr SaPPIY 35,00r 28,0,° 55 17

Vchicleb tTao. 1oE-iam-t -_ _ _ _ 42,00 - -_ _ -_ -, 42,000 62 2t9

Tail-r0t e-0 ton iD dt.ctib Pl9atftar.

Sidi 2a. 01,500.00 _ _ 1.S - - - - - -_ 1.0 32,000 37 10oilt L Point l;o. 2,150.00 _ _ 2 4,0- - - - 2 4,000 58 17

Wnlslnao Wal 9.0 co- 199 OX - -- - t 2,000 50 9Conpaoittn Earth 2 0.00 - 3,2 0,0 *000 6 _ - o - 5,900 6,000 68 28

t.,itteorclt Su1rface a0

3.500 - - 1,6oh - _ - _ - _ _ 1,684 5.0CO 51 13

Sob-T tatl tolrcafl D diRg n-d Lo,tdin Platfo 491.000 Ng, O 44 13

De-tic freight

Fro-gha tia R-xan-y T-c/so. 2.02 _ - 52, 7.00 S - 3S2,000 7,000 52 06

Sob-Toct1 Do=eatic fraight 7,0 C 7,000 52 6

T-tnl spitnt Cotta 0't,000D 257,000 SO 16

oYEEATDir. CCISTS

St.f, o _ - _ _ 7,-M _ 9,-w0 -_ .0 - l1,OW - 35.000 -

Vetlea operatIon 1/ -- - - - I _o _ 2,000 _ - - - 00 17

tTiatxlsane00a OPtraoirp Coztta

W.aer =3 0.27 - - - 11,000 3,000 11,200 3,000 11,000 000 11,00 3,000 44,200 12,00 51 23

Offt to S,pp,li- , per yr. 3no.0, - - _ _ 1 1,000 I - I - 4 1,000 74 19

int..n...co.f ct--tor-s I0 9 Pir yr. 0.1.5 _ - - _ - .VAP s 2.000 LUip So 5.1000 L ip 2p 5.000 ben, OV 12,000 52 15

0.o0v stsl nicrr ,nr 1ec Cperstt.p Cotst 4.000 e ,0oo 8,000 0,0CC 25,000 43 19

Otal lp-rstlrg Coote 02,000 M5000 is,000 20,000 65,oo 24 9

Tontl Cast 01 heit Eaailae., yoong Yad 257,000 02,000 15,000 la, OO 20,0Dr 722 0D0 45 15

I1 Sccen 4 Oat> 90cr f- ta.2/ To iMply -ttr it El Utei m-oit a1-a._/ Ic rt---r 0lrcoanoe the firan peet afte- -oio5 d 1oa -ttiea eted a=asat the -ond

J-oe 27, 197T

T.bl. 9

iV3TOLtX tOlotot rat,N Sguu

(bIrnstersrt Isfrastosottoc

Ilsoltar sot ororsottng Co,t - Metres - it Y- toltiui Yard

ttes Utit Ittt

Cost t, Cost Yeits tt Wit, Cost ot, Ct 4 ote C Yet r C oal Total Osodange aties7nitt I t f

SUtldi-to - 26,0X - -- 26,o00 52

sitt OrojsosOtbot 7/ - - - - - 11,00 _ - _ - - _ - _ - 11,0C 6.3 24

L steOtl rots 7/ - - - - - 9,000 - - - - - - - _ - 9,000 553 04

ttololttrDtrt3/ - -/ 9,- - 500C _ 14.0t U - - - - - * _ 19,000 55 i0

.eossi - - - 1/ _ ___0(01 -G _ - - 15,000 541 14

Walls sGd dates _/ - - - - _ -S - o - _ - _ _ _ - 160,00 t7

Sob-T,tal Pett sod to1r-otoo ., 0010 42,000 57,00 44 11

Meter tOtolo

Eore llots t ( No. 13,34S.00 _ _ C.O 7,C l _ _ _ - - _ _ 0 5 7,000 Eo 28Pasp 3gpse Es t2 70.00 _ _ e 1,000 - - - - - - - - 8 1,000 S2 ,5

ttOOr 2T Ito. 1,00.00 _ - I 1.001 _- _ - _ - - _ - 1 1 - 0 56 14EogOtrd./2 -, No. 0,001.00 - - I 0,Ooo - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 20.00 S6 lI

lstsdiTRr5:, toyn. e,450.00 - - 0.1 5,000 - - - - - - _ - 0.5 3,00 014 21Osootopp ipi g o. 6.50 - - 050 a. 212 - - - - - - - - 250 2,010 16

14

Dit,ribtiotn Piping h. 4.25 - . 375 2,110 _ _ - _ - _ _ - 375 2,000 6 143vdranto No. 00.00 - - 0 - 9 - 56 14Wtotr Troushto /Cott(a( hto. 10(0.1 - - 9 1,000 - - _ - - - - _ 9 1.010 54 21tateoros,agts (dtos/ NTo. 10.00 - - 0) - - - - - - - _ - 9 _ tI 21

-T.,-1oWsldst-r lopt, 19, 00900 s7 21

Vebilols atd EGull:=ent

3-ok Nsoh'ne .o 1 ,10.O I I 0 0.000 - _ - - - - - - 0 1, O0 72 tto Trakt 31 ho. t4400.00 - - (W.73 ,00 - - - _ _ - _ -_ 0 C.33 6 .00 C6 33Weld5oN sllot 2/ to. 2,500.00 _ - 1.33 1.000 - - - - - - - - 0.33 1,too 70 l14

60D00k-tp to. 4 8 0.00 - _.000 I DO - - - - - _ - 1 5,0 0 34 6o

Cohtr-os Miser 1 1 to. 2,200.00 - - 0.33 1,110 - - - - - - - - 0.33 1,000 76 18-atsr looser / INo. L,300,X - - 0.53 . 000 - - - - - - - - 0.33 1,000 6l ]4

T lora_ors -1000W.- M -o 95.00 - 1 1,000 - - _ _ - -_ 1 1,000 70 10oestl tosols Cssso to9 I,OO0.OO - _ to toop l] ,COo - - - - _ - - - Lht tspsW 1000 T5 200CleAnitN 2.qoipnoot LuwoOoo 100.01 - _ oopIn SPA l,_oO - - - - - - _ - boptos SE 1.000 60 20Office Equipo ot Sot 1,000.00 - - 1 1,000 - - _ - - _ - - I 1,o0o 60 31h dio Ceatsost-sr tOo. 1 0.0.100 I 1,000 - - - - - - - - I 1,000 68 27OoOto 00teoo7a , ' IN. 1,000. 00 - - 1 1,000 - - - - - _ - - 1 1,000 T2O. 15

o,t-Ttao Cotilrosod I obngetO I oot 06,00 79 33

Oitlrad 01di00 sod L PadIog Clatto-os

000000 to. 01,900.00 - - 1 200,000 - - - - - - - - 1 00,000 i7 100oso rot0 No. 0.050,10 - - 1 0,000 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 3' 1031Iok Rstsdoboodt Ws'o. 0.00 - - 01-. 1,090 - - - _ - - - - 100 1,000 30e(:ngarcted Ort. h3 0.00 - - 1,8V10 4,0oo - - - - - -_- - 1,_00 46,0o 68 2t

til Cee-t oSrlars s@ .0oo - - 868 3,000 - - - - - - - - 868 3,700 51 19

tos-' tol ositrodso i d t0t L't Otodoo 6 PL toom 01,000 50,00 ( 12 t2

-oasstit Fosight

Prstgrt via PIlo-y Tos/hL. 0.02 - - 253,000 S,000 109,000 2,00 - - - - - 360,000 7,00 15 16

.b-lot-ttl D-tsi Fot hreight 000 2,007 7,000 52 16

To1-al C-pIl os.s 030,0 4,0- 174.00, 50 1A

4taff 7/ - - _ - - - - 7,007 - 9,000 -7,0 7 , 11,000 - 35,000 -

Veotole Operation S - A - - - - - - 1,000 - 1,000 - 2,000 - 1,000 - 5,010 77 17

titlsteloneas o0(emstai Costs ~/ - - - - - - - 2,00 - 2,000 - 6,000 - 6,000 - 15,0011 15 , 018

-totl 005050100 C0,000 00,000 L0,50008,000 ss,00 19 G

Colol Cost Mtir patloo, 0old0ng lard -30,000 54,00 L2.000 150,000 ,0 209,000 42 14

_/ 3ee A o 4 T Sl ' fcr der s.

21 To sCO psly roF tol ths tlttr,t torlst 5'so00 To ba osed for CcnS000l100 orF cf Awnl sod eNsooi,G^4/ CoO 1ides soars parts f .r y0( soad cogissa ooer otter sopply'.

31 too 000004X Table 0 rar detail s.

. d.. 00. 09-i7

ANNEX 5SUDAN Table 1I

Page I

(FUd)

Yeari1 Y-sr2 Year 5 year rea Year1E Year 1 - 6 Fria Tna

Iosm Tokt Unit Coot Unite -to (rftst Cost Uaita Cost Unat Cost Yalta Cost Osita. Coat Total Ttal- aE-h-genieUsita Cost

BuildIngs

COMIe N- 2, 000. PC - 1 2,1000 - -- - 1 2,000 F I 5

Vt-lninse N'o00

1ott. 2,200.00 - 1 000 -OOC- -- 2,000 52 10

osard 0ooa0.oe,o 800.0 - - I 1,000 -I 1,000 52 1t

dosed Gholter t. 60.00 - - 2 - 2 - 52 is

Totleta torn- -0. 00 - - 2 000 - - - -- 2 1,001 00 It5

Wor,or CondJo to. 0, 000.0 - - 1 1,0 - - - -- 1 U,ttU 52 10

Oob-Total BolOdiogo 7, 000 0,000 52 it

sit,o Prronrtto

Yartio- a 1.25 - 1,000 10,0o -- . - 12,000 11,00 69 25

DrainsorerotLa-ba tuo 1,000.00 . - ion tor 3y990 - . - -.-- Lamp _oa 4.,00 54 21

Cob-Total 3iLo PrprOo 9,000 09,000o Co 04

loadiag Pro

nI)hC-oerto To. t4O - 280 2,000 - 97 2,000 00 10

Steel PIp~Pe -t,O - 2' 5 . .70 - 755 4,Dos . (-- -- O 4,000 56 o1

Top 5al.0~a .6o - - Co 7,00 .o - -- 610 0,000 06 11,

Debar Oslo - i/o t a. ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~0.00 - ,0330 0,00 4,330 2,010 54. i6

Odoolaolia - Ofen To~~~~~N. 0.00 -3 26 - - 2---76 - 06 11.

8rrs Poole DolOr . loom To~~..0 O.t - - 2908 1,01 - - - - 0,P20 1,000 1 6 14,

Gstas or. 75.00 -2 0 2,00 -2 --- o 2,000 16 oh

Poralts Loading aNgs~ N.. 000.00 - - lb 10,00 - -- - ---- i 14 ,000 06 lb,

LonbiN Plenbe To. 100.0 14 i .0m - --- o 2,000 t 6 14

felding Pen

oltir Conoreon to. 0~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~.40 - - 32 2,000 43 -.- 0 0,000 00 10

Steel P-p talL a. 0.60 - - 89 0.00 - --- 80 50,00 56 VI

Stool PIpe Obade Do-pot a. .60 - . 712' 400 o - -- 712 4, 00 0 56 14

Steel Ppep Ponlo- - 0'Po .60 - ,000 11,000 - ,000 bS,000 s6 lb

Ciade Menttog o.4o - ,126 1,000 i,4216 l,OOP - -

Una 2al .iO m 0.00 - - 01,. 0.00 - - - -., 6,160 0,000 1.4 16

6, Wook B,lte 25Obo tO 079 3 sE -3 6o0 ~ 11.

6am lootk btoc 1-00, N:. O.b8 - 2,to 100 - - - ---- 2,000 0,00 Mc 146nse U-Ooltr - lon-i 0.57 . 1, 420 1,00 i ,425 1,000 10 t

Sale, to. '1.00 . - ~~~~~~~~6 00:0 - - - - - - - -~~~~~56 6 0,000 06I,

Uoaot Bos oleso 21

niti, Co-trri to5.4o - - 367 2,000 -3 67 2,000 8 10

Otro Pipe Osil - 2" o. .6c 0, 90 9,0 CI-O -- ,480 8,000, o6

laorRil - 112" 0.0.(1io 1,400 0,00 -c - -- lt,~ot 0,00 09 i6

Dr-rrpp-r-1/ .0.10 - 2090 - 90 - 1 16

6neoHooool 2-5be to. 0.719 - - 400C - -. (0 6 6oet boo nolta-l1o- 00 oO -- 0,900 2, 000 . - - -- - o,oo 2,000 0c 6 IL4

Prrie:ros- a. i6.o0 - 1,500 221 2,1, - - - .- lbI 0

Isbn No. 100.0 - - -. - 2 - 6 14

Oleoiiossrda Pr. DDO.02 - - '000~ ~ ~ - - - -4

J2 7

0 52

<o-,oO nard PE-l",".o ID) ,U00 ip1ngp 40 12

Polar SoOoOo,

rosap rose1' N0 1,0.0 - 1 1,.000 -I --- 1 1000 UP 10

Bor F."n to. 0,00.10 - . 1,000 - .0 0,000 60 26

'Tl N, ICC~~~,10.00 1 1,000 -I 1,00 ,6 1

E1L40 9/1 N.:200. 00 -I 1,000 - -1)( - 5 I000 6 1t

Ul-tsseOYs-k No. 6,4tUo.oo - 0.0 3,000 - -- - ---- 0.0 7,00 Ott 54

otelpI rping- w a 9.501 2,000 19,00 - -- -- 2,000 19,000 916 14

Pietribuilon Piping I" 4 .b.20 810 0,000 - ---. O 4,ooo t6 14

opdlent, No., 02.00 - 0 - - --- & - ,6 o 1)

Water Tronio Ne. 01.00 - . 18 2,02 om ---- i 1,000P. 21

Ontoer TroPl t.00.00 18 1,00 - - -- 19 1,000 14 21

D,--i-to 0i, 00.00 - - 6 - - 4-6-o 21

bob-totno Wot-o 3,1 Op002 76,000 06 16

-uoe0

etoo ol. cr-00 -olo ad toOOl osarlt.

SMM ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Table 10

LSVESTSOl tidOTRfll iiniJCT Fags 2

(b) T-ssport Oseoots

CaAiO~ inS operting Costs - No 1l2 OnIl-ap tOol Ot Y.,d

marl IoarYesar2I- 3 Yee.Yer arta -6 Consig feo- ned

Stem Un-t Unit Cost Bolts Cost olits Cost COdAs Cos.t Units Cost Potts Cost Lilts Cost Total Total iEsosnoa ilutistisito Cost

CAPITAL. COSTS Continud)

ehi~loto and ooipaeno.

Blood eotho- So. 1.1000 - 1 000 I 1,500 72 10Dosp Trosk No. l4,,4s0.00 - I In,ccC 1 14,o,oS 66 33Welding tathi-n So. t, hlOi.il - - I 3,0CC - - - - 1 3,000 70 tO

Iin Pick-op No. 4,Otoi.0 - 1 S,CI ox - - - 1 1,000 34 62

C-ono etloeri- N.o. 2,110005 - - 1 2,CCC - - - - -- -1 2,1000 76 tOW. -eotostso So. 4i,300.i0 -4. - i,07 I 40,01 Eo it

Oernt -tOOsO.No. 945sI - 2 2,0 ox - - - 2 2,000 so la

is ilT.o,, Lroop Cor 2,000.00 - 0- o 2.11 MO - . - Used oss 2,000 75 20

Csals~ Itoqip-nn Losop torn , '.10.0 -W- OT- o 1,1M0 - - - - -- - lost; ton 1,d00 00 esC2

Office Eqoipsat sr 10.1 - - - 1.0.7DOC - - . 1 1,0c00 OP 56

lnitil Sio -s,P-- o.00/ -- tompOos 7,101 - - . - -- Looopsn 7,00 OS) 31

So-odVehite- and St-p-et 420011 112,000 62 29

Polood O01~, to -ding Platfor

Sidio, Polsooio is.. 211500.00 - .1 79,151 . .8 39,000 37 10

Btol.,k so .iii m .00 -1. t 2,10 - - . - - lO 2,000 30

Coepsood Enott Pittl 2.00 . 5 11 6,011 - 5,20 6OOc 60 20

soil C-LoOofo o .O . ,t j51 - - -. - ,t 5, 1o1 13

Sot-Totnl Rnilonod S0d0n0

-no londin ofor 10,11110,00 iCn4 12

D-metit 05sightt

O~itght via Railsty To/Ie .10 6 7,000 10,00 - - . . . 767,000 1500 52 IC,

totl-TSotn1 Ifengt 15,100 15,000 52 16

5.1l1ttlCosts 2074000 270,000 50 1.6

0O0E0AT01G COSTS

Staff

Sospsrlts,-d-t so/r , 0C0.1 - . 1 2,100 1 MO01 I 2,000 1 2,000 4. 9.000--

boo- lsOt "k 910.00 - - 1 1.000 1 1,000 1 1,000 1 1,011 4. 4,700o

J-slor -onl 0 Eo.oo - 1,101 2 1,000 0 1,000 2 2,0C00 0 5,71 -

Otoolos,ao " 301.0~~~~~~~~~O0 6 1,110 0 0,110 6 2,000 6 2,000 2), 7.000--

irises " ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~6C00.0 -- - I - I 1,000o I 1,00 1 ,11

410.00 - - - - 0 lOQ 1,000 1 - ,00 -o

bards , 711.11 - - - - 1 - 2~~'o.)O 1,000 2 -2 1,10 m 1,01 Om

So.bTotal Staff '110 9,000 s0,11 11,000 351,000-

WiilNr01.0 yr 1,200.10 -I- - -01 1 1,000 1 20C 1 1,110 4 50 77 17

Cob-Total Vohtolo CT:-rt-o 1,000 1 ,011 c 2,000 1,000 5,110 77 1

Bator m5

1.17 - - . . 11,000 3,000 11.010 5,00 11,110 5,C10 3100,01 440,111 12,00031 23

offooolotloo 7sr.r. 300.0 . - . 1 0,0CO1- S1 - 1 L -9I - 0,000 LPS 3 St 19ftitooo i lt"tr, ...0 9/ po 00. 0.2- -. Inap 01t 500Do on 500 lm o ,0 mp10 .0 01

Cot.Tosl llooltsotot p-tooto o-te 4,0cc 60,10 0,010 8O,c 26,1C1 43 19

TotsI OSoroti, 1 t 2,10 i6,000 10,010 20,010 00,00 03 .9

Total Itat bal 0o'Oy 010000i Toed 171, 000 12,010 16,110o 19,101 20,010 336,1cc 45 is

2/ Tn-ldee -ate sopplo -yrmn and pA/ l--sos see 10 of salay foe ols-tfied onplopee- and 1710 for -o-lsll eploy-eo Sbo-titanlay all staff

po-O Ld 010_ or tor par lose sos ol-ifitd. A lp01i -orpoostico mot pap anamot coon to 159 of the clasified

011100050 s-o-es Soto ole_ oso tPonsi- fond. i--n-otsfied sm1lys- ar onto eligible for soial sesoity

--vett odlil ool .ts00100 an snoot -oos 0.0 io5ronl-tto,o 3 of thie Sr alay. Tie re-Inig 1100 aoamle-o--stiosl of tO, noretao t of al -ono -tossd to poblio -orporatone.. ote

4/No -- t000- os~t--cantehol first fyr- oso ion somitdsod i/2 es-timtd aaost tie --osd year

bol Ol 1971

5000T, 01 TtaS

Peg 1. --

7(00 0 7

I-a 37,0~~~~~~~~~~~Ta, Yt?oaa 0,0YaS00r osa--Fol, To.o

OOctcrtoaryotffooc.lltors No.3 7 .0.00 - 7 7,0 - - - -

toO'' orate ooooa 71' No. 10,510.00~~~~2 -0- 0 37,070 6 -- - 0,0

Oooo,Noloaloar No. 85.oo - - o~~~~b -- - - -- -

SoC-Total OmIlasooga 70,800~~~~hl1,~2 II.I 79E0

oOoo 21000008500 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ 1,B9",i 6oo 44-

6- [1-k7 0~It.t2-- 10,000 03,00 - 5,0 0

toI,-0x os- 00½ Fra5aroioo 0 WC 8

,thO Co-toro o 10 - - 89 00 -- - 04,3700E-o?0Oo0oo.O I - 0,205 10,000 I - o --- .00

Sotat-0 I'0 - 1,05 1000' -66 . - - -10000 00 '

0000 -Ooo 010 ,ooooo

Oaaooo 2oSOqr nod 0001 1

- 4-O O So r900t16a.- 00, S8.? - - - - 8 18000 1

00oa1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ POpo 001 - 0l 8 001E" rrOrcoo 7,N - 4 8, ' o'

oSa -aoSo a-0d- - 0 0 .0

Sar1 topSoos.. - i/o" i Or Baoa a3 - - - - -

Ooa.oao0oaoooo a~ ~ ~~~~.45 5o-050 3-1 - 0 .00 . - -00

Ooolooolos-OotoiSoo 00. - - 00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 1 . 29 2'.00 3- . - -

OsA- loOOI'.oj -aoa Io. -0 -I 10] I,0 - - - 0 58 10

raosa (0010 Oooooaora? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2oc

Pslso Ooomaoo aS 00 Sahad o. - - o80 -. 0 1~ i 2-~' -4 8

BsSaoN.a11100"g-Oooto-Oao..ao o. 0 - - '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,0, 00. 0000~ 4 00 0 . 5

Oslt. oopor o/o -- 'o 3oo-tosoo. 4- - -007Olroar oa-oo 30.0 - - ", ,Otlooo 30 - O0SO 5000 cO `

'arcs' Past Pole soaP Tilt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t n

1.00 _474 .474~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - 0 0,0 0 E

AN150 4

LIVSTCK K502U5nn 051E222

5b) ToaosCfanno

CaISKaC and CpsSaTKoog Costs-Or lasso - KS,ni - Ononor Oloilono. 100,011 0,50,E I.- 6

0020yd. o.o SO 22 - 2 1,2000S

SOdranS, no. 22~~~~~~~~~~~11.2 - 2020C - - C 59COlson,, 000200, 00. ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~0-02 21 - - 22 OV K' 15

.T td S6o l2'- n. 6.000.2 -6210 - 1.221 14 02nooot- ft T OA 0,22,0 - 0 - - - 020 65

OO pnS.oO000021 5.205 - - 2~.2 5,20 2 -- -00 ,00

OyOaoo t1. C-S 2- CO 100 0 toO0

loon0•00 Koo,p I,. 1,521~~~~~~~iic.0 - - - - 0 5,00 - - -2 3.00W1upv0200015g-38* n. 'SC - - - - 000 0,1000 - - - - - - 200 2,001~~~~~~~~6

0SoiKSn. t-Kog 0 .5-l, - 600 - - - - 0, 220

SOnoOlinoSSnas no. 0,1.00.20 - - 5 5,002 - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~~~ 3 3.7 02Kospsro,oO no. 22~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~,312.0 -14 '0 - -- 3 -510 03

onsr1o-oo So 6,02.0 - 3- K2,OO - - - - 6.02 36 6

01450010_010SPl10. 0,CO.0 w -- 6,000. - . - - 1200o t iOrolon lo. 1,000.00 - - 3 3,212 - - - - - - - - 3 5,020 05 06~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~39

2501 a-0'no a 0.0 - - - - 3 000 - - - . -- 0 220000

Er0.n520OlrotSt 0200 - 0 00 ,1.610

0-1000g2 T-o. 0150,0 -2 - . 1- 0.90. 20,22 - 43, 1.1520,01

nonoln 5. 5,30021 .57. '. 502 M- - - 1 1',22 56 15

SuNg 21. 20.500,00 - - - - 0.905 02,212 . - - - - . .0121 20,00 30 14.0,SoS. soP Uo 0o. O011 - . I 0, 0 3 3'-7 2- C1. 3fl,

00,1

no.--'IS.. Oso4oy 00000 -,4. -7,00

G-looo,O 9000 . 02 5.-02 3 t 022~ 015 702 -Jn,IooClr, 800.0 6 0 ,022 400 3 ot0 Alnsn 2.0 - 0 212. 6 00,002 5,0 1" .00.-

4 hoar P0ik-p- C. 0 00 202 0,00 45.0- -

SCinsanon, - - . - 0002 10,021 1.200' 26.,3ZI2 '6000 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~il - 7 '

nob-nol- 0t,00-ti-, 14,002 "I.02 77 ,02

OsOisO.ssar,0 LoLIpoOKS 210005005~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

OIg.,Prso,noaOnoop Oo.~1-1 -0.7 - - .5 .04770

TOt.-oa shOo 501- na52,1S0 ,2 5.202 '0

T, -1, -t- 1.2 - . . , 02 00.2.20 0 20''t,2 0

I 0000-022 210. 20.2 . . - . 1,00 1 .020 S:.000,0000225.000 y, 50, -. -P.,1 O 0 5200.I

00 -bo -Ooos.0,ooo onsoOoo Col. 0.00 '.20 -00 -

no-rol th0000 0 1

a1n 0t,f221'200 08.200 20.00...0 t

TCS 1,0I01977 S0S0015a,o.55 5.0 00.0020300100 .

SUOAN

lIIESTOCK M5I6KSTIU PROJECT

(b) Transport Infr-atrootnre

Capital aad Operating Costs - Sob. BRily Terminal YCrd

(fsd )

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year S Tear 6 Years I _ 6 Poreign Taxes andItem USat Oott Cost Salts Cost Units Coat Salts Coat Saits Cost Units Cost Salts Cost Total Total Enehawga DSUae.

Units Cont

CAPITAL COSTS

Boildisg.

OffIo No. 5,232.00 _ 1 5,000 - - - _ _ _ - 1 5.000 52 15Veteri-ry Stor/Offio No. 2,200.00 1 0 - - - - - - - - 1 2,000 52 15Guord ouse/Store No. 800.00 - _ 1 1,000 - - - - - I - . 1 1,000 52 15Gurd Shelter No. 65.00 _ 2 - 2 - 52 1iToilets Set 275.00 _ 2 1,000 - - - - - - - - 2 1,000 52 1iWorkers Shade No. 1,000.00 I _ 1 1,000 - - - - - - _ _ 1 1,000 52 15Middle Grade Moose No. 12,300.00 - - 1 12,000 - - 1 12,000 52 15Junior Grdae dn-se No. 7,300.00 - - 5 22,000 - - - - - - - 3 22,000 52 151-dintg aP No. 1,560.00 1 2,000 - - - - - - - - 1 2000 55 19

S0b-Total Buildings 46,oDo 46,0o0 52 15

Site Prearation

ESrlirork a5

1.25 - - 6,ooo 8,0U0 -O - - - - - - 6,000 8,00o 68 25Drainage Strootores Luep Sun 3,00O.

0 0

0 p _n _ _ _ _ _ _ - 3 000 54 21

Sob-Total Site Prep-rstion 11,000 11,000 64 24

Pens and SnElosores

Ledinn Pes 1/ - - 17,00 - - - - - - - - 17,000 53 14

Soldiag Pne J1

Eoo-sta Post Role. and Filleith Congrets No. 5.40 - - 704 4,000 - _ - - - - - -_ Ie 4 00U 35 10

Steel Pipe Posts - 2" d a- 5.30 - -2,300 12'000 2,6 16steel Pip.e Ril - 2d 5 60 - - 1,300 7,000 - - - - - _ - - 1,300 7,000 56 14Steel Ppe Shade Sepport - 2" 5 a 5.60 _ - 1,400 8,000 - - - - - - - - 1,400 8,ooo 56 14Steel Pipe Puslina - 1" $ , 3.80 - - 6,co0 23,000 - - - - - _ _ - 6,ooo 23,000 56 14Shade MttiDg a

2.o 40 _ 3,000 1,000 - - - - - - - - 3,000 1,000 - -

Rabar RSils - 1/2" a. 0.50 - - 9,100 5,000 - - - - - - - _ 9,100 5,000 64 16Reb r Droppers a0.55 - - 800 - - - - - - - - - 6Y0 - 54 166- Sook Bolts- 25- No. 0.79 - - 500 - -50 - 56 166- Hook Bolt. - 15c. No. 0.58 - - 3,850 2,000 3- - - - - _ _ - 3850 2,000 56 146 U-Bolts - 10 No. 0.53 - _ 5O00 2,000 - 2 - - - - - - 3,000 2,000 56 14Gates No. 75.00 - - 76 6,ooo - - - - - - - - 72 6,000 56 14

9-,nsate Post Nol-c and Fillelth Conorste No. 5. 40 - 122 1,000 - - - - - - - - 122 1,000 35 10

StesisPipe Posts - 2" a 5.30 - - 300 2,000 - - - - - - - - 300 2,000 56 14Steel Pipe Sail - 2" 0 a 5 60 - - 390 2,0OO - - - - - - - - 390 2o000 56 16Reb-r RSil - 1/2" 0: a. o0 s - 2,700 1,000 - - - _ _ _ _ - 2,700 1,000 564 16Met-n Droppers - i/'a0.55 - - 200 - - - - - - - - - 200 - 54 166e Hook BoltS_ 25e No. 0.79 - - 150 I _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - 150 - 56 14

6as Nook Bolts - l5c No. O.58 _ - 1,Obo 1,0i0 - - - - - - - - 1,050 1,000 56 14

Walla asd Gates

Peeiaeter sll a. 16.20 - -718 11,000 - -2- 11,000 15 5

Gates No. 150.00 1 0 - - - - - - - 4 1,000 56 14

Sub-Total Pen sand Eneloneras 106,o0o 1o6,ooo 50 1i

S. . Anne 4 Table 9 for details.9 Cost pr holding pen 1ess than holding yard becsase penn haye ocn separating faes instead of -eh pan bng separated.

ANNEX 4

SMU ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page 2

Capital -ol Cperaio -toot - lola Rallons ariral Used

le-r te- 2eaY.Oaar YearS le-anY- d ro- Forign T-eso

Itoo Unit [[Tit Cost mite Coat ns Cost ltte Cos nt ot Uit ts C oon [rt-ostoa oa E-oh- g, tlo

lots Cost

CAPITAL CUlTS (Coetiasd)

Intaka itt...oe n ,coC.0 - - I Colt0 I - - - 1 o

loenp Oloec [a~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~270.10 - - i6 1II) 1 - -_ - -- -2 to

Pnaops To. itt.0o I 1,110 - - - -- 56 -4

Eorre No. 1,200.01 2-2- 000) - - - - 2oto S6i

SIPpio Cping- " ca 6.50 - ii 0,100 - - - - - - ml t

Dietriloetin Piping -1 .4.25 - - lo 1.00 - - - - -- 1, Ct t 4L

El-otodPooro o-10a Us. 12,401.o0 - - 0 20000 2 -- -- - I. 4

Ipireona [~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~No 00.00 6 i 1,) - On IL

Water Troghs (Cattle) [Sn. 100cC 20 6.) - - - - 4 .or

Tom-Tntel Water- PU O 000ly2q5(0 ~ 4 1

Eon,lmp- lt or- io-h i/ lCo --- [1000nO

SinliogF Orsn -o ta. 21.C)l.CO - - 4oho oo.o OD - - - 0.410 1,,0>,- IC7

bitch Poin[ ~~~~ ~~~~~~No. 2,110.01 - 29[ - - - - 1 24000 o

IsoTo airrl . il.nd C2 000 l0120 01 10

Total oriLo' Coons 24Cdo-

OPIIR[TIN0 tOOTS

-etaon Iooronodol- TOOt2 - 01 -COn) 1 2,00 I 1,00 - ,10

JonoOel 00 .01 2 000 2 2'>) 2 0,00 4 -c

AZ t-tea S"---- 300,.01-O 1I LnlO 00 1 .000 0- lO 1 .0

Teller '- i-c.o - 1 1,000 I 1,01 1'= -:O - -'

Oeetayinsit W.200,0 - - [ 1. 000, 1 1,0 2 1.00 1 ,tC

ioeroe 000.00 - - - - 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 1.00 D,00 IL 1.0 0,0050 7

ill-Potal~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1O 11 ila6CO 16,02 OU- 1> 6 21.0 24 n

Tellols Oreration ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~60.OCVoo POol t-op par L,00.01-- - 056 I fr0cr2 0 4,67 1 1220c 4 O*C 1

PlOer prlO 1,000.0> . . - - 000 0 1,000 1 10-00 1 0.000 I- 4000 00

intro L0 L.7 - 2oo , oo L-,00 6,00 ,0.00 1,00) 00,10 6,0 000 000

toboTnasip ['trslsnen2 poallg 1,00 010 1t001~1,0 50 0)00 17

Ton> 0000snirO bapss ti27,000 2.-,% 1,0DO0 30.00 Ill 00 77 17

Totsl lost lola Teraloal Inn lii,)) 00,000 21,000 33,000 55.000 069 COO 10 11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00 2

W n7sa Wop6so 4 Onb6ie C On Con letnilo.xc , S

Of Aloeoe re29ofrIe0

o cio -te erlo- e and 131 Or cn-oosItfed e 1ooea.On,Itanto4 Tnil ta

Jos 27, 1977, d 11

ANNEX 4

SUDAN Table 13

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

(c) Market Infrastructure

Summary

Years Years 1 - 6 Foreign _axes anc

Item 1 2 3 4 s 6 Total Cost Exchange Duties

CAPITAL COSTS

Buildings and Access - 92,000 229,000 119,000 1,000 - 441,000 52 1s

Pens and Enclosures - 84,ooo 181,000 98,000 23,000 11,000 397,000 42 10

Water Supply - 299,000 28,000 - - - 327,000 56 20

Vehicles and Equipment - 294,000 69,000 - - - 363,ooo 64 27

Site Preparation - 17,000 21,000 - - - 38,000 66 25

Domestic Freight - 11,000 8,ooo 3,000 2,000 - 24,oo0 59 16

Total Capital Costs 797,000 536,000 220,000 26,000 1l,OOC 1.590,000 50 18

OPERAllNG COSTS

Staff 41,000 82,000 129,000 182,000 206,000 244,000 884,000 - -

Vehicle Operation _ - 2,000 12,000 17,000 17,000 48,ooo 77 17

Miscellaneous Operating Costs - 5,000 10,000 23,000 41,ooo 51,000 130,000 49 19

Total Operating Costs 41,000 87,000 141,000 217,000 264,000 312,000 1,062,000 9 3

Total Investment Cost of Markets 41,000 884,ooo 677,000 437,000 290,000 323,000 2,652,000 35 12

June 28, 1977

ANNEX 4SUDAN Table 14

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

(c) Market Infrastructure

Terminal Markets

Summary of Investment Costs

(£Sd)

Years Years 1 - 6 Foreign Taxes andItem 1 2 3 4 s 6 Total Cost Exchange Duties

CAPITAL COSTS

Buildings and Access - 92,000 15,000 - - - 107,OOC 55 17

Pens and Enclosures - 84,ooo 21,000 - - 105,000 4s 11

Water Supply - 62,000 2,000 - - 64,ooo s6 21

Equipment and Vehicles - 73,000 - - - - 73,000 60 32

Site Preparation - 17,000 - - - - 17,000 64 24

Total Capital Costs 328,000 38,000 366,ooo 54 19

OPERATING COSTS

Staff 11,000 18,000 30,000 38,000 39,000 48.ooo 184,000

Miscellaneous Operating Costs - - 7,000 1,00 18,000 19,000 55,000 51 19

Total Operating Costs 11,000 18,000 37,000 49,oOO 57,000 67,000 239,000 12 4

Total Investment Cost Terminal Markets 11,000 346,oon 75,000 49,ooo 57,000 67,000 6Os,000 37 13

N---NN ZN-N N-9N--IN N N--NN N--NN N9 N-----NNNN N- N)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I R- NINN N 9 r5ng.no r| 9rg t9BzU~~fiON 9N-N-NI:; zc 15

,~~~~~~~OI NN. u N N N N ~WI t ou N*G 1- N 0 a .N'N N N ,D

N SN -N N N- N ON I N N- N t_Se N N ' 0 Ns N' N- r N O

O N- . 1. a0N -

N N-NN NN -' - N

! N N- N 52p!3aaS2z 5g Gt!!!e 5ef!!!!5 eOOz2t!

SN N- N-N-NN-N-N- NOON-NON- N-N-N-ONNNN- ' Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N-NNNN- N-N-N-US NUN N-N-N-N-N-N-N-N- N N b e o oo 9

N-N-N N-N--N--N-NN-NN-NN-N N-N-NN-N--N-N I N-NN-NN-NN-N N-N-N- N N-NNN --- N --- O

N-N-N N-N--N--N--N-NN-NN-N N-NN-NN-NINN Na-N-NN--N N-NN-NN-NN-N N-N-NN-N-NN-N-N

N-N-N-~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N-------NNNNNN N--------NNNNNNNN NNNNNO--NNNNNNNNN

N-~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N----N-NNNNN N- NNNI------' I

IN-_ N- N------NNINN N----NNN Nr--N ---- NNN N N

N-N- N-'-N--N--N-NN-NN-N N-N-NN--N--N N-N-NN-N-N N-N-oo N-N-N-N-N-N-N-IN

|+ | > >~~~~~~~~N N-N N----NIN N-N- N-NNNN N-O oo o| goo on-7ND-NINO 'NNINNI-NNN N-'I'bgg o NN- N- N-- INN--N ''''IN-N- I° N- ( -- NINN-N N-R N-e

N- Ii 's- N---- - NW -N N- ON N--NN N-N N- 'NNNN N-N-N-N-s| IIII@ IIsEb wEEIs

I~~~~N N-N N-N- N--NN N- N-N N- N ---- N - -NN ---- N

N-N N-NNN----NNN IN N--N N------No- N

N-N-~~ N- NNNNNNNNNNN ------- NNN-NNNN ----- N'NNNNNNNNN

N- IN-N-I N-N-IN-N-IN-N-IN-N-ON- W II INC N- ON-I N- N- NN II''I N-- N- |@a IN----NNNN e N

O I N-N- N- N- N-N- N-N- N-N-N-N- N- N-N- N- N-N- N-N- N-N- N-N- N- I N-N-N-N- N-N-N-N- ON~~~~

N-7 o N-NINN-NN--N N-NNN N--NNN--NN N-N-N-N-N-N-N-N-N-N-rv owN-

N- N--N N----NNN N---NN N-N N-N-N-N-N-oo oS 0o t N- N- N----NNNN N----NNNN N- N-N-Nr-N-N-o-N-N-N' SI

I 3 Ft Zr rr wt st> r rr > Nr rtVOr rr, | > SrOr=ofOOr:-O 0 l~~~~~~~

e ~ ~ ~ ~ i Ir 1'- ri x,| 00000~0000V~:220~2200Kz;o -; - - -:- .12 . .1.

20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

,~ ~~K , ag3 I , .......

~~~~~~~~* 2 Ft n:0000 0000Bt ; 22 °00> 2 0 ) 8D5

2 -

,2 00 000 00 000000 00.00 = a ' 300000 20000000000 a-' O00000000000 0000000 H--0-

0oo 0ic 0 0 _ 0_0 8v

o2 2 S o . o o o o o o o o o o q ~ ° ~ o °o .n ° s O S o E E S o S o S M - S S E o r

S g O S o s ~~~~~I V 000 VI||IaI|II

rF t s O n D ||E~~~~~211 L I~IS1;;;;; I ~; F 2n

D P~ i 9| ; mN NP EX _< vv vv ~o o goo oo 2222 20 1:n

v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n 10 IES S o 0 °IEC° 0OO E Il IE E00 900000

r S

00 00 0 n 0000

0 E 0 |IE00O I 00 -S°°°°SEEEs=

0S V 2 E

0 " 0v [LVWI ° EES°S|s I E°°°8EoRc SLooooO sg 0l I00000

10 cb 0100 0100 000000 K 9oScvo u > s C rrgggg

2 ~ ~~~ ~ 200000 '* ''' N .''N '' NNWt N ottr

3. 9~~~~ 9~~~fl 999.. ... ..

. . . . . . ._ . . .

& ~ ~- 0 o9 ok 9 9~

00000 0000o oww oou@> 0°° °° '..'00' | 0 < 00' **_>' ..0. ..00 000 00

,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,,, ,,, .., . , , . ., , . ,.,

4w E_B8000 @tww88 008r8 r 09900a 0~ 00 0< 70 0 0 99000003 .309

181 8 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 4

1 8'0°8'00' 8° 09 00 0 9 00 0 00 8100000000 oo00 _

10 0 0w 999 r999 g 0g 0 - 00 999 00090 000.0VgggggWrwur >rCggrruZ v-,www

99 09999 9-9,099999,999999999999 9,999999999,990 99 9999999999999999 9909,999-99990 0009999999999999999999_9 9 _ _ 99,,,9 u r S

_~~~~~~~~~99009 w99 tD>¢CuD> O DDDrboOP D O 999000009 D 94 e DO_39>U

ANNEX 4

SUDN Table 16Page 2

Cepiet aOoentC,nU--s- Doab Teetinai Darken

145d0

Yesro Yeee,2 Yeer 3 YesreS YearS YearS 6nYa- l- 6 Foriga Yaseesad1-e Unit Cal Ca i T1. Ic ac fie Cst fsi Cs -ot Cat ots. tCtI Estee nes Total Total lonissog. se

Seel) Arleai strket

Ea.pn,c ,.2 7000C 16 - U 0,000 -- - -- 16 1,SOS 52 15taste Dn~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~. DEC - - 2 1,CO00- -- - - 2 1,000 56 14

CEino On ,D5C - U 2CU -000- - 2 2, W0 U6 14"t, H.~~~~S. 2,OO0.0CC 1 2.CO000 - - - 5 2SG O54 21

tarpsrnio2oa 2.Ot -0 U 0,0 - 00-- U U,SUD 56 14Uttn iUinr1p,iSg 1n 0. .25 ' 41 (Ci - - -- - - -- 415 US2 Si 1

flydrons. N.. 22CC0 - 42 l,CI - -- - 42 i,ow 56 14rantootas Na. 5~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~0.00 - - 6 - 36 14

Data Yaaatia (Cottin) S~~ ~~~~~N. 11.0 -22 2,000 - - -- - - -- 22 2,000 54 2Stint Yanuato (thano) Sn. 56~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~... - - 48 2,000 I'll ---- 5DSC 42

El...Tatd t--aa0

Yani in. 6,45t.Ct - 1 ECUu - - -- 1 SNO00 54 21

S.b-aT-l Este Snpply 19,000 1,CUU 200.0CC 55 iS

At ;-t Cl-kt 2 ,h Na.. 40CU . .0 St5 0,000 74 62

iUtt kan Ttisl-sseNa 4,y8tiU - 2,OOU - - - - 50,800 34 62

__ N.. 4,300.00 - 0. 2,U0 . 2,0000 D 14-eat-at- .U0~ o tSU 10t,UUU - - -45-0 - 1 ISl 70 1a

Snail Tanis LastIn 2,000.00 - Iari- 2.US - - - Lse SEX 2.000 75 20Cli..tii- Eqi,-ot .. eI. 5500 ,00 - - -- - --1 1 1,60 5 12

itttco Uqnipeosr toe~~~~~~~~~. 2.270.00 - 1 2,2500 -I 2,0000 60 32tn~aia5SpsaaTnrts- basplan 700 -p- - 5,000 - - -- IeeSm (000603

Snb-Tntel.1 ion I ih,il- 30,0U00 30,000 55 34

tE-theak 3125 - - 3,500 4,000 -3 ,50t 4,000 68 2_Ci.:g. tiatCe_a_ta_,000 Last i- 2DU0S - - - - i- 2.00054l

Unt-Tatso Site Enopotatian S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,000 6,0tt 63 24

T-1te Cetitel ncc100, 000 25.000 186,000 53 19

AsSloS-- nekesing OfOOer ... ce 2,7000 - - 2,000 1 2,00 1 3000 13.00t 4 12,00 - -Darfies Steetor a i,20U.UU - - - - 1 bOSS 1 0,0CC:2001 1,0 1,0 ,0 t,0t0 --

An,.....a a 100.00 2 2.000 2 2.0t0 2 2,0000 2 2,200 a 0,000--(naiaD CinaC/tashisa 000.00 - - - - 1 1.000 I 0.000 1 1.000 1 1.020 4 OcOtO - -~~~~~~~I1,00 I ,000 I 1,00 1 ,00 4

JaiC I kDOC a DUO - - 3 1.000 3 2,C 3 2,000 3 2.000 12 0700 -Ce-ei-er UAe.t... 1,25DS - 2 200 2 2005 2 ,51 2 300 I 1.0

600.00 -2 -,0 1 1 1000 1 3,000 4 2tU--Ut, Lana 400.00 - - - - 4 - 4 0,000 4 2.000 4 2,020 10 6,000 - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 001 20

Aataadoatn 3~~~~0U.00 4 100 4 0,000 4 1.0000 4 2.0 11 .2 Utotde 300.00 - - - - 4 1,000 4 0,000 4 2,000 4 1,000 10 5,000 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:10 4T 0. V 2 41,000 16 0

All..ets Wtop Sn 13,0'00.000 L - - nR~ Sa-.0 sp Sas 3.000 ticci 3s,2000 LapSo 4,000 StpO. 15.00-

ta,b-aT-t tS-5 14,000 C80,SD 21,000 23,000 76,000--

tiacleea -scitic Caste

On,na Ic3

0.20 - - - - 4,500 1.000 4.100 1,003 4.000 1.000 3,100 2.000 19.200 5,000 31 22700 ,W~4,90 0 ,1002.00 19200 5 0 1 2

lasit Pearson UDODO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,2 - - - 0 - - 0 000 i.00 4 .2,00 51 C to COOOSOIDS yes yoor 2,210.00 - - - - 1 1,000 1 i.C0U 1 2,000 1 . 1,110 4 5.000 00 07 1,00 l 0001 - ""

Ittite Ua~~~~tp10cs 6/ pet pest 400.~~~~~~00 - 1 1,000 I - T 1,0200 1T 4 2,000. 74 iittioaain ta-a-ss- Ore P.. 2i/2 - - - - L-psipte _ L.ip So 2.000 tntp Sa 4.000 tLopitt 4.000 Loe,in lOtto0 50 iS

-,--fita Nitleen pss-n Cst 3,000 4,002 5,000 0.000 24.000 54 00

lab-T-il prD eCaer 17ro0o 2Dec80 30.000 31,000 100,002 13 4

.,a Dn ,- -eaLe 168,000 42,000 22.0.0 30,000 31,000 293,110 39 14

5 ......as o.o25 n. celey.. S Wlao .2U I ....y.s a.tE 130 Cat nan-I...sitt-d -sla...... iibc oail.yel oeOpol IE 50 rans sa ee en ae fifd. A pablia a-pteta. J- o n~nts~n C1? taeaoeCe

nirlttCis ealnajecinto Ohs . -tsr,ea penoa- Sand. NVn-alolTfdseUye i5Dl lnftotnealleantanantoassiih a nese te eaplapsaen ennant qat aprentt S Oitl eey OTs. -enini, 15 Ossni. nesOSo5s S te ovesgeomnss s olleenoi geace Stpubi CpestN sly

h/CCtacrNSr.nEsseblrteefeemleissnlslfetetdoalobalgtsdee

ANKUX 4SUDAN Table 17

LIVESTOCK MAFKETING PROJECT

(c) Market Infrastructure

Secondary Markets

Sunmary

(£Sd)

Years Total Foreign Taxes andItem 1 2 3 4 6 .Years 1 -6 Exchange Duties

CAPITAL COSTS

Buildings - - 155,000 90,000 1,000 246,000 52 15

Pens and Enclosures - - 160,000 86,ooo - 246,000 441 10

Water Supply - 237,000 26,ooo - - 263,000 56 20

Vehicles and Equipment - 221,000 - - - - 221,000 63 28

Site Preparation - - 21,000 - - - 21,000 67 25

Domestic Freight - 11,000 8,o _ - - 19,000 57 16

Total Capital Costs 469,ooo 370,000 176,000 1,000 1,016,000 53 18

OPERATING COSTS

Staff 30,000 64,ooo 91,000 119,000 121,000 150,000 575,000 -

Vehicle Operating Costs - - 2,000 6,ooo 4,000 4,ooo 16,000 77 17

Miscellaneous Operating Costs - 5,000 3,000 12,000 Z,000 29,000 71,000 47 19

Total Operating Costs 30,000 69,ooo 96,ooo 137,000 147,000 183,000 662,000 7 2

Total Investment Cost Secondary Markets 30,000 538,000 466,ooo 313,000 148,000 183,000 1,678,000 35 12

June 28, 1977

~~~~~~~~~ K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ H li~~~~

0 ,00"0000 3000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7

X + #X o Z444o 4 04 E "c we40' w 444 4 4 4 0 4w4 4 0 4e EKDON

c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o

oe s'-^''' 4 w :n w X oN~ _ m fD: o | c - 0E |

| . ''@aEgDR<8^ ' ' ' °8Ew^

x| '4 w ,.,,,,,...., .,,0,' ,,, , -..,o88|8|

04 ,~ 8 , , ,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,, , 8 0 80 8

81 8s o,,, 8 8C '' *'' '833 .* ,0g ° 8C

2 244 4C 00 ,., ,, , I0|018l

c w°ewR=>oB ~~~~~~~88888RwZ8888 o 5-

.4 W| W 0 - _4 a. 0 U T00 0 J<<d5ol

H~~~~~~~~4 4 C ,e4 0 U.'-w' 00l^1 < =gi-a |au

841_ |>v s3e 55 3 y 3AX c 5 40'0. '5 3 0 4,' 0 5 4 4 4 0 444 5QCV ci

- 4 C 4 i 'V 0 4 0 0 ° 4 4 z a4 iXv ,WS5V|-a>Xv

888 8 8 P PI 1ItL

8FS~~~8~~88 . . .~~~ . . . . ... .0 0.,, .1 1-l

0 888882.m' ' 0 - " " ''''''' '''' 8.-888§88-

81 if ~8F 218

Al ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8- '4 I1

2 +U§Ž~~~~Yj2. ~ ~~ ~ ~~]!ifl ~~~: t2i'~R

I r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4

* * * *,,*,,*,*,*, ,**,,,,,**, ,,,**,**,, ZI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5

L, * * * *. . . . . . . . .* * * * . .- t

1~~~~~~~~~~~ t~~882 ?2 28

060021 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.12,. 22

Os,,ttal sod il501 Css-1 U,sit ,2010Irs

Year1 Y-spo Y-arS Year , Y-er I Y-r Yeas- T- oo0s aes

610520 60250 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T.

50a5P,o

tt,ltsOoats-0% ,,. 6~~~ ~ ~~~~.30 I 2 ,0 - - 000 ,00tosat Fips Oasis - 0" s. too~ ~~~~ - 0 .0 - - - -20 ,2

bOos PesOs - 1/0 t. 0.00 - - - - .000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 7`5 - - -- 00e0s0oo~rs0/0% s. 056 . - 02 -7 --

OSs- Solos oftot - 0o lo .9 - - 00

Otssoits`/0t -4o2N.090 - - . 0 -. - - -.;aossteiooosotttre So. 70.00 - - - - 10 1,000 - - - - 1,010~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

0010112tOeds / - - - - - - 0.000 0.000 - -50

lOots so2 Isis, 020250w - - - - - - - 0,000 - - - - 0,00

oostp al- Is .0 - - Oo .02 - -4 ,000

losoioglhsts - - - - - - - 0.502 - 0.020 - . 5,000~~~~~3,-

-eroT-aa0l . 00 - - OO 702 Oso.00 Co 3

A-stto 20.27 . - - 0 - - . -

bosses Th

oo 0/es400eAl to.0 L-0200 -- , 200 6- -0I6

lOssatd Oso '0-, 03 5d to-520.2 - . 002 -M 20.0 6' 01

-lstolooIk 116o 2.0 - 00 L.0 - - - - 0- 500 01

Solgtsat So. 0.0 - 53 0 1.00 .o,- -51 - .8 ,0:02 1

OT-s s'0 lOer SoI000I.01 000 - . 71,00I

Nootlos to.10,0 - - 2-- - - - . -

itsspss.otj, o. 00,00.02 - 0.9 000 -- . .-.t 1.00

40Oold Ta~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ble 23

N. 2.P 00~~~~~~~~~~~00

St00000

Ooarttlaltao do. 50.02 - - - - ~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~2 -~ ~ 1-4 5 2 .

Tratooo toad, do. 100.00 - - - - - - 0 - - - - - I - so~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~56

hotob toitto Ooottet.toŽo do. 500.00 - - - . - - 0 0,002 - - - - 0 o,Ooo to~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

toyo,o rosa 6/ - -~~~~~2,0 - - 200 . - 20000

0000000 theta 1' - -~~~~~5 14 00 ,0 ---- ,. 2:

toolacto Oote,R~S~ L' - - - - - 0.000 - - - - - - - 0400 01 14.

400-a,', ioooo' - - -~~~~Im 12 - ,00 - - - - .200

tt,oOo4

toot, -- - - - - - 2,000 - toos - - - - - coCo to 10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Oaoa att tala otgO/ - - - - - 0,00 - - -- 4- 040000 t

Ont, mItT. 70.0 - - - - a - -- 0

ha to a. 1 00400~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P,S l~ 1I

C.40o,aa0

700 -- - h on - - - - - -- 10,005

toaiWt 200-. do. 90300 - 0 t,o -,. - - - - 0 ~,- 00,000 60 00

44,. 4,000.00 - - I~~7,- o.ot - - - -5. 1 0.000 06 tO

OheOolottloCtoOtlI a o.2n - - 00 0,000 - - - - - - -500 00 47dl

wodotto., Ot. 00.20 - -~~~~~~~~~5" t M - 46,0- 37,.- 1- - - 0- 0

W,Ater -1 2 trodle f-a to 002 - 1t0,0 - -i- 0. 00-0

0a000, an t047 t

SUDAN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AkE

LIVESTOCK MARKETING ROJECT Table 24

(c) Market Infratr-tur

CaPita1 & Qp-rting Costs K ICoti S-codary Market

(hod)

Year 1 Yea 2 Yea 3 Year 4 Yea 5 Yea 6 Year S 6 F-rig. T-xo &

Ien OoGt Unit Coat Ueit. Coot Gaits Coot Galto Coot Ucits Coat Unite Coat Unite Cost Toltal Tote E-ahang D.ttes

CAPITAL COSTS

Btildinne 1/ - - - - - - - 7,000 - 2,000 - -C OOG 52 1s

Pan. & Encl...urts

Cattle Market

Bayers Pea.2..-- 2,0 GOO- - 2.000 56 14Sorting Sheda 3/ - - - - - 2,000 - 2,000 - -4,000 53 15

KR ... al6 a..tni.g / --- - -- - 2,000 - --- - 2,000 56 14

Sh-ep Market

Bny-r l.ne 4/--- - -- - 1000 - ----- -1.000 56 14

Sorting Rhoda 3/ - - -- - 2,000 - 1,000 ---- -3.000 566 14

R.... & Sa1-RIogS - - -- - ,00 - -- - 1.000 56 1

Walls & Gates I/ --- - -- -- - 900 -- -- 9.000 11 3

Soh-T.ta1 P... 6, Eoclog.rr 10,000 12,'O0 22,000 39 10

Water Ouroly

F.s.pRoH.... a2

70.00 8 ,0 - --- - 1.000 52 15

Poapa 3/ N0 0.01 100 1 1,000 56 14

Enies5.0. 220,0- - ,00 -- --- 1 2,:000 56 14Spply) Piptog 3" V3a. 7.50 - - 1,500 1100 MO --- 1,00l 0561

SuPpply FPiping 2"a 6.50 - - 500 3,500 -- -- 500 3,000 56 14

Diottrihotfo Piping a. 4.25 - - 175 100 -- - ---- 175 1,000 56 14

Hydranta o 22.0 -2 00 0 -- -- --- 23 1,006 56 14

P-nni-in No 50.00 - -2 - -- - -- 2 - 56 14

Wate Truha (C.ttl) 30. 110.00 - -13 1,000 -- - - - 15 1.000 54 16

atr Tr- ha (Ohoop) N0. 50.00- 11 1.00 -- - ----- 1000 001. 6

Rob-TotI Wator Sopply 22.000 22,000 56 14.

Sitto P-ep-rti.n

Earthwork .3 1.25 - - -- 3,000 4.000 - ----- 3,000 40 68 23

S.b-T.t.1 Rita Prepartion 4,000 4,000 68 25

Ouip-net Vohiol-s0 16.000 - - ----- - 16.000623

D-ontic FroighL

Donteri F-ight via Railway T.n/k.o 0.02 - - - 24,845 i.000 - -- -- 24,845 1,000 12 16

S.b-T.t.1 Doneatic F-igh1t 1,000 1.000 52 16

T-oI Copita1 Coate 38_000 22.000O 14_000 74.000 52 17

OPERATING COSTS

stoaf/f - - - 9,000 - 11,000 - 11.000 - 14,oo0o 45.000--

Wecer ,u3

0.27 - - - 1,500 - 1,600 - 1,600 1.000 1,700 1.000 6,400 2,000 31 23

OfficeSplO p.a. 200 - - ----- 1.000) - - - - 4 1,000 74 19

Plaiatenaoc of Struattotr - P... 21

iC - - - -- Lop Sue 1000 S.un Son 1.000 LospIs, 200 21

S.ah-Tot.1 MSU...lla-eon- Operting Costa 1.000 2,000 2,000 5,000 48 19

Total Operating C-sit 9.000O 12.00 000 0016 000 50.000 52

Toto1 Cost Kosti Miorkot 3.0 3100200 .0 12400331

1/ See A-ee 8 T.ble 20 for dotoilo2/ -le ... n :4 TuhIn: i9 for datailo:3/ See Ac..c 4 Tubl 25 for datail

S/ In A.-c 4 Talla 17 for detail,5/ To cupply rutty to R ilo,ly Tranit yard also

0/ To ho need forcnartto of Wod Modooi & Reor_ sacodary glorkato als- 100 Accn 4 Table 20 far det.fl&

7/ Ne rot for strutur -init-sn tho first yea flter caltsad 50% of esti.ated o..u.. Iaoet the .econ.d yea

Pan 21. 1977

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C-

0004~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

P.- 13,00 00 oo o4 Cs otc 01 00, Cs Ool ot bo, Cs ots 01 oc ot'w Oobo DoIes

A 0ot7 onE 4

.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~al 77:72

000 T-00 00100

lic~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ It rit i 3

000000osV -/ - - - - - - 00000 - 7f000 - - - - - 350,0 GG a?l

050 coO looio c36 4

-fttl T-Ark tte=W 5

5;,Tcn,04t -i _ _ _ - - 3OC - - - - - - - 3,007 15

eortis00bhet1 -/ - - - - - - b,000 - - - - - - - ''0° 5t 14

OAosen101000 -£ -oe hi E -2.-0000 - - - - - - - 2,C05t 14

Sooso l*,Ono

2Oyorss0eoe-/ - _ - _ - - . 1 000 - - - - - - - 1,.000R

2000i500400? -e 2 -_ - - - '.5r0 _ 1,000 - - - - - 4.000 0' 15

401 0 / -n - - - - - - 0.00 _ - _ _ _ _ _ . 0 Is

iells ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~4~.~ .. 34 9.e 3 _9OG

3W. 7er Supply

h0re h,In,(6°° SIS -No -3368 - - Q. -e C - -_ 000 _ - - - C. ,,.9 OO ot

00-,0 hou oc so 70.rnOo, _500 000 a500 1.00 _00 9 IeO

EleyAtd 7sD _ No. 134s.0-02 - - 0.5 1,00 - _ - - - - - - 0.1 '0 009 Bor.0oy 1e7i s0cc) 00 .00 _ _ N1 1.000 - _ _ _ _ _ _ - ll 1.000f 1

Dletibutos ni No. 1,0.00 - - 07 1 5,00 - - - - _ - - - N7 1,000b6'

Nty1oo... No. 2200.00 - _ 05 1,000 - - - - _ _ _ _- 2 5 0.00501llsacrtleooo ito. s,Oo.OO - _ 0. 2 ,00 - _ _ - _ _ _ _ 0. 5,0001f4or Slolloo eh CAt)Y. 6:.10 - - 000 1.000 - - - - - . . - 000 0.000 5n0110111N 000000 5 h.p,T. 0C.O0 _ - 00 1,000 - _ - - _ - - _ 005 1.000542

Wlodostedbi bNo. 20500.C - - 053 1,00 -_ _ - -_ - - 0 5 1.000 56 00

00010 Snoooh f sl, to. 1: 40.00 - - 1,3 050 °° . - - - - - - 00 0,00 50 °° 13

S T. Tk£ :m Yo. 1,000.00 - - 0.5 1.000 _ _ - 1 7 10.0501

-Z- _2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - .00-. - .00-owr oooo_.p 4 / 0 ' ao.0.0 0.^4- 0,000 - - - - - - '11 0,000n 6Sonorcol d0oet/ N o. 0.000,00 - _ 0.00 0.I -O _ _ _ _ _0 21 ,0007 10,000000000... 00. 0,500.00 - - 0.5 34 0,000 _ _ - _0 _ _ _ 00,on6n1Genera'ors - 1000 W W.. 905.00 - - 0.07 00 -_ _ _ _ _.00071

ull Tosls 00100055 1 ,000.00 - - 00,000 0,000 n o - _ _. .P Sono 1,:00072

OI,coOooOt,O4ccOo On, 000.00 . - 0 -~~~~~~~~~25 2. - .19

COSIeeo 000100000 Gao 000.00 _ - 0,0 - - - - - - -,0 -0I

OcoNOOgEsoloasoO , Oct _00.00 - - 0 -- O _0_mTo b7id £qoipse Oco s .0049, 00cr 000 _,000.00 . - 14 ,C - 6_ - 1 , .00

Oot-boOsOl oqo00seot cod veOilols Z.G 20,000O0'.19

a:I. OOcNcOctlon2

.- - - - . ,000 - - - - 0000 s Z

D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2IPC 2Rht

Sub-sT-t I0000004 YreiCh 1.3 0 1 000 5£ 16

TotAI C.010,0 Cocos -. 6,000 00,000 06,.o o00,oo 00d-O 00

h. oecer 1,..00 - - - - 0.0 1,000 1 0,0. 0 0,00G 1 1.000 3.1 0,000000050000/e,0r 000W.00 _ _ - - 0.S -, 1 0,00 0 I 00 1,W 1,00 5.5 5,000 -Joolto COon),,'"he 600.00 - - - U. _.0 0 0.OOf I _ 0.00 0 1,000 3. 3,000

.. wnl-r Cle 80,0.00 - _ _ _ 0 I. 0 000 0 W0005 0 1,000 7 50 00 C 7V,5..n " 00.00 - - - - 0.4 _ 0 - l . 0 0.000 7 0.00 - -Drlrer A 600.00 . . - S - 0 _ 0 10 I 0.00 3 :.000 C-ooocoGDcsl/Olccocos 5 00.00 - _ _ _ 1.4 _ 0 10.0 on 00 5t 100 10m.1 3.000Gord, 5 00.00 - - - - L 0 0 0.0 0 0.I 0O 2.0 I OW 7-.Ososrioeao Osclstsnt " I,2JC.OO - - - - 0.0 0,00 0 I,001 0 1,000 0 0,000 0.0 4,noo

loO-Ootl s, s 5oO .00' 00.000 1_,000 12,000. sq,soo- -

3 T. rr2k NOooyr. 0.00C. - _ - - 0.0 , 1 5,000 1 001 1000001 5 3. f,7.9 _ _

000-100.00 Ooo,,Is Op rtsocln 0 5,0 0.X00 0,000 A,orn _

nOSclrlsooOOoosooratlO; ooltaŽl - - - - 9 99 £20 _ I,0OC _ 0.ooO - O.0 5E 17

loocl So,' n,onamocooon . 50.009L0 97,7.C0 0,00 00 0

21/n, 7, o-o5 -en-n 01 14SOn / oe nneo 4 ocOhoOOloordlcollOa.'2/o Ottos2e 4 aleOl25Ofor Onocie.

001e ccmc, espip n,to 40 osos Son CC2Ytr oloon of ooclo cod Ocosoous Osooso,,

90 To -0- 00015 504r r 1r 1f 0000 OloOSr so.0000000005000 00900P ssoco-Olfor cssoOirl,d

0p o-lssstdO loo Z oo:.t.s:s,oNOts,oeloooos. s b,oontoslloco1 esosp

oDld OS lOO or moyea e 050 r 00110 000ss',,Ot. 0000000crreio lm 40000-0 0000 OcO ol.0 Dt 0401 00000o 5 totoeoASosoe,00000ns,' sslocos, OoOo the Oootoo10 oao,Ooo 0000. Son-olcssilOOc ccrlooa,s sos only ,..oooool Ne o..ltCUl ootsgcb hlt 10o004ts 0I.o,00

0l005 501000 OGoso o 0q0a ooo..cOotoy ON of tl:sin 0,050. TbooosIrom:lts 006, qnr

eatstnt ur one cnoooococoooooosi.toocones onco000tc00000000410n0000lo.,,=ZtooOe,.

ANN11X 4TAOS. 06

0000 Pge

'.Ysn ir ear lY . Y'earS~ Year5 Year6 Ces-aI-6 Fo-ign .Sensad

Ttea l~~~~~~Uitg Unit Coat Uoite Coot Utl ol Iot 0,. Uis Cs nts Cs nt ot Ttal ioa Oesoe toe-units Coet

CAP'ITAL C(Sl0

T•ad- oOt-ds., d ofi- Mo0. 4, 000.0 - oiO -- I 4.,000 52 ii

0n~~o01,,aiy 00'lon/0'-.o,n 10. 1~~,200.00 --O 2,00 - -- -1 2.000 52 is

-tno to-e /ioor- No. 000.00 - - - - 1,00 - - 1 1,0011 52 15G dI Ilot-0 N0. 6500 - - - - 2 - -2 - 52 11

No. 100.0 W - - - I I - 0 ii.Wdebt 2o0010 PooOati- No. 54s.0 - - - -I 1.000 I 1,000 152 1i

Toilelte leo~~~~~~~S. 275.00 - - 2 -,00 -- - -- 2 1.000 52 10

000,01100 Cooseor 0-r,.o,oon- Loop Ii. 1,010.00 - - - - 111,0 Soo 0,000 - - - - - - ln.i.01 iO,5 1.000 30 12~~~~~L-kp 100 30 1

001-- A 0o00 tr 0,,00 0 10 ,000 10.000 io 16

E-,,-t 00-10,0000 ,I il

I N0,~0 o. 1.40 - - - - 60 - -- - - 60 35 10Stool Pipe P-ot-l'2 0.300 11.0 1,00 - -- - 160 1.000 56 iL

000Pile ln- 0~ o 160 84 - - 1,000 01 160 1,000 56 jI.leOe,0n01,-0,'0' I n. ~~~~~ ~~~0.50 - - - - - 45.0 -- 400 - 0 16

0n0i-lD-pp-oo-P/0 ~ ~ 0.01-5 - So0 - - - - - 00 51 166- Hook B.Ito 0,0 .- ~ Co to. 0.79 3 0 3 o- - 60 - 6 146.enHo0 oook o ot /V.oi 1o No. 0.00 - - - 000 - 00 -50 11

Iste tht tardino N.. 7'1.02 5 - -- 56 11.

0000100 OhnOi~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1ROt-Coril s - 1o. 1.10 - 8 -4-o446 540 10

St-1 Shdn Spol-e 2" 5 . .60o- 160 1.00 0 - 060 1.000 56 16

0Ani l-i-sIsl -I" 0 e .60 - -- 0 .0 246 1- 2 -- 6 1,000 56 14

R stnrltSh.d-0/0 .0.10 120 -- Uo - I 61O - 51. 16

G.ee .. 75~~ e .00 2 21. 0,05 2. .06 0i4

6- 11.o B IE00. 11.0 7 - - - 62 - 6 -- -5 6 14

6- Hlook Bo1o, -O5- No. o.7, - . 6 - .4 - -4 0 5 6 11.

On,oll~.Iol.i.Ont.00 - 160 0- 5- 160 6 - 06 14.

obnr -l-oP0.,0 .00 - - - - - . 102- ---- 10.1.1

OsctO so - -alFel0005

goCavats 0000 toOls so0 0011

I050 Pps Osl -2 . .0I . 60 . - 62 5 6 16

OOOoOlz l?0 a. 0.0 - 10 - -- ---- 310 54I 160,00 000,_0 2 a

230 0 25 51 '

No. 75.00 .0 .0 0,000 06 i1.6-s No-1o-20, o. 0.0 7 - - 6 5 -- ~ 6 166- 3O,o0OI-IO1o- No. 0.50 . 1B- -- - to 56 16

600 t , HA010035 1

00sn0oionThoto~~~~~~~0'0 n. 1~~.300 67 -. 67 - 56 11Otool COpo 00110 - 0 a. ~~~~~~~3.0 a 95 0 1,000 . - --- 91 1.000 56 14.

OoOarOeOlO-li'2"7 o. 0.1~~~~~~~~:0 . - . - - - 10 . .- 330 - 54 ifOnto, No. 6~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~0.C cc. - . . 3 3 - 64~

6- Ho 1otolo No. 0.50 - 6 - 0 3 -0 16 14

6ne 0006 FoO1 --lo i 0.1 - . - - - 2 00 . 4 6 14

00011100 POet 00101 tO Fill000-. C--,Oc50 5.10 - . - 68 1,00 -- -- 0100 10 if)

Steel pipe 0'oeto - 2 0 e. ~~~~~~5.50 - - - 500 100 - 100 1,000 16. eloePtpnaoi 21 .3.0 - - -00 - .- -. 86-16 lIe

Rebs2 Unie. 00' 2 0 a.0.50 . - - - 312 35 -. 12 - II. 10

.o-relPlTeole0eoop-ot P a .60 . - - 60 1.000 - 60 1.000 16 14.SOnlPoIOPOPltto.l 0 a. 0.30 - - - . - . 020 . . - - . 120 - 06 III~~~~~~~~~I - 2 6 1

lO ..nUs "2O'0 - 120 . --- 120 --So. (~~~~0.0 - . - 2 - - -. 2 - 6 1I.

6- R-kS B.lti-t0N10. 0.00 . - - - 09- - 75 - s6 16- 11-o B.1L- 12- 10. 12 - - - - - - 300 - - 10- 6s

F,o.OlzClo n Wno1. 0.10 - . - - - . 160 - 6 56O 1

R,- 0000P0nO- /' .0.01-5- 90 9 0 540 IC,

Llas ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ na

o atlet PsYsero. or

Year l Year 2 Y Y -a!Ca' t ear 5 Cre-6 Yea- - Pooo aonoZoo- -on ttt C-st -Psits Cost Juits Cost Cits Cos -tt Cs Pots Cost 'oots Cos Tota Tota tto1 Louse

CAPITAL 01.35 (Continod)

eoso olses(C-ntiond)

Caeaad $.I.s Ping

PnasePost Holes -od PillsloP.Cotoo.ets to. 0,0 - - - - ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~33 Is - . OI

It-alipsCoets-1 01 e .30 - 0- t,00o -6 -- d t,.tt 5" I1

tatsstOagdooor el ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~0.500 00 76 -- 0 51 13

lease to. 010.00 - - - - I . 59R. ii. 0

toolsionisil a. tOco~~~~~~~~~~6 - 150 CCCt, - - - Io 20OCC 03 3

Too-noon Pots noC nooxonores ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~12, 000 3,000o 13,0C El 10

laiso ton,1,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 o '5 ~ 1

oore0o1~'CCariere3i! b. 0000.00 - - 0.5 1000 oI,o - - 00 01 dO4T

Fle-eod'0o To. 6,-oo - - Co ' - - - - - -- 0.3 3,00 0 1. ooi00po Pining 3" 5Xa.9.t 0,00 1900 - - -I 0I00 0901 od

tOsTo'tbotOoo Piping - 1 3 a. 1.0~~~L5 - 0 o ,Co- - - '0C P.0 S 1

ItO-total 'dotr iop2tp7,00 I. o0 0,00 16 o

totienet and Vehiotee

Welding fsthine L/ to 0.500. 0.33 1,000 - .33 1.1 013Poo Ts-oo - 4 a

3to 14.10,0 II - C33 n00o - - -- C 0,0006d 33

4hlapin,opO to. L8C00 0.35 0,00 - - -- T33 III01 3. do

Iaenned to. 4,3000 - .3 .,O - .'33 10Cd1.

0snii Ooote boo ion 0,000~~~~~~94.00 - 00 on6 1,0 . ?.-66 tn -Co 100 00

Coraoenothmsoa OsO ~~~~~~~1,0oCCIC O 0p 1, - - - - - i 1,104 d7 3

flnstoPre- To n.P00 - - ,09 1010dIo tooo.753,- -- .. 0 200 tO I

on spioT-l Cots6,-I 03 O 400to7.0 32 i9

Onotione 1,41t - .. 0.11 '. ,0 ,0 1 O.'. 14,0074,. 1 , 7MC1.5 '0,110

Tenio C.Ptrr ~t/Cnlr70C 01 - 1 ,0 ,0 , 1,00 14.010 5.5 ,00 -,55

Ostoi`toos 00.00 . 1,01II 0 tIC 0 1.C0 C 000 1.-000 --

Ctetaos/II eeoa_00C 1. -, 3o t,CIII 3 i,.. I ,0 3 1.000 3 t,0C 16. OO

GS-Os 4O00.0 1II - 0 l 1 III 1,0CC 4 ,1 -00 01 4.000 Peter 3o O

3eaT ,C.0 0~ .0 I,CO 000 I .Ci 1 10C P 010 1 00. 5.5 7.1,00

OllonaoorsOo 1.1.-~~~~~~~~ n11 I. iCIo I 1,10)1.I 1,110 0,0 I .100 III i CC 710.11

notA. -Sal nap 5,I0 3,03o 9s00

0 11,0CC 11,000 04,000o 53,000

Wate n3

0.1 - - - ,0C 2, 000 ICOPo 0,01 1,0CC d,ooo I.003 23Ot'raon ioppitss onConsO 000.10 4~~ ~ ~ ~~~.0 1 - I - . 100 1 I - 5.1 0,-0 7159

isitonatteof Ittootres - * rn 0.5 - . . - -1.0101125 _0.10 52 is

Total 0nestingToo 5,010o 3.C00 1.02,I00 13. 010 ld.OOC 03,000 3

Total Cost ilnla. Marian 1,Cco 32,0CC 50,01 Id 00 00 .11.1) 137. 000 31 11.

'jAnoer sorly foI oi. this -srit ant tIe raibna tolidn par.

rs Xi,0tO 0000 0- rrrolnilL 1h l ,~. olto ooo.tooo ooo 0 tasoO Tfal -- I 55- ottpoas

eaZ ye aaisOt i oetno eeo od o-taiideio.e o 05eIil o olteooT

0000050 olittl i nloe 0sootOOP0 OOnSlot3 'toroio.SetoTOo03I loo

S0UDAN Table 27

LIVFSTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Ic) torket infraatructure

Capital & Opeo-tiss Costt - Sennar .. onta S y Mrket

(hsd)

YCt- I Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Yoar 5 year 6 YCars I - 6 Foreisn TMoes tIt-n USit Unit Cost Units Coat Uite ceS Ulite Crap Units Cost Units Cost Usite Cost epl TFton ft . hns ger Optics

Units Con 5

CAPTYAL COSTS

BRildinss 12 _ -i - - _ _ _ 22,t00 - 16,000 - - - - - 38,000 52 15

Pens t EnCiOSUres

C-le Market

Boyrer Prop 2/ - - _ _ - _ _ 2, 00G - 2,000 56 14S.rtinpSl,rdaR/ - - - - - - - 2,000 - 2,00 - - - - - 4, 000 55 isRsco; & Spies Riog i/ 2,000 - - 2,000 56 14

Shoep Maket

Btyses Yoss 3/ - - - - - - - 1,000 - - - - - - - 1,0U0 56 14SortiogtSheds/ - - _ _ _ _ _ 2,000 00 - - - - - 3,000 56 14Rates 6& leo Riig 3/ - - - - - - - 1,000 - - - - - - - 1,000 56 14

alla tC -tes _ _ _ _ _ _ 9000- 9000 15 3

Sob-Total Pass & iPolonore 10,000 12,000 22,000 34 10

Rorer SUppIV

P-,p H0-o .2 70.00 - _ _ _ 16 2,000 - - _ _ _ _ 16 1.000 52 15Poept No. 600.00 - _ 2 1,000 - - - - 2 1 000 56 14

Eppgirr No. 1 200.00 - - 2 2,000 - - - - - - - - 2 2,000 56 14Tosake Itto-ttre No. 2,000.00 I - 1 2.000 - - - - - - - - 1 2,000 54 21Supply Piping 2" 0 . 0.50 - - 110 U,000 - - - - - - - - 150 1,000 56 14Dintitlb ... n Yiping F t 4 25,. kDO - - 400 2,000 - - - - - - - - k00 2.000 56 14

hydrents Ns 22 00 - - 13 _ - - _ - - _ - _ 13 - 56 14Fount-ins No, 50.00 - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - 56 14Ptter Trooglp (Coirtle no. 110.00 _ _ 13 1,000 - - - - - - - - 13 1,00 54 21Waite oTr= gOs (.h..p) No. 50.00 _ _ 12 1 - - - - - - - 12 1 000 54 21

Sob-Total poser Sopply 10,000 1,000 11,000 55 17

Eloinoes6 Vehisles 51 - - - - _ 16.0G0 -- 16,000 62 32

ECot osk e 1.25 - - - - 5,000 6,000 5,000 6,000 68 23-iog Str.ccaret Latop Sum 2,000.00 - - - - L-i S.. 2.000 - - - - - LoP Sn 2,000 54 21

Sob-Totul Sils Ocopa-o-ti- 0,00o S,000 65 24

no- tic e-ight

oe-ighs vie Rsil.ey Toon. 0.02 - - 9,050 1.000 9,850 - - - _ _ _ _ 19,700 1 000 52 16

Sok-To-al Fogsio Preiht 1.000 1,000 52 16

Tosol iPitapl Coost 27,000 41,000 28,000 96,000 51 18

OPERATINC COSTS

itaff 3/ - _ _ - _ 8 - 9.000 - 11,o0l - I1O1 - 14,000 - 533000 - -

riso.ll.esIos oero-tisp Coets

Stoes -3

0.27 _- - 1,400 - 1,400 - 1,500 1.000 1,600 1,000 5,9C0 2. 00 31 23Ofiic l ls-,li per eor 200 -1 1,0 1 I - - 5 11000 74 19

Flliortance of0 Stooo toro- p... 2)j - - - - - - - - - 1.000 - 1.000 Lomp o 2.000 52 15

nus.b-otal lpinoollooroso 1,01u 2,000 2,000 5,000 48 19opersttog poot_

Tonsl Opsrotitg Cost, 9,000 90,O0 11,000 13,000 16,000 50,000 4 2

Total Coot Ipsoor Mocks 0 36,000 50,000 39,000 13,000 16,000 154 000 33 12

1/ see A-nee 4. CTbb 17 Cot de.til2/ Sec IAne- 4 Tabls 195 oP -Ostilt

3/ S.e MAina 4 Tails 25 for details4/ 1cr k-tne Toble 20 fos details5! To br need for co-no-nstt- of f7sd Madasi A Costi arSesk

oo.S Ano.. 4 Ttbl 20 fos detail,6/ No C08t nator_tos_ ntns .enosn. tke afi-t year sfter coepleti-o

asd osly 5CT of -sninl-ed ann-oa pose durisg spiond ywr.

JO0- 21, 1977

10858 T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ahilsl 20

LIVESTOCE MiARKETING PRoJECT

(c) Ys-knt Ittfastnui-ts

Capital & foveatoast Cost. Wad Yedni Se..a.da-t M-ksat

Yer I Yar 2 Year 3 Y-t4 Year 5 Year 6 Yess 1 -6 For-ign Taxes 4

Item Unit Unit Cost Vnits Cost Uoits Cost Units Cost Units Cost Units Cost soits Coso Total Total Eshsge sotiC Units Coat V. V

CAPITAL CLLSs

Buildinss i/ - - - - - - - 7,000 - 2,000 - - - - - 9,000 52 15

FenS & E-1...ure

Cnttln tK-t

Biyots Pntt 2/ - - - - - - - 2,000 - - - - - - - 2.070 56 14

lnnoing 1Shodn 3f- -- 4,003 0 4 000 16 14Ri.e & lns R_ 3 - - - 2,000 _ _ _ -2,000 16 it

Shttp M-okot

ino'ots tans

Fllvi ith C.nr.Ie N.. 5.40 - - -2 - 52 - 35 10

Steal Pipa Posts 2" a, 5.30 - - - - 100 1,000 -- 1,000 56 14

Sisal ripn 300 - - 5536 1,00 11 1,00 - 1,000 56 14toben Rotla 0 . .20 - -- - 596 - -- ---- 596 5 4 iO

Onhaptpropiaro 0 eam. 0.55 - - - - 64 - - - - - - - 64 - 54 16.6 gm Rtook tolts - 15 on. IN. 0.58 - - - - 60 - - - - - - - 60 - 56 14

H.-ktonI .t-i no. So.: 5.2 - - 240 o 240 -56 i4Ga-ot sth-ada- No. 65000 2 4 0 5 5-6 14

Sort/ng Shads 3/ - - - - - - - 2.000 - 1,000 - - - - - 3,000 56 14

RUcesnkoSttes i/tg 3/ - - - - - - - ,I000 - - - - - - - 1,000 56 14

Ualls 6 Goan- / - - - - - - - 9 000 - - - 9 0 0 3 3

SoS-lots1

rons & /nnlosur- - 22.000 I,OCO 23.C00 40 10

Otter Supply--

Poop Boose m 70.00 - _ _ - 16 1.000 - - - - -. i6 1.VO0 12 15

P000 NS. 600.00 100 - - - - - - - - 2 , 56 14

Esgino N.. 1,100.00 - -2 2,00 -OM - -- 2000 16 14ittLok Stottora So 2.000 - 00 -- I 2 o 2,000 54 21

S Ipply Piping 20 0 t . 6.50 - - 110 J,oOO - - - - - - - - i1,0050 I,coO 56 14

iOintt2ontinn Plping I. 4.25 - - 410 2,000 - - - - - - - - 410 2,00C 5 14

Ibirsnts Sn. ~~~~~~ ~~22.00 - 3 - - -- - ---- 13 - 56 84Fon.asns SN.. 50.00 2 - 2 - 56 14

W_ton hrosohs (CNnnis) N. 110.00 - - 12 1.000 - - - - - _ - - i2 1,O00 54 21

Wotap Taoght /Staap) Sn. 50.00 - _ 12 1.000 - - - - - - - - 13 1.000 54 21

Sob-ott1 Watan Sopply 1O,00o 1, 11,000 55 17

ro-inso-t Vahiolos 5/ - 16,00 16,000 62 32

Siot Pr-s-nntioo

Earnon-k a3 1.25 - _ - - 2,000 3 - . _ - - - 2,009 3,00 60 25

Sb-Totl- Sat Pr-p--onion 3.000 3,000 68 25

Do-sti F-oighn

Frotil/l, o nooil-sy S./kn. 0.02 - - 4,SOO - 4,800 I,G.O - - _ _ _ _ 9,600 1.,(10 52 16

Sub-Tottl Domestic Frsight 1,000 I,000 52 16

Total p-rtil rot- 26.000 34.000 3,000 63.000 51 is

OTEkATING COSTS

StCff 3/ - - _ _ _ 8,000 - Y,OL0 - 11,000 - 1L.000 - 14,000 - 53,000 - -

Slisnollonsous roprotits Costs

W t;r m ~~ ~0200 ro - L l,o ' ,0 2,100lO l,OoD 2.260 1,000 6,3V0 2,000O 38 23OMftn Sopiosp. 200.00 -I 1,000 I - i - I 1 - I . l,CCO 74 19Osiotroso-n of St o-n- p... 2Y7 - - - _- - n so * _ Lop ens 1.000 Loop son 2,00 52 15

Sob-Tots' Mitos/lnooops 1,000 2.0 0 2,00V 5,000 48 19

Iparotini Coats

fotal OponLoiD2 Costs 90000 13.000 16,-000 . 58,000 4 2

-Cost uIsd lood-i Maik-t 35'In 43.040 14, 000 1. 16.000 ill.0Co 28 lo1

I/ 505 Anao 4 T bH 20 /o- dotsils.2/ See Ans- 4 Tolls /E Con dntoiln.3 t S oee _ 6 TOlble 25 fdo dote/al.

7/ Tto o,sod .ot nonotno. topf t- o K-oor 6 SStnp. MorAke alsolee Annan 0 lollo 201 fon dtasllt

5/ Noosts ton st,unL .r ..soo ..ns.. tha first yeoo ofte- tapletiot2nd oily 0/ ot estloattd snoLLIncost the sa..nd yeat

FUGAY At 7dSte o

_ 725tiOCht MOAtiPTiS7 PE0 SOJ

(p) PArht 0510 stat-oape

Capital ted 0p Aett ii CCCII '- Thit F i_ry Matrkets

Tie49CliOO 0 COat4ear95 I T Year Iear' 4 ear 5 46 Peers bI - 05±2a Tss,ranas

a6ts losa Utits Cast Ct is as UnIts COst ais WC mitts Cast ZPtAl 7riOs 56asn SuttesUnits Cotact

J Dior OrnOn dVAssen 1/ na? 7,90.00 _ _ _ _ a 2~ sg,coo 4 29,000 _ _ _ -o 2 5.wo 52 15

SaC-Tmini huldiOCEi 53,000 29,0D0 C,0000 59 15

Eapeasor Past titern ed Flitla1ti lason-rets su- 5.ho - _ _ _ _ _ 180 1,000 56o 2,OF0 120 1~ 372t 4,0 FOD 10

isteT ipn Pusaf - 2' i5 =15 0 - _ - _ _ _ hg5 3,520 990 5,000 sq5 2,000 5,900 1O,0 tOD561

SteeC Ois,a TintS, - 02 6 a. 1.61 - - - - - _ 300 2,0Fo 600C ,0GS 300 2,000 1,000 7,000 36 n4Stane ieonr pssia _ /1/2 a- I 0,5 _ _ _ _ _ 1,500 1,000 3,0D0 2,000 i,000 - 6,000 3,0000 54 16

t0in C=ant FiOl q F -°' hO -° - ~ ~ 15 2,000 30 3,203F 57155 1,F000 '760 25,-000 56 o1

i,-0

o,_^tnl Pncoiaearet 00.00 23,t00D no,000 46,a00 30 10

CotioseF sad Equalnhti

1T I- eaIck. Nto 5.L GD - - - - 6 3900O0 - - 6 39, 000 75 17

Poiimps.rnadern ISa 70.00 - - - - - - 4 - - - - - 4 - 7s 20

C-n1S00 anCttee To 2.50- 3 8,000 3 0,000 70 1n0pea,~~~~taps~~ll00a. isa. ~~~~9't-.o - 4,000 - - 4,00 00 10,

ball piala tasp San 5,000.00~~~~~~~C - - - Sa to 3,0 CO - rp n 3.OMt 73 20lPPfiae Oqapat n 000.00 S= 2D D F0 L 2 =6L 3 F00 - -C -6 1 0O0 6D 36

ndEplamitO latknat Set 301.00 _ - - - - - 6 3,OC0 _ - - - 6 3.O0 76 19ooitL Opcre Pa,-F Loan Pan 016 _ - _ _ _ _ Lb p s 1000 -- _ - lamp SUh 10,000 74 17

- aio-iaisl VybioO nuu t/d Eqlto 69,00o 69,000 74 *e

PPalgo- Ots hOlstes Tan/Pin. 1.01 - - - _ - - 76,000 2,000 52,00 ,0500 - 120,000 3,000 52 16PP-iht is OssO 1.10 - - _ 11._0 _OII 8,ooo L,OW0 _ - 09,005 76 16

2 b-Taonl F e1Ebt 3,000 2 ,000 5,50r 62 16

ointr Inpiti ToniE 59,0F0 113.000 00,300 *1.000 216 ,001 t6 14

UP0 0 FA dG COSTS

T,pkao Tpaetptrlnisi- ,sn/y-r. 1,200004 - - - - I 1,000 3 4,000 6 7,070 6 7,0WC 16 19,0 CSAscio_ er " 1,030.00 - _ _ - 1 1,hC4 3 3,0 c 6 600 6,t 0 6,000 16 16,000OD

Reriip 0n/TastIer- 9 0 00 - - - - 1 1,0 0 5 3 300 6 7 000 6 5,000 16 14.000 - -

ODi T0lCerk , 6at.06 -- t,0Om 3 0, _ 2,004 6 4,000 0 3.000 16 10,F O M

Oosapton-pE 5A,l,Otai 4 1,000.00 U - - 1 t,COD 9 4 F000 6 72 ,O 6 7 000 16 6 1 o,Orison 610010 - - - - I 1,000 3 2,O00 6 4,000 0 9,000 t6 10,00 0

Soptep r' 400,0n - - _ - t _ 3 1,30C0 0 2,200 6 3,000 16 6,a000- llllAaene6 b - - - - 2.0 OODO 5 s,FOD g,G40 25,0 . -

2-b-Tatat1 S,- 25,M04 46,0C 4,46,o 125,o00 - -

InOtlase 00ernoaod

30T _ rtoporston yenr 2,100 C - - - - - 3 6.,000 6 23.0o0 6 10 15 32,000 77 17

S00-Toial Ostlolne Cpsnntlap 6,040 13,0O0 12,0o 32-,000 77 11

Olanrlin,,aaa OOsrltli la,otn

Of-iris anaPtiss peer 300.00 - - _ _ _ _ 1 . 2 Co,002 2.5 I," 74 19

ilsnennAhNae Or trlsnss |/ .p 0 2 1/2 - - - - - MO- - L _ - - 32 15

; -Taiso st pnhilstplaa Op Ter^tiis inst. 0,05 3,0F0 4,00 t8 16

Tat-1 -pnLa tlaa s,ocO 31,000 60,000 62, 000 i6, 00o 17

T-int -om IIss.n-, 0n,--ata 067,F40 -44o,0D0 80, 73,000 3(9,00 39 10

0 tl aniir nr 2C6 -2 sapp fra aotsafnna naniopntt sad 17% ror aan-alnsiOisd eAPTiOees Sot,t,A1I1 sit stArr

30t0 00 50 ilcr nip, oAr peesrspe ltasitlnT. 0 p0015, pcrp npsttir nii y0y ain apat coani to sit oP itse lasetFlsT

eeFiip aoonPA,n-i ripo pth G v r Ca oi,trta'°nl To ,nipprpntketlO % if tSslrsnltrp Tts reasOnI 1 TssiAAisOoC

o,klsti a_ tbe s-rape 500205 asloantes arsiOsO to 03051P eOrtor-tt -asbploynsn

Ti ai P7e itraetiTe -listanirae iOn Plant rear Arteraoopletion aid 598 a! easi_e 'arl past ibn ssaos pr.

ANN1EX 4Table 30

LI rT1X' MISMAETING PROJECT

(d) LHM HFiadenartern

Capital and Osecati.g Costs(MSd.)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Years 1 - 6 Foreign Taxes &

Ite. Unit Unit Cost Units Cast Unite Cost Units Cost Units Cost Units Cast Units Cast Tetal Tetal Exchange DUties

Units CeOt % %

CAPITAL COSTS

Snlta 1/

Khartoum Offine. L.np son 349,000 - - - 149,000 - 200,000 - - - - ' - - 349,000 52 15

PLMO Field Offices 2/ o. 4,600 5 23,000 6 28,000 - - - - - - - - 11 51,000 52 15

Senior Grade Houses 3/ No 16,350 2 32,000 2 33,000 - - 65,000 52 15

Middle Grade -nooss 3/ No 12,300 2 25,000 3 37.000 - - . - - - - - 5 62.000 52 15

Sub-Total gO,OOO 247,000 200,000 527,000 52 15

Vahicles

Tru-k-Trailer Combination No. 25,000 - - - - 4 100,000 - - - - - - 4 100,000 66 33

Trailers - Single Deck No. 8,00 - - 2 18,000 - - - - - - 2 186000 66 33

- Double Detk No. 10,000 - _ _ 2 20,U000 - - - - 72 20,000 66 33

Six-Too Trunks N. 6,500 - - 2 13,000 - - - - - - - - 2 130O00 66 33

Foor ohbel drive pihk-up No 5,900 5 30,000 12 70,000 - - - - - - - - 17 100,000 34 61

Four wheel drive station egon So. 8,100 2 16,000 - - - - - - - - - 2 16000 34 61

Passengen USda8 No. 6,500 3 20,00o - - - - - - - - - - 3 20.000 40 55

Sub-Total 66,000 83,000 138,000 287,000 50 47

EqUiP-.St

Head Of POt. Furniture &Eqnip-ent Set 53,000 - - 3000 - - 1 53,000 60 36

Iwo radio telephones &Antenna Sot 7,000 1 7,000 - - - - - - - - - - 1 7,000 73 20

Offine tnternon System 4,500 - - - - - - 1 5,000 - - - - 1 5,000 45 5D

Copying Mahises No. 1,540 3 5,000 - - - - - - - - - _ 3 5,000 51 44

Library books Sot 5,000 1 5,100 - - - - - - - - - -1 5 O,O 60 -

File & Photo Eqoip .. nt Set 3,000 - - 1 3,000 - - - - - - - - I 3,000 5S 44

Sub-Total 17,000 3,000 58,000 78,000 59 34

Technial Services

Project Pccpnnotioo As-ist-noc Lno/nonth 1,800 32 58,000 - - - - _ _ - - _ - 32 58,000 60 -

An'nhitsnte & Engineens 4/ E. cost 12 - 21,000 - 21,000 _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - 42,000 50

Sub-Tots1 79,000 21,000 100,000 67

Total Capital Costt 242,000 354,000 338,000 58,000 992,000 54 24

OPERATIhG COSTS

Dtaff 5/ 148,000 285,000 292,000 293,000 294,000 274,000 1,596,000

Maintenance - Oopration

Buildings 7 cost pa. 2.5 _ _ - 2.000 - B,000 - 13,000 - 13,000 - 13,000 49,000 52 15

Truck U N/p.o. 2,000 - - 2 4,000 4 8,000 4 9 000 4 8 000 4 8 000 18 36000 77 17

Ocher Vehicles ho./P - 1,123 10 I1,OOO 22 23,000 22 25,G00 22 25 ooo 22 25 000 22 25 000 120 135.000 77 17

Sub-Total 10,000 31,000 41,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 220,000 71 17

Other Openatino Caste

Veterinary Supplics 6/ Lomp Sac 10,000 - 10,000 - _ -- - 10,000 57 29

Head Office Ront m2/p.c. 40 900 36,000 900 36,000 900 36,000 - - - - - - 2,700 108,000 45 12

Offioc Sopplies Slet p... 200 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2.0 o 2.000 26 36

Sob-Tonal Ono12,000IOno4I,0 am

Sub-Total 52,000 41,000 41,p00 5,000 5,000 5,000 149,000 49 18

Totel Oparoting Costs 710,000 357,00D 374 000 344,000 345 000 325.000 1933,000 12 4

Total Inve-t-nL Contn 452.coo 711,000 712,000 402,000 345,000 325,000 2,947,000 26 11

1/ Building toots i-1,,de furniture and fiotures., excopt fo the Kthartann Sedqotrnoro office

2/ iharhoou PLMO staff oilS ace office opace at the Hocdq-ctcen.3/ cousinS fon PLMO otnff will bh provided in Awnil, Babonono, Singo ond Molnkhl

4/ Design of Khortoum Ilsdqoattot offito5/ soc noxt tobll Nlo for dotoilof/ Initial stock for nolo aat -koet and -il-oy holdio 0 ys-dn

7/ Coble/tele- t.hsgee, subscriptions and o-tocol t-coel

Febru-cy 16, 1978

000D2 036860 4Toble 33.

Year00001 04I0Year 40002.07 - ----

UnIts Cot

0010ot Conansi eon/you ~~~~~~ ~~~3,0 1 2,000 1 4.0Om 1 4,000 1 4.000 1 4.000 1 4,00 6 22.000Oos---yt t3oBad llton 0 1 2.00 1 3.000 8 3000 I 3000 1 3,0 1 3,0 6 7.0

2,00 2 1 1 3oI00 1 300 1 3,0 I 3.000 3.000 0 17,00Ot.nrotlonlooisooofflcen " 2.000 1 2,000~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ 1 2.00 2,00 0 2,00 1 2,000 1 2,0 0 12,00(

000 2 - 0 2,000 2 2.0(32 2 2,000 1 2,010~~~~~~~~O 2 2.00 12 10.(3

Toptano '~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 200~~~7 2 3,01 2 a .00 2 1.00 2 1.000 2 1000 2 1.00 13 ,0O-Z I~~~~~~~~~701 1.00 I 1.0 1 100 1 1.6( 4.00Nasosogoos 300 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~ 2 2 1,0( 2 2,00 2 1000 2 1,00 12 4,000

llltotooso 10 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_..Z222.0 4,000 ~,tP 4.0 4 000 25.0ow

-- 1r0031 18,000 20.000 21,000 22,000 22,000 22,00 126,000

I, nanoot 02o1..ltoosoton Ootnnootsso/ytta 2.100 1 4,000 1 1,000 1 3,000 I 3,000 1 3,000 1 3, 6 19.000~~~~~~:1 3," 19100

4i21 .lek 1,0M ,0 ,0 1 I.0 1 1,000 1 1,00 1.0O0 6 6,000__onast Offt_s 1,i 1,0c 1,000 1 100 00 0I .0 1 1 .0 6600

A-eit--000t 2.70 1I,0 3,0 ,00 1 30`23,0 ,0 6 16000-toos Flit Cl-ke 1,M 2 2,200 2 2,00 2 200 2 2,0 2 2,00 2 2,00 12 12.000~~~~~i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 1 - 1 1 1 1,000O 1 100 1 ,0 1 1w1 ,0

2,000 1 1,1032 1 1,0301 ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~11,0 1 100 1 1 ,0 1 10001 6 8,0042oo00003 ood0to Ottloso 000~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ 1 I - 1000 1 1, 000 1I ,0 1 1,000 1 4,00

1,000 1 1,000 1 0,000 1 1,000 1 ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~ 1.00 1 100 1,1,00 6 6,00000000003005 1,000 0 ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~ 2,12 0 ,0 2,00 0 2,.000 2 1,000 2 2,000 12 12,00

Olanko 800 3 0,000 3 ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ 4,0(3 0 4.0O0 3 4.000 3 4,000 5 4,000 30 26,0009-- W~~~~~~~~~0 4.0 5O 4.0 3 4.000 3 4,00 3 4,0 3 .Ot 30 3,0

'Y,i.O 7I3 7 6,0 3,00 5 ,0 33 3,00 3,00 5 3,00 3 21,0Oeaeeogtol " 300~~~~~~~~~~~~~lo 7 3,00 2 2,W00 2 1.0O 2 2,00 7 2.000 2 2.00 42 2.004000s 300 5 4,000 3 1.000 3 0,000 3 1,000 3 1,000 1,1,000 30 9,00Coee.,,o1 ootO00t Irfotan 2.000 1 0.000 1~' 2,00 1 1,000' 1 2,000 1 2,00 1 2,000 6 10,"0

0e104r2d0e6to000 1 1,000 1 1,00 MO 2 .0, 0 100 4.000

oleotn,..oa., 1.000 1 1,000 1 1.000 1 1.000,. 1 '1,:000M 1,130 1 1,00 6 0,0O0400 2 1 I 1.00 1 1,00 1 6,0m 1 1000 6 4,0030 1 I - L,000 1 1,00 1 1,00 8 3,00

0..tdonon 400 0 . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ 1I I -I - 1 1,00 1 1,000 0 0,0004100-- 300 2 4,00 $ 100 3 ,00 5 1,000 3 1005 1,0( 30 9,00

0,o.roo 00lroo 00~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~0 1I 1 100 1 1,00 1 1000 0 6,00 1 1000 6 O.0000100,0 200~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 8 4,00 0 0.00 0 0.00 a 0.00 8 0.0 8 6.000 48 34.000

All otanoos 1,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~13,00 1 U.00 13, W 13.000 0i3.0 13. 00 2.000

3ol-`1t 20,000 70,000 20,000, O 710022.00 72.700 423.000

Olototoobo.kotoog Boonooth 3,300 1 5,000 1 3,1300 1 3,000 1 3.000 1 3,000 1 3,000 6 20,000 W 1 21:,1oponl lerottan 00060011t 0 3,100 1 4,000 2 0.020 2 3.000 1 3,000 1 3.000 1 3.000 6 10.000i 3 1 3I.

Icolil S-nooe 000113.10 1 4,03 1 300 .0 3 3.00 1 3,00 I 3.00 6 13,00000 2 ~~~~~~5,0 2 1 2 1 2 1,000 2 2,000 2 100 2 1,00 12 1,0

Typoton 200~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~ 1 . I - 1 0,000 I 1,00 1 1,000 11 : 0,0 6 4,00Olooka 820~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 3 40.00 3 2,000 0 1,000 3 2.1000 3 2.0co2 2.0m 11 14,00

....... lo. 300 2 - 2 - 2 ,0 2 1,000 0 1,000 1 1,00 12 4,000210300000 1/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 4,-0 4.000 4.00 4.100 4O0( _2200

Sot-Total ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~24,200 10,000 18,000 08,000 13,00000 112,000

-g ~~~~ff 3,~~3.30 1 2.00 1 3.000 1 3.000 1 3.000 1 3.000 1 3,000 0 00.00

100277111 A4,1013- 20,0 1W 20,0 1 000 1 0,00 1 20,000 1 20,000 - I 10.303 0008Oo.Oio 000.rtrn 0 1.000 1 1,~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~000 1 1,0 2,1300 I 1,0 1 1,000 1 I,0 6,0

LIOttoork To-2,otyroo Offooso 3.100~~~, 0 4,000 1 3,000 1 3.000 1 I300 1 ,0 1 3,00 4I7.sootologtso ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~2,300 1 1,000 0 3.00 1O3,00 1 3,000 2 30ON 1 3,00 6 17.00O

0l(l,.ttt 301230'o) 0 3,100 - - 02 ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~30.0 12 37,000 (2 32.000 02 32.00 11 3,0 6 0.0A.Attoo- IIO.OC .0 3 9,00 3 ,0 3 800 , 3 3 ,0 541,000

Footoot Oltiost 2,000 - . ~~~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~10 04,0 10 04,373 12 24,000 12 24,000 13 24,0 60 120,4000 1 0 1100 10 13.00 14 300 1313,000 16 03,000 80 64.000

floOr 000 - . ~~~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~20 16,000 20 18,00 2 1000 20 10.0MO 20 16,000 W10 0 000000400 bloats 300 - -~~~~~~~~~~~~9 2 1,00 2 O,00 2 2,00 2 1,00 2000 10 ,00.Aotos ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~700 - 0 10,000 12 7.04 12 8,000 00 12 00 12M,(O 60 41.000

..... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 030 - 0 4.00 16 0, WO 16 5.00 14 3.0MO 10 3,000 so 24,000.30000 0 ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~300- - 0 2,0 10 4,0 2 4,000 10 4,000 12 400 60 10,000

dleonsas 000 - . 02 2,000 12 4,0300 11 4,00n 01 4,000 12 2,000 10 10,000~12 , U 4~ 1~ ~ M. 0I]..aon,.sS 1' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~4.00 _31,09 1, MO, 31, 07 _31W00 31, 00 139.000

lob-Total ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~36,10 1O79.000 182.00 182,000 062,000 1601,00 923,000

01211 stofl 140,000 10300 9,01 330020.0 274,00051,30000

t;/ Otaos n 251 oI salary l... ilaaltsi aloessd 13% It- oo-nI. lasltdsi lye.tttels l

stat) polO 002 3000 0323 p50 yeas an ..sssifid. A i.ll oopoalr '0s a o0n30a l It',1 of h

(ItOtooloyoo' olols,int the . ten. asO 332.1 3%-lOaOe sTp00s 305L o..l-y.I h..

0'5-- ' 17, 1320

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK M4RFETING PROJECT ATbE 4 -Table 32

(e) Technical Asistance -

Inoesiantn Cost.

Year I Y.et 2 Yeor 3 y-ar 4 Year 5 ye-r 6 'Lars S - 6 Fatsigs Tanon &

Item Unit Unit Coat Units Cost Units Cost Units Cost Units Cost Units Cost Unit. COSt Tot1l Ttotl elu-Sse Datins

Staff

Livastock & Meat M-rketingAdvisor nan/yr.- 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 - - 5 125,000 20

Li-stoclk & Meat SO-rk.tingEcononist 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,OD0 I 23.000 1 25,000 1 25,000 - - 5 125,000 80

Ad.inisteotion & FinanceAdptsor " 251000 1 25,000 1 25,000 i 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 - - 5 125,000 so

Tr-nspertation Advisor 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 _ _ 5 125,000 No

Field Livstolk & M.eatf-lskting Advisers 20.000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 - - 5 100.000 so

Cleck of Works " 20,000 1 20. 1 20 20, 1 20.00i 1 20.000 1 20M000 - - 5 1iO.000 so

SUb-Totl 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 700,000

Tr.isLLa

Fellohips abroad No. 3,000 1 3,000 3 9,000 4 12,000 4 12,000 - - - - 12 36,000 95

Workahop & se inars ftogr 30,000 - 5,000 - 5,000 - 5,000 - 5,000 - 5,000 - 5,000 - 30,000 50

Lo1,0 Training 54,000 .9000 - 90.00 - 9.000 - 9.000 - 54.000 20

Snb-T.t.l 17,000 23,000 26,000 26,000 14,000 14,000 120.000 50

St.di..

Ent-srn1 M-rkota Cv.n ltsnty ms/onth 3.000 _ _ 3 9.000 6 18,000 6 18,000 - - - 15 45,000 s0

Printing Le p eon 5,000 - - - - - 5,000 - - - - - 5.000 50

Sob-Totl 9,000 18,000 23,000 50000 77

Total 157,000 12_1000 189 000 154,Oi0 14.000 870.000 76

Febr.ary 16, 1978

ANNEX 6Appendix 1Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Draft Terms of Reference for Project Staff

Livetock and Meat Marketing Advisor

1. This post should be filled with a senior individual with a minimumof 8 years field and managerial experience in the purchase, movement, market-ing, processing and export of livestock (preferably in Africa). It is importantthat he should combine in his personality managerial capability with the abilityto advise and train. He would as requested by the Director General:

(a) advise on all matters pertaining to the organization and theimplementation of the Project;

(b) assist the Director of Domestic Markets in the performanceof his duties and use every opportunity to train this officer;

(c) be the team-leader of the internationally recruited team; and

(d) establish terms of reference for all local senior and middlegrade staff.

Livestock and Meat Marketing Economist

2. This post should be filled with an economist with a minimum of 5 yearsprofessional experience with emphasis on marketing, preferably in Africa, heshould be familiar with the problems of livestock marketing in the Middle East.More specifically the economist would:

(a) assist and advise the Director of Marketing Research in theperformance of his duties, taking every opportunity to trainhim in special aspects of livestock marketing and relatedeconomics;

(d) design and supervise the market studies (Annex 7, Appendix 4)to be carried out by the LMMC;

(c) at an early stage of Project implementation identify prioritiesfor the second stage of development of the institution andrevise the study program accordingly; and

(d) keep in constant touch with local and foreign price developmentsand prepare working papers and policy suggestions for theDirector General as required.

ANNEX 6Appendix 1Page 2

Advisor for Finance and Administration

3. This post should be filled with a Certified Public Accountant orequivalent with a minimum of 5 years professional experience in businessaccounting, preferably in Africa. More specifically the advisor would:

(a) assist and advise the Director of Finance and Administrationin the performance of his duties;

(b) propose accounting and budget procedures for the LMMC;

(c) devise relevant fee collection and accounting proceduresfor markets, railway holding yards and provincial livestockoffices; and

(d) assist the procurement officer with the procurement ofProject equipment.

Livestock Transport Officer

4. This post should be filled with a transport engineer or equivalentspecialized in railway operations and having a minimum of 5 years of practicalexperience. The Transport Officer would manage the transport office of theLMMC, while training his local counterpart in all aspects of the duties in-volved. He would more specifically:

(a) as requested by the Director of Domestic Markets, projectneeds for block train services;

(b) supervise the day-to-day operation of livestock trains andtheir maintenance and determine the allocation of servicesand capacity to each railway holding yard;

(c) establish in cooperation with the SRC semi-annual requirementsfor scheduled services and keep account of services providedby the SRC under the agreement for the purpose of reimbursement;

(d) organize and supervise the aspects of the study program pertain-ing to transportation by rail, river and road;

(e) pay special attention to possible improvements of transportservices between Khartoum (Sennar) and Port Sudan includingimprovements to the sea-freighting of livestock;

(f) in cooperation with the Finance and Administration Departmentand the SRC, establish livestock transport procedures andrelevant documentation with a view to information gatheringand strict accounting;

ANNEX 6Appendix IPage 3

(g) identify and prepare plans for expansion of transportservices in a second stage of development.

Regional Livestock Marketing Advisors

5. These two posts should be filled with livestock officers withconsiderable practical experience of procurement and movement of livestock.More specifically the officers would:

(a) assist in locating sites for new markets;

(b) train all Provincial Livestock Marketing Officers;

(c) supervise all market operations under the Project;

(d) assist the Construction Liaison Officer in supervisingconstruction work in the course of their normal inspectionof facilities;

(e) suggest further development of the market, transport andstockroute system for the preparation of a second phaseproject; and

(f) assist as requested in the conduct of the study program.

Construction Liaison Officer

6. This post should be filled with an engineer with seven or more yearsof experience, of which at least four years would be in the field of construc-tion management. He would be a staff member of the LMMC and report directlyto the Director General. His main responsibility would be liaison with thevarious construction agencies such as the Ministry of Public Works andConstruction, private construction contractors, the Rural Water Corporation,the Corporation for Public Buildings and Works, the Headquarters BuildingArchitect/Engineer, or any other organization that may be engaged in construc-tion for the LMMC. He should have sufficient stature to command respectamong the construction industry and the architect/engineering community aswell as other officials of Government. Specifically, he would:

(a) advise the Director General as to the acceptabilityof designs and contract documents;

(b) advise and recommend to the Director General on theselection of an architect/engineer firm for the LMMCheadquarters building;

(c) assist in analyzation of bids for construction,construction equipment and vehicles, and construc-tion materials and recommend the bid award;

ANNEX 6Appendix IPage 4

(d) assist the procurement officer in customs clearance;identification, and port clearance of all items identifiedwith construction;

(e) advise the Director General as to the approval of changesin designs, construction, and work schedules;

(f) prepare construction schedules and see that they areimplemented;

(g) advise the Director General on the progress of constructionand identify problems and recommend their solutions, so thatthe works would be completed with all due dispatch;

(h) set up a maintenance program and schedule with attendantmeans of follow-up;

(i) set up an inventory procedure in order to account for* equipment, spare parts and construction materials; and

(j) perform other related duties as directed.

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 6Appendix 2Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Suggested Training Program for Senior LMMC Staff

1. As LMMC is a new institution, its employees will have littleexperience with the implementation of national marketing programs such asLMMC will undertake over the next several years. In order to assist withthis task, Government has requested that a team of six internationallyrecruited advisers be provided under the Project for five years. Theseadvisers would train the senior Sudanese staff, who would also receivespecial training under the Project. A suggested Project training programfor these senior LMKC staff is described below; this program would be adjustedduring implementation to meet the specific training needs of LMMC's staff.

Headquarters Staff

1. Director of Marketing Research - 12 months overseas post-graduate study inmarketing economics, market research andthe marketing of meat and live animals.To be followed by 3 months study tour ofKenya (domestic markets) and the MiddleEast (export markets).

2. Domestic Services Economist - 6 months study tour with Kenya MeatCommission (KMC) Kenya, in marketingeconomics, wholesale and retail meattrading and distribution.

3. Export Services Economist - 6 months study tour with Botswana MeatCommission in marketing economics,export meat trading, grading and pack-ing and export of live animals. Tobe followed by 2 months study tour ofMiddle East markets.

4. Director of Domestic Markets - 12 months study tour (6 months to bespent in Kenya and 6 months in Botswana)in the marketing of livestock by auction,by weight and grade, and by privatetreaty; it would also include a studyof the transport of livestock on hoof,by rail and by road. Economics of live-stock marketing would form part of thestudy.

ANNEX 6Appendix 2Page 2

Field Staff

5. Provincial Livestock MarketingOfficers (12) - Each officer would be trained by the two

internationally recruited Livestock andMeat Marketing Advisers by means of aseries of short courses totalling 3months, conducted partly at LMMC head-quarters and partly in the area in whichthey would be assigned. Courses wouldinclude all aspects of livestock market-ing, by auction, by weight and grade andby private treaty. Market documentationand movement control procedures wouldform part of the study.

6. Market Masters/Superintendents,for Secondary Markets andMobile Teams (17) - Each staff member would attend seminars

and workshops at LMMC Headquarters inKhartoum for a period of 6 weeks. Thecourse would cover all aspects of marketprocedures and documentation. Publicrelations pertaining to producers, trad-ers and others engaged in the marketingof livestock will form part of the study.

7. Sociologist - A sociologist acquainted with pastoral-ists and nomadic customs would accompanythe mobile teams and attend markets toinform producers, traders and othersengaged in livestock marketing of theaims of the LMMC and the advantages oforganized markets. He would expoundupon the benefits of selling young stockand the opportunities for improvedliving conditions, health and education.

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 6Appendix 3Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Livestock and Meat Marketing Studies

1. The following is a suggested list of studies which LMMC might includein its program of studies to be carried out over the Project period by theMarketing Research Department (with limited assistance from consultants):

I. Export Market Studies

1. Livestock and Meat Market Surveys

a) Saudi Arabia and Yemen

b) Gulf States

c) Lebanon, Egypt, Libya

Areas of particular interest:

- livestock and meat import volume and trends;

- consumer preference;

- structure of competition;

- air and surface transport connections withmajor suppliers, and freight rates;

- Government import (taxation, quota, subsidies)and price policies;

- constraints to further increase (or introduc-tion) of imports from Sudan; and

- scope for air shipment of pistola and otherspecial meat cuts from Sudan.

2. Study of present and potential air transportfacilities for Sudanese meat exports to tradi-tional and new potential markets. Areas ofinterest;

- load capacities of regular and charter flights;

ANNEX 6Appendix 3Page 2

- freight rates; and

- charter availability and rates.

3. Study of unrecorded export flows:

a) north - from North Darfur to Libya;

b) west - from North and South Darfurto Chad, and from South Darfur andBahr El Ghazal to the Central AfricanEmpire;

c) south - from Bahr El Ghazal/ElBuheyrat/Equatoria, and Jonglei/Equatoria, to Zaire, Uganda, Kenyaand Ethiopia; and

d) east - from small Red Sea ports toSaudi Arabia, Yemen and Gulf States.

II. Study of Specific Problem Areas inthe Domestic Marketing System

1. Study of present constraints in stockroutechannels.

2. Identification of natural barriers to es-sential trade channel development and thepossibilities of removing or crossing thesebarriers (e.g. by ferries, water point es-tablishment).

3. Study of river transport potential andpresent constraints and possibilities inutilizing this potential for livestock.

4. Rail transport studies.

a) livestock rail movement statistics,1969-1976;

b) analysis of causes for increase/de-crease, by main loading stations;

ANNEX 6Appendix 3Page 3

c) identification of dry-season trekroutes feeding main loading stationsfrom dry-season grazing areas -present capacities and improvementpotentials;

d) identification of dry-season feedingcosts and resources at main loadingstations;

e) investigation into original and finalutilization of animals loaded fromthe Nile provinces for shipment toPort Sudan;

f) construction and test operation undertough climatic conditions of asheep/cattle combined double-deckwagon (in cooperation with SRC); and

g) identification of regular ferry-ser-vice potential and efficiency of portloading facilities for envisaged blockarrivals at Port Sudan and feasibilitystudy for potential investment.

5. Classification of traditional livestock andmeat standards and grades descriptions anddefinitions and proposals for their conversioninto internationally classified terms.

6. Study of traditional livestock trade financingand proposals for supplementary facilities forthe financing of fast expanding trade flows.

7. Study of present situation and constraints oflivestock breeding, stratification, staging,finishing and fattening operations in WhiteNile Province.

8. Marketing Studies in the Three Towns

a) present state of quality meat trade;

b) demand responses to price rises.

ANNEX 6Appendix 3Page 4

9. Study of breeders' and fatterners' responsesto price rises.

10. Integration of comprehensive meat consumptionin national household budget survey presentlyin preparation by Bureau of Statistics.

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 6Appendix 4Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Establishment Order

Livestock and Meat Marketing Corporation

1977

By virtue of the powers invested in him by Article 4 (1) of thePublic Corporations' Law of 1976, the Prime Minister has enacted the follow-ing Establishment Order:

Name and Date of Entry into Force

1 - This Order shall be cited as the "Order Establishing the Livestockand Meat Marketing Corporation of 1977" and shall enter into force on theday of signature.

Definitions

2 - Unless the context shall otherwise determine, the following termsshall have the meaning shown against each:

Chairman Chairman of the Board

Law The Law on Public Corporations of 1976

Meat The meat of livestock

Livestock Bovines, camels, mutton and goats

Board The Board of Directors of the Meat and LivestockMarketing Corp.

Director The Director General of the Board

Corporation The Livestock and Meat Marketing Corporation

Minister The. Minister of Agriculture, Food and NaturalResources

ANNEX 6Appendix 4Page 2

Setting up, Supervision and Headquarters

of the Corporation

3 - A Corporation shall be set up that shall be named the "Livestockand Meat Marketing Corporation" under the supervision of the Minister andwith headquarters in Khartoum.

Capital and Assets and Property to enter

into Possession of the Corporation

4 - 1-The Capital of the Corporation shall be EL

2-The Minister shall determine by Decree, after consulting withthe Minister of Finance and National Economy, such assetsand property that shall enter into possession of the Corpor-ation.

Purposes of the Corporation

5 - The Corporation shall have the following purposes:

a - Draw up and organize a plan for the marketing of meatand livestock within and without the Sudan and offeradvice and consultative services to State agenciesconcerned with such matters, to producers and to con-sumers.

b - Regulate purchase, sales, distribution, shipment anddelivery of meat and livestock.

c - Profer services and facilities required by operatorsin meat and livestock production, and improve thequality of such production.

d - Endeavour to strike a balance between local require-ments for meat and livestock, and the need to exportmeat and livestock abroad.

e - Carry out research work, studies, surveys and collectinformation on foreign markets, production and localconsumption of livestock and meat.

ANNEX 6Appendix 4Page 3

Competence of the Corporation

6 - Mindful of the provisions of Article 5 of the Law and to attain thepurposes of the Corporation, the following competences shall apply:

a - Establish, manage, develop and organize, in cooperationwith other competent bodies, the marketing of livestockin the Sudan.

b - Provide and regulate transport facilities to ship live-stock and meat by rail, road, air and river.

c - Establish and manage stock-yards for the movement oflivestock and meat by rail, road transport, air andriver transport.

d - Collect all dues fixed for the above services.

Constitution of the Board

7 - Mindful of the provisions of Article 9 (2) of the Law, the Boardshall be constituted of:

a - Undersecretary of the Ministry of Finance and NationalEconomy of his deputy.

b - Undersecretary of the Ministry of Trade and Supplies orhis deputy.

c - Undersecretary of the Ministry of Transport and Communi-cations or his deputy.

d - Undersecretary of the Ministry of Local Popular Governmentor his deputy. 1/

e - Undersecretary for Livestock Resources, Ministry of Agri-culture, Food and Natural Resources or his deputy.

f - Representatives of the Livestock Breeders Union to beselected by the Union.

g - Represenative of the Livestock and Meat Traders and Ex-porters Board to be selected by their Board.

h - A representative of the Butchers' Union to be selectedby the Union.

I/ Now abolished. A replacement will be named.

ANNEX 6Appendix 4Page 4

Conditions for Membership

8 - A member of the Board shall be:

a - Fully qualified and competent.

b - A Sudanese national of sound repute.

c - Not have been declared insolvent.

d - Not accused of any offense against personal integrity.

e - Not dismissed from Government or public sector service,nor administratively held to account for any offense,or proven inefficient.

Vacancies

9 - A Member's seat shall fall vacant when:

a - He shall not meet any of the qualifications for membership.

b - He shall resign.

c - He shall become decedent.

d - Relieved of membership:

i - In the event that he shall absent himself fromthree consecutive meetings, without authorityor acceptable excuse.

ii - Should such be in the public interest.

Authority of the Director

10 - The Director shall have the following authority: He shall

a - Carry out all policy decisions agreed upon by the Board;

b - Undertake all such action as he shall consider adequateto the management of the Corporation;

ANNEX 6Appendix 4Page 5

c - Effect expenditure of all allocations credited in theBudget;

d - Draw up the executive and administrative structure ofthe Corporation for approval by the Board.

Issued over my signature on this day of 1397 A.H.

corresponding to of 1977 A.D.

Al Rasheed al Taher Bakr

Prime Minister

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

a-ct02

20

000

he~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b-J r-

Ou ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h 5

0L --------------w.zo>

ANNEX 7Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Markets and Prices

Introduction

1. The Sudan has consistently sustained a relatively high level ofmarketed livestock production. This is evident from the comparatively highaverage protein supply per capita (1.5 x the internationally recommendedminimum requirement) and the continuous official as well as unrecorded flowsof live exports to neighboring countries. In spite of the notable growth ofthe area under cultivation, there is still ample opportunity for the intensi-fication of extensive grazing systems. This would of course be dependent onthe expansion of rural water supplies and on the introduction of improvedrange management practices. An even greater expansion of production couldbe assured, however, with the adoption of more intensive husbandry practices,improved veterinary services (especially for sheep), and stratificationof the livestock industry. This potential is already being tapped, andthe traditional livestock economy is showing signs of adpating to the demand-dictated requirement for intensification and commercialization.

2. Previous studies have emphasized the belief that the livestockindustry is characterized by an imbalanced surplus situation, i.e., of highand growing beef surplus contrasted with a drindling surplus of mutton. Thisconcept was based on the assumption of a comparatively high income elasticityof demand for mutton, while underestimating the production potential of thenational sheep population. Price developments - particularly the reactionof the market during the temporary export boom of 1972-74 - have not supportedthis belief. There appears to be an ecologically determined balance betweensheep/goats and cattle in the use of grazing resources; likewise consumptionhabits have adapted to the ecological potential over centuries. This tendencydoes not preclude the possibility of future changes, but indicates that theywill occur only gradually.

3. Indications are that sheep production is in the process of adaptingto the increasing demand of the traditional Saudi Arabian export market whileat the same time avoiding a disturbance of the beef/mutton balance in thesupply of local urban markets. Intensive sheep fattening operations havebeen undertaken in the central Nile valley, selective breeding efforts designedto satisfy export market requirements have been initiated, and pastoralistspreviously uninterested in sheep have established commercial sheep flocks.Moreover, improved husbandry practices have resulted in accelerated flockgrowth and higher offtake rates. However, beef production, lacking a simi-larly pronounced price incentive and being constrained by the continualdeterioration of the grazing areas, has been slower to expand. This trendmay be accelerated if increased sheep and mutton exports induce a wideningdifferential in mutton/beef prices. To prevent this development, the

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potentially large beef surpluses in the south, particularly in JongleiProvince, would have to be mobilized, channelled into the national market-ing system and directed towards the northeastern deficit provinces andthe Saudi Arabian export markets.

A. Supply

Livestock Population

4. Government has recently completed an aerial livestock survey,the Sudan Livestock Pilot Census (1975-77). The national totals are remarkablyclose to recent Government estimates; however, wide deviations in the theprovincial populations seem to indicate changes in livestock distributionand composition. The census seems to confirm the assumption of a relativelyfast growth of the sheep population. Overall livestock density appearsto have increased considerably in the central, eastern and southeasternprovinces and to have decreased in the west (probably under rising populationpressure-and extensive dry-land cultivation); density appears to have alsodeclined in the north, possibly due to the drought in the first half ofthe present decade.

Summary of Cattle and Sheep Population as Compared with GovernmentEstimates Based on Livestock Pilot Census (Census)

Above/Below Above/BelowProvince Cattle Govt. Estimate Sheep Govt. Estimate

('000 head) (%) ('000 head) (%)

Northern 14 ) 212 29Nile 44 ) 272 )Red Sea 36 )+ 73 224 + 51Kassala 643 ) 1,590 )Khartoum 57 - 7 270 +191Gezeira 504 ) 1,216 )White Nile 1,564 ) +134 2,208 ) + 11Blue Nile 900 ) 1,079 )Upper Nile 1,428 + 40 1,047 )+ 47Jonglei 1,405 ) 175 )North Kordofan 937 ) 2,410 6South Kordofan 1,467 )830North Darfur 907 ) 33 1,470 - 25South Darfur 2,735 ) 1,232 )Bahr El Ghazal 1,228 ) 718 ) 11El Buheyrat 701 ) - 333 )West Equatoria 0.2 )+ 17 1.7 + 63East Equatoria 798 + 915 )

Total 15,367 - 2 16,222 + 4

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A comparison of various population estimates is given below:

Livestock Population Estimates

Government Estimates Prior to CensusCensus

1970/71 1974/75 1976/77 1975/76(million head)

Cattle 12.6 14.7 15.8 15.4Sheep 10.6 13.8 15.9 16.2

Goats 7.4 10.7 12.1 11.3

Camels 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.4

The aerial survey was particularly useful in that it made an assessment of

total wildlife resources possible (20% of meat supply in Jonglei and

approximately 50% in Equatoria is derived from game). Cattle and sheep

on average supply approximately three quarters of the meat offtake from the

total herbivore biomass 1/ except in Northern, Red Sea and Western Equatoria

Provinces.

Livestock Population Growth Rate

5. The Table below compares herd/flock growth rate estimates employed

by Government and other agencies in various reports. As could be expected,

variations are considerable. Government estimates appear to be the most

reasonable and have been employed in the present analysis. The high growth

rate for sheep appears to reflect the response of producers to market demand.

The growth rate for cattle is believed to be approaching a peak following a

high demand in the first half of the decade, and is likely to level off in the

future as a result of a shortage of grazing resources, climatic changes in

the northern provinces, increased human population pressure in the western

savannah, and a possible shift of emphasis by producers to sheep production.

Livestock Population Growth Rate Estimates

Government FAO/CP 2/ FAO/IBRD 3/ IBRD1974/77 1973 1980 1970 - 1985 1977 1985

(percent)

Cattle 3 4.0 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.5

Sheep 5.7 2.5 3.5 3.3 5.7 6.0

Goats 3.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.6Camels 1.6 1.2 1.6

1/ See Appendix 1, Table 1.

2/ FAQ/Cooperative Program.3/ FAO/IBRD Meat Study, 1976.

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Offtake Rates

6. The Table below reviews available estimates of offtake rates. Itis believed that the Government estimate of an offtake rate of 33% forsheep (which is near the theoretical maximum) is too high; under presentconditions in the Sudan, an estimate of 25% appears reasonable. If the latterestimate is accepted, it appears that the national sheep population has beenunderestimated in the past - a finding which is supported by the Census. Therange indicated in Government estimates for cattle would appear to be realis-tic and may even increase over the next decade as a result of increasedofftake of immature cattle. Offtake assessments for goats appear too low; ifkid slaughter is included the goat offtake rate would be 25-30%. A camelofftake of 4% represents only domestic consumption; inclusion of trade offtakefor export would increase this figure to 6% or more.

Livestock Offtake Rate Estimates(percent)

Govt. Estimates Huntings FAO/CP FAO/IBRD IBRD1970-76 1977-83 1971 1973 1975 1976 1977

Cattle 6.9-9.0 8.7-9.5 12 9 9 9 7.5

Sheep 23-35 30-33 16 23 25 23 25

Goats 13-18 16 18 35 18 25

Camels 4 10 4 4

Animal and Carcass Weights

7. As animals are traded on a per head basis, the estimates of carcassweight given below are very tentative:

Carcass Weight Estimates(Average Carcass Weights, kg)

Government Estimates FAO/CP FAO/IBRD IBRD

1975 1982 1973 1975 1976 1985 1977Off-range Fattened Average

Cattle 165 170 162 127 150 150 200 160 135

Sheep 21 23 19.5 18 19.5 19.5 27.5 19.7 15

Goats 13 15 14 13 14 14 - 14 11

Camels - - 250 250 250 250 - 250 225

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It is believed that the range of estimates shown above tends to be some-what on the high side. Most of the estimates appear to refer to matureanimals in inter-provincial and export trade flows. Most of the offtake,however, is for immediate consumption in rural areas and includes a highpercentage of underdeveloped and immature animals as well as animalsslaughtered "in extremis". (In urban slaughter houses, the throughput of"immatures" is on the order of 15-25%). Animals in the inter-provincialand export trade are mature, in good condition and in the case of cattle,selected for their ability to withstand a long trek. These factors weretaken into account in arriving at a set of weight estimates which wouldbe valid for the overall national herd; these in carcass equivalent, areapproximately kg 135 for cattle, 15 for sheep, 11 for goats and 225 forcamels as averages for areas outside Khartoum, White Nile and Gezira pro-vinces. Average weights in the latter provinces were assumed to be some-what higher (15% higher in Khartoum and White Nile and 10% higher inGezira). It was assumed, moreover, that cattle and sheep in the inter-provincial trade and exported would have average carcass weights of 165 kgand 18 kg respectively. In order to reflect the full importance of theanimal in human consumption in the Sudan, edible offals have been includedin meat offtake assessments in supply and consumption analysis; total meatofftake was therefore calculated at 66% of liveweight.

Production Growth Rate Assumptions

8. It is generally assumed that growth rates will remain positive andslightly higher for beef than for other meats. A high growth rate of beefproduction in spite of comparatively lower growth estimates for the cattlepopulation is projected on the basis of a higher potential for improvementin offtake rates and liveweights as a result of increasing stratification ofthe industry and improved transportation. The establishment of modern feed-lot/processing operations in the east will increase the demand (and price)for immature feeder cattle. Sheep production is no doubt rising fasterthan that of cattle, but it appears that Government projections of muttonproduction overestimate present sheep offtake rates and carcass weights.Mutton does have an advantage, however, in the high breeding ratio of sheep,which makes possible an increased offtake. All indications are that eventraditional cattle producers like the Rizeigat in South Darfur are paying moreattention to their sheep and improving their size by introducing Desert Sheepblood in their flocks.

9. Overall it is believed that meat production will grow at leastas fast as population growth. It is less clear, however, whether the live-stock industry will be able to satisfy increasing per capita demand withrising consumer incomes while at the same time making available increasingquantities for the export market. It should be noted, however, that poultryshould play an increasingly important role in fulfilling consumer meat demandrequirements. Poultry production in the Sudan is on the threshold of indus-trial production, and there is every reason to believe that poultry willeventually be as popular with Sudanese consumers as it has proved to be inthe Middle East.

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Supply Elasticities

10. The growth rate estimates discussed above are determined bybiological, ecological, social and economic factors, with the lattershowing the greatest variations and unpredictability over long periodsof time. The price elasticity of supply is by far the most importantfactor. The influence of price changes on supply trends depends on thedegree to which price incentives are being transmitted through themarketing system, on the degree of commercialization in the livestocksector, and on the specific price elasticities of supply. In mostareas of the Sudan, commercialization of the livestock sector has de-veloped to a fair degree. Price elasticities of supply are reasonablyhigh on a short-term basis (up to one year), since the present marketsystem is characterized by buffer stock maintenance at all levels.Severe frictions may appear, however, due to the time lags imposed bythe slow and seasonally determined movement over long distances causedby the traditional method of trekking. Medium-term price elasticities(1-3 years, sheep; 1-6 years, cattle) are presently constrained by thelow fertility rate/high mortality rate and slow growth of animalsunder prevailing ecological conditions, but would nevertheless affectoutput due to the existing scope for reducing offtake age and increasingslaughter weight by fattening. Long-term price elasticities are high dueto the possibilities of herd/flock expansion on uncontrolled grasslandand the potential for fodder crop cultivation and by-product feeding.The long-term price elasticity is further strengthened by the abilityof the producer, including the majority of transhumant pastoralists, toshift capital and labor investment between crops and livestock, especiallyin a country facing a buoyant internal and external demand for its agri-cultural products.

B. Demand

Human Population

11. The Pilot Census has also yielded an assessment of human popu-lation by classifying visible homesteads with regard to numbers of peoplenormally housed in them. The results indicate for most provinces a muchhigher than the officially recorded population (see Table below). Thisis particularly striking with regard to the western and southern partsof the country and Kassala province. The highest increase appears in theSouth Darfur and Bahr el Ghazal provinces and coincides with a considerabledecrease in livestock numbers (see Table, p. 2) due to the rapid expansionof dry-land cultivation under population pressure in large areas of theseprovinces. Whether these results will be accepted by Government and leadto changes in the present population growth rate estimate of 2.5% remainsto be seen. For the purpose of this report the higher Census numbers havebeen used.

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Human Population Census.( Deviations from Previous Government Estimates

Total Above/Below Total Above/BelowPopu- Government Popu- Government

Province lation Estimates Province lation Estimates('000) (%) ('000) (%)

Northern 202 )- 25 Upper Nile 558 + 50Nile 515 2 Jonglei 756 )Red Sea 387 - 20 North Kordofan 2,598 )+ 70Kassala 1,977 + 60 South Kordofan 1,273 +Khartoum 1,268 - 10 North Darfur 2,090 )+100

South Darfur 2,840 )Gezira 2,002 - Bahr El Ghazal 2,132 )+100

El Buheyrat 872 +White Nile 960 - Western Equatoria 403 )+ 50Blue Nile 1,354 - Eastern Equatoria 822 5

Total for Country 23,009 + 44

Per Capita Meat Consumption

12. One published household budget survey, the 1967/68 Household SampleSurvey, is the only source of information on per capita meat consumption.Limitations on the use of the published survey report for meat consumptionestimates are:

(a) it covers only the settled population in thenorthern provinces;

(b) it contains no price records which would makeconversion of expenditure data into quantitativeconsumption data possible;

(c) the only table containing quantititive consumptiondata is limited to national averages and is some-what incomplete in its commodity breakdown. 2/

Nevertheless, the survey data have been used, applying observed retail pricedifferentials between provinces. Consumption in the southern province andby the nomadic population sections in the north as well as provincial percapita consumption figures have been estimated independently. Together

1/ Aerial photographic survey counts plus estimates of the populationin those urban areas which were not included in the Census (seeAppendix 1, Table 2).

2/ It has not been possible to ascertain whether the heading "lamb"includes goat meat or not; it was assumed that it does.

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the 1967/68 Household Survey and the 1975/76 Pilot Census of livestockand human population show a modest increase in per capita meat consumptionof both beef and mutton. The acceptability of the result tends to supportthe validity of both surveys, since the resulting average meat consumptionof approximately 16 kg per capita indicates that, in spite of increasedpopulation figures, the animal protein supply level is generally satis-factory in the Sudan.

Income Growth Rate and Demand Elasticities

13. The demand for meat is income and price elastic. Income elasti-cities have so far been calculated on the basis of expenditure patterns ofhouseholds in different income groups as recorded in the 1967/68 HouseholdSurvey. By this method, the income elasticity of demand for mutton has beenfound to be about twice as high as for beef. Apart from the weakness ofapplying static relationships to a dynamic situation, the application ofincome related demand elasticities in demand projections leads to unrealisticresults if not corrected by price elasticities. Our analysis (in Appendix 1)indicates that net income elasticities of demand (corrected by price elasti-cities) for meat as a whole and mutton in particular stayed below presentlyassumed rates. Accepting an average per capita income growth rate of 2.3%during the 9 year period 1967-76 (as estimated by Government), the increasein meat consumption leads to net income elasticities of 0.5 for beef andmeat in general and 0.6 for mutton, and somewhat lower elasticities for goat,camel and game meat. Higher demand elasticities would result from a downwardcorrection of the income growth estimate (which might be regarded as toohigh), but the closeness of income elasticities for beef and mutton wouldremain. The relative increase in mutton consumption indicated by urbanslaughter statistics may be balanced by increasing subsitution of mutton bygoat meat in rural areas where the profitability of sheep production forKhartoum and export markets is giving the sheep increasing status as highvalue trade stock. Frequent statements by consumers in middle and higherincome groups in Khartoum indicate a growing preparedness to increase theshare of beef consumption - partly for reasons of economy and partly becauseof a desire to diversify their meat intake by venturing into veal, and primebeef cuts. This tendency could be explained as the influence of cross priceelasticity in combination with changing consumption habits in a dynamicdevelopment situation. With an expected doubling of the per capita incomegrowth rate in the Six year Plan Period 1976-77 - 82/83, net income elasti-cities of demand will play a crucial role in determining meat availabilityfor export.

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C. Prices

Price Trends

14. The rapid meat price increases during the export boom 1972-74created the public impression of dwindling meat supplies for domesticmarkets and need for the protection of national livestock resources. Whatwas overlooked is the fact that for a long period prior to this boomlivestock and meat prices had been relatively stagnant, and when theyfinally increased they were making up for the time lag in adapting to thegeneral inflationary trend.

Livestock Prices in Overall Price Trends(index for selected commodities)

I/ I/ ~~~2/ 2/1966/67__ 197__75__ 1975'76 6 1976/77-

Cost of living, overall 44-47 100 100-105 105-110

Cost of foods, drinks & tobacco 42-45 100 100-103 103-110

Sheep 47 100 100-105 105-112

Cattle 44 100 100-105 105-110

Livestock overall 43 100 100-105 105-112

Dura (Millet) 44 100 98-103 97-102

Wheat 39 100

Groundnuts 31 100

Sesame 38 100

Karkadeh 39 100

Charcoal 45 100 125 135

Firewood 26 100

Kerosene 39 100 120 140

Textile Goods 48 100

1/ National Accounts Dept., Govt. Bureau of Statistics.2/ Estimates, derived from incomplete data, kept at Nat. Accounts Dept.

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15. The continued increase of the wholesale price index in 1976/77seems to indicate the increasing quantities of export trade animals enteringthe Omdurman market following the lifting of the export ban in October1976. As only average market prices are recorded, the better finishedexport stock tend to increase the average price recorded without necessarilyreflecting a general price increase per kg live or carcass weight. In fact,meat price records kept by the Bureau of Statistics show a slight drop duringmost of 1976. In March 1977, retail prices had firmed up again to 1975 levels,fueled by the resumption of exports. It must be remembered, however, thatit is these exports which are so obviously needed to maintain the priceincentive needed to develop the livestock industry.

Meat Prices in the Three Towns, July 1975 - Dec. 1976Comparison with Household Index

Cost of living Food, drink, tobacco Mutton BeefJanuary 1967 100 pt/kg pt/kg

July 1975 239 700 567August " 250 700 500September " 240 733 600

October 221 767 500November " 217 700 500December " 218 700 500January 1976 210 202 500 360February " 204 199 500 400

March " 204 193 500 400April " 208 199 500 400

May " 220 218 633 500June " 233 232 700 500July " 238 241 717 500August " 248 256 733 533September it 236 237 750 533

October 226 222 717 467November " 229 218 600 467December " 241 650 467

Source: Data provided by National Accounts Dept., Govt. Bureau ofStatistics.

The slackening of prices for beef during 1976 before the lifting of the banwas more pronounced than for mutton, indicating the relatively greaterdependence of the cattle export flow (via Khartoum) on official channels;in contrast the unofficial export flow of live sheep to Saudi Arabia seemedto have continued at quite a considerable rate during the ban.

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Producer/Consumer Price Split

16. Existing price statistics do not present a basis for valid pricecomparisons. Livestock price records show average market prices for animalsof different age, sex, race and condition. Meat (retail) prices show mostlyprovincial control prices which are rarely observed. Comparisons made on thebasis of existing records tend to exaggerate the difference between prices inproducing areas and those in the main consumption and export markets, whereanimals and meat of superior quality are traded. Price relationships alsoshow significant seasonal variations in areas without access to major marketsin the dry season. Improved stockroute connections and rail transport facili-ties would greatly enhance to year-round supply responsiveness to marketincentives.

17. With regard to butchers margins, the general observation in Africa,i.e., that these are principally covered by "5th quarter" sales, seem to applyalso to the Sudan. This belief is supported by the results of a traditional"silent" auctioning of a mob of approximately 40 healthy steers out of afresh stockroute arrival from Ed Da'ein. The average carcass weight of theanimals was assessed independently by experienced butchers as between 168-175 kg.The finally accepted offer was ESd 85 per head. This price would just be coveredby the carcass sale at the ruling retail price of 50 piasters. All slaughter,wholesale and retail butchering expenses plus profit are borne out of 5thquarter sales, (including "afsha" (soft offals) head, feet horns and hide)normally yielding approximately 12% of the total retail value of the animal,i.e. approximately ESd 10.50 in this case. Expenses and risks to be coveredinclude market and slaughter fees, condemnation insurance, spoilage, stallfees, transport and labor. The sheep butcher seems to have a tighter cost/price margin, since he pays slightly more for the animal than the carcassmeat sale brings (a first grade sheep of approximately 21.5 kg carcass weightwould cost about ESd 18 and sell for 80 piasters/kg). This situation mighthave arisen from a hardening of sheep prices with increased export demand,reinforced by consumer resistence to further price increases. It could alsoreflect a normal situation during times of high meat prices, since the sheep5th quarter is of relatively higher value than that of cattle (approximately4% higher) because of the higher price received for sheep skins as comparedto hides.

Meat Price Differentials and Controls

18. Meat price controls (which are coming to be recognized as ineffectiveby the central Government) are still introduced by many provincial governments.These have caused temporary supply problems, e.g. at Wad Medani where theenforcement of unrealistic control prices in 1976 led to trade stock by-passingthe Gezira deficit area in favor of the Omdurman market. Another importantdisadvantage of the price controls is the fact that they interefere with normal

ANNEX 7Page 12

price and quality differentiation in the meat market 1/. Cost price calcula-tions in the beef fattening trade in the Khartoum area showed that fatteningfor domestic markets is only profitable as long as a quality bonus per kgcarcass is paid by consumers. This is presently the case since enforcement ofthe uniform control prices is somewhat relaxed (the same situation holds forveal and fattened mutton).

Meat Prices in Khartoum Market, March 1977(piasters per kilogram)

beef (geshashi) 2/ 50 mutton (geshashi) 70-75

beef (da'ol) 3/ 55-60 mutton (fattened) 75-85

veal (geshashi) 55-60

veal (da'ol) 60-70

Equally important is price differentiation between different carcass partsand cuts within the same carcass grade; such differentiation is utilizedonly in a few quality meat shops.

D. The Export Factor

Traditional Channels (Table 1)

19. Sudan is a traditional livestock supplier for Egypt (camels, cattleand minor quantities of sheep) and the Arabian penisula (sheep and cattle,and minor quantities of camels and goats). Official livestock exports toEgypt have decreased in importance due to balance of payment difficulties;while export of camels continues, the shortfall in cattle exports was com-pensated by a sudden increase in cattle shipments to Saudi Arabia. On theArabian peninsula, 90% of Sudan's exports enter via Jeddah, with about 10%probably being trans-shipped to the Gulf States. The balance is shippeddirectly to the Gulf States, notably Dubai, Kuwait, and Qatar. The totalvolume of official livestock exports has not changed much over the past15 years, and has been fluctuating between 10-20,000 head of cattle and100-250,000 sheep. Though Saudi Arabia is now the leading importer ofSudanese livestock (taking about 80% of the total), it is surprisingthat the fast rising meat consumption in this country is only moderatelyreflected in Sudan's export statistics (see Table below).

1/ This might be rectified by highly differentiated control price schedules.It is unrealistic, however, to expect that such schedules could be ad-ministered efficiently.

2/ Meat from animals slaughtered direct from the trek.

31 Meat from animals which had been reconditioned or fattened.

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Livestock Exports to Saudi Arabia andGulf States

Saudi Arabia Gulf States Livestock Wagon LoadsCattle Sheep Cattle Sheep 20 Cattle 100 Sheep Total

1972/73 1,590 195,000 70 8,000 83 1,950 2,033

1973/74 8,190 202,000 40 16,000 407 2,020 2,427

7/74-1/75 1/ 11,200 169,000 1,120 20,000 616 1,690 2,306

1/ Assuming July-Jan volume represented 75% of hypothetical 12 months flowwithout the ban.

Several possible explanations suggest themselves; the most likely are:

(a) Infrastructural bottlenecks in railway and shippingfacilities which preclude a rapid increase of exportflows via Port Sudan. Since railway wagon allocationsfor each year have to be requested in advance andas there is a general shortage of wagons and locomotives,the hindrance to fast adaptation to market opportunitiesbecomes obvious.

(b) Restricted entry into the Jeddah Market. While no formalrestriction exists, it is known that this trade is con-centrated in the hands of a very few Sudanese and Saudimerchants. In view of the infrastructural bottlenecks,the official red tape involved, and the fast movingmarket situation in Jeddah (where suppliers from allover the world compete), long experience and reliablepersonal connections are indispensable. (One businessmanpioneered a financially marginal air shipment of sheepcarcasses to Jeddah after he had lost heavily in theattempt to join the more profitable trade in live sheep.)

(c) Competition on price, quality and variety is hardeningas the sheep and mutton market in Jeddah grows.

Less likely explanations are:

(a) Maximization of profit. The f.o.b. price of Sudanese sheepex Port Sudan is very high, US$70-75 (ISd 28-30). Thepossibility exists that merchants dominating the trademanipulate supplies in order to maximize profits.

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(b) The Sudanese sheep trade supplies only a limited consumergroup or a specific limited type of consumption withlittle growth potential. It is said that only a smallportion of Sudanese imports reach the butcher trade; thismight indicate that demand is for large, high qualityanimal for private slaughter. This is to some extentconfirmed by reports that most of the carcasses flownto Saudi Arabia since February were retailed whole toconsumers by a central distributor in Jeddah.

(c) Unrecorded exports (from small Red Sea ports) might havegrown at a faster rate than official exports via PortSudan.

Unrecorded Exports

20. Other important traditional but unrecorded trade flows in cattleare reported to leave the Sudan towards the Central African Empire andtowards Uganda, Kenya and possibly Ethiopia. These are not felt as muchas the unrecorded flows of sheep in the north and east, since they resultfrom cultural cross-border migrations outside the reach of the nationalmarketing system. The trade volume involved however is substantial(probably in the order of 50,000 head), and marketing policies should bedirected towards attracting an increasing share of these resources andregularizing the remainder by legalizing and organizing exports.

Competition with Local Demand

21. Before the 1972-1974 export boom, both domestic and export demandwere reasonably well satisfied without major frictions. The Omdurman marketon the whole appears more sensitive to internal competititon for slaughteranimals than to demand for animals for live export. While the live animalexporter has a well organized supply which often bypasses the Omdurman market,the meat exporter (who is often a newcomer in the livestock trade with imitedworking capital) has a tendency to purchase at least part of his requirementsin the Omdurman market in direct competition with the local wholesale but-chers; this naturally has an immediate effect on local prices. Omdurmanslaughter records for domestic markets show a serious decline in cattle andsheep slaughter during the sharp rise in meat exports; this was reflectedin the meat shortages (or price-related falls in domestic consumption)which made the ban unavoidable. The supply analysis in the Table below isan attempt to analyze factors influencing these statistics.

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Export Versus Domestic Requirements During the Export Boom. 1972/74

1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76

Beef Mutton Beef Mutton Beef Mutton Beef Muttou Beef Mutton

Omdurman: Domestic Slaughter - carcass 12.7 4.6 10.8 5.0 9.0 5.0 9.1 2.2 9.1 4.5

offalsr 3.8 1.4 3.2 1.5 2.7 1.5 2.7 0.7 2.7 1.4

Small provincial slaughterhouses, carcas*- 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.2 2.4 1.1 1.7 1.4

Private slaughter estimation 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.0 1.4 1.7

Export slaughter "offals&" 0.1 1.7 3.4 0.9 1.4 0.1

Slaughter weight increase 4/ _ - 1.8 0.4 3.0 0.9

Total 18.2 7.6 17.4 8.2 17.3 18.8 6.5 17.9 9 .9

Combined Total 25.8 25.6 26.6 25.3 27.8

Other neat, esti=atior/ 1.2 1.4 1.8 3.2 2.0

Total meat, estimatiou 27.0 27.0 28.4 28.5 29.8

Carcass export 0.3 5.7 11.3 2.9 4.3 0.4 - -

Live export meat equivalentJ- 2.1 2.8 5.7 5.4 4.0 6.7 3.9 5.3 - -

Total export meat equivalent 2.4 2.8 11.4 5.4 15.3 9.6 8.2 5.7 - -

Total Khartoum cons. & export:71

3eef and Mutton 20.6 10.4 28.8 13.6 32.6 18.9 27.0 12.2 17.9 9.9

Other herbivore 8eat2 1.2 1.4 1.8 3.4 3.5

Total 32.2 43.8 53.3 42.6 31.3

1/ Omdurman abattoir, using conservative carcass weight assumptions of kg 50 (mature cattle), 100 (imnatq;es) and18 (sheep), which are corrected from 1974 ovward by an allowance for slaughter weight increase (ref. ± below).

2/ All-non-carcass parts used for consumption, including head and feet, i.e. 15-16% of liveweight or 31-33% oncarcass weight, according to Omdurman slaughter analysis.

3/ The rapid slaughter increase in these facilities during this period seems to indicate that the growth of theThree Town area combined with the Omdurman abattoir congestion during the meat export boom made outside slaughterfor Three Towns suburban areas attractive; only carcass weights are included in Xhartoum supply calculation.

4/ With the export ban (from January 1975) the full impact of staged and ftnished export animals on the local marketresulted in substantial carcass weight increases in local slaughter- this e.fect prevailed with continued highmarket prices which maintained marginal profitability for export-type fattening operations.

5/ Cousumption of goat and camel meet rose during 1973175, although these animals figure extremely low in Omdurmanslaughter records.

6/ Cattle and sheep only.

7/ Only official exports included.

8/ ILcluding experts of camels and goats vhich rose under the export ban on cattle and sheep.

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The table contains a number of estimates and assumptions which are opento argument. Provided the basic trend shown is accepted, one may drawthe following conclusions:

(a) The ability of the traditional marketing system tocope with a rapidly rising demand for quality animalsis remarkable.

(b) The time lag in the manifestation of shortages supportsthe assumption of a normal prevalence of buffer stocks atall levels.

(c) The more sensitive medium-term reaction of the sheep marketand its relatively fast recovery indicate the limited natureof fattening and staging operations in the sheep sector aswell as the fast response of producers to the marketchallenge.

(d) Confronted with continued high beef prices after the imposi-tion of the ban and simultaneously deprived of the ample'offal" supplies at dumping prices, low income householdshad to reduce consumption.

(e) Higher income mutton consumers, having resisted the priceincrease by reducing their purchases during 1973/74,resumed their level of consumption in the following year,showing lesser sensitivity to the price increase thanbeef consumers.

(f) Overall Khartoum supplies did not decline, but per capitaconsumption of beef declined gradually due to a relativelyhigh price elasticity of demand, while mutton consumptionper capita fell sharply and recovered equally rapidly.

(g) With beef prices maintaining present levels, i.e.,declining in constant terms against the continued generalinflationary price drive, per capita consumption can beexpected to return to previous levels with the additionof an increase due to rising real income.

(h) By upholding the present minimum price criteria for allowingexports and by adding a safeguard for supplies of low pricebeef to low income consumers (a fixed price on beef w/bone),Government would be in a position to remove other restrictionson export thus creating an incentive to the harmoneous develop-ment of exports in step with the ability of livestock producersto increase their output.

ANNEX 7Page 17

Export Prices and Controls

22. After the lifting of the export ban, livestock and meat exportshave been controlled by official minimum f.o.b. prices and export quotas.The prices are illustrated below:

Minimum Export Prices for Livestock and Meat, March 1977

Livestock US$/head f.o.b. Meat US$/ton f.o.b.

Cattle (400 kg) 1/ 340 beef 1,500 (1,800) 2/Steers (250 kg) 220 veal 1,800 (2,000)Sheep:Hamadi (44-50 kg) 75 mutton 3,000 (3,500)Kababish (42-46 kg) 70 "Watish (40 kg) 60 "

1/ Approximate weight categories.

2/ Prices in brackets were those applied immediately after the banwas lifted.

23. The export prices and quotas imposed in 1976 were establishedunder the following guidelines 1/:

(a) minimum export price will not be less than localmarket price;

(b) no quota restriction on cattle and beef exports;

(c) sheep and mutton export quota: 200,000 head;additional quotas available for irrigated fodderand sheep breeding farms;

(d) sole export abbatoir: El Kadero;

(e) export prices and specifications to be statedin license application according to standardsset by AFNR 2/;

(f) export pricing committee representation: Ministryof Commerce and Supply, AFNR, and Bank of Sudan.

1/ Prime Minister's Resolution 65 (M 1/A/5/4): Bases and PrinciplesGoverning the Export of Meat and Livestock.

2/ Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources.

ANNEX 7Page 18

E. Basic Assumptions and Projections

24. On the basis of the above findings, a set of parameters was selectedfor use in projections of future livestock production, consumption and exports.These are detailed below:

Projected Beef and Mutton Production, 1976-83

.Cattle Sheep1976/77 1982/83 1976/77 1982/83

Herd size 1/ ('000 head) 16,000 19,400 17,000 23,500

Herd growth rate 2/ (%) 3 3.5 5 6

Herd offtake rate 3/ (%) 7.5 8.0 25 26.5

Offtake live weight 4/ (kg) 285 300 31.5 33

"Meat" offtake (66%) 4/ (kg) 190 200 21 22

Total "meat" production 4/ ('000 tons) 220 300 88 137

Losses on stocks in trade, incl.mortality, condemnation andspoilage 5/ ('000 tons) 2 3 1 2

Meat available for consumption andexport ('000 tons) 218 297 87 135

1/ Based on 1975/76 Pilot Livestock Census.

2/ Past years' performance according to Government estimates and an esti-mated increase stimulated by urban and export demand incentives.

3/ Taking into account the gradual process of commercialization of stockmanagement in certain areas and the increasing stratification and mixedfarming operations; trend estimated to continue towards 9% (cattle) and30% (sheep) offtake rates by 1990.

4/ "Meat" = carcass and edible slaughter "offals". Offtake weight gainsachieved through increased mixed farming, finishing and fatteningactivities, increasing availability of feed stuff and increased exportshare in production.

5/ 3% for cattle, 4% for sheep; applied to inter-provincial and exporttrade only.

ANNEX 7Page 19

Local Consumption and Exportable Surplus 1/

Beef Mutton1976/77 1982/83 1976/77 1982/83

Meat available for consumption 2/('000 tons) 218 297 87 135

Consumption 3/ 203 273 77 105

Exportable surplus 15 24 10 30

1/ Population, population growth rates, rate of growth of expendable percapita consumer income, income elasticity of demand and other parameterson which this analysis is based are presented in Appendix 1.

2/ See Table above.

3/ 1976/77: per capita consumption of 3.25 kg mutton, 8.7 kg beef, and 4.2kg other meat.1982/83: per capita consumption of 3.8 kg mutton, 10.0 kg beef; and 4.7kg other meat.

F. Options for the Future Development of the Livestock Industry

Price Policy Options

25. Various options for direct and indirect control of domestic andexport price levels are available - a number of which are being practiced byGovernment:

I. Control of Domestic Price Levels

(a) Direct control: Government fixed maximum meat prices.In the past many provincial Governments have controlledprices for meat. It is generally agreed that the controlprice system has failed to guarantee the availability ofmeat to consumers at the stipulated prices, that enforce-ment has been impossible, and that the lack of flexibilityhas often aggravated supply/demand imbalances. In timesof scarcity, rigid enforcement of meat control prices hasdriven livestock to markets outside the jurisdiction ofthe control authority, e.g. outside the province or evenacross national borders. In times of ample supply it hasinhibited the free market tendency toward lower prices,as butchers maintain and defend the control price as the

ANNEX 7Page 20

"Government price". The political implications are that,once a Government has assumed pricing responsibility, itgets the blame for its inability to prevent uncontrolledprice rises or, in the case of rigid control, for itsinability to keep the market supplied. Where prices areincreased in response to market conditions, Governmentmust then bear the burden of an unpopular decision.

(b) Indirect control. Government efforts can also acceleratethe process of supply and demand adaptation by:

(i) Improvement of market information systems. Thedevelopment of an efficient market informationsystem could contribute greatly to balancingregional differences and commercializing pro-ducers' attitudes.

(ii) Improved mobility of trade stocks. In order toreap the full benefit of improved market infor-mation systems, year-round and reasonably fastmobility of trade stocks is desirable. Expansionof the dry season stockroute network, substantialimprovements in livestock railway transport, andorganization of river transport and ferry ser-vices will all have highly beneficial effects onthe degree of supply response to price signals.

(iii) Regulation of exports. Accounting as they dofor 6-10% of total production, exports are animportant factor in the establishment of do-mestic supply/demand balances. It is thereforetempting for Government to manipulate exportflows in order to influence domestic demand/supply balance in desired directions. Twofactors however make the use of this instrumentproblematic:

(1) the relative importance of unrecordedexports;

(2) the requirement for regularity of supplyin establishing and maintaining exportmarkets.

Intervention in the pricing and flow of export supplies therefore carriesthe risk of further increasing unrecorded exports as well as hurting Sudan'scompetitive position in its export markets. (Interventions presently prac-ticed in the Sudan are discussed in more detail below.)

ANNEX 7Page 21

11. Control of Export Prices

(a) Export taxation. Although export taxes are primarilyintended as a revenue earning measure, the export taxalso acts as a protective barrier which foreign demand hasto overcome in order to attract export supplies. Graduallowering of the export tax will improve Sudan's competitiveposition and increase official exports, since one of theattractions of unrecorded exports is the evasion of thistax.

(b) Controlled minimum export prices (para. 22). Minimumexport prices serve three aims:

(i) To prevent large foreign exchange losses throughexport sales at manipulated prices; this isonly relevant in a situation of artificiallymaintained foreign exchange rates resultingin shadow currency rates. While the minimumprices set a floor for the scope of such mani-pulation, the system needs to be supplementedby continuous surveillance of price develop-ments in Sudan's export markets.

(ii) To add the maximum feasible value to the live-stock destined for live or carcass exportthrough selection of breeds, fattening andfinishing in order to earn as much foreignexchange as possible while taking a relativelylow share of total offtake. This is benefi-cial as long as over-stocking does not requireaccelerated offtake, part of which would godirectly for export.

(iii) To maintain a protective barrier similar to theexport tax but with much greater flexibility.

Minimum export prices, if applied, must be set low enoughto permit quality differentiation and a flexible marketstrategy in the export trade. The danger is that theymight tie up the trade in administrative red tape, withthe result that Government and traders become complacentand lose spot opportunities in high as well as low pricemarkets.

(c) Export quotas. This is superficially the most simple, butalso the most potentially harmful tool in regulating ex-ports for purposes of domestic price policy. Its admin-istration requires flexibility on the part of Government

ANNEX 7Page 22

officials involved. In most cases, quota systems inducegeneral uncertainty and irregularity into the tradingsystem, thereby raising risks and other cost elements.They also tend to cement the internal competitive struc-ture by creating a quota-sharing ring of exporters,blocking entrance for new entrants. Overall, quotasystems tend to raise trade margins and stabilize exportvolumes far below their potential levels. Their appli-cation in the Sudan when the ban was lifted is under-standable, since the extent of the revival of officialexport activities and their impact on the local marketswas difficult to predict. The experience gathered overthe past six months would appear to justify their relax-ation and gradual abolition.

(d) Automatic switch rule. This is contained in the PrimeMinister's resolution No. 1 (para. 23) which stipulatesthat exports will not be permitted at prices "below thedomestic market price" (plus export cost including netexport tax). In the Sudan, as in many exporting countries,there are hidden attractions in maintaining exports atprices below the domestic market price and thereby jeopardiz-ing domestic market supplies. (One of the most importantof these is the desire to obtain foreign exchange.) Such aregulation is therefore essential and introduces self-discipline in the export trade, since it induces exportersto keep domestic markets under surveillance and to sharetrade stock assembled for export between domestic and exportmarkets as and when necessary in order to keep domesticprices below the automatic switch level.

The Export Option

26. In view of the lifting of the export ban and the Six Year Plantarget of hSd 80 million annual export earnings from livestock and meat, theoption for export has clearly been taken by Government. Applying projectedexport prices to export surplus projections for 1982/83, this target appearsto be within reach. It must be realized, however, that this achievementwould be impossible with a hesitant, overly consumer protective Governmentattitude. While it is obvious that the financial export goal can be reachedonly with substantial sheep and mutton exports, Government is very much con-cerned with the question of exactly how many sheep the country can afford toexport. If it should decide to limit exports of sheep in favor of expandedcattle (beef) exports, it is estimated that the total export tonnage wouldhave to be expanded to 1.5-1.8 times present levels to achieve the desiredlevel of export earnings. The inevitable rise in beef prices accompanyingany such effort would undoubtedly have a real effect on low and lower middleincome consumers. On the other hand, a continuous price incentive is needed

ANNEX 7Page 23

if the sheep industry is to reach its full potential. This development shouldnot be limited to a few commercially organized ventares around Khartoum andin the Nile Valley, as the many small producers in the rural areas of thecountry could together supply much larger quantities of high quality exportsheep than the modern enterprises. With minimum f.o.b. export control pricesset high enough to exclude immature and unfinished animals from the exporttrade, it should be left to the trade to provide the right kind of animalthrough the marketing system.

27. Furthermore, the Government must take positive steps to assistSudanese exporters to expand (perhaps even maintain) their current share ofthe Middle Eastern market. Livestock exporters in Somalia, Turkey, Romaniaand Australia are making a determined effort to establish or expand theirposition in the key Saudi Arabian market, and Sudanese exporters will faceincreasing competition in this and every other overseas market. Efforts mustbe made to make the most of the Sudan's comparative advantage in live exportsales, to diversify exports, and to seek new markets.

28. Diversification of Exports. In order to fully exploit market oppor-tunities and expand the volume of livestock and meat exports, product diversi-fication is desirable. While presently export of live animals by surfacetransport (trek, rail, boat) to neighboring countries is the most remunerativeform of export from a national economic point of view, profitable meat exportopportunities should not be neglected. It would, however, be ill-advised todeliberately increase the share of meat exports at the cost of reduced liveexports (e.g. by means of export license distribution favoring meat over liveexport development). The Sudan has a strong competitive advantage over otherlivestock suppliers on account of its geographical closeness to the SaudiArabian market and the established preferences for Sudanese sheep. The samedoes not apply to meat exports. While certain characteristics of Sudaneseanimals are recognized and appreciated by the meat import trade, the majorityof cold meat buyers in Saudi Arabia and other importing countries are moregeared to price than traditional taste preferences; consequently the Sudancan expect to maintain only a minor share of the meat market, as suppliescan be flown in from throughout the world at competitive prices. Also, inabsolute terms the market for hot meat (which depends on import of liveanimals) is several times larger than that for cold meat, and it would seemonly prudent to concentrate efforts on this mode. The table below illustratespotential gains in the export volume of Sudanese livestock and meat to SaudiArabia.

ANNEX 7Page 24

Estimated and Projected Official Meat Importsinto Saudi Arabia and Sudan's Potential Share

('000 tons)

Imports Sudan's Imports Sudan's Total Imports Sudan's Imports Sudan's Totalof Share of Share Mutton of Share of Share Beef

Sheep ( Mutton M Imports Cattle (%2 Beef (X Imports(18 kg (180 kgcarcass carcassequiv.) equiv.)

1974 14.5 30 0.6 10 15 5.5 30 0.5 0.2 61977 21.5 23 4 20 25.5 8 25 3 20 111980 27 27 7 22 34 11 30 5 20 161983 32 32 10 24 42 13.5 33 7 20 20.5

Potential Development of Sudanese Official Cattleand Sheep Exports to Saudi Arabia

('000 head)

% of % ofTotal Total

Sheep (20-22 kg carcass) Sheep Cattle (220-240 kg carcass) CattleLive Carcass Total Exports Live Carcass Total Exports

1974 actual 200 3 203 8 0.05 8.051977 estimate 185 40 200 10 1.2 11.21980 projected 330 75 370 16 5 211983 projected 485 115 600 68 21 7 28 66

29. Sudan's present comparative advantage of live over meat exports toSaudi Arabia is presently hampered by an arbitrary export quota policy and bythe heavy strain put on live export by an inadequate and unreliable railtransport. It is essential therefore that these rail transport facilities beimproved. Air transport is thus far an unacceptable alternative for large-scale shipments. The sporadic Khartoum-Jeddah air shipment of sheep is morethan twice as expensive as in carcass form ($18 + per sheep at present) andfour times the cost of live shipment by surface. Air transport although muchmore costly, does however allow exporters to take advantage of sudden pricebooms caused by temporary shortages and/or quality premiums. Such spotmarkets are not uncommon with present infrastructural constraints on surfaceshipments.

30. Price Changes. If exports were liberalized, mutton prices in theKhartoum market would rise from the present 75 pt/kg towards the present netexport price of 95 pt/kg. This initial price rise would be counteracted byan increase in supply, with the resulting price competition forcing a decline

ANNEX 7Page 25

in prices towards 85 pt/kg. It is therefore likely that the local marketprice would eventually reach an equilibrium in the range 80-90 pt/kg. Beefprices are related less to the volume of Sudanese exports than to worldmarket prices. Presently, parity between (net) export and domestic priceshas been reached. However, the world market price for beef is in the processof recovery from the recent price slump, and a rise by up to 20% over thecoming two years is forecast. Domestic market prices may show a tendency torise from the present average of 50 pt/kg toward 60 pt/kg; they would mostlikely remain about 55 pt/kg due to the limited absorbative capacity of theSaudi Arabian market for Sudanese beef and the higher cost of supplying othermarkets.

31. The Interaction of Exports and Domestic Supply. Exports are thedriving force which both provide the needed incentive to domestic productionand also exert a decisive influence on domestic consumption demand. Sincethe external market demand favors sheep production, and as the Sudaneselivestock industry historically has emphasized cattle production, externalmarket forces encourage higher sheep production and exports at the expenseof local mutton consumption; the external pull on cattle production would bemuch less pronounced. This situation is understandably a cause of concernto Sudanese planners who place a high importance on assuring adequate sup-plies of mutton for local consumers. However, expanded exports of sheepoffer substantial compensating benefits to the Sudanese economy. The presentexport price ratio is 2:1 in favor of mutton; although this ratio may havebeen exaggerated somewhat by lower beef prices caused by a temporary beefsurplus in the EEC countries, it is likely to be sustained at a level of 1.5 -

2.0:1 in the future because of the quality preference enjoyed by Sudanesesheep in the Saudi Arabian market. Since the resource input in sheep produc-tion is less than for beef, present and future export earnings per kilo ofmutton would be more than double those of a kilo of beef. Liberalizationof exports would therefore favor meat surplus producing provinces and themajority of the rural population (especially the pastoralists), while exert-ing pressure on the meat consumption budget of the urban household. Howeverunattractive this outcome may appear to the planner, it should be realizedthat there are inbuilt safeguards which would mitigate the adverse effecton the low-income households. Beef exports (as they receive no consumerpreference and must compete with supplies from all over the world) can beexpected to expand only gradually, leaving increasingly greater quantitiesavailable for the local market. Furthermore the Jeddah price for Sudanesesheep and mutton, involving a specific preference for the Sudanese quality,would to some extent be a function of the amount supplied and would tend todecline with rising supply. In other words, increasing sheep and mutttonexports to Jeddah will narrow the price differential between the two markets;any excess over what Sudan can afford to supply or what Jeddah can absorbwill be kept in check by the brake mechanism released automaticaly when pricelevels in the two markets (corrected for export costs) eventually achieveparity. Another safeguard for the low income household would be an increasedavailability at moderate prices of edible offals from export slaughter; ifmeat exports develop as projected, these supplies could increase by as much

ANNEX 7Page 26

as 10%. The supply of low value carcass parts and scrap from export ofpistola and selected cuts would also increase. If 20% of beef/cattle exportsare allocated to quality cuts and 33% of the carcass (including 11% bones)would be distributed in an appropriate market, a further 5% would be added toKhartoum's beef supplies.

32. The challenge facing the consumer in the future would therefore notbe a shortage of meat (seasonal shortfalls have been common in the past in anycase), but the need for a change in consumption habits from mutton to beef.At prevailing prices in Khartoum, the lower income consumer has already beenforced to make this change; his main concern has been more related to theavailability of a supply of meat that he can afford than to the question ofwhich kind of meat he prefers. The higher and middle income consumer isalready beginning to show an interest in veal and quality beef, and has theadded alternative of poultry meat, which is becoming increasingly available.

33. Strategy Suggestions. The most appropriate course of action fora Government desiring to increase foreign exchange earnings would thereforeappear to be to liberalize exports and allow prices in the local market tostructure themselves according to the export market and consumers' preferences.At the same time the Government could retain two controls, namely:

(a) no exports would be allowed at prices (corrected forexport costs) lower than the Khartoum market price; and

(b) a controlled price would be established for "meat withbone" in order to guarantee the availability of meat tothe low income consumer.

The projected increase in livestock availability for export is not going tomaterialize if Government does not employ a progressive, export orienteddevelopment strategy. Such a strategy involves the risks normally associatedwith success in any commercial enterprise. Government would have to beprepared to tolerate a temporary increase in consumer prices in constant terms.It would also have to make a serious effort to provide services and facili-ties which would enhance the productivity of the national livestock herd andfacilitate the marketing of large numbers of animals. This would involve:

(a) strengthening of disease control measures with particularemphasis on the control of sheep diseases;

(b) support for animal production research and extension ser-vices;

(c) organization and expansion of range management servicesincluding non-formal training of pastoralists, demonstra-tion of grazing control measures, and introduction ofother improved range management procedures;

(d) improvement of stockroute, rail, road and river transportfacilities;

ANNEX 7Page 27

(e) improvement of the market system and collection and dis-semination of market information.

Only if these and other supportive measures are carried out will the incentiveprovided by the external demand be able to perform its catalytic functionin the development of the livestock industry. In each case, however, theemphasis should be on the provision of services and facilities and not oninterventions. Only through the free but supervised, activity of the privatesector will it be possible to achieve a successful expansion of the nationallivestock industry so that it may reach its full potential in the context ofthe national development effort.

G. Proposed Future National Livestock Marketing Policies

34. On the basis of the detailed analysis set forth above, a suggestedthree-stage approach to the imposition of a national livestock marketingand pricing program 1/ is suggested. This program should be more specificallyformulated and directed by the newly established Livestock and Meat Market-ing Commission (LMMC), which would have overall responsibility for its im-plementation.

Stage 1 (1978):

(a) Raise the sheep export quota to 300,000 head (e.g.220,000 live and 80,000 carcass equivalents).

(b) Lift domestic price controls on mutton.

(c) Establish a mechanism for the continuous monitoring ofthe market at Jeddah.

(d) Conduct market surveys in Yemeni and Gulf Markets andadvise exporters accordingly.

(e) Investigate the volume of and reasons for unrecordedexport flows of cattle and sheep.

(f) Ensure exporters that drastic market interventions wouldonly be contemplated in the case of a national emergency.

(g) Accelerate the stockroute improvement program.

Stage 2 (1979):

(a) Raise the sheep export quota to 350,000 head (e.g.280,000 live and 120,000 carcass equivalents).

1/ It is assumed that Government will retain the present minimumprice rule for exports (para 23).

ANNEX 7Page 28

(b) Establish simple, efficient export procedures whichminimize administrative bottlenecks.

(c) Lift domestic price controls on beef with the exceptionof an "anchor" price on the stew quality beef mixedwith bone (max. 30% bone).

(d) Start the Project livestock market improvement program.

(e) Establish the Project LMHC/SRC livestock transport pro-gram by undertaking construction of transport infrastruc-ture for the block trains.

(f) Negotiate with Red Sea livestock carriers for improvementin transport service between Port Sudan and Jeddah inorder to minimize costly waiting periods at Port Sudan.

(g) Commence a survey of river transport potential for move-ment of livestock in cooperation with the River TransportCorporation (RTC).

(h) If efficient market surveillance at Jeddah is possibleand if LMMC's export market section has become fullyoperational, the next step could be to differentiateexport minimum prices and change their status into "rec-ommended minimum prices", giving LMMC final responsibil-ity for judging the adequacy of stated contract pricessubmitted by exporters.

(i) Study the beef and mutton finishing/fattening enterprisesand the staging of tradestock (particularly in Khartoum,White Nile, Blue Nile and Gezira provinces) and identifylimitations to further growth of the industry; preparea program for further development and expansion of theindustry into other provinces (e.g. in Nile, Upper Nile,North and South provinces).

Stage 3 (1980):

(a) Establish the Project livestock block train service.

(b) Take stock of livestock stratification achievements bylarge investment projects.

(c) Survey export market potential for Sudanese qualitybeef cuts and veal in North African and other marketsand advise exporters accordingly.

ANNEX 7Page 29

(d) If exports are slow in disposing of domestic surplusesof livestock, consider lowering the net export tax (e.g.from 15% to 10%).

(e) Lift export quotas on sheep and mutton.

November 10, 1977

ANNEM 7

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Recorded Export of Livestock and Chilled Meat by Main Importing Countries1970 - 76

2/ Chilled Meat Animal Equivalent Annual ExportsCattle Sheep Goats Camels - Beef Mutton of Meat in ('000 head)

Year (head) (head) (head) (head) (ton) (ton) (head) (head) Cattle Sheep

1970-71Saudi Arabia 2,794 130,466 654 3 7.5 - - - - -

Egypt 19,357 26,868 - - 0.1 - - _ _ _Libya - 2,250 - 2,195 366.7 18.3Kuwait 197 - - - 2.8 22.2Other Near East Countries - - 0.2 - - - -

Total 22,348 159,584 654 2,198 377.3 40.5 1,880 1,840 24.2 161.4

1971-72Saudi Arabia 748 84,259 200 - 7.0 - - - - -Egypt 9,710 16,450 - - 166.5 - - - - -Libya 6 1,370 - 1,970 134.2 0.5other Near East Countries 6,992 - - - -

Total 10,457 109,071 200 1,970 307.7 0.5 1,538 23 12.0 109.0

1972-73Saudi Arabia 1,590 194,925 - 11 11,7 - - - - -Egypt 21,230 - - - 2,971.3 - - - - -Libya - 640 - 545 2,702.5 -Other Near East Countries 68 8,000 - - - - - - -

Total 22,988 207,160 - 556 5,685.5 - 28,427 - 51.5 207.2

1973-74Saudi Arabia 8,190 202,128 - - 9.8 60.0 - - -Egypt 7,004 21,724 - - 3,177.5 - - - - -Libya - 950 - - 5,654.8 - -Kuwait - 2,000 - - 275.3 2,678.7 -other Near East Countries 80 14,416 - - 897.5 122.5 -Zaire - - - - 1,265.6 - - - -

Total 15,274 242,682 - - 11,280.5 2,861.2 56,403 130,054 71.7 372.7

1974-75 3/Saudi Arabia 11,207 168,996 - 310 16 - - - - -Egypt - - - - 696 - - - - -Libya - - - 1,636 337Kuwait 980 - - - 134 -other Near East Countries 140 19,777 - - 93 29Zaire - - - - 1,693 25

Total 12,327 188,779 - 310 4,268 391 21,340 17,770 33.7 206.5

1975-76 3/Saudi Arabia - - 22,715 4,532 - - - - - -

1/ Carcass weights used for calculation: Cattle 200 kg; sheep 22 kg.2/ Camel exports to Egypt not included as majority are unrecorded.3/ Export ban on cattle and sheep from July 1974 - October 1976

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Surplus of Cattle and Sheep and the Flow of TradeEstimate for Base Year 1977 ('000 head)

ConsuMed Consumed Available

Bahr El South North South North White Remaining Gezeira Other Deficit for

Ghazal Darfour Darfour Kordofan Kordofan Nile Provinces Total and Khartoum Provinces Export

Provincial Population

Cattle 1.228 2.735 907 937 1.467 1.564 6.530 15.367

Sheep 718 1.232 1.410 830 2.470 2.208 7.335 16.272

Provincial Offtake

Cattle 7.55% 92 205 68 70 110 117 326 987

Sheep 25.0% 179 308 352 207 617 552 1.853 4.068

Provincial Consumption

Cattle 80 149 68 29 110 54 230 720

Sheep 179 268 278 173 368 352 1.643 3.223

Provincial Surplus to Own Consumption

Cattle (11) 56 -- 41 -- 63 96 267 144 60 63

Sheep -- 40 75 75 250 200 205 845 500 5 340

Animals Moved Towards ihartoum-/

of which by railCattle -- 1.2 -- 0. -- 1.2 1.8 5

Sheep -- 8 15 15 50 40 41 169

of which by trekkingCattle -- 54.8 -- 40.2 -- 61.8 94.7 251

Sheep -- 32 60 60 200 160 164 676

Animals Moved Khartoum Port Sudan 8185

1/ Including correction fur survey timing and annual migration Bahr El Ghazal left out as cattle presently traded south. n

2/ Statistics for rail transports (1972/74) indicate that of cattle and sheep marketed only 5% and 25% respectively information collected during appraisal indicated mosiderable

deterioration in railway performance and user confidence. Consequently mission estimates for 1977 are 2% of cattle and 20% of sheep being railed.

3/ According to rail transport information 1972/74 all animals exported via Port Sudan were transported there by rail.

LIVESTOCKI MARKEOTING PROJECT

Prolectioss of Cattle and Sheep ftntse oon Sin Westeo Provinceand Deneed on Rail Transport

(I 08 Rood)

Basic Year Y"ar Yer Yer Yea Year Yea Yea Y-~ Yea Yea Yea Yea Yea Year Yea Year Year Year Year Yea

1977 1 2 3 4 1 £ 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Esati- t.e

Livetock Ppolotico Z/

Cattle 8.937 8.927 9.017 9.017 9.287 9.468 9.558 9.648 9.739 10. 012 10.285 10.149 10.51 9.830 9.648 9.603 9.551 9.531 9.551 9.551 9.551

Sheep 8.937 9.452 9.966 10.499 11.098 11.696 11.973 12.249 12.617 12.986 13.354 14.643 14.920 15.196 15.472 15.749 16.071 16.393 16.716 17.038 17.360

3/Offtake far Ccn.a_ption

and Sole

Gt 4/ 61 669 615 710 799 881, 908 935 934 941 1.234 1.471 1.451 1.425 1.350 1.248 1.241 1.241 1.241 1.241 1.241

Sheep, 2.215 2,363 2,591 2,939 3,329 3.742 3,831 3.919 4,037 4,155 4.406 5.271 5.520 5.622 5.725 5.827 5.946 6.065 6.184 6.304 6.423

Cettle 490 514 539 565 593 422 652 684 718 753 790 829 869 912 957 1.004 1.8053 1.853 1.053 1.053 1.053

Sheep 1.575 1,658 1,746 1,838 1,936 2,039 3,147 2,260 2,380 2,506 2,639 2.779 2,926 3,082 3,245 3.417 3.598 3.789 3.990 4.201 4.424

Surpice rovd towrdeKhertosr

ilettie 160 151 146 545 196 250 756 231 218 188 444 642 582 513 393 244 188 188 188 188 188

sheep 640 705 045 1,101 1,393 1,703 1.884 1,659 1,657 1,849 1,767 7.492 2.594 2.540 2.480 2.450 2.348 2.276 2.194 2.103 1.999

Mond. f Transport

Rail

Cattle 3 3 3 14 23 36 40 45 43 43 97 147 139 128 128 128 128 128 158 128 128

Sheep 128 141 169 242 334 442 471 497 513 527 583 847 907 989 868 843 821 796 767 736 699

Trekking

Cattle 157 132 143 131 173 221 216 216 173 142 347 495 443 385 265 116 60 60 60 60 60

Sheep 512 564 876 059 -1,059 1,261 1,213 1.182 1.144 1.022 1,184 1.645 1.687 1.651 1.620 1.563 1.567 1.480 1.427 1.367 1.300

1/Bahr E1 Ghe...l,Rorth elSooth Darfr red tardefa. red White NileZ/Pr-iectiaee as.ed on hard/flack adels and carrlcd out for c-ttlr end sheep anly.

!/CansoaptianProjection correted foar (15 Pepulation froti.

(ii) Growth rate of espendbla caneer io-n andIntone sleeticity of drrd (ace Ame.r , Table 15).Prices are aesund constant thrughast.

4/Babe El iha..al's earplss (11 008 rattle) presently earn Sauth and has been left

5/Ket ieste of cattle n-d s-heep transported by rail based on 1972-74 cranapact statistics

(5% end 25%) with a ddection far deterioration of services cnfiend daring apeel2% of cattle and 20% at sheep ar estiasted to be ravd by rail ts flart-r Per-

fharton to Pert Sodan 100% transport at erpani sniral is assured as o t-itoele

6/Intr.d.ction of scheduled rail transpart in 1081 ca,plrd with the denod of fatteningenterprises is asesed to increase dasand far transport to 20% ad cartla and 30%.nof sheep by 1983 and is 20% and 35% easpectivaly by 1990.

2/In spits at stabilised proddotLon and serplus (due to,pcadsotio regolotion) danad

far trarapant in eapecad in stahiliss at 128.00 iaaily cavaring the sepply at

1IVESTOCK MA3YETIING P0RTECT

Pro,ection of orovincial tooclie of Cattlo nod &heep

Deetined for Coneototio, ratzenio/Prcceeeiog for Epoot

and Line O0po,r and the Heecltica Decd for Rail Tran-port

0080~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 00000AD

1977 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 11 12 13 14 105 16 17 18 19 X

NatIonl Cattle aod Sheep Onoolation Cattl 15,367 15,828 16,302 36,791 17,295 17,1841 18,349 08,715 19,090 19,472 19,861 20,858 20,250 20,166 20,665 20,871 2pi,co 01,091 20,5021 21,719 21,936

Oheep 16,272 175199 18,179 09,016 20,3i1 21,469 22,6392 3,372 24,073 4796 c9 54 26,316 26,569 26 8342 27.103 27,3874 27,6647 27.924 28,203 28.4785 28,769

Offtkte for ConecoAPtion and 001 .2 529 2 554 2,580 2,6o6 2 632

cattle 987 l.i0 1,141 1,175 1,210 1,200 1,284 1,497 1,527 1.554 1,588 1,620 2,430 2,455 2,479 2,504 9,123 9,214 9,306 9,400 9.493

0200p 4,,68 4,799 4J544 4,8o4 0 ,c77 5,367 5,673 7,011 7,221 7,438 7,662 7,891 8,767 8,855 8,943 9,033

a.ttic 720 756 793 833 8721 918 3621 1,002 1,063 1, 162 0,172 1,230 1.292 1,356Sheep 3,223 3,384 3,753 3,730 3,917 4,113 4,9319 4,535 4,761 4 ,9399 5249 5 512 5 768 6,077

o -ned in central and

Cattle 204 216 229 242 257 272 289 306 325 344 365 387 410 435

2hp 505 535 567 6Co 637 675 716 759 804 853 904 958 1,016 I'n

Acailablo for Fattening,Proe.et.no and Lt E port

CatIn 63 i35 103 102 79 20 31 170 139 218 50 3 708 6621 688 713 738 763 8219 815 8211

aseh 3220 380 4242 472 595 599 638 1,717 1i,66 1,566 1,709 1,421 1,963 1,701 1,789 1,879, 1,939 2,706 2,152 2,246 2,3901

Ftte.nd Ad Pr-oeeedCattl- -- 53 123 i05 841 62 1 10 155 113 22 25 3 702 6214 658 683 70A 733 819 785 801

cheep 05 1o24o 130 021 2m02 17 113 717 656 586 59 42, 4763 201 289 379 469 56o 652 7466 839

saported Lice Vtt Port 4hodio(leDed_for HEil foaeort)

Cattle 1lo 1 i21 16 17 19 0 021 24 6 s6 26 - 06 30 30 30 30 38 30 30 38

Sheep 185 24o 294 336 383 4321 42165 0,02 1,0c c,0 D0.00 0,000 0,502 1,502 1, ,500 1 ,350 1,508 1,500 1,500 1,502

Foplatio oth H te 1977 1 83 -cattle lI 2n D e to poodo ,tio i reE c n ihoited .atocal for Agricut-re -escoces.

cheY s657% 3% 1%

/ Offtan ontas (Whol0 Cootr') 1977-1983 19B3-1988 1989 -Cattlo 73% 89% 128

cshep 20 5 308 33 %3/ Ase-d to gro-e by 54 oa lly, throoth 19903

4 eanira (W0 nedani), Kh-to, Norther. Nile od Hed Sea Prociooe. Co eMFpti=n being -inly uobn= 1,0003208 to itonee- by 6% -nu,l tb hrogh 1990.

/ Cono-pti.o of beef -ad -ottoo is a.e,ed to otAbilin bh 1994. Wbe p800t01 0810 orffr acobapoc nior- atico for the -Iobn coPlatbob avO the coral popolation Yi01 haos cohigod a l1ogo pact of their

co-t-Vptih to goat neat, further tho tneo elasticity of dead nill decline Coca pree-=t high oe.-I.

ANNEX 7Appendix 1Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

An Estimate of Inter-Provincial Market Flows andNational Export Potential for Cattle and Sheep

1. Until recently, no national statistics have been available onthe livestock industry in the Sudan. Most of the prior investigations andestimates of livestock population, trade flows etc. were extrapolationsbased on surveys carried out in a limited geographical area, or limitedstudies undertaken in the context of a specific development project. Conse-quently, Government figures and other published data have been subject to awide degree of error, and have formed a somewhat unreliable basis (albeitthe best available) for the formulation of national livestock marketingand price policies. Recognizing the importance of this problem, Governmentengaged Resource Management and Research Ltd., Nairobi, to carry out a pilotaerial census of the Sudan's livestock resources. This census was completedin early 1977, and the results are now available for study.

2. The census was used as the basis for a comprehensive estimate ofinter-provincial market flows and national export potential (see Table 1).Without some knowledge of these key indicators, it will be impossible forGovernment to undertake the difficult task of developing national marketingpolicies. While the estimates provided herein may be refined over time, theyrepresent the first systematic attempt to intergrate the available data in away which allows them to be used for long term planning purposes.

Methodology for Table 1

3. The Table was developed in five stages:

I. Calculation of Meat Offtake per km2 for Each Province

(a) Biomass density figures for cattle and sheep are enumeratedand the share of these animals in the meat offtake from thetotal herbivore biomass per km2 is compared by province.The biomass liveweight assessments applied in the herbivorebiomass calculations are:

ANNEX 7Appendix IPage 2

Kilos

Cattle 180Sheep/Goats 1/ 18Camels 2/ 304Donkeys 150Horses/Mules 200Wildlife specified weights

(b) Using these figures, meat offtake per km2 is calculated asfollows:

Biomass x the assumed offtake rate 3/ x 1.5 (offtakeliveweights are assumed to be 50% above the averagebiomass liveweights of the Census) x 0.66 to reflectyield of "meat" (carcass and edible offals) for humanconsumption.

The meat offtake rate from total biomass is then calculatedas a weighted compound rate according to the contribution ofanimal species making up the biomass. The total meat offtakefigure per km2 is then increased by 15% for Khartoum and WhiteNile provinces and by 10% for Gezira province. These increaseshelp balance the uniform weight assessment used in the Census,and reflect the influence of grazing conditions and modernfarming operations on offtake rate and slaughter weight; inWhite Nile province they also reflect the very dominant posi-tion of sheep in the sheep/goat population.

1/ Goats are raised predominantly as a source of meat and milk forrural households (73% of rural and semi-rural households own goatsaccording to the census ground survey, as compared to 47% owningsheep and cattle).

2/ Camels are of commercial importance mainly in the northern pro-vinces and are channelled through a limited number of markets.

3/ Offtake rates employed are: 7.5% for cattle (5% for Jonglei andE. Equatoria), 25% for sheep/goats, 4% for camels, donkeys, etc.and 2% for wildlife. The rate for camels reflects assumed con-sumption and exclude offtake for transport and export slaughter(total camel offtake might be 6.5 or higher).

ANNEX 7Appendix 1Page 3

II. Calculation of the Meat Surplus/Deficit per Province 1/

(a) Meat offtake is divided by the human populationper km2, yielding an average annual meat supply perperson. From this, per capita consumption (basedon the findings of the 1967/68 Household SampleSurvey 2/ is subtracted.

1/ Excluding consumption in the major urban areas shown in Table 2.

2/ The Household Sample Survey did not include the southern provincesand Upper Nile Province (24 percent of total population in the Cen-sus), nor did it include the nomadic population (10-40 percent ofrural population) in northern Sudan. The excluded populations areassumed to have a relatively lower per capita meat consumption thanthose included in the Survey. The (incomplete) natonal average meatconsumption figure of the Survey of 17.5 kilograms/per capita canbe compared with consumption figure assumed herein (16.2 kilograms).The following adjustments were applied in order to make the figureof the household survey comparable to the one in Table 1.

Kilograms

Average meat consumption per capita fromSurvey (Rural settled and urban populationin five northern provinces): 17.5

Including southern and nomadic populationsi.e., approximately 36 percent of the nationalpopulation with an assumed average per capitaconsumption of 13 kilograms, the nationalaverage is reduced to: 15.8

Minus Meat from poultry, other birds, rabbitsand low game (not included in the Census)estimated at: 1.0

Gives a national average of: 14.8

This estimate of 14.8 kg/head pertains to 1967/68. The increaseof 1.4 kg/head to the current estimate of 16.2 kg/head can beattributed to an income elasticity of demand for meat of 0.5,assuming a 2.3 percent average growth rate for real expendableper capita consumer income, and a 2.5 percent population growthrate over this particular period.

ANNEX 7Appendix 1Page 4

III. Calculation of Meat Consumption in the Larger Towns notIncluded in the Census

(a) Meat consumption of the larger towns listed in Table 2was estimated at twice the level of consumption in ruralareas.

(b) Urban consumption was then subtracted from the provincialsurplus (added to the deficit) to arrive at a net surplus/deficit figure for each province.

IV. Correction for Trade Flows and Seasonal Migration

(a) Surplus/deficit estimates are then corrected to taken intoaccount trade flows and seasonal migrations.

V. Conversion of Provincial Surplus/Deficit Estimates into Numbers ofAnimals Exported/Imported by Each Province

(a) Assuming that the inter-provincial livestock trade iscomprised almost entirely of cattle and sheep, the ratioof beef to mutton consumption is estimated using theHousehold Sample Survey (taking into consideration thefact that mutton consumption is relatively lower in thesouthern provinces).

(b) Conversion of surplus/deficit estimates into numbers ofhead exported/imported using liveweights 1/ of:

cattle - 330 kg (Khartoum and White Nile 360 kg);

sheep - 36 kg (Khartoum, White Nile andN. Kordofan 40 kg).

4. The basic parameters used in the above calculations are summarizedbelow:

1/ The liveweights used in this calculation are higher than thoseused in the calculation of meat offtake per km2 as the animalsselected for export are normally of better than average quality(weight, condition and age).

ANNEX 7

Appendix 1Page 5

Basic Parameters

Census Offtake Offtake Meat Offtake Provincial ProvincialLive- Rate Live- per Export Trade, Export Trade,weights weights 1/ Animal 2/ Liveweights 3/ Meat Offtake 3/

(kR,) (% (kRz) (kp,) (kg,) (kg)

Cattle 180 7.5 270 180 330 (360) 220 (240)

(5.0) 4/

Sheep ) 18 25 ) 27 20 36 ( 40) 40 (26.6)

Goats ) ) 15

Camels 304 4 452 304Donkey 150 225 150

Mule/Horse 200 300 200

Wildlife ) by 2) species (+50%) (66%)

I/ Higher weights and rates assumed for Khartoum, White Nile andGezira provinces, resulting in a 5% (Khartoum, White Nile) and

10% increase (Gezira) in meat offtake/km2 (see (I), above), respectively.

2/ Includes edible offals.

3/ Figures in brackets relate to Khartoum, White Nile and North

Kardofan provinces.

4/ Jonglei and E. Equatoria.

ANNEX 7Appendix 1Page 6

B. General Discussion

Offtake Rates

5. The offtake rates used in the above analysis may appear to beslightly high when compared to existing (but widely diverging) estimates.The rates employed herein (7.5% for cattle and 25% for sheep) are, however,thought to be the most realistic assumptions under present conditions. Theydiverge somewhat from the offtake rates used in Government's draft Six YearPlan (6.9% for cattle, and 34% for sheep), which are not believed to berealistic. Government appears to have underestimated the number of cattleavailable for consumption and to over-estimate the potential of the nationalsheep flock. While it is believed that the suggested offtake rate of 25%for sheep may even so be somewhat high, this has been balanced by theconservative estimate of average offtake weight of 27 kg; this weight, whileappropriate for the southern provinces, appears to underestimate offtakeweights in the northern provinces.

Per Capita Meat Consumption

6. Per capita meat consumption from herbivore source in Table 1 showsa moderate increase from 1967/68 to 1976; it is estimated that the percentageof mutton consumption showed only a slight increase relative to beef over thisperiod. Census data (1976) indicate that 20% of all meat consumed was mutton,while the Household Sample Survey (1967/68) estimated mutton consumption at19.5% of the total. The assumption that beef and mutton consumption haveincreased at the same rate can be challenged on two counts:

(a) the relative increase in the number of sheep in the over-all livestock population; and

(b) the higher share of mutton consumed by urban (as opposed torural) consumers and by higher income households - this ledto the assumption of a higher income elasticity of demand formutton as compared to beef and other meats (except poultry).

Both arguments, however, are not entirely convincing, since observations ona static income structure basis may not be applicable to a dynamic situation(i.e., with all incomes moving up as a result of the development process andconsumption preferences within social strata being relatively inelastic 1/).Albeit a change may be induced by new values and growing desires and choices.Furthermore, the effect of price and cross-price elasticities on income elasti-cities would have to be considered. Also, with regard to the first argument,

1/ Interestingly, there is no typical difference in meat consumption patternsbetween urban and rural population strata within equal income brackets.The higher mutton consumption in urban areas is simply a function ofrelative concentration of the population in medium and higher incomegroups.

ANNEX 7Appendix 1Page 7

Government livestock population estimates may have been in need of correctionfor many years past; consequently the relative increase of the sheep popula-tion might have been a very gradual process, thus allowing for only a slightchange in sheep numbers over the time period under discussion.

Testing Some Parameters

7. If the traditional assumptions of high income elasticities of demandfor meat in Africa, and of a strong dominance of elasticities for mutton overbeef in the Sudan in particular, are to be maintained, certain data and para-meters used in the analysis developed in Table 1 would need to be questioned.This can be done by means of the following check list of potential adjustmentswhich would lead to high demand elasticities for meat and/or for mutton inparticular.

Not Feasible - XTo be Considered 0

Potential AdJustment

i. Lower the growth rate (below 2.3%) ofexpendable consumer income during the1967-1975 period. X

ii. Discount the recorded meat consumptionin the household survey, assumingover-statements. X

iii. Reduce estimates for 1967/68 per capitaconsumption in southern provinces and nomadicsections in northern provinces. X

iv. Increase offtake rates 1975/76(a) for cattle 0(b) for sheep/goats. X

v. Increase slaughter weights(a) for cattle X(b) for sheep/goats. 0

vi. Reduce exportable surplus. X

vii. Suspect under-counting of sheep in aerialsurvey. 0

viii. Suspect over-assessment of human populationin certain areas (were all temporarily unuseddwellings, identified as such? etc.). 0

ANNEX 7Apendix IPage 8

Certain of these should be given some consideration:

(a) Re iv & v: Increases in the offtake rate for cattleand the slaughter weight for sheep/goats would probablyhave a compensatory effect and thereby leave the beef/muttonratio unchanged (increases of up to 10% on either side mightbe considered). Such increases, however, must be discouragedon the grounds that the "meat offtake" calculations of theTable incorporate full utilization of slaughter "offals",including fat, intestines, head and feet. Although all these"loffals" or "5th quarter" parts are generally consumed inAfrica, the protein value of some of these parts is low andwaste occurs in times of temporary oversupply.

(b) Re vii & viii: It must be assumed that the strong tendencyof sheep to form dense mobs which could lead to under-countinghas been allowed for in the processing of the survey material.Likewise, the widespread prevalence of farmsteads and sheltersfor only seasonal use during planting and harvesting time,especially in semi-nomadic environments, appear to have receiveddue recognition.

The other suggested adjustments can be dismissed more readily:

(a) Re i: The employed growth rate of 2.3% is already below therange of estimates published in Government and internationalreports (2.5% - 3.0%).

(b) Re ii: Although a 16 kg per capita meat consumption (supple-mented by poultry, fish, etc. per capita meat consumption wouldbe approximately 18 kg), combined with the high cereal componentin staple food consumption and the high milk consumption, indi-cates a satisfactory protein supply (with a safety margin of50% above recommended minimum requirements), the Sudan's posi-tion is not exceptional. In comparison with other Africanlivestock producing countries, the Sudan would compare favorablywith Nigeria or Mali, be equal to Chad, and be below meatconsumption levels in Senegal and Mauritania 1/.

(c) Re iii: In the southern areas meat consumption cannot beassumed to be much lower than estimated (25% below that ofsettled northern population) in view of the cattle surplussituation in the area, the lack of export market connections,

1/ When comparing "meat" consumption figures, it needs to be checkedwhether non-carcass parts (slaughter "offals") are included; e.g., tomake the Mali figure of 11 kg "meat, bone in" comparable to Sudan(16 kg "meat"), approx. 3.5 kg need to be added, giving a total figureof 14.5 kg.

ANNEX 7Appendix IPage 9

and the relatively lower milk supplies as compared to thenorth (where nearly half the animal protein supply is derivedfrom milk). For both population sections not included in theHousehold Survey mutton consumption is estimated at 6% oftotal meat as compared to the country average of 20%. Al-though this percentage might be somewhat lower in the south,the higher share in nomad consumption would compensate for this.

(d) Re vi: The export surplus shown in the Table is inline with average annual live exports over the past decadewhen unrecorded exports are included. When official exportsvia Khartoum were suddenly increased (sheep up to the totallyavailable surplus, and cattle in excess of this), a drasticprice reaction signalized the slowness of the adaptationprocess in the marketing system, and resulted in the imposi-tion of an export ban. In taking this drastic action, how-ever, Government underestimated the inherent growth potentialof the national livestock herd (especially sheep).

Conclusions

8. Before summarizing the conclusions which can be drawn from ananslysis of the Table, it should be noted that the Table is an attempt todevelop a complex evaluation of the overall livestock supply and demand situa-tion in 1976. Based as it is on available data (the 1967/68 Household SampleSurvey and the 1975/76 Livestock pilot census), uncorrected shortcomings asfar as they may exist, have necessarily been included. Efforts to eliminateimbalances caused by livestock movements (stocks in trade or in seasonalmigration) were complicated by the fact that survey periods had moved throughdifferent seasons from province to province and might therefore have fallenshort of reaching their goal. The sole concentration on sheep and cattleas inter-provincial trading stock is a simplification which might not beapplicable for certain provinces. The assumption that a province with anet import requirement or export surplus will only show imports or onlyexports and only in the livestock species in which the net shortage orsurplus exists may be too simplistic. In reality, there will be many situa-tioins of mixed import and export activities in a province, e.g., a surplusarising in one part of a province might flow out to an attractive market ina neighboring province, rather than to a deficit area in the province; thefirst province might in turn receive supplies from an adjacent surplus areain a third province. Finally, assumptions of offtake rates, liveweightsand meat consumption by certain population groups may need further adjustmentand differentiation.

9. In spite of its shortcomings, the model nevertheless representsthe only presently available comprehensive and analytical effort to study thefactors influencing livestock supply and demand in the Sudan. The analysis,moreover, can be used to derive several generalized observations of the pre-sent situation.

ANNEX 7Appendix 1Page 10

i. There is a moderate national export surplus of closeto 6% of total meat production.

ii. The surplus situation is well balanced between cattle andsheep; however, for geographical and sociological reasonsa large part of the surplus cattle are presently unavail-able for official export (i.e. those from Southern, UpperNile and Jonglei provinces).

iii. A substantial cattle surplus potential exists inthe southeast, which should be integrated in anational marketing system.

iv. The geographic concentration of provincial meatdeficits and surplus presents itself in thefollowing order:

The Geographic Distribution of Meat Deficits and Surpluses Among Provinces

Deficits % Surpluses %

Khartoum 54 East (White Nile)(Blue Nile ) 50

Gezira 25 (Upper Nile)

Northeastern West (Kordofan ) 40Provinces i4cl. (Darfur )Kassala 18

South 10

% of Total Provincial % of Total ProvincialDeficits 97 Surpluses 100

v. The geographic concentration of provincial cattleand sheep import requirements is as follows:

The Geographic Distribution of Cattle and Sheep Deficits Among Provinces

Province Cattle % Sheep %

Khartoum 42 88

Gezeira 28 11

Northeastern Provincesincl. Kassala 27 -

% of Total Provincial Deficits 97 99

ANNEX 7Appendix IPage 11

vi. The geographic concentrtion of cattle and sheep export surplusesare:

The Geographic Distribution of Cattle and Sheep Surpluses Among Provinces

Province Cattle % Sheep %

White Nile and Upper Nile 46 46

Kordofan (N+S) 15 38

Darfur (N+S) 21 12

Southern Sudan 16

% of Total Provincial Surpluses 98 96

vii. The marked effect of the expansion of cultivation of ground-nuts and sesame and rapid human population increases in thewest are reflected in this region's reduced livestock exportpotential.

viii. A heavy livestock concentration in the central and southernNile valley which is being used as a breeding, fattening andstaging reservoir can be identified.

ix. The growing importance of the sheep industry is evident, andits commercialized sector plays an important role in supplyingthe Khartoum and the (Saudi Arabian) export market.

The Share of Sheep in Consumption and Trade

Total (herbivore) meat consumption 20%

Total (herbivore) meat availability 21.5%

Meat equiv. in total inter-provinciallivestock trade 25%

Meat equiv. importation from other provincesin the total herbivore meat supplies of theThree Towns 35%

Meat equiv. in total livestock and meat exportavailability 40%

Meat equiv. in total livestock and meat exportavailability (south excluded) 60%

November 10, 1977

1/ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~17cootlepopoitiro 1l.re.e 000) 14 44 0 643 57 504 900 1,564 1,408 1.405 700.2 701 1.228 937 1,467 907 2.033 15.367 -2

Oeleelehrve Oat. cetlearee ~~~-2771 - -73% - 7 1345 - +401 - +171 - -431 - +125- 33

the,-P9

ltc Ite. 1006 3129 272 024% 1,590 270 1.016 1,070 2,208 1,047 175 925 1.7 333 718 2.470 83 1,1 1e232 16,222 6

Below/shove tse. ecrieccat ~~~~-29 - 55 191% - 1534 -340 - .115 - .65 25

etitel poralealov (recta.) 70001 18n 426 204 1.774 I's 1,057 1,24 63 58 4 704 84 2.047 2,406 .7 1.8M1 2.734 20.492

Orb.,payeeetila(..evy 193) 2/ (~6) 14 89 13 70 6 145 88 10 40ia0 20 381 192 9 0 6 ~ %5,6.1 poetlaiii. ('064) 760 515~~~~~l 307 1,977 1268 ,0 ,5 96 158 755 822 403 872 2,132 2,39 1273209 ,8003.09a

Reo/ee.b- all. ceOete-255 - -205 -10% -15 - - - +105 - 4905 - I10%5 . 705 +1001

iree uiileed s Liveeatit Oct.34 (in 021 364 126 26 811 4 7 40 14 18119 79 71 1209 242: 138 2018 2,494Circle Acoelty (bead/hf) ~~~~~0.01 0.31 016 5.4 27 0. 1. 90 1. 020 . -91. 3. 10. 0.8182.1Sheep icoelly (62.0/04 1 ~~~~~0.6 2.2 1.3 1. 30 5 4. 50 60 i . .22 13.0 26 16. 6.2 6.4 7.384

Cetc .d Ohec Ottftab fra -it t _3 005 505 35% 605 515 70% 03% 905 005 805 805 25 00 005 60 901 l6x 835 745

Herbivre Dieee Oeei31jCteoei o/042

136 335 200 2,760 1,11 8,200 2,710 9,040 3,200 3,810 2,790 2,320 2.850 3.310 z,.1so 2.150 970 3.570 1.9m

eetleat 66Offiche 75 101 101 85 125 itS 10% lIt 65 4.55 95 21 75 65 85 95 95 85

eerootfecheieba/h7 ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~9 34 20 223 142 990 07 1,041 248 171 139 47 200 200 183 89 7 304 157

tn repselaioo d.city(per__e.2

) 6.9 3.4 i.1 14.0 18.0 70.0 16.0 71.0 4.3 6.3 604.9 12.0 16.0 16.6 8.1 6.2 . 18.0 18.Atiab . ffth (Ipr sits 0 18 1 14 12 27 3 35 27 73 10 17 12 18 63 4 08 1

We eI_e e etvof eat(la) 13i06 1 8 1 14 17 14 114 03 1 10 1232. 12.5 14.3eep.* ocrl deead ('000 te) 04 -. 05 -- 15 0. 1. 074 27 6945 -. 234.7 i01.83.04509.

00cr ae lsedafe tend ('60ia34 0.4 02 . 6.5 32.0 4. a. 4.6 1.2 0.5 3.1 25.8.0 5.2. 2. 2.7 2.6. 78.3

Peaveortial eeptrllleq.tri (~000 too)- _5.4 .4.4 6.5 133.5 .14.2 4i.3 23. 19. 94 3.4 41.7 2.6 0. 7.0 11. 0.3 12.4 28.9Otvci fe .e...a.1 erah/rdefo. -0.5 3.35 4.0 .3.3 -33.5 -1.5. - .5 20 .5 19.30 4.6 1.0 1/ -1.7 2.6 6.2 9.6 1.1813322.

66681. . ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ 16 L8 17 04,! 60 - - . . - 204Sheep . . . - ~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~4207 00 . .. .. 8

Catlie . . . . . - ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~7 '63 65 36 3 0~.4 10.0 - 41 .267Sheer - 15 . . - 2~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~00 21 .I - - 150Is40 843/

I/Ce...Lf-eto- Pilotl oet 1976. Oeof -avopertee (6I.Nile (reb./eee.1. taeia(t... id06(0e/0.) orov Sp.) er (et) lte atle (o.et.1tOtt eW. (8.6)

9. cerfoCa ldf0.72cc.1.

27 rhares.Ieioe oi ovredbytee...o 1coite Cr- 1973eoay3/ Ic-e oce =eecdoftr rate No catel ca ebe. poace aoele. cd a-oi d-eit a .e.p.eeecd - f ... ace offlae fro lo.

1hrh1 o hl, a-cec - ie-ttctd by tie piloleeee

4/ Obs rac.~ior etaer.ed- doohi ihe of ihe -0.1 ot lhttri. ab.-I.Ic t.oe bed0 boe6% -3tc f-iadro).

bya&edb ,06lcIi)cd 000 cep)6othorttcO aaepoeottlge 6dcel rrle,c tl rvlt e oathe 0%toaeei0d ti6p7.ait tplic heewifegac.r0

ANNEX 7

Appendix 1Table 2

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Estimated Population of TownshipsNot Included in Aerial Photographic Survey

(1973 Population Figures updated for 1975/76 by adding 15%)('000)

Red Sea South Kordofan South Darfur

Port Sudan 153 Kadugli 18 Ed Da'ein 18Rashad 4 Nyala 60

Bahr El Ghazal Muplad 7 Zulinger 14Babanusa 12 92

Aweil 18 Dilling 19 106Wau 53 Talodi 7

71 El Fula 5 North Darfur El Buheyrat85 El Aboussiya 5

Deloini) El Fasher 52 Rumbek 18E. Equatoria Kogoli 5 Geneina 35 Tonj 9

82 Kutum 5 27Juba 57 94 Mellit(Est.) 3 31Torit 15 95 ==Kapocta 5 North Kordofan 109Yei 12 ---

89 El Obeid 90 Khartoum103 En Nahud 26

Umm Ruwaba 20 Khartoum Town 334W. Equatoria Bara 9 Khartoum North 151

Er Rahad 15 Omdurman 299Yambia 7 Abu Zubad 7 784Maridi 9 167 900

16 192 -

20 --- Kassala-- Gezeira

Upper Nile Kassala 100Wad Medani 107 Gedarif 67

Malakal 35 El Hosaheisa 19 Ghasm El Girba 9126 176

Jonglei 40 145 203=-- Nile -=:Northern

Bar (estimate) 15 Blue Nile- jAtbara 66 Wadi Halfa 6

White Nile Ed Damazin 12 Berber 11 Dongola 6Sennar 29 77 12

Kosti 66 Es Suki 16 89 14El Jebelein Singa 19 -_ -

(estimate) 20 76Ed Duiem 27 88

1130130

SUDAN ANNEX 8Table 1

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Costs and Benefits of Railing vs Trekking Sheep

(£ESd per 100 Sheep)

Babanusa to El Obeid toKhartoum Khartoum

Costs of Railing over Trekking:

Railway Fare 165 115Feed and Water 30 20

193 135

Savings of Railing over Trekking:

Weight Loss 1/ 317 317Labor 43 29Working Capital Interest 32 22Watering Fees 28 16

420 384

Nlet Average 1/ Financial Benefits 225 249

Cost Benefit Ratio 2/ 0.46 0.35

1/ Weight losses are seasonal and what is presented here is the annualaverage. During the rainy season net financial benefits would be£Sd 72 and £Sd 96 respectively from Babanusa and El Obeid.

2/ Total Costs divided by Total Savings.

September 14, 1977

ANNEX 8SUDAN Table 2

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Costs and Benefits of Railing vs Trekking Cattle

(ESd. per 100 Cattle)

Babanusa El Obeidto Khartoum to Khartoum

Costs of Railing over Trekking:

Railway Fare 1,317 923Feed and Water 90 60

1,407 983

Savings of Railing over Trekking:

Weight Loss 1/ 2,051 2,051Labor 105 75Working Capital Interest 109 78Watering Fees 21 12

2,286 2,216

Net Average 1/ Financial Benefits 879 1,233

Cost Benefit Ratio 2/ 0.62 0.44

1/ Weight losses are seasonal and what is presented here is the annualaverage. During the rainy season net financial benefits would be£Sd 39 and £Sd 393 respectively from Babanusa and El Obeid.

2/ Total Costs divided by Total Savings

September 14, 1977

ANNEX 12Page 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Livestock and the Economy

1. The livestock industry is of significant importance to the Sudaneseeconomy. It is one of the main sources of food and employment for the popu-lation and it is a modest contributor to foreign earnings. In 1975 itaccounted for about 16% of GDP, and livestock exports contributed from 6%to 10% of the value of total exports.

Production Zones

2. The two major zones of livestock production are:

(a) The Savannah Belt. The low rainfall (300 mm to 800 mm) savannahbelt in which the northern livestock areas of Kordofan and Darfurprovinces are located, is a vast stretch of grassland with a widerange of low canopy tree cover (chiefly Acacia spp.). The Qoz areaof stabilised soft dune sands and the heavy textured clay plains ofthe south are recognisable sub-regions within this belt. Over-stocking in many parts has led to the grazing out of perennialgrasses, resulting in serious wind erosion in the light soils andreversion to thicket and scrub vegetation, and gully erosion on theheavier soils. In the areas of heavier rainfall, particularly inthe clay plains of Gedaref and the Nuba mountains, dryland mecha-nised farming has been extensively developed.

(b) The Southern Rangelands. The southern reaches of the savannahbelt encompass a region of high rainfall (800 mm to 1500 mm) and aresultant heavier vegetation cover on the prevalent heavy texturedsoils. Because of traditional resistance to cattle trading, andthe lack of infrastructural development in the area, the southernrangelands do not make a significant contribution to the nationallivestock industry. However, the higher rainfall gives it potentialfor grassland development and for both intensive and extensive com-mercial livestock production.

Cattle

3. The indigenous cattle of the country are of a medium sized Zebustock with a thoracic hump; they are of two main types:

(a) Baggara. These cattle are typical East African zebu foundmainly in the northern savannah country of Kordofan andDarfur provinces in the Blue Nile area. The most important

ANNEX 12Page 2

named breeds are the Kenana and Butana. The Kenana are greyin color and it is claimed are better milkers than thepredominantly red-skinned, heavier Butana animals.

(b) Nilotic. The cattle of the south are of Sanga breed (longhorn cervico-thoracic humped zebu), smaller framed thanthe Baggara cattle with large horns. They are the dominantbreed of the main cattle owning peoples of the south, theDinga, Nuer and Shilluk, and found mostly in the provincesof Bahr El Ghazal, Upper Nile and Eastern Equatoria.

4. The genetic potential of the Baggara cattle is excellent for beefproduction and the average slaughter weight of cattle is around 300 kg. Goodmature bulls and steers of 4 to 5 years weighing 550 kg are frequently re-corded at the slaughterhouse. Well-fed young cattle can reach a 250 kgbreeding weight within two years under simple unsophisticated managementconditions. Kenana cattle have a reported milk production of 900 kg per sixmonth lactation, and are superior in this respect to other Baggara cattle andthe Nilotic breeds.

5. The overall herd production parameters reflect the problems ofnomadic management and disease control:

Age at first calving 3-4 yearsCalving rate 50%Death rates (a) calves 30%

(b) adults 5%

Sheep

6. The majority of the national flock is found in the arid and semi-arid areas of Kordofan, Darfur, Northern and Blue Nile Provinces and, next tocattle, sheep are the most important form of livestock in the Sudan. Thedominant breed is the long tailed Sudan desert sheep, a hardy animal, welladapted to cope with the harsh environment and high temperatures. The breedis characterized by its resistance to disease and by its tolerance to thirst.A heavy bodied animal may weigh as much as 70 kg, but males average around 45to 50 kg. The ewes are good milkers and the breed has excellent reproductivepotential.

7. Breeding is often controlled and the nomadic shepherd aims to getthree crops of lambs every two years. Under more intensive conditions ofmanagement, it is likely that disease and parasite problems could increase,but with adequate nutrition and veterinary control, the reproduction andslaughter offtake rates offer good potential for improvement. Animal offtakeis estimated at about 25%.

ANNEX 12Page 3

Goats

8. Goats are found particularly in the drier areas and are kept pri-marily for domestic meat and milk production and hair; goat meat although themain meat consumed in many areas, is less popular than mutton or beef.

Camels

9. Camels of the one humped Arabian species are important stock inthe semi-arid northern areas. The offtake rate is relatively high and isestimated at 8%; these animals are moved on the hoof to markets in Egypt andto rural consumer markets, and a small number are exported through PortSudan.

Traditional Livestock Production Systems

10. It is estimated that about 2.6 million families own livestock.Probably 60% of cattle production, up to 80% of sheep and goat productionand all camel production originates from transhumant pastoralists; much ofthe remainder comes from small mixed settled farmer operations. It has beengenerally assumed that producers in the traditional sector, particularly thosefollowing transhumant a existence, are not responsive to prices and othereconomic forces. Indications are, however, that the traditional producers inthe Sudan are well aware of the economic importance of their herds, althoughthey place considerable emphasis on the social factors connected with livestockownership. In the rural areas the justification for keeping livestock inincreasing numbers has developed around such social factors as prestige,tribal traditions and dowry; the man in possession of a large herd is inbetter standing with the community than the owner of a few animals. Also,under the system of communal grazing the nomadic producer will acquire as manylivestock as possible, recognizing that any reduction in his herd size islikely to be met by increased numbers on the part of someone else. Anotherfactor influencing herd size is that the owner of many animals has a betterchance of surviving losses through drought than the owner of a small herd.Finally, cattle are considered a reasonably safe means by which wealth can beaccumulated and stored. As a result of his transhumant way of life thepastoralist finds it impossible to carry large amounts of cash. Leaving cashin the hands of a trader or merchant has been tried by some, but not alwayswith success. Using the few existing banks in the larger towns means deviatingfrom his migration route and subjecting himself to what he perceives ashumiliating treatment at the hands of officials who do not know him and mockhis illiteracy. Consequently the pastoralist normally will sell livestockonly when necessary, i.e. when cash is required for payment of taxes or forthe purchase of food, veterinary drugs and domestic essentials. This outlookis, however, slowly changing. The nomadic producer and the sedentary farmerare both interested in obtaining improved living standards and health servicesfor their families and education for their children. In order to secure thesegoals, they are increasingly learning to view their animals as a source ofwealth rather than as a measure of social prestige; the traditional reluctance

ANNEX 12Page 4

to sell is in this way being gradually overcome. Moreover, the young gene-ration of pastoralists have observed the more comfortable life of theirrelatives in the towns and are developing a desire for the commodities whichwill ease their own lives. With the decreasing influence of traditionalleadership and changes in customary values, the more enterprising youngsterseither leave their relatives in search of education and jobs in the town orestablish themselves as traders of livestock.

11. In the western provinces, herds of cattle move between northern andsouthern locations according to the dictates of the season. With the approachof the wet season, cattle leave the wetter areas of the south to reach theirsummer grazing areas in the north, crossing the railway line during July.Cattle begin moving southwards again in September, cross the railway line inOctober and reach the dry season grazing areas again about December. Duringthe dry season, nomadic herds are usually in remote areas. Most sales,therefore, occur in the wet season between July and October. Nomadic sheepand goat flocks remain during the dry season in areas close to the mainmigratory stock routes, i.e. within the 400 mm to 600 mm rainfall belt,often browsing feed left by cattle. In July, flocks begin moving north tospend the wet season in areas which receive 150 mm to 250 mm of rainfall,about 200 km to 300 km to the north and in the general direction of themarkets in the east. Some mixed crop livestock farmers are now settledbut have transhmunt livestock which usually graze in the village croplandsduring the early rains when the crops are planted and then during the dryseason after harvest. During the rains, these stock move northwards, andonce the water points have dried up and crop residues have been consumed,they move southwards. Villages which have permanent water tend to keep theiranimals around the village for as long as possible, with consequent over-grazing and reduced livestock performance due to under-nutrition.

12. Productivity in the cattle herds is low. Calving rates of 40% (insedentary) to 55% (in pastoral herds) and calf mortality rates of 20% to 30%reflect the stress which deteriorating conditions on the range have put onbreeding stock. The long distances which cattle have to travel to water, thepractice of night herding (which deprives stock of full grazing time), and theminimal subsistence grazing on which the animals must exist for long periodsduring dry season mean that they take longer to mature (3 1/2 - 4 years), andcome into breeding condition much less frequently than under better managementconditions. Milking of cows for human consumption often leads to malnutri-tion in calves and contributes to increased death rates. Productivity ofsheep is generally higher than that of cattle as the former are betteradapted to their environment; owners generally aim at three lamb crops intwo years.

Patterns of Ownership

13. In recent years, traditional pastoral nomadism, particularlyamong the Baggara, has come under pressure from a number of economic,political and climatic factors which are gradually bringing about changes and

ANNEX 12Page 5

inducing settlement on an increasing scale. Older members of the 'farig' orfamily group often remain as semi-sedentary cultivators with a small herdwhile the young couples follow the traditional transhumant system. Thevillage-based herds are growing in importance and, while the problems ofmaintaining such stock on surrounding grazing land are considerable, there isample opportunity and need to develop this pattern of management.

Feeding and Nutrition of Livestock

14. The greater part of the Sudan consists of vast areas of grazinglands utilized by nomadic and transhumant stockowners. The savanna andthe southern flood lands together provide about 80% of the feed consumedby livestock and consist of annual and perennial grasses and some browsingshrubs. However, because of the short growing season (July - September)and the shortage and uneven distribution of water (mostly shallow wells),most feed remains unused and is burned. Consequently, animal bodyweightsfluctuate considerably. Some of the land is used for farming but themajor part is grazed by livestock. The available grazing areas, by province,are as follows:

Province Total Deductions Rangeland andmillion million Farming(ha) (ha) (million ha)

Bahr El Ghazal 21.4 4.9 FT 16.5

Blue Nile 14.2 - 14.2

Darfour (N+S) 49.6 5.2 FT 27.916.5 D

Equatoria 19.8 2.9 FT 16.9

Kassala 34.1 8.5 D 25.6

Khartoum 2.1 - 2.1

Kordofan (N+S) 38.0 7.8 FT 30.2

Northern 47.7 47.7 D -

Upper Nile 23.6 16.8 F 6.8250.5 110.3 140.2

Note: F = Flooded T Tsetse D = Desert

Source: Review of Livestock Development in the Sudan C.R. Halbrookand M.R. Yust, USAID, 1964.

ANNEX 12Page 6

Assuming that some 8 million ha are under cultivation, there would then besome 132 million ha of rangelands, not flooded, outside the tsetse fly area.Of this area, it is estimated that some 40 million ha receive 130-350 mmof rainfall and the remaining 92 million ha in excess of this. From theseassumptions it is estimated that the range could, in fact, support 1.5 timesmore animals than at present, i.e. about 25 million cattle, 25 million sheep,17.5 million goats and 5 million camels.

Fattening Operations and Feed Resources

15. To hold and prepare animals for slaughter and export, simple live-stock reconditioning operations have developed around Khartoum - Wad Medani inrecent years. Livestock are kept on bare land where they are fed groundnuthulls, cotton-seed cake and mature sorghum stalks. All these operations havehigh cost due to the shortage of low priced, better quality feedstuffs aroundKhartoum without which efficient fattening performances cannot be attained.The high cost has been worthwhile in recent years, as domestic and exportprices have been rising and as there has been a substantial margin betweenbuying and selling prices per kg. The Sudan produces a wide range of cropsand crop by-products which can be used for animal feeding (including cottonseed and other oil cakes, groundnuts, sesame, sorghum, pulses, molasses,wheat bran). During recent years a great increase in concentrate feeding oflivestock, especially of slaughterstock in feedlots, has taken place. Inspite of this, large quantities of available feed for livestock are eitherunutilized or are exported. Cotton seed cake and bran from local mills are inrelative abundance and meet the main demand for feeds arising in the urbanareas. Oilseeds and oilseed cake, cotton and gum arabic, constitute the mainexport commodities. A modern, automated feed compounding factory with acapacity of 10,000 tons has been established in Khartoum in association with aflour mill. In addition a number of commercial feedlots have their ownmilling and mixing facilities. The table below, compiled by the FAO 1975Perspective Study of Agricultural Development in the Sudan, gives an estimateof the grains, by-products and crop residues available in 1970 and two alter-native estimates for 1985.

ANNEX 12Page 7

Feed Availability ('000 tons)

1970 I 1985 IIAlternative Alternative-

/1 /2 /Prod. Exp. Feed Prod. Exp. Feed Prod. Exp. Feed

Sorghum/Maize - - 18 - - 103 1 1 204

Bran (from allsources) 149 29 120 248 - 248 276 - 276

All oilseed cake 316 237 89 534 441 93 778 401 377All cereal stubbleand straw - - n.a. - - 15,500 - - 17,500

Molasses 40 - n.a. 75 - 75 75 - 75

/1 Total Production./2 Export./3 Used for livestock feed.

16. Forage Production on Irrigated Land. Approximately 1.5 million haof irrigated lands, mostly in the east, have contributed increasing amountsof fodder production for the maintenance of livestock (both stock owned bylocal farmers and trade stock passing through to the Khartoum or Wad Medanimarkets). In addition, herds and flock utilize the aftermath of crops onirrigated areas. There is also considerable potential for developing spe-cialized forms of production by utilizing the rangelands for the production ofstore animals, such as young bulls and male lambs, which can be finished infeedlots utilizing feeds, fodder and agricultural by-products produced on theirrigated areas Eventually an improved marketing system and more liberal ex-port regulations should make finishing immature stock a more economic proposi-tion. Projects are being developed (see Appendix 1) by the private sectorwhich depend heavily on feedlot operations relying on irrigated fodder pro-duction. The feasibility studies for such projects seem to confirm thatgrowing of fodder per se would not be economical except when considered inthe context of an integrated operation comprising fattening and exportoriented processing.

Animal Health

17. The range of animal disease problems in the Sudan is similar tothat of the whole Sudanic region of Africa. The high incidence of disease,transhumant and nomadic systems of production, the lack of a road network anddifficulty of wet season transport and communication limit the extent to whichthe small but highly professional veterinary service is able to cope with theproblems of animal health. The diseases of major economic importance whichaffect the livestock industry of the Sudan are:

ANNEX 12Page 8

(a) Rinderpest. An inter-African campaign (JP-15) has reducedthe incidence of, and possibly eliminated, this disease inthe Sudan. Vaccination of young stock continue, however.

(b) Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. CBPP is encounteredthroughout the country except in the Northern and Khartoumprovinces. It can be handled effectively by serologicaltests during quarantine, rejection of reactors and byvaccination.

(c) Foot and Mouth Disease. Foot and mouth disease is endemic inthe Sudan, and outbreaks occur from time to time. Althoughthis disease can be limited by the quarantinging of animals,it is now considered commercially worthwhile to vaccinatelocal trade stock against it.

(d) Epizootic Diseases. Local diseases which appear from timeto time include Anthrax, Black-quarter and HaemorrhagicSepticaemia; these can be prevented by annual vaccination.Tuberculosis is not a major disease problem, as it can becontrolled by testing during quarantining and rejectionof reactors; this procedure should be adopted in due coursefor dairy and breeding herds. Brucellosis can be handledby vaccination.

(e) Ectoparasites. Ticks and streptothricosis are not consideredto be prominent problems in nomadic life stock. Tabanus fliesfeed vocariously and the Sudan is renowned for the prevalenceof these pests. Seasonally these cause a degree of stock worryand loss of blood which can result in some loss of condition.Routine treatments are required to reduce the parasite infes-tation which builds up in the rains.

(f) Sheep Diseases. Pneumonias and various forms of enteritisare prevalent during the rains, as is foot rot. Coccidiosisis also known to occur. Sheep-pox is seen sporadically.

18. Trypanosomiasis. Large areas of the southern and south westernSudan carry suitable vegetative habitat for and are infested with tsetsefly (G. Pallipides and G. Morsitans). The Sudanese veterinary service haslong experience of the control and eradication of tsetse fly. Financialconstraints, however, have limited the extent to which control units could bemaintained and eradication campaigns carried out. Government is keenly awareof the dangers of attempting to develop sedentary and semi-extensive livestockproduction in fly infested areas, and a key support program to the productionsub-projects will include a survey program to identify and typify the extentof fly infestation in suspected zones.

ANNEX 12Page 9

Livestock Institutions and Government Services

19. The development of national livestock marketing policies is theresponsibility of the newly established Livestock and Meat Marketing Comission(LMMC). The responsibilities of the LMMC are fully detailed in Annex 7.Other institutions which have responsibility for the livestock sub-sectorinclude:

(a) The Ministry of Agriculture. Food and Natural Resources (MAFNR).The Under-Secretary for Animal Resources controls and directs:

(i) Veterinary Service. The veterinary service is responsiblefor all veterinary research and field services, diagnosticlaboratories, production of serum and vaccines, epidemiccontrols, quarantine services and meat inspection.

(ii) Animal Production. A branch of the MAFNR is responsiblefor animal husbandry extension services, breeding ofimproved stock and administering provincial dairy productionunits.

The Under-Secretary of Natural Resources controls and directs:

(i) Range Management. A division of range management servicesis responsible for pasture improvement and field research,forage production and the improvement of the naturalrangelands.

(b) The Animal Production Public Corporation (APPC). APPC is aparastatal organization which has been specifically formed topromote livestock production enterprises, alone or in partnershipwith private organizations. It is particularly concerned withlarge scale, extensive production of meat.

(c) Ministry of Cooperation and Rural Development. As part ofits overall development program, the Ministry is engaged inranching and tenant managed dairy schemes.

(d) Ministry of Local Government. The Ministry previously operatedurban slaughterhouse and collected livestock and agriculturaltaxes. The Ministry was abolished in May 1977 and its responsi-bilities returned to the provincial authorities.

(e) Ministry of Economics and Trade (MET). The MET has responsibilityfor all export activities and trade agreements. Administrationof exports is, in fact, controlled by the Central Bank, which isresponsible for the issue of export licences, control over cur-rencies and ensuring that remittance of foreign currency earningscorrespond to export sales receipts (Annex 9).

ANNEX 12Page 10

20. Veterinary Services. The provision of adequate veterinary servicesis vital to the future development of the livestock sub-sector. Veterinaryofficers are stationed at province and district headquarters, with someminor stations staffed with veterinary assistants. Animal health work consistsof routine surgeries held at headquarters and special mass vaccination cam-paigns to control cattle diseases. The provision of proper services tolargely nomadic herds requires travel over extensive areas, and shortage oftransport is a constant handicap.

21. Animals brought into the Three Towns must either have certificatesof vaccination from their provinces of origin or be submitted for vaccinationon entering Khartoum province. Provincial Councils, in addition to chargingfor the vaccines, are entitled to charge traders for the vaccination certifi-cates. All export animals have to be vaccinated; cattle against rinderpest,haemorrhagic septicaemia and anthrax, and sheep against anthrax only. Onlyvaccinations at Nyala, El Fasher, El Obeid and Kosti are accepted by quaran-tine officials as valid for export purposes. Animals inspected elsewhere haveto be re-vaccinated before export. Export animals are generally held inquarantine for minimums of 21 days (cattle) and 7 days (sheep). A part ofthis period must be at the quarantine stations at Kadero, Port Sudan or WadiHalfa. Animals destined for export as meat are at present quarantined inKadero.

22. Disease Free Zone. Government has established a Disease FreeZone (DFZ) in an area extending from Kadaro and Suakin north to the Egyptianborder. All animals destined for export will have to spend 21 days (cattle) or7 days (sheep) in quarantine in yards on the DFZ border prior to export.These conditions exceed the requirements of most Near East markets, but do notsatisfy the requirements of the European market for which the concept of theDFZ was originally conceived. The administrative problems associated withmaintaining the DFZ will put a serious burden on Government's already strainedmanpower resources.

Credit Requirements in the Livestock Sector

23. Lack of bank credit is not considered to be a constraint to thedevelopment of livestock production in its present form. It would not bepracticable at present to provide credit to the vast majority of nomadicproducers. The need for some form of institutional credit will arise, how-ever, if landowning or established tenant farmers are to be assisted to takeup livestock production as an alternative or as an adjunct to crop produc-tion. Credit will be required for the purchase of breeding stock, the im-provement of pastures and the provision of fencing and water supplies. Ademand exists for credit for marketing, particularly among dealers who holdanimals for fattening before sale to the domestic market or for export. Theoperations of such dealers are restricted by the fact that they are unable toobtain credit (apart from the traditional 15-30 days delayed payment terms)against their stock-in-trade, namely the livestock. This is a type of creditwhich a bank could well consider providing. Once the rail transport system

ANNEX 12Page 11

is in operation the extension of advances through the banks to traders rail-ing cattle to buyers in Khartoum could accelerate the buying capacity ofthe former. Such a facility would be guaranteed by the buyers, who wouldauthorize an advance of 80% of the value of the animals on the basis of load-ing documents; this would enable the trader to start buying immediatelywithout having to wait, as is presently the case, for settlement when thelivestock arrive in Khartoum.

Proposed Modern Livestock Production Enterprises

24. The Sudanese Government has actively encouraged foreign investmentin the livestock sub-sector. Consequently several foreign investors (mainlyfrom the Middle East and usually in partnerships with Sudanese merchants)have proposed to undertake substantial investments in the livestock industry.These investments will be concentrated for the most part on fattening andfinishing operations for export. The most important proposals include: theSudanese Animal and Agricultural Production Company (Ibrahim Talleb andAssociates) proposal for a feedlot located in Khartoum North; the SudanKuwaiti Animal Production Company proposal for a feedlot and cannery forKhartoum North and a 150,000 feddan ranch at Jebelein in White Nile Province;the proposal of the Blue Nile Regional Development Project (Triad) for 1million feddan ranch, feedlot, abattoir and cannery complex in Damazin;and the Damazin Agricultural and Animal Production Company (Sudan SaudiInvestment Company) proposal similar to that of Triad. Finally, there arefive competing proposals for utilizing the northern blocks of Gezira (whichhave gone out of cotton) for smallholder livestock fattening. A moredetailed description of the more important of these proposals is availablein Appendix 1.

November 10, 1977

ANNEX 12APPENDIX IPage 1

SUDAN

LIVESTOCK MARKETING PROJECT

Proposed Private Sector Investmentsin Livestock Development

I. Sudanese Animal and Agricultural Production Co. Ltd.(Ibrahim Talleb and Associates - SAAPCO)

1. Status. Construction of this scheme started in 1975; the Ministryof Irrigation is under contract to complete the main canals and secondarycanals by July 1977. A feasibility study (January 1976) was carried outby Amco-Sarad Agro International Corporation of California. The study wasfinanced by Qatar as a pre-condition for its investment in the company. Asecond feasibility study was carried out by Guiness Peat (Overseas) Ltd. U.K.who commissioned a meat marketing study by Mead Lonsdale, U.K. Financing byIFC was sought and the project appraised in March 1977.

2. Location. This project is located in Khartoum North (Eseilat) on27,000 feddans; 10,400 feddans of this total will be irrigated for fodderproduction. The land has been acquired on a 30-year lease from the Ministryof Local Government and an annual rent of 10 pt per feddan is payable. It iswithin 3 km of the Kadero quarantine and export abbatoir and lies within thedesignated Disease Free Zone (DFZ).

3. Project Design. The project would mainly involve establishment of alivestock feedlot designed to handle some 39,000 cattle and 139,000 sheep perannum. Forage crops and grain to be used as feed for the animals would beproduced on the project site; molasses and cottonseed cake would be purchasedfor use as supplemental feed. Seventy-five per cent of the output of thefeedlot would be exported. Procurement of stock would be organized throughfive collection centers in Darfur and Kordofan provinces; stock would alsocome from two breeding ranches to be established by the project at a laterdate at two as yet unspecified locations. Vegetables will also be grown onthe irrigated land, and there has been some suggestion that this activitymight be expanded to supply produce to the city or for export markets. Itseems likely that management will be supplied through a contract with theconsulting firm which carried out the first feasibility study.

4. Finance. The original investment was made by three large localmerchants (whose other major investment is in a textile factory). TheSudan Development Corporation, Guiness Peat (Overseas) Ltd. London, and theIFC are now considering investing in the scheme. SAAPCO has plans, whichhave not yet been worked out in detail, to try to incorporate producers intothe company as shareholders; their contribution would be in kind, as a meansof helping to secure stock for the feedlot. The total cost of the projectfeedlot is approximately US$18.0 million.

ANNEX 12APPENDIX 1Page 2

II. Sudan Kuwaiti Animal Production Company (SKAPCO)

5. Status SKAPCO is a subsidary of the Sudanese Kuwaiti InvestmentCompany, Ltd. Its share capital of LSd 3.5 million is allocated between theKuwait Foreign Trading, Contracting and Investment Company (49%), the SudaneseKuwaiti Investment Company (44%), and Sudanese private investors (7%). SKAPCOhas leased land for its project and has had a very thorough feasibility studycarried out by ULO Consultants (Warwick) Ltd. Contracts to supply equipmentare out to tender. Irrigation of the first 7,000 feddans is expected tocommence in 1978.

6. Location. SKAPCO has leased 27,000 feddans of land at Eseilat(near the village of Kahas Kitrang) 65 km south of Khartoum on the east bankof the Blue Nile. The project is inside the revised DFZ.

7. Project Design. The project would provide for establishment of anirrigated fodder farm and feedlot on 27,000 feedans near Eseilat along theBlue Nile. Some 7,000 feddans would be irrigated by pump from the Blue Nilefor the production of forage crops, lucerne and fodder sorghum; the remaining20,000 feddans would not be irrigated (at least initially), but would beestablished as natural pasture for holding stock. The feedlot will have acapacity of 50,000 cattle and 100,000 sheep. Twenty per cent of the sheep and32% of the cattle are for the domestic market; forty per cent of the sheep and60% of the cattle will go to the chilled meat export market, especiallyKuwait, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States. Stock would be procured in theNyala, El Obeid and Omdurman markets. A contract for the high level ofmanagement required will be made with a consultant firm.

III. Blue Nile Regional Development Project(AZLI Corporation, Affiliate of Triad)

9. Status. The AZL International Corporation, Agro-Services Group,completed a study of this project in 1975, and the proposal has been submittedto Government for approval. Final approval is expected shortly. Althoughthere are a number of important technical problems which were not resolved inthe study, implementation is likely to begin as planned, leaving the implemen-tation team to adapt the project to the situation they find.

10. Location. The site of the Er Roseires ranch is 1 million acresin Blue Nile Province, located between the Nile and the River Dinder. Thelocation of the associated irrigated farm and agro-industrial complex has notyet been fixed.

ANNEX 12APPENDIX IPage 3

11. Production method and output. The project would establish a breed-ing ranch at Er Roseires with 68,000 breeding cows along with 16,000 steersfor fattening and some pure bred Boran stock. Some 30,000 sheep will also

be held for breeding and fattening. Pasture on the ranch will be improved and13,000 acres of mechanised sorghum and sesame will be grown for sale andforage. Loans will be made available to "stabilize" some members of thenomadic tribes in the area around the ranch who will supply part of the stockfor finishing. An irrigated farm of 30,000 acres would also be established;it will produce cash, horticultural and forage crops. Altogether some 19,000acres of cash and grain crops (including wheat, groundnuts and sorghum) and1,000 acres of fruit and vegetables will be grown. Also, a livestock finish-ing unit, abattoir and canning plant will be established at Sennar. Theabattoir and cannery will have a capacity of 70,000 cattle and 150,000 sheepwhich will be supplied partly by the breeding ranch and partly (20,000 cattleand 55,000 sheep) by purchases from the surrounding pastoralists.

12. The project would also create social infrastructure services, nowcompletely lacking in the area. This includes schools, medical centers andwater supplies (for which UNICEF has been requested to carry out a survey inthe area). Technical services, including research and extension, animalhealth and tsetse control and physical infrastructure, roads, irrigationcanals, stock watering points, are also scheduled to be included in theproject.

13. Finance. Total project cost is budgeted at US$93 million. Inthe proposed financing, Government and the producers would provide 3% of thistotal and 95% would come from Arab sources (particularly Saudi Arabia, throughTriad) in the form of a grant or soft loan over 50 years. Additional financeand management participation is being negotiated with Tate and Lyle Ltd. U.K.

IV. Damazin Agricultural and Animal Production Company(Sudan Saudi Investment Company)

14. Status. It is believed that this project arose out of the livestocksection study of the Damazin area carried out by the Arab Organizationfor Agricultural Development (AOAD) in 1974. The Company has been set up byPrince Mohamed Faisal (Saudi Arabia) and a Former Minister of State forAgriculture has been appointed as an advisor by the President. A new detailedfeasibility study has been contracted for. The first group of 5,000 head

of cattle are expected to be fattened by the end of 1978.

15. Location. Half a million acres in Blue Nile Province near Damazin,west of the Blue Nile on the edge of the Ingessana Hills has been allocated to

the project. The AOAD study also examined the possibility of a site nearKhartoum for a feedlot, slaughterhouse and processing plants.

ANNEX 12APPENDIX 1Page 4

16. Project Design. The project includes proposals for the collectionand holding of animals in seven regional stations, where they would maintaineduntil transferred to a feedlot, and slaughterhouse complex where meat would bechilled or frozen for export. Damazin airport would be improved to enable useby commercial meat-carrying aircraft. Total output at full development isestimated at 120,000 cattle and 240,000 sheep producing 24,000 tons of meatper year.

November 10, 1977