report on cgd business in india

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Wednesday, 21 December 2011 Email: [email protected]

Report on CGD Business: in India

School of Petroleum Management, Gandhinagar,

Gujarat, India

www.spm.pdpu.ac.in

Prepared by Executive-MBA-2010 student:

Abhik Tushar Das (20104001)

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Contents:

S No. Topic Page Number

1 Natural Gas facts 3

2 Overview of CGD business in India 4

3 CGD Infrastructure 8

4 Natural Gas Transportation Network 11

5 Supply Chain in CGD 13

6 Project Management aspects 15

7 Market Development 17

8 Customer Service issues 18

9 Major Commercial Issues 19

10 QHSE in CGD 20

11 CGD Regulation 21

Contents:

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Natural Gas facts:

Natural gas (also called Marsh Gas, Swamp Gas or Landfill Gas) is a naturally

occurring gas mixture as a result of the decay of plant/ animal remains,

consists primarily of methane, typically with 0–20% higher hydrocarbons

(primarily ethane). It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel, in coal

beds, as METHANE CLATHRATES, and is an important fuel source and a major

feedstock for fertilizers.

Most of the natural gas that is brought out from under the ground is millions

and millions of years old. Britain was the first country to commercialize the use

of natural gas. Around 1785, natural gas produced from coal was used to light

houses, as well as streetlights. The American natural gas industry got its

beginnings in this area in 1859, when Colonel Edwin Drake (a former railroad

conductor who adopted the title 'Colonel' to impress the townspeople) dug the

first well to hit oil and natural gas at 69 feet below the surface of the earth.

During most of the 19th century, natural gas was used almost exclusively as a

source of light as without a pipeline infrastructure, it was difficult to transport

the gas very far, or into homes to be used for heating or cooking. In 1885,

Robert Bunsen invented what is now known as the Bunsen burner. He

managed to create a device that mixed natural gas with air in the right

proportions, creating a flame that could be safely used for cooking and

heating. One of the first lengthy pipelines was constructed in 1891 which was

120 miles long, and carried natural gas from wells in central Indiana to the city

of Chicago.

Based on the type of source Natural gas is classified as associated and non-

associated gas and there is of no significance when end use is concerned.

1. Associated gas is natural gas found in crude oil reservoirs either

dissolved or in conjunction with crude oil deposits and it is also called as

Oil well gas

2. Non-associated gas is Natural gas found in reservoirs separate from

crude oil wells and it is also called as Dry gas

Based on the sulphur content the natural gas is classified as sour gas which

contains higher level of sulphur content in its composition and sweet gas has

Natural Gas facts:

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very little or nil sulphur. The thermal efficiency varies from 9000 k.cal to 13500

K.cal per Kg based on the composition of Gas.

Natural Gas Transportation modes:

Through pipelines as gas

Through tankers as liquid (LNG)

Natural Gas Distribution modes:

For industrial/ house hold consumers (PNG)

For transport vehicles (CNG)

Approximate Composition of NG:

Name Chemical Formula Composition (%) Methane CH4 70-90%

Ethane C2H6 0-20% Propane C3H8

Butane C4H10

Carbon Dioxide CO2 0-8% Oxygen O2 0-0.2%

Nitrogen N2 0-5% Hydrogen sulfide H2S 0-5%

Rare gases A, He, Ne, Xe traces

Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas established the Petroleum and Natural

Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) with effect from 01.10.2007, under the

Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act 2006, to regulate the

refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale

of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of

crude oil and natural gas. The Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act-

2006 provides the legal framework for the development of the natural gas

pipelines and city or local gas distribution networks. With the arrival of the

Overview of CGD business in India:

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PNGRB the implementation of PNG in various cities is being taken up in a

phased manner as and when the bids are called for by the Regulator.

Gas supply sources in India:

1. APM (Administered Pricing Mechanism) Gas from traditional fields of

State PSU (Public Sector Undertakings)

2. KG (Krishna Godavari) Basin gas from private players

3. CBM (Coal Bed Methane) gas

4. RLNG (Re-gasified Liquefied Natural Gas) imports

Largest Gas producing countries:

1. United States = 19.3%

2. Russia = 18.4%

3. Canada = 5.0%

4. Iran = 4.3%

5. Qatar = 3.6%

6. Norway = 3.3%

7. China = 3.0%

8. Saudi Arabia = 2.6%

9. Indonesia = 2.6%

10. Algeria = 2.5%

Source: www.bp.com/statisticalreview

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India is the 7th largest energy producer, the 4th largest primary energy

consumer and the 13th largest Natural Gas consumer in the world. Hence it is

evident that India lacks gas usage in its energy basket. According to the India

Hydrocarbon Vision 2025, the contribution of Natural Gas in the Indian energy

basket shall grow to a significant 25%.

Share of future energy supply in India (%)

YEAR COAL OIL GAS HYDEL NUCLEAR

1997-98 55 35 7 2 1

2001-02 50 32 15 2 1

2006-07 50 32 15 2 1

2010-11 53 30 14 2 1

2024-25 50 25 20 2 3

Source: India Hydrocarbon Vision 2025

SUPPLY/DEMAND-NATURAL GAS

MMSCMD (in million standard cubic meters per day)

YEARS DEMAND

1999-2000 110

2001-2002 151

2006-2007 231

2011-2012 313

2024-2025 391

Source: India Hydrocarbon Vision 2025

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Gas demand break-up:

As evident from the trend, City Gas has a huge upside potential based on

Government of India’s Hydrocarbon Vision-2025 and the existing fuel mix in

our energy basket. The infrastructure development for transporting the gas

from well head/ regassification terminals to the end user involves laying of Gas

Highways which are capital intensive and hence have long gestation periods.

Moreover, with Durban Climate Change talks moving towards a substantial

outcome, India being the fourth largest GHG emitter in absolute terms would

face emission cut targets by 2020. Switching over to cleaner fuel would help

India achieve reduction in Carbon footprints.

Subsidy on LPG (cooking fuel) is another contentious issue concerning the

national exchequer with subsidy bills denting the fiscal deficit targets.

Substituting LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) by PNG (Piped Natural Gas) would

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reduce the Governments subsidy burden and help market price realization for

cooking fuel. Natural Gas would also reduce dependence on Kerosene and

Firewood as source of cooking fuel which have high carbon emissions.

CGD Value Chain:

CNG stations are of four major types depending upon the structure and

operations:

1. CNG Mother Stations: Mother Stations are connected to the pipeline

and have high compression capacity. These stations supply CNG to both

vehicles and daughter stations through mobile cascades 6 . The Mother

Station requires heavy investment towards compressor, dispensers,

cascades, pipelines etc.

2. CNG Online Station: CNG vehicle storage cylinders need to be fitted at a

pressure of 200 bars. Online stations are equipped with a compressor of

relatively small capacity, which compresses low-pressure pipeline gas to

the pressure of 250 bars for dispensing CNG to the vehicle cylinder.

CGD Infrastructure:

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3. CNG Daughter Station: The Daughter Stations dispense CNG using

mobile cascades. These mobile cascades at daughter stations are

replaced when pressure falls and pressure depleted mobile cascade is

refilled at Mother Station. The investment is least among all types of

CNG stations.

4. CNG Daughter-Booster Station: Installing a booster compressor can

eliminate drawbacks of daughter stations. The mobile cascade can be

connected to the dispensing system through a booster. Daughter

booster is designed to take variable suction pressure and discharge at

constant pressure of 200 bars to the vehicle being filled with CNG.

Pipeline pressure Specifications

Main transmission grid line pressure (High Pressure System) = 14‐19 bar, Steel

Distribution/Service line pressure (Medium Pressure System) = 4 to 1.5 bar, MDPE

Domestic connection pressure (Low Pressure System) = 21 mbar, GI

Supply pressure (large commercial consumer) 2 bar

Supply pressure (small commercial consumer)

300 mbar

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LMC: Last Mile Connectivity

Gas Supply System Comprises of:

1. The Service Regulator: It is housed in a grey metal kiosk, which reduces

the gas pressure from 4 BAR to 110 mBAR and ensures the flow of gas at

constant pressure at all time.

2. Buried Polyethylene Pipes: The pipes are installed at a safe and secure

depth. It provides low-pressure gas (110 mBAR) to individual buildings.

3. The Riser Pipe (GI pipe): This is an external connection on the building to

each apartment. Each Riser Pipe (GI pipe) has a Riser Isolation Valve.

4. The Meter Control Valve: Fitted in the entrance of the house / flat, this

valve is between the riser pipe and your meter.

5. The Meter Regulator: Installed before the meter, the meter regulator

reduces the gas pressure from 110 mBAR to 21 mBAR

6. The Appliance Valve: This valve switches on/off the gas to burning

appliance.

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Natural Gas is transported in two ways;

Through Pipelines (gaseous mode)

Through compressed cylinders (liquid mode)

According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2011. EIA estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 TCF of natural gas in 2010, a 63 percent increase over 2008 production levels. The bulk of India's natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions, especially the Mumbai High complex, though recent developments of fields in the Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin. Currently trunk lines installed are around 11000 KM (300MMSCMD) mainly in northern and western India by GAIL =67%, RGTIL =14% and GSPL=11%, OIL/Gujarat gas =8%.

Major Gas Pipelines in India:

1. EAST WEST PIPELINE (EWPL): 1385 kilometers

2. HAZIRA-BIJAIPUR-JAGDISHPUR (HBJ): 3397 kilometers

3. DAHEJ-VIJAIPUR PIPELINE (DVPL): 770 kilometers

4. DAHEJ-HAZIRA-URAN PIPELINE (DUPL): 500 kilometers

5. Gujarat Gas Grid: 1550 kilometers

GAIL owns and operates over 8000 km of pipeline and has about 2/3rd market

share in the Natural Gas business in India. Other players include RGTIL and

GSPL with a combined pipeline network of 3000 kilometers. However there is

immense scope of growth in this sector with the ambitious Gas Highway

Project connecting the east coast and the west coast with the hinterland.

Natural Gas Transportation Network:

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Future expansion plans:

Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL) plans to add 6,663 kilometers of

pipelines by FY13.

RELIANCE GAS TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (RGTIL) plans to add

2,875 kilometers of pipelines.

GUJARAT STATE PETRONET (GSPL) aims to add around 800 kilometers of

pipelines to its existing capacity in Gujarat.

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CGD Companies in India:

1. MAHANAGAR GAS LIMITED (MGL): MGL is a joint venture between

GAIL (India) Ltd, the BG Group, (U.K.) and the Government of

Maharashtra.

2. SABARMATI GAS LIMITED (SGL): Sabarmati Gas, a retail joint venture

between Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) and Gujarat State

Petroleum Corporation (GSPC).

3. INDRAPRASTHA GAS LIMITED (IGL): IGL is a joint venture between GAIL

and Bharat Petroleum.

4. AAVANTIKA GAS LIMITED (AGL): AGL is a Joint Venture company of

GAIL (India) Limited and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

(HPCL).

5. BHAGYANAGAR GAS LIMITED (BGL): BGL is promoted by GAIL (India)

Limited and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)

6. CENTRAL UTTAR PRADESH GAS LIMITED (CUGL): GUGL is a joint venture

between GAIL (India) Limited and Bharat Petroleum Corporation

Limited.

7. CHAROTAR GAS (Cooperative Company): CHAROTAR GAS SAHAKARI

MANDALI LTD is the first Co-Operative Sector in India in area of City Gas

Distribution.

8. GAIL GAS: It is a wholly owned subsidiary of GAIL (India) Limited.

9. ADANI GAS: ADANI GAS is a wholly owned subsidiary of the ADANI

ENTERPRISE LTD (AEL).

10. GUJARAT GAS COMPANY LIMITED (GGCL): GGCL was originally

promoted by the Gujarat government and the Mafatlal Group. BG

Supply Chain in CGD:

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Group acquired a majority stake (65.12%) in GGCL in 1997 and plan to

exit in 2011-12.

11. GUJARAT STATE PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED (GSPC GAS):

GSPC GAS is a wholly owned subsidiary of the GSPC Group.

12. GREEN GAS LIMITED: Green Gas is a joint venture between GAIL

(India) Limited and Indian Oil Corporation Limited.

13. HARYANA CITY GAS DISTRIBUTION LIMITED (HCG): HCG is a company

promoted by SKN- BENTEX group of Industries.

14. MAHARASHTRA NATURAL GAS LIMITED (MNGL): MNGL is a closely

held company promoted by BPCL and GAIL with Govt. of Maharashtra.

15. TRIPURA NATURAL GAS COMPANY LIMITED (TNGCL): TNGCL is a joint

venture of TIDC Ltd. [A Govt. of Tripura undertaking], AGCL [A Govt. of

Assam undertaking] and GAIL.

As is evident from the list, GAIL and BPCL/ HPCL/ IOCL are JV partners in all

CGD ventures till date. This is done to ensure supply security of Gas at

affordable rates as opposed to sourcing from spot LNG markets which could

jack up gas costs.

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Project Management for City Gas networks would consist of setting up of;

1. Gas Transportation Network

2. Gas Distribution Network

Aspects of Project Management associated with;

a. Transportation:

Planning of Integrated pipeline network development for connecting

major consumer centers such as Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s),

Industrial units, Power plants, Fertilizer units and commercial

establishments including related investigations.

GIS/GPS/Remote Sensing based Feasibility studies for identification of

Route for laying cross country pipelines. GIS based Route optimization

studies considering factors such as Terrain, Land Development,

Environment clearance, Ease of Construction, Land cost, Accessibility for

O&M, pipeline Economics and other constraints.

Preliminary 3D analysis of pipeline corridors using latest satellite stereo

images, generation of Alignment Sheets, Cadastral mapping including

generation & management of ownership details.

Detailed Hydrological Studies for pipeline crossing locations of water

bodies including major rivers with firm recommendations regarding

depth of pipeline burial.

Stability analysis including slope protection works on turnkey basis (EPC)

for laying pipeline in highly erosive type of soil, GHAT regions & hilly

terrains.

Project Management Consultancy Services (PMC) for pipeline

construction involving Quality Monitoring, Progress Monitoring,

Certification of bills and close out reports.

IT enabled project monitoring applications for Quality measures

including online/web progress reporting systems.

Project Management aspects:

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WEB based Asset Management - Design and development of web

application to support activities in the area of engineering, construction,

Health-Safety-Environment (HSE) and Operation and Maintenance

(O&M) of pipelines.

b. Distribution:

Development of accurate Base maps and GIS database using high

resolution satellite imageries for showing present and future

development to facilitate prioritization of development of Gas

distribution network.

Study of Demand and Supply by undertaking field survey and interaction

with all concerned statutory bodies including projection of future growth

to create a master database of Demand centers.

Optimization & Planning of CGD network considering feasibility of laying

pipeline from the availability of corridor (by scanning for foreign utilities

using GPR/pipe locator), Ease of construction, O&M, Disaster

management and Environmental impact.

Preparation of corridor mapping, Identification of various statutory

authorities and ownership along the identified pipeline corridor

including preparation of necessary proposals and obtaining necessary

clearance/approval (ROW: Right-of-Way and ROU: Right-of-Use).

Design of CGD network including optimization, selection of suitable

material and finalization of thickness including preparation of Bill-of-

Quantity (BOQ) and Tender documents

Floating of tenders, bid evaluation and appointment of contractors

Trenchless technology for laying pipeline in Dense Urban area including

renovating old pipelines.

Project Management Consultancy Services (PMC) for CGD network

construction involving Quality Monitoring, Progress Monitoring,

Certification of bills and close out reports.

IT enabled project monitoring applications including for Quality

measures, online/web progress reporting systems.

WEB GIS solution for City Gas Distribution operation & maintenance -

Design and development of web application to manage city gas

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distribution enterprise geo database with functions to support

Marketing, Engineering and O&M.

The CGD Market consists of gas consumers whose gas usage is less than 0.5

MMSCMD and hence can be classified as;

1. Automobile users refilling CNG in vehicles: Natural gas replaces

conventional fuels like Gasoline and Diesel which demand a modified

engine design for adapting to the change. The market development in

this segment would depend upon Government’s subsidy policies on

Diesel as well as international crude oil prices which would influence the

buyer sentiments. The cost of conversion (CNG kit installation) also plays

a major role in consumer demand for the fuel as is the availability of Gas

in remote destinations.

2. Domestic PNG User for cooking and heating purposes: Domestic LPG is

highly subsidized by the Government of India and is delivered to the

consumer in filled cylinders. As cylinders can be stored, LPG offers

reliability of supply as well as low cost of ownership. Natural Gas cannot

be stored in cylinders and hence is routed to the customer through a

network of Gas pipelines up to the point of usage. Since laying of gas

pipelines involve high fixed costs, the whole cost is unfeasible to be

borne by the Gas company. Hence the consumer needs to share the cost

burden which acts as a disincentive as against LPG ownership costs.

3. Commercial establishments like Hotels, garages, restaurants etc:

Commercial establishments are supplied with LPG at an unsubsidized

rate. These establishments use moderately higher volumes of gas as

compared to domestic users. Frequent changing of cylinders pose

logistical challenges to these establishments in terms of costs and

availability of gas. But India is dominated by unorganized retail wherein

supplying PNG to roadside food vendors is not feasible. Hence policies

framed by Government and local bodies (Municipalities) would help in

developing markets for CGD companies in this sector.

Market Development:

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4. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME): Small-scale factories offer the

most lucrative business opportunity for CGD companies. These

establishments thrive on Diesel/ Fuel Oil for heating their furnaces and

incur huge logistical cost of storage. Some processes which demand

clean fuel opt for commercial LPG which is costly. Use of FO can involve

high maintenance cost and poor burner-tip efficiency. CGD companies

can leverage the high calorific value aspect of gas and can promote near-

zero emissions for marketing their product.

Though gas can substitute existing fuels, affordability remains a key issue. With

spot-LNG rates peaking by the day, the cost of ownership for gas users

becomes high and hence unfeasible. Support from financial institutions and

CGD companies are required to incentivize businesses to switch over from

traditional fuels to a more efficient and clean fuel. Moreover international

regulations in the form of emission targets (KYOTO Protocol) can aid the gas

business.

Customers are most valuable for any businesses, hence identifying and

addressing customer service issues is of paramount importance. The main

areas of concern for a CGD customer can be listed as;

1. Quality of Gas: The calorific value of Gas determines the quality of gas.

The lower the calorific value more volume of gas would be required to

get the desired amount of heat energy. The quality of gas in a CGD

network depends upon the HHV (High Heating Value), LHV (Low Heating

Value) and the WOBBE Index. The gas quality also depends upon the

share of non-combustibles (Nitrogen, CO2, H2S, and inert gas) in the gas.

The customer needs to be convinced that the gas quality at the burner-

tip is optimum to the price paid.

2. Safety of equipment: Natural Gas being highly combustible can be a

source of potential hazard if not handled adhering to safety precautions.

CNG is stored at high pressures and hence equipments need to be built

Customer Service issues:

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conforming to safe design standards. Consumers need to be assured of

safe working of equipments and round-the-clock emergency support.

3. Reliability of supply: As Natural Gas cannot be stored, the supply

reliability has to be 100%. Any disruptions in supplies can result in direct

impact on business operations which could lead to losses. In case of

CNG, refilling time has to be minimized to attract potential customers.

Serpentine queue’s at refilling station is a common sight which dissuades

automobile users to switch over to Gas.

4. Billing issues: Erroneous metering can result in over/ under billing which

could be detrimental to customer sentiments. As gas cannot be easily

measures (against LPG/ Oil which can be weighed/ measured) the

consumer relies on the quality of meters supplied by the CGD Company.

Regular calibration of meters would reduce billing errors and installing

smart meters would help CGD companies avoid issues of meter

tampering.

As demand for Natural Gas increases, CGD companies are faced with

commercial challenges such as;

1. Sourcing of cheap gas: Due to high price differential between APM/

non-APM/ RLNG, CGD companies need to fix long term purchase

contracts to ensure consistent prices of supplies as well as to avoid

frequent tariff revisions which dissuades consumer buying

attractiveness.

2. Delivery contracts: CGD companies need to ensure robust contracts to

avoid take-off failures which lead to under-utilization of its network

capacity. Take-or-pay contracts with accurate nomination are essential

to determine the consumer usage pattern which prevents supply/

delivery shocks.

Major Commercial Issues:

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3. Capacity booking: Optimum capacity booking to minimize the transportation charges of gas over long distances can help CGD companies increase margins.

4. Gas pooling: The proposed concept of gas pooling by the Government of India to reduce price volatility as it is extremely difficult for price sensitive consuming industries to plan operations purely based on LNG from future sources. A single benchmarked price of natural gas in India would be in the larger interest of the consumers, and also benefit the market development of natural gas in this country.

Natural Gas MSDS:

Natural Gas is a highly flammable gas and hence handling large volumes of

Natural Gas can be a challenging task. CGD network passes through densely

populated areas and hence the potential threat of any hazard is significantly

large. PNGRB regulations of T4S (Technical Standards and Specifications

including Safety Standards) include;

1. Schedule – 1A MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

2. Schedule - 1B WELDING

3. Schedule – 1C PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION

DETAILS

4. Schedule – 1D DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND TESTING 5. Schedule – 1E OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

QHSE in CGD:

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6. Schedule – 1F CORROSION CONTROL 7. Schedule – 1G MISCELLANEOUS

QHSE issue in CGD business;

1. High transmission pressures

2. Remote location of transmission pipelines (high emergency response

time)

3. Distribution lines pass through thickly populated areas

4. No control of source of ignition near pipelines

5. Pipelines are buried; hence maintenance and leak detection is tedious

6. Consumers are not well equipped to deal with exigencies

7. Unplanned/ un-notified dredging by external agencies

8. Use of non-standard fittings by the customer (CNG kits)

Possible solutions;

1. Use of SCADA/ GIS to map remote pipeline networks

2. Automatic isolation valves

3. Customer education programs

4. Proper route mapping and marking as hazardous zone

5. Proper Leak Detection Equipments to prevent major disasters

6. Synchronization with local bodies/ agencies to avoid pipeline damage,

notifying fire brigade about new gas pipeline routes in a given area

7. Undertake Asset Integrity Management (AIM) of all equipments

8. Follow design/ operating standards as prescribed by OISD

9. Prepare robust Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to deal with disasters

PNGRB objectives: To regulate the refining, processing, storage,

transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum

products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas

so as to protect the interest of consumers and entities engaged in specified

CGD Regulation:

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activities and to ensure uninterrupted & adequate supply and to promote

competitive markets.

Why PNGRB:

1. It promotes market dynamics

2. Protects customer interest

3. Set up operating guidelines in business

4. To ensure benefits of Natural resources to all

5. Fixes network tariff and quality benchmarks

Post APM regime, the Government needed a regulator to oversee the market

for CGD which started to grow with the entry of private players in the erstwhile

PSU dominated market.

PNGRB regulations provide;

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Third-Party Access codes: This Access Code aims at establishing industry wide

transparent and uniform principles for allowing entities to gain/ allow access to

the pipeline systems and CGD networks. The present access code covers

providing access to both the natural gas transmission pipelines and CGD

Networks.

The objective of this access code is to;

1. Promote the development of a competitive gas market by establishing

uniform principles for owners and users of gas pipelines to allow

transparent and non-discriminatory access to the gas pipelines and CGD

networks.

2. Prevent abuse of monopoly power.

3. Ensure that a pipeline/CGD owner provides minimum service of access

to available capacity on a "firm service" basis and/or on "interruptible

service" basis.

4. Provide basis for resolution of disputes.

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http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/history.asp

http://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/en/UI/CNG.aspx

http://petroleum.nic.in/petstat.pdf

http://www.pm-pipeliner.safan.com/mag/ppl1210/r22.pdf

http://www.pngrb.gov.in/regulation_for_cgd.pdf

http://www.crisil.com/pdf/infra-advisory/4-city-gas-distribution.pdf

http://www.pngrb.gov.in/draft/ACFINAL.pdf

http://petrofed.winwinhosting.net/upload/P_Dasgupta.pdf

http://gail.nic.in/gailnewsite/aboutus/ataglance.html

http://www.eai.in/ref/fe/nag/nag.html

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/natural-gas-

transmission-company

http://cugl.co.in/t-corporateoverview.aspx

http://www.bglgas.com/downloads/Envirornmental%20&%20Social

%20Review%20Summary.pdf

http://petroleum.nic.in/gaspricepooling.pdf

http://greatlakes.edu.in/gurgaon/pdf/Pricing_of_Natural_Gas_in_In

dia.pdf

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http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/history.asp

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http://www.pngrb.gov.in/regulation_for_cgd.pdf

http://www.crisil.com/pdf/infra-advisory/4-city-gas-distribution.pdf

http://www.pngrb.gov.in/draft/ACFINAL.pdf

http://petrofed.winwinhosting.net/upload/P_Dasgupta.pdf

http://gail.nic.in/gailnewsite/aboutus/ataglance.html

http://www.eai.in/ref/fe/nag/nag.html

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/natural-gas-transmission-company

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/natural-gas-transmission-company

http://cugl.co.in/t-corporateoverview.aspx

http://www.bglgas.com/downloads/Envirornmental%20&%20Social%20Review%20Summary.pdf

http://www.bglgas.com/downloads/Envirornmental%20&%20Social%20Review%20Summary.pdf

http://petroleum.nic.in/gaspricepooling.pdf

http://greatlakes.edu.in/gurgaon/pdf/Pricing_of_Natural_Gas_in_India.pdf

http://greatlakes.edu.in/gurgaon/pdf/Pricing_of_Natural_Gas_in_India.pdf

report on cgd business in india

Documents

wholly owned

major commercial

project management

natural gas

customer service

natural gas

crude oil

energy basket