SHAH AND ANCHOR KUTCHHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE -

Dept. of Management Studies

A Report on

26/11 Mumbai Attacks

A report submitted in partial and fulfillment of the requirement of Presentation & Communication Techniques syllabus.

Submitted by :

Priyank Gala - 43

Purvi - 44

Rahul Lodha - 45

Renuka Joshi - 46

Rishma Shetty - 47

Rohan Tikhare - 48

F.Y.M.M.S. - November 2009

Preface

The report is an attempt at understanding the enormity of Mumbai 26/11. India has seen serious assaults on its democratic institutions – including on the Red Fort and its Parliament – but 26/11 was vastly different in both its intent and its intensity.

The ten-member fidayeen squad that sneaked in via the sea route from Karachi, all the way to Mumbai was distinctly different from any other. Mumbai's attackers had clearly been trained well; the conspiracy had been in the making for close to a year; ten of the thirty-two who had been trained were handpicked for Mission Mumbai and the planning was as detailed as it was lethal. Several sections in the report take a long, hard, even despairing look at how terror unfolded, step by step for over sixty long hours as India was held hostage. The report contains information on how the operation was planned and executed.

Well-known journalists Ashish Khetan and Rahul Shivshankar have painstakingly reconstructed the horror at the three main target sites: hotels Taj and Oberoi and Nariman House and the report gives crucial insights into the terrorists' modus operandi, hair-raising conversations between the attackers and their handlers in Pakistan and the fight back--the almost impossible manner in which the National Security Guards got down to the task of pinning the terrorists down, even as they groped in the dark without too much help from other agencies who had begun intercepting the calls being made between Mumbai and Pakistan.

The report also details the intelligence failures, critical failures that are in urgent need of redress. It also tracks the story back to Muridke, the infamous address just outside Lahore, where the Lashkar-e-Toiba is headquartered and where Ajmal Kasab, the lone surviving terrorist was trained for the Mumbai attack.

F.Y.M.M.S. - November 2009

ACKNOWLEGMENTS

We heartily appreciate the support & guidance of Mrs. Sharmila and giving us the opportunity to present on the topic “26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks” .

We would also thank all those who were the respondents to our survey for their precious time and inputs.

F.Y.M.M.S. - November 2009

SUMMARY

This report is based on the attack on Mumbai on the 26th of November 2008. Mumbai faced one of the deadly attacks it had seen. The targets being the local Leopold café, The Nariman point house, Cama Hospital and the Taj Hotels.

It deals with the planning and the entire execution of the plan. The report describes in detail the occurrence of the events. The NSG taking the command to handle the situation and an excellent work by them. It also throws light on the incompetence on the part of the Coast guards and the Navy which led the terrorists enter into Mumbai.

The report also provides a brief description of the casualties and the compensation given to the affected. The success achieved in the arrest of at least one of the terrorist which has led to a lot of more disclosures. The trails happening based on the evidences given to Pakistan by the Indian government.

F.Y.M.M.S. - November 2009

CONTENTS

1.Introduction…………………………………12.Entry into India………………………...........23. Sequence of Attacks…………………………3

3.1 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus…………............................................ 3.2 Cama Hospital and Arrest of Kasab 3.3 Encounter of the officers and the terrorist……………….. 3.4 Leopold Café…………………………………………………. 3.5 Taj Hotel………………………………….. 3.6 Oberoi…………………………………………… 3.7 Nariman House………………………….

4. End of the attacks……………………………..5. Methodology…………………………………..6. Training of the terrorists………………………7. Crimes committed by the terrorists……………8. Evidences

8.1 Analysis of the DNA samples……………….8.2 Technical evidences………………………….8.3 Other evidences………………………………

9. Casualties and Compensations…………………..10.Aftermath11. Reactions12. Trials 12.1 Kasab’s Trial 12.2 Other trails in Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai, India's financial capital and its largest city. The attacks, which drew widespread condemnation across the world, began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killing at least 173 people and wounding at least 308.

Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital, the Orthodox Jewish-owned Nariman House, the Metro Cinema, and a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College. There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle. By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj Mahal Palace had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. An action by India's National Security Guards (NSG) on 29 November resulted in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj Mahal Palace, ending all fighting in the attacks.

Mohammad Ajmal Amir, the only attacker who was captured alive, disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based militant organization, considered a terrorist organization by India, the United States, and the United Kingdom, among others. The Indian Government said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.

ENTRY IN INDIA According to investigations the attackers traveled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler 'Kuber', killing the crew, and then entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of 'Kuber', Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters.

The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 Urdu-speaking men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen to "mind their business" before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermen's subsequent report to police received little response.

In the afternoon of 23rd November, 2008, arrested accused MohammadAjmal Mohammad Aamir Kasab alias Abu Mujahid, dead terrorist accused Ismail Khan alias Abu Ismail,Imran Babar alias Abu Akash,Nasir Alias AbuUmar ,Nazir Ahmad alias Abu Umar ,Hafiz Arshad alias Abdul Rehman Badaalias Hayaji ,Abdul Rehman Chota alias Sakib, Fahad Ulla,Javed alias AbuAli ,Shoaib alias Abu Shoheb, Mursheed, Aakib, Usman, Hakim Saab and otherthree unknown accused, with the help of criminal force, captured ‘M.V. Kuber’, afishing trawler in the Jakhau area within the Indian territorial water. Immediately,Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab and other 9 Pakistani terrorists ( subsequently killed in the encounters with the Police and N.S.G Commandos) who were in the Pakistani/LeT boat ‘Al Husaini’, forcibly entered the Indian fishing trawler. Out of the 5 sailors on board M.V. Kuber, 4 sailors were taken into the Pakistani/LeT boat "Al Husaini" whilst the navigator(Tandel) of the M.V. Kuber viz. Amarsingh Solanki was forcibly kept on the Indianfishing trawler M.V. Kuber. Simultaneously, the terrorists also loaded their deadlyconsignment of AK-47 assault rifles, 7.62 mm pistols, hand grenades, RDX-ladenIEDs, rubberized dinghy with out board engine, etc. and other material, from thePakistani boat to M.V. Kuber. The detailed planning also entailed the transfer of adequate diesel fuel from the Al-Husaini to M.V. Kuber to facilitate the further direct journey towards the destination Mumbai. On completion of this task, the seven Pakistani terrorists who were onboard, the Pakistani/LeT "Al Husaini", left towards Pakistan along with the 4 sailorsfrom the Indian fishing trawler M.V. Kuber. Thence, the 10 terrorists and theCaptain (Tandel) of the Indian fishing trawler M.V. Kuber set sail towards Mumbaiin the Indian trawler M.V. Kuber. During this sea journey, the 10 trained terrorist accused on board M.V. Kuber were in constant contact with their handlers and co-conspirators in Pakistan throughsatellite phone. Similarly, they navigated the 582 nautical miles (approx) journey toMumbai with the help of the G.P.S device which these 10 trained accused terroristswere carrying. This Indian fishing trawler M.V. Kuber reached approximately 4 to5 nautical miles off the coast of Mumbai on 26th November 2008 at

approximately16.00 hours.As per the instructions received earlier, these 10 accused terrorists contactedtheir Pakistani handlers/co-conspirators through the Satellite phone. It was then thatthe handlers/co-conspirators informed regarding the killings of the 4 Indian sailors.

Attack sequence in brief

506 nautical miles from Mumbai, a 10-man team of terrorists left Karachi (Pakistan’s premier coastal city) on a cargo ship, then hijacked an Indian fishing trawler, killed the crew except for the captain, who was murdered just off the coast of Mumbai, when they boarded inflatable boats which brought them ashore under cover of dark at around 9.00pm local time, perhaps at two different sites in the southern part of the city. There they grouped themselves in pairs of five kill teams to wreck havoc upon an unsuspecting city. The multiple teams attacked multiple targets at the same time, using multiple tactics. Many of the city’s residents were watching, on their large or small screens, a cricket match being played between India and the visiting England team. India won. Many were at the city’s busiest railway station, in a rush to get home, or waiting to board a train. Many were out with family and friends for dinner or drinks. Many were just strolling. It was like any other mega city trying to unwind on a weekday. It was Wednesday, November 26, 2008.

The terrorists took taxis to their marked destinations, left time bombs inside these taxis before getting off, and quickly attacked large groups of people using AK-47s and grenades. One team walked to Nariman House – a short 10 minute walk. The taxis exploded soon after, killing two drivers and one bystander.

The heavily armed youngsters, carrying assault rifles, pistols and hand grenades, were in their early 20s. They were wearing the global uniform of youth – jeans and T-shirts - and spoke Urdu, Hindi and some English. All were carrying a rucksack and Rs. 6000 in Indian currency. Evidence suggests that the attacks were masterminded, planned and executed by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), a terrorist group based in Pakistan. Their objective was to hurt India where it hurts most. Mumbai is the financial, commercial, and celebrity hub of India. It also has a thriving film and small-screen industry. The millionaire density in the city is highest in India.

The meticulously planned and coordinated attacks were all carried out between 9.30 – 9.45pm. The first round of attacks took place at 9.27pm at the Leopold Cafe and Bar – a popular eating joint on Colaba Causeway, one of Mumbai’s busiest thoroughfares. Minutes later, another team, we now know, made up of 21-year-old Mohammad Aslam Kasab – the only terrorist known to have been captured (by the Mumbai Police)and his mate Ismail Khan, arrived by taxi at the CST railway station, entered the main hall, and began firing on people indiscriminately. The gunfire and grenades killed as many as 50 people. As soon as the police force arrived at the site, Khan and Kasab ran out of the station, shot three policemen, took a police van and drove to the Cama and GT hospitals, firing as they went, with police in pursuit. It was here that the pair shot dead the Anti-Terrorism Squad chief Hemant Karkare and another senior officer. From the

hospital, they fled in another vehicle, and in an encounter with the police at Chowpatty in south Mumbai, Kasab was nabbed and disarmed of his assault rifle by an unarmed policeman ASI Tuka Ram Ombale, who clung on to him even in death as five bullets were pumped into his head by Kasab’s partner Khan. The policemen killed Khan and captured Kasab - the sole surviving terrorist. The gunmen used the Hit and Run tactic at CST, and Cafe Leopold and created panic and confusion while the other teams moved into the hotels and the Jewish Centre.

At the Oberoi/Trident, Taj and Nariman House, they immediately started indiscriminate firing and took hostages, most of whom were killed or executed soon after. They used the knowledge of the layout of these buildings to establish strong-points against security – the method here was Seize and Hold - 32 people died in Oberoi, 31 at the Taj, and 7 at Nariman House.

The iconic Taj Mahal Palace, which bore the brunt of the attack and destruction, and The Oberoi Mumbai are the core of the city’s five-star culture, popular spots for Mumbai’s rich, famous and the powerful and also with foreign visitors. These were the ideal targets for terrorists – high-profile yet soft and vulnerable – and guaranteed instant international media coverage.

Mumbai police requested deployment of commandos within 2-3 hours of the situation.NSG Commandos arrived at Mumbai airport at 5.00am on 27 November. Oberoi Trident and Taj Tower were secured the same day, Nariman House and Oberoi on 28th and Taj Heritage on 29th morning.

The November 26, 2008 terrorist attack in Mumbai killed at least 172 people and injured close to 400 – most were killed on the first night of the attack. This was not the first time Mumbai had come under the terrorist radar. The July 2006 train blasts had killed 209 people and injured 700, but what made 26/11 different was the scale of the coordinated attacks at multiple and diverse targets. The siege of terror continued for 60 hours - a trauma shown live by the news media – at times irresponsibly.

  The five main targets were Leopold Cafe & Bar, CST, Nariman House, Oberoi and the Taj complexes.

Terrorists attacked the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in downtown Mumbai, India, on the evening of November 26, 2008. At the same time, terrorists attacked the Oberoi Hotel, the Nariman House, home of the Orthodox Jewish group Chabad Lubavitch, a train station, movie theater complex, a hospital and a restaurant. Large groups of hostages were taken inside the Taj Mahal Hotel. CNN: Five hostages killed in Jewish center, chaos at hotel 1 The Times of India: 15 Bodies Found in a Single Taj Room: Marine Commando 2

Fighting between commandos and the attackers continued at the Taj until the morning of November 29th, when the government officially declared the terrorist siege on the city at an end.International Herald Tribune: Terrorist siege has ended, India says

(November 29, 2008)3 32 people died in the attack at Taj Mahal. A total of 170 people died in the terrorist attacks. Nine of the gunmen were killed. The hotel re-opened on December 21, 2008 after the installation of new security, including metal detectors.The New Zeeland Herald: Mumbai survivors blame police for fatalities (December 23, 2008)4

Attacks

Main article: Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

Chhatrapati Shivaji TerminusArrested terrorist Mohammad Ajmal Mohammad Aamir Kasab and deceased terrorist accused Ismail Khan arrived atC.S.T Railway Station in a motor taxi. Enroute this journey, terrorist accused Aamir Kasab was seated on the rear seat of the taxi cab. Whilst his "buddy" Abu Ismail engaged the Taxi driver in conversation, accused Amir Kasab planted the RDX-laden IED whichhe had ferried himself, beneath the driver's seat. Subsequently, these two terrorist accused alighted from the motor taxi cab at C.S.T Railway Station. The terrorist accused Ajmal Kasab, then entered the lavatory near the C.S.T Railway Station. Meanwhile, the terrorist accused Ismail Khan planted the IED, which he was carrying with him, in the C.S.T Station premises. Thereafter, these two terrorist accused ruthlessly and indiscriminately commenced firing from the AK-47 assault rifles and lobbed deadly hand-grenades on the hapless and unsuspecting passengers waiting at the Main Hall resulting in the massacre of innocent ladies, senior citizens, children etc.Continuing the blood bath, these two terrorist accused still firing indiscriminately and using the hand-grenades to deadly effect, attacked the Police officers, constables and the Home Guards who made a valiant attempt to nip their diabolic agenda. These two merciless terrorists then came towards the local line platforms and continued to fire indiscriminately. Being hounded by the valiant Police officers and personnel led by P.I. Shashank Shinde, these two terrorists were pushed out of the Railway Station premises on to the foot over bridge /pedestrian staircase adjoining platform No.1. Crossing over, whilst continuing to fire and lob hand-grenades, they entered the by-lane adjoining the Times of India Building and the Anjuman Islam School. Their attempts to open a locked private car from the parking lot did not bear fruit.

The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire, using AK-47 rifles. The attackers killed 52 people and injured 109 others, their assault ending at about 22:45.

Cama Hospital & Arrest of KASAB Continuing there march forward,these two terrorist entered the Cama Hospital. At this location too, they fired indiscriminately and threw hand grenades on the Police party which had entered the Hospital premises to ensure the safety of the patients and Hospital doctors and staff. Undeterred, the terrorists killed a Police officer and constable

in addition to seriously injuring other uniformed personnel. Taking advantage of the injuries sustained by the Police officer and men due to the firing from AK-47 rifles and the lobbying of hand grenades, the two terrorists left the Cama Hospital Building and non chalantly walked down Mahapalika Marg. Enroute they fired and killed a Police officer who was regulating the movement of public there. Entering Badruddin Tayabjee Lane, they fired at a Government vehicle which was passing through the Rang Bhavan lane and attempted to kill the driver of the said vehicle. Advancing towards the vehicle with the intention to hijack it, they, however, were forced to retrace their steps and seek cover behind a tree nearby as they noticed the approach of a Police vehicle towards the spot. Simultaneously, the senior ranked Police officers and one of the constables sitting in that vehicle commenced firing towards the terrorists on noticing their suspicious movements. The two terrorists retaliated by indiscriminately firing from their ultramodern AK-47 rifles killing the three senior Police officers and three Police constables seated in the Qualis vehicle and injuring a Police constable who lay prone on the rear seat of the Police vehicle. However, due to the firing by the brave and courageous Police officers viz Hemant Karkare, Ashok Kamte and Vijay Salaskar and P.N. Arun Jadhav, the terrorist Mohd. Ajmal Kasab received injuries on both hands. Taking charge of the Qualis by throwing out the three high ranking Police officers, the terrorists attempted to remove the dead bodies of the constables from the rear seat. The rear door of the Qualis did not budge open, whereupon the two terrorists drove the Police Qualis towards the Metro Cinema square. They further fired indiscriminately from the Police vehicle at the unsuspecting crowd which had gathered at Metro Junction. Two persons including a Policeman died in this firing. One bystander was seriously injured. Further, these two terrorist accused with the Police Qualis vehicle reached opposite Mittal Tower "B-Wing" near Usha Mehta Square, Barrister RajaniPatel Marg, Mumbai. During this journey, one rear tyre and tyre tube of the Qualis Police jeep, which was hijacked by two terrorist accused, developed a puncture and the vehicle started wobbling. Compelled to abandon the Police Qualis vehicle, the two terrorists then hijacked, through use of force and criminal intimidation, a Skoda car No. MH-02-JP-1276 which was traveling from the opposite direction. The driver and two other occupants of the Skoda car were forcibly evicted and the two terrorists then commenced their onward journey in this Skoda car. As soon as the two terrorists abandoned the Police Qualis vehicle, the seriously injured Police Naik Arun Jadhav, who was lying helpless in the rear portion of the vehicle, picked up the wireless set installed in the Police vehicle and informed about the incident to the Police Control Room. Based on the information, the Police Control Room immediately flashed an alert wireless message to all Police vehicles and mobile vans of all Police Stations giving details of the terrorists’ movements in the hijacked vehicle. Acting promptly and displaying exemplary courage, a police party from the Dr. D.B. Marg Police Station reached opposite CaféIdeal, below the pedestrian bridge, N.S. Purandare Marg, North Lane, Girgaum Chowpatty, Mumbai and organised roadblocks and a “Nakabandi”. This“Nakabandi” resulted in total stoppage of the traffic on the North-bound lane of theN.S. Purandare Marg.As soon as the terrorist accused reached the “Nakabandi” point in the hijacked Skoda car, the police party ordered them to shut off the headlights of the car. However, the terrorists switched on the water spray on the wind- screen of the Skoda car with the intention to mislead the police party who were, thus, prevented

from having a clear view of the occupants inside the car. On realizing that there was no way out, the two terrorists attempted to turnaround the Skoda car thereby crashing it on the road dividers. Instantly, the police party approached the vehicle of the terrorists. At that moment, terrorist accused Ismail Khan started firing from his pistol towards the approaching police party. Simultaneously, terrorist accused Aamir Kasab was approached by Asstt. Police Sub- Inspector Tukaram Ombale who grabbed the AK-47 nestled between the legs of Mohd. Amir Kasab and simply refused to let go. The arrested terrorist, Amir Kasab then pulled the trigger of the AK-47, thereby killing the courageous Asstt. Police Sub-Inspector Tukaram Ombale on the spot. However, by his valiant act, Asstt. PoliceSub-Inspector Tukaram Ombule provided vital seconds to other members of the present police team to rush to the vehicle and overpower and nab Mohd. AjmalAmir Kasab. Due to this firing, Asstt. Police Sub- Inspector Tukaram Ombule died on the spot and another police officer API Sanjay Govilkar was wounded. On the opposite side, the police officers and men present retaliated to the firing done by the terrorist accused, Abu Ismail. In the ensuing fire, the Police team succeeded ingrievously injuring Abu Ismail on the spot. Thereafter, the two terrorists were immediately moved to a hospital for treatment. Terrorist Ismail Khan was declared dead before admission by the attending doctors at the Hospital, whereas terrorist accused Mohammad Ajmal Mohammad Kasab admitted for treatment in the Hospital. Terrorist accused Aamir Kasab, whilst travelling between Badhwar Park to C.S.T. Railway Station, plantedan IED laden with RDX weighing approximately 8 kgs in the taxi which exploded on the Western Express Highway opposite the City Swan Club, Vile Parle (East),Mumbai. This explosion was of such a high magnitude that not only was the taxi blasted to pieces, but the bodies of the taxi driver as well as a passenger who happened to be a lawyer by profession, were blown and thrown at some distance away from the spot of incident.

ENCOUNTER OF THE OFFICERS AND TERRORIST

The three officers and four constables had received information that Sadanand Date had been injured in the gunfire at the Cama and Albless Hospital for women and children. Currently located at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), a ten-minute drive from the hospital, they took a Toyota Qualis and proceeded in that direction. Kamte was in the passenger seat, Salaskar driving, Karkare in the second row, and the four Constables, including Jadhav, were in the back row of seating. According to Jadhav, five minutes later two terrorists stepped out from behind a tree and opened fire with AK-47 automatic rifles..Kamte was the sole officer who managed to retaliate,wounding terrorist Ajmal in the arm. The six policemen, other than Jadhav, were all killed quickly in the gunfire. The wounded Jadhav had no opportunity to render assistance. The two terrorists approached the vehicle, dumped the bodies of the three officers on the road and, leaving the constables for dead, proceeded to Metro Junction. Upon arrival, they aimed three bursts of automatic fire at police and journalist vehicles drawn up at that location, then drove off towards the government offices (Vidhan Bhawan) in South Mumbai. Here again they fired several times. While attempting to leave the area, one of the tyres of the vehicle burst, so the terrorists departed to obtain another. At this point,

Jadhav was able to contact headquarters. The bodies of the dead were promptly recovered and taken to St George Hospital.

The body of Additional Police Commissioner Ashok Kamte, was cremated with State honours at the Vaikunth cremotorium on November 27, 2008. A large number of high-ranking police officers participated in the funeral procession, including: Police Commissioner Satyapal Singh, Joint Commissioner of Police Rajendra Sonawane and district collector Chandrakant Dalvi. Around 3,000 people were present.

Leopold Cafe

Next pair of terrorist Abu Shoaib and Abu Umer - who landed at the Bhai Bhandarkar Macchimar Colony, reached Cafe Leopold by hiring a taxi. One of the terrorists planted an RDX-laden improvised explosive device, weighing approximately 8 kg, below the driver's seat. The two then got off the taxi near Cafe Leopold and walked quietly inside the cafe to start their indiscriminate shooting using the Ak-47 rifles. They also lobbed hand grenades, killing 11 persons, including two foreigners.

Also, a total of 28 people, including nine foreign nationals, were injured. After causing mayhem at Cafe Leopold, both the terrorists immediately walked towards Hotel Taj. On the way, one of the terrorists planted an 8-10 kg RDX-laden IED near the Gokul Restaurant and Bar. The bomb detection squad later diffused it. The RDX bomb planted by the two terrorists in the taxi exploded when the taxi reached opposite BPT, Mazgaon. It killed two lady passengers and the unsuspecting taxi driver. Also, 19 innocent bystanders in the area suffered serious and minor wounds/injuries.

The Cafe Leopold restaurant was one of the buildings targeted during a series of terrorist attacks on the city of Mumbai on November 26, 2008. Several popular tourist locations were attacked, including at least four hotels, the Cama Hospital and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station.CNN: Gunmen attack targets in Indian city The Cafe Leopold is a backpacker hangout located behind the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel. The cafe was one of the first targets. Between about 9:30 and 9:45 pm on November 26, two men in their mid-20s arrived at the cafe and starting firing machine guns into the crowd. Gunshots hit about 10 people before the gunmen moved on.Wall Street Journal: The Hunted: 'We Were Ready to Die' .

Taj Hotel

Taj Mahal is a heritage building and an iconic structure constructed in 1903. The fourth pair of terrorists accused viz. Hafiz Arshad, alias Abdul Rehman Bada, and Javed, alias Abu Ali, who had landed along with the other terrorists at Macchimar Colony in Badhwar Park, Cuffe Parade, reached the landmark Hotel Taj Palace and

Towers in Colaba by a taxi. Before entering the hotel, the two terrorists planted an 8-10 kg RDX-laden improvised explosive device (IED) near a chowky outside the main porch of the Taj Hotel. However, the Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad (BDDS) defused this "carrier of death" before it could explode. These two terrorists entered the hotel from the front/main gate entrance. Subsequently, Abdul Rehman Bada and Abu Ali fired indiscriminately on the Indian and foreign guests at the hotel. Meanwhile,Abu Sohaib and Abu Umar, the two terrorists who had attacked Cafe Leopold, entered the hotel from the Northcote (sic) gate and began firing indiscriminately in and around the swimming pool area. The four assembled terrorists then let loose a reign of terror, fear and mayhem in the entire hotel. The army and naval commandos (Marcos) were requisitioned to assist the civilian police to repel the unprecedented terror attack. These four terrorists not only fired indiscriminately with the AK-47 assault rifles, but, time and again, gained an advantage over the security forces due to their vantage location and use of hand-grenades. They planted an RDX-laden IED, weighing about 8-10 kg, on the fifth-floor below the central dome, which exploded causing damage to the structure. They also set fire to the sixth floor of the hotel.

Oberoi

The next pair of terrorists - Fahadullah and Abdul Rehman Chhota, alias Sakib - landed at the coastline opposite Hotel Oberoi and Hotel Trident with the aid of a motorised rubber dinghy, after dropping their compatriot terrorists at Macchimar Colony in Badhwar Park, Cuffe Parade, and Colaba. Before entering Hotel Trident, one of the terrorists planted an 8-10 kg RDX-laden improvised explosive device (IED) on the slope of the flowerbed adjacent to the hotel's main gate. The IED exploded later. But, the damage was minimised by a bomb blanket the bomb disposal squad had placed on the IED.

Immediately after entering the hotel, the terrorists started firing from their AK-47 rifles and lobbed hand-grenades. The initial commotion led to numerous lives being lost at the bell desk, reception, lobby, Tiffin restaurant, etc.

People dining at the Kandahar restaurant were held hostage by the terrorists and taken upstairs. From this location, they held up the security forces by firing intermittently at them and hurling hand-grenades. The terrorists, during the entire siege period, were in constant touch with the co-conspirators who provided them operational and motivational inputs. The terrorists also called up a TV channel and provided it misleading information to shield their identities.

The Oberoi Hotel in Mumbai, India, was the first of ten targets in a terrorist attack on the city, on the evening of November 26, 2008. Gunmen entered the luxury hotel, setting it aflame, killing 36 people and holding dozens more hostage.CNN: Mumbai operation appears nearly over 1 Other sites targeted by the terrorists included the Taj Mahal Palace hotel, a train station, a restaurant and a Jewish community center.The Times of India: Terror attacks in Mumbai: 80 dead, over 250 injured 2

On November 28, 2008, Indian commandos stormed the Oberoi Hotel, freeing over 90 guests who'd been trapped inside since the siege began.CNN: Mumbai operation appears nearly over 1 Washington Post: Troops retake Jewish center, hotel in Mumbai (November 28, 2008)3A total of 170 people died in the terrorist attacks in India. Nine of the gunmen were killed.

Parts of the hotel re-opened on December 21, 2008.The New Zeeland Herald: Mumbai survivors blame police for fatalities

Nariman House

Nariman House, a five-storey building, was purchased two years ago by the Chabad of India Trust, an orthodox Jewish organisation, and was renamed as Chabad House. The second 'buddy' pair of terrorists - Babar Imran, alias Abu Akasha, and Nasir, alias Abu Umar - who landed at the Bhai Bhandarkar Macchimar Colony, reached Nariman House located at a distance of about 500m. Before entering the building, one of the terrorists planted an RDX-laden improvised explosive device (IED) near a petrol pump at Shahid Bhagat Singh Road, Colaba. On entering the building, the second terrorist planted another IED near the ground-level parking area. Both the bombs later exploded. The terrorists held residents of the building as hostage and forced one of the Jewish hostages to speak to their embassy over the phone. The terrorists later contacted the media and misled them by citing reasons for the attack. The conversation was later telecast on India TV. The terrorists, using their huge stockpile of illegal fire arms and hand grenades, not only opened fired inside Nariman House, but also at the nearby buildings, taking innocent lives. Eight people were killed, including three women. NSG Commando Gajendra Singh was also killed.

End of the attacks

By the morning of 27 November, the army had secured the Jewish outreach center at Nariman House as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Mahal Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks. However, later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged. Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor. The final operation at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks. The security forces rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House. In

addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai harbour.

Methodology

The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough for the attackers to vanish, and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents. The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh, pointing to some local collusion. There were also reports of one SIM card purchased in New Jersey, USA. Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.

Type 86 Granades made by China's state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks. Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids.[69] The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.

Training of the Terrorists :Investigation has revealed that the terrorists involved in the terrorist attacks underwent a rigorous, arduous and disciplined training schedule. Only on successful completion of the training module did they graduate for the next phase. Training was a very important component of the planned conspiracy and was very vital for the successful execution of the diabolic and nefarious designs of the Lashkar-e-Taiba. It was revealed during investigation that the terrorists were trained at various locations inside Pakistan and Pakistan occupied Kashmir. The training modules, on a graduating scale, were held at Muridke, Manshera, Muzaffarabad, Azizabad,Paanch Teni, etc. in Pakistan and Pakistan occupied Kashmir. The ten terrorist accused underwent a gruelling training schedule, graduated with flying colors at every phase, ultimately to be hand-picked for the execution of this audacious and bold mission. They were trained for physical fitness, swimming, weapon handling, tradecraft, battle inoculation, Guerilla warfare, firing sophisticated assault weapons, use of Hand Grenades and Rocket Launchers, Handling of GPS and Satellite Phone ,Map Reading etc. They were also indoctrinated in the

tenets of Jihad and the recitation of Quran and Hadis. The trainers, namely Abu Fahadullah, Abu MuftiSaeed, and others were experts in their field and trained them to a degree of perfection .During the last phase of their training, the selected 10 accused terrorists were shown the maps of the targeted sites of Mumbai City by their co-conspirator Abu Kaahfa. On being questioned as regards the authenticity and accuracy of the maps ,Abu Kaahfa informed the terrorist accused that the maps had been meticulously prepared by arrested accused Fahim Arshad Mohammad Yusuf Ansari @ Abu Jarar, aged-24 yrs. The arrested accused Mohammed Ajmal Mohammed Amir Kasab and the nine deceased terrorist accused could precisely reach the targeted locations due to the maps and other details provided by Fahim Arshad Mohammad Yusuf Ansari andSabauddin Ahmed Shabbir Ahmed Shaikh . It is further revealed during the investigation that wanted accused Zaki Ur-Rehman Lakhvi handed over the maps of targeted locations to the attackers before they left Karachi for Mumbai with a direction that the said maps of the sites at Mumbai were prepared by arrested accused Fahim Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmad and with the help of the said maps they could reach their assigned targets easily .The arrested accused Fahim Mohammed Yusuf Ansari is originally a resident of Goregaon (West), Mumbai. However ,during the month of December 2007 and January 2008 under the alias of Sahil Pawaskar, he attempted to rent a room at Badhwar Park on leave and licence; but could not succeed. The location of Badhwar Park was important to the scheme of the conspiracy, keeping in mind its proximity to the targeted locations in South Mumbai. This fact is further corroborated by the terrorists selecting Badhwar Park ,Machhimar Colony as the point of landing on Indian shores and dispersing towards their respective destinations from there on the fateful evening of 26-11-2008.Ultimately, he rented a room at 98-B Batatawala chawl, Room No. 14, Ground floor, Patthe Bapurao Marg, Mumbai – 400008 from where he conducted elaborate reconnaissance of the iconic and important locations in Mumbai. For the purpose of communication, he procured under the assumed name of Sahil Pawaskar, a Reliance mobile bearing No. 9322504557. To camouflage his nefarious activities, he secured admission at Soft Pro Computer Educational Council, situated at Engineer premises, opposite Bombay Stock Exchange, Mumbai Samachar Marg, Mumbai – 400001.This place is located very close to the Badhwar Park, Colaba. Fahim MohammedYusuf Ansari conducted detailed reconaissance of the targeted locations, the information of which was provided by him to Sabauddin Ashok @ Shabbir Ahmed. Both the arrested accused viz. Fahim MohammedYusuf Ansari and (2) Sabauddin Ahmed @Shabbir Ahmed were in constant touch with each other through e-mail messenger.The accused Fahim Mohammed Yusuf Jarar after reconnaissance and preparation of detailed maps of the targeted locations, handed over the same to arrested co-accused Sabauddin Ahmed @ Shabbir Ahmed at Kathmandu in Nepal some time in January 2008. The arrested accused SabauddinAhmed who was a very important functionary of the LeT in India thence got in touch with his LeT bosses viz: Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi and Abu Kaahfa and informed them as regards the receipt of these important documents so very essential for the success of the Mumbai Mission. The LeT co-conspirators then made arrangements for fetching the maps etc. from Sabauddin Ahmed at Kathmandu ,Nepal. It was these maps and directions which enabled the arrested terrorist Mohammed AjmalMohammed Amir

Kasab and the 9 dead terrorists to arrive with absolute precision at the targeted locations and further to comprehend the topography and lay out of the targets.

Crimes committed by terrorists :Through these systematically executed terrorist attacks, the above mentioned terrorists have committed the following crimes.1) Encouraging, Instigating and Waging war against the Government of India.2) Hatching a conspiracy to wage war against the Government of India.3) Collecting arms to wage a war against the Government of India.4) Ruthlessly murdering Indian as well as Foreign Nationals.5) Attempt to wantonly murder Indian as well as Foreign Nationals.6) Inflicting grave injuries to Indian as well as Foreign Nationals.7) Set afire private properties with an intention to destroy.8) Trespassing without any right for murdering or for an attempt to murder.9) Threatening to kill with firearms and committing an armed robbery.10) Abducting Indian and Foreign nationals.11) Preventing a public servant from performing his lawful duty by threatening and harming him seriously.12) Kidnapping and keeping Indian as well Foreign Nationals as captive for achieving objectives.13) Possessing firearms without any licence.14) Firing from firearms in their illegal possession.15) Destruction of properties belonging to Indian Railways.16) Attacking passengers of Indian Railways and killing them.17) Endangering the lives of the passengers of the Indian Railways.18) Possessing explosive material and using it for causing violent explosions.19) Possessing, transporting and exploding dangerous explosives.20) Damaging public properties.21) Illegally entering into India without valid travel documents.22) Becoming a member of the banned Lashkar- e- Taiba organization and committing illegal deeds, using explosives, hand grenades, fire arms, etc. and executing terrorist attacks.23) Procuring SIM cards by using fake documents and by cheating the vendor.24) Obtaining and possessing forged Identity cards by cheating in assumed names.

Analysis of DNA samples recovered:

The DNA samples of nine deceased terrorists and also that of the arrested terrorist Amir Kasab was taken by the forensic experts and the said reports Dt. 16/12/2008, 20/12/2008 and 22/12/2008 have been received from the Forensic Science Laboratory, Kalina, Mumbai. Similarly, articles seized from the fishing trawler M.V. Kuber viz. Jackets, Handkerchief, Skull cap, Blankets and Israeli cap were sent to the forensic experts with a request to match them with the DNA samples of the terrorists taken earlier. The forensic expert has submitted a report dated 02-02-2009 giving a clear-cut opinion that the DNA samples of the five deceased and one arrested accused viz Amir Kasab has matched with the DNA remnants on the articles seized on M.V. Kuber. The names of the five deceased terrorist whose DNA samples have matched those on the articles are as follows; 1) Abu Ismail 2) Javed 3) Abdul Rehman Chotta 4) Nazir 5) Hafiz Arshad in the said offences, confiscated Ten AK 47 Assault rifles, Ten 7.62 m.m.Pistols, Live bullets of AK 47 and 7.62 Pistol, Casing and Lid of spent bullets, etc. have been sent to the Forensic Science Laboratory at Kalina, Mumbai and the forensic examination report is still awaited.

Technical Evidence:During the course of Investigation, the Chief Investigating Officer in his Misc. application No. 1/2009 submitted in the Court of Addl Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, 37th Court, Esplanade, Mumbai requested the Hon’ble Court regarding issuance of Letter Rogatory to the concerned Judicial Authority in U.S.A. requisitioning assistance in investigation. The Hon. Court obliged and issued the Letter Rogatory and in response to the Letter Rogatory, the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( F.B.I.) of USA has submitted a report through Department of Justice, U.S.A. During the entire operation, the deceased accused used mobile phone numbers 9819464530, 9820704561 and 9910719424. On these Cell phones, incoming calls from 012012531824 were found whereas, outgoing calls to43720880764, 43720880767, 43720880768 were made. These calls were made or received for seeking/giving instructions from the co-conspirators in Pakistan. Investigation further revealed that these numbers were connected to an account created with CALLPHONEX, a VoIP service provider based in New Jersey, USA. It further transpired that on 20th and 21st Oct, 2008, an individual identifying himself36as Kharak Singh indicated that he was a VoIP reseller located in India and was interested in establishing an account with CALLPHONEX.Two payments were made to Callphonex for Kharak Singh’s accounts. On October 27, 2008, the initial payment of $ 250.00 was wired to Callphonex via MoneyGram, receipt number 80700471903880005473 . The sender for this payment was Muhammad Ishfaq. The sender used Money Gram agent Paracha International Exchange located at Road Anarkali Fayazuddin in Lahore, Pakistan. According to Money Gram records, Ishfaq provided an address of Post office Mall Awn, Teh.Gujar K, Peshawar, Pakistan and telephone number 03455698566.On Nov. 25, 2008 the second payment of $ 229.00 was wired to Callphonex via Western Union Money Transfer receipt number 8364307716-0. The sender of this payment was Javed Iqbal. The sender used Western Union Money Transfer agent Madina Trading, located in Brescia, Italy, to make the payment to Callphonex. For identification, Iqbal provided Madina Trading with Pakistani passport number KC092481.During investigation, it further came to light that the wanted

accused, while communicating with Callphonex used email ID kharak_telco@ yahoo.com. This email ID was accessed from at least ten IP addresses.The relevant documents supporting the above findings have also been submitted by P.I. Mukund Pawar of Cyber Cell, Crime Branch, Mumbai.Sajid Iftikhar, Address: 7th Floor, EFU House, Jail Road, Lahore, Pakistan,Col. R.Saadat Ullah, Address: Special Communication Organisation, Qasim Road,Rawalpindi, Pakistan and e-mail ID pmit@sco.gov.pk and Khurram Shazad, Address: Special Communication Organisation, Qasim Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan have been shown as Wanted accused as they facilitated the communication between the deceased accused and the wanted accused during the course of the offence and hence conspired with the arrested and deceased accused and other wanted accused in perpetuating the heinous crime .The deceased accused in the course of offence used five mobile handsets for communicating /seeking instructions from the co-conspirators in Pakistan. The investigation into the IMEI Nos of these handsets has revealed that these were manufactured at the Nokia factory, at Dong Guan, China and shipped to Pakistan This inflatable dinghy had an Out Board Engine manufactured by YamahaMotor Corporation, Japan. The investigation has revealed that the said Out BoardEngine was manufactured by Yamaha Motors Corporation in Japan and shipped to afirm styled as “Business and Engineering Trends” in Pakistan.Enquiry on the Internet, made by the I.O. PI Shripad Kale has revealed theaddress of Business and Engineering Trends as 24, Habibulla Road, Off DavisRoad, Lahore, Pakistan Tel.No. 92-42-6311044.During the commission of offence, a threatening email from email ID deccanmujahideen @ gmail .com was sent to India TV News Channel on 27 Nov.2008. The investigation made has revealed that the said email was sent from IPaddress 82.114.141.99. This IP address belongs to Vladimir N Zernov, Joint StockCompany GASCOM 4a Lenina Str., 141070 Koroliov, Moscow region, Russia.Chief Investigating officer, PI Mahale has observed that the same IP address was used by the unknown accused while communicating with Callphonex with theemail ID kharak_ telco@yahoo.com.

Other Evidences:

The investigators have also utilized the legal process of Test Identification Parade to assist in the investigation of this sensational offence. A total of 30 eye witnesses have identified the arrested terrorist accused, Mohammed Ajmal Mohammed Amir Kasab in the Test Identification Parade, conducted over a periodof 3 days. Similarly, a total number of 29 eye-witnesses have identified thedeceased terrorist accused (9) in the Test Identification Parade conducted over aperiod of two days. Further, the arrested accused Faheem Ansari has been positively identified by four witnesses in a Test Identification Parade.The services of Finger Print Experts were also solicited to assist in lifting "Chance Finger Prints" on board the M.V. Kuber. The Finger Print Experts haveopined that one of the "Chance Finger Prints" lifted from the left glass door of the cabin room of M.V. Kuber matched the finger print of the arrested accusedMohammed Ajmal Mohammed Amir Kasab.Each of the I.E.Ds carried by the terrorists from Pakistan were packed in apink foam sheet covering the metallic containers. These pink foam pieces recoveredfrom the unexploded I.E.Ds as also seized the six pink foam pieces

seized from M.V. Kuber were sent to the Forensic Science Laboratory, Kalina, Mumbai for examination and opinion. The Forensic Expert opinion received on 10-02-2009 has opined that "the pink colour foam pieces from M.V. Kuber and those recovered from the unexploded I.E.Ds matched in respect of hue (appearance) and Phsysio thermal characteristics."This further proves that it is the hand of the same person/team which fabricated/prepared the RDX laden I.E.Ds.Live Hand Grenades have been recovered from the deceased terrorists as alsofrom the arrested terrorist accused, Mohammed Ajmal Mohammed Amir Kasab.These Hand Grenades bear the mark of "ARGES". Enquiries have revealed that theARGES Company has given the franchise to manufacture Hand Grenades to "WAHNOBEL Co." which is one of the Ordinance Factories located at WAH, nearIslamabad in Pakistan. Similar Hand Grenades were used in the Serial bomb blasts that shook Mumbai on 12th March 1993 as also in the attack on Parliament House,New Delhi on December 13, 2001.The prosecution further relies on the CCTV footage recorded at CST RailwayStation, Times of India Bldg parking lot, Taj Mahal Hotel & Hotel Oberoi /Trident.Expert opinion on certain aspects of this crime, evidence from investigation,necessary approvals, etc and relevant final report is being submitted to the Honorable Court under section 173(8) Criminal Procedure Code.-1973 for continuing investigation hereafter.

Casualties and compensation

At least 164 victims (civilians and security personnel) and 9 attackers were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals from 10 countries.One attacker was captured.The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement. A number of those killed were notable figures in business, media, and security services.

The Government of Maharashtra announced about $10,000 as compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and about $1,000 to the seriously injured.[101] In August 2009, Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about $28 million as part-payment of the insurance claims, on account of the attacks on Taj Mahal and Trident, from General Insurance Corporation of India.

Aftermath

The attacks had multiple, far-ranging effects. The impact was felt on Mumbai and on Maharashtra state, and throughout urban India. The Maharashtra state government has planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose. It will also create an anti-terror force called "Force One" and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police currently have.[103] Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on an all party conference declared that legal framework will be strengthened in the battle against terrorism and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soon to co-ordinate actions against terrorism.Govt. strengthened Anti terror laws by UAPA 2008, and federal National Investigating Agency was formed.

The attacks have damaged India's already strained relationship with Pakistan. External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity. There were also after-effects on the United States's relationships with both countries, the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan,and on the Global War on Terror.According to Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble, Indian intelligence agencies did not share any information with them.However, FBI chief Robert Mueller praised the "unprecedented cooperation" between American and Indian intelligence agencies over Mumbai terror attack probe

Reactions

Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks, saying that their ineptness was partly responsible. The Times of India commented on its front page that "Our politicians fiddle as innocents die." Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations of Minister for Home Affairs, Shivraj Patil, Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Vilasrao Deshmukh, and Deputy Chief Minister of Maharastra R. R. Patil. In addition, there was condemnation of the attacks by Indian Muslim organizations and personalities and Naxalite insurgents. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to the community members in the country to observe Eid al-Adha as a day of mourning on 9 December 2008. The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests for an increase in self-defense capabilities. The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens' movements across India such as the India Today Group's "War Against Terror" campaign. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks. The NSG commandos based in Delhi also met criticism for taking 10 hours to reach the terrorists.

International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organizations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks. Outgoing US President George W. Bush said "We pledge the full support of the

United States as India investigates these attacks, brings the guilty to justice and sustains its democratic way of life." Likewise, a spokesman for then President-elect Barack Obama said that Mr. Obama “strongly condemns today’s terrorist attacks in Mumbai, and his thoughts and prayers are with the victims, their families, and the people of India.“

Media coverage highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks. In addition, many Indian bloggers and Wikipedia offered live textual coverage of the attacks. A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using Google Maps. The New York Times, in July 2009, described the event as "what may be the most well-documented terrorist attack anywhere."

Kasab's trial

Kasab's trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial will continue. Kasab could, and will almost certainly, be hanged if given the maximum penalty of death.

Trials in Pakistan

Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies, and he and six others begin their formal trial on 3 Oct 2009 in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders.

On 7 January 2009, after more than a month of denying the nationality of the attackers,[14] Pakistan's Information Minister Sherry Rehman officially accepted Ajmal Amir's nationality as Pakistani. On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik, in a televised news briefing, confirmed that parts of the attack had been planned in Pakistan and said that six people, including the alleged mastermind, were being held in connection with the attacks.

Conclusion

1>>In conclusion, I believe we must recognize terrorism as a new type of military aggression which requires governmental action. We are involved in an undeclared war and Congress

and the President must take the same sorts of actions they would if threatened by a hostile country. We must work to deter further terrorist aggression in this decade.

OR

2>>Terrorism is a complex problem with many diverse causes. Consequently no single effective method to counter it exists. To combat terrorism, one must first understand the underlying motivations for each particular group's actions. Then a strategy needs to be developed based on those findings. Regardless, it is difficult to fight terrorism without endangering civil liberties, such as is the case in Northern Ireland. Many innocent people get caught in the cross-fire. Ending terrorist threats requires imaginative and fluid thinking, whether to attack the roots of terrorism or neutralize a particular group.

According to terrorism expert Paul Wilkinson the general principles which have the best track record in reducing terrorism include:

"No surrender to the terrorists, and an absolute determination to defeat terrorism within the framework of the rule of law and the democratic process;"

"No deals and no concessions, even in the face of the most severe intimidation and blackmail;"

"An intensified effort to bring terrorists to justice by prosecution and conviction before courts of law;"

"Tough measures to penalize the state sponsors who give terrorist movements safe haven, explosives, cash and moral and diplomatic support;"