report on food consumption surveys: review of...

ILSI Southeast Asia Region

ILSI SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION REPORT SERIES

REPORT ON FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEYS: REVIEW OF STATUS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION


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ILSI Southeast Asia Region Report Series

Yeli Wang, Jocelyn Wong, Pauline Chan

REPORT ON FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEYS: REVIEW OF STATUS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION

Authors


1. Background

2. Description of Procedures of Obtaining

Data for Monograph

3. Food Consumption Surveys in 10

Southeast Asian Countries

4. Summary of Findings on Southeast Asian Food Consumption Surveys

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

6. References

7. Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

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1. Background

Adequate nutrition is the key to human health. Since the second half of the nineteenth century, interests in the components of food arose with the emergence of chemistry, with studies focusing on sufficiency and adequacy of the diet with regard to macronutrients, minerals, and vitamins (Elmadfa and Meyer, 2010). Later, epidemiological studies, especially large cohort studies, started to provide more knowledge on diet and disease relationships by examining diet both as constituents and as foods. All these studies raised important issues about having valid and reliable information on dietary and nutrient intakes. If estimates of intakes are incorrect, the assessment of inadequate or excess nutrient intakes for the individual or group will be incorrect. Food consumptions and nutrient intakes are determined using dietary and biochemical methods. Food composition data are used to assess the nutritional value of the food consumed by individuals and populations, and should be of good quality, with updated, accurate, reliable information that reflect a country’s rapidly changing food supply. Dietary assessment methods describe the level of intakes of a population, using individual measurements for group-level analysis. Intake data need to be collected with the most accurate techniques available, and analyzed using the appropriate statistical methods.

In Southeast Asia, huge diversity exists in the socioeconomic development of different countries. Therefore, countries are facing a great variety of nutritional problems ranging from under-nutrition to over-nutrition or combination of both known as the double burden. As a result, people are suffering from nutrition-related health issues from micronutrient deficiencies to non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, to assist all stakeholders – including national health authorities and regulators, industry, researchers and scientists across Southeast Asia to identify gaps for prioritization of future activities addressing key nutrition challenges in this area, ILSI SEA Region collected relevant

information on food consumption surveys (FCSs) and assessment methods in the region.

2. Description of Procedures of Obtaining Data for Monograph

The status review was conducted by first searching for the national FCS in the respective agencies’ websites. For countries which do not have available online versions, hard copies were requested from country representatives of health authorities and institutions in the 10 ASEAN countries. The following data were collated and compiled: the year which the FCS was published, institutes managing the FCS, source of data, language of data, objectives and assumptions of the FCS, survey coverage, sampling method, sample size, type of dietary assessment methods used, characteristics of sampled population, data collection tools used, data analysis methods and software used, usage and reference of food composition data, databases and guidelines, frequency of data collection, dietary practices questionnaires included and the nutrients selected for analysis. The information was then sent back to the country representatives for verification.

3. Food Consumption Surveys in 10 Southeast Asian Countries

3.1. Brunei Darussalam

To understand the dietary habits and nutrient intakes of children under 5 years of age, and to assess changes in trends in health and nutritional status since 1997, Brunei Darussalam has conducted the national food consumption survey among 1300 children between 2-5 years old from all 4 districts of the country: Brunei Muara, Tutong, Belait and Temburong. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and 24 hour dietary recall methods were used. The food consumption data was titled “2nd National Health and Nutritional Status Survey (NHANSS) Phase 1: 0-5 years old”. The latest document was the second

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edition, and it was published in 2013. The data was managed by Ministry of Health Brunei Darussalam, and the source of the data was from 2nd NHANSS Survey. The hardcopy of the food consumption data was available and the language was English.

3.2. Cambodia

Cambodia has conducted two food consumption surveys. The first survey was focused on micronutrient deficiencies in women and children, and aimed to access food consumption and determine nutritional status of the rural poor households and to estimate micronutrient intakes of pre-school age children and reproductive age women. The survey covered 3 areas (Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng), and the sample included women from 19-50 years old and pre-school age children from 163 rural households. The methods used in the survey were 24-hour and 5-day food recalls, as well as food weighing, and the title of the data was “The Role of Fisheries Resources in Rural Cambodia: Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies in Women and Children”. The data was published in 2009, and was managed by Project conducted by Fisheries Administration of the Cambodia Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The source of the data was from a 3 years (2005-2007) project “The Role of Fisheries Resources in Rural Cambodia: Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies in Women and Children”, and the data was in English.

The second food consumption survey aimed to assess the current food consumption situation and energy and nutrient intake of Cambodian individuals and households, and covered a wider age range (under 5 to 90 years old) with bigger sample size (1200 households from 5 ecological zones: Phnom Penh, Plains, Tonle Sap, Plateau/Mountains, Coastal) compared to the abovementioned survey. Three methods were used: 24-hour food recalls through face-to-face interviews, FFQ and food weight method. The data was titled “Food and Nutrition Security Vulnerability to Mainstream

Hydropower Dam Development in Cambodia” and it was published in 2011. The data was managed by Project conducted by the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (IFReDI) under the Fisheries Administration of the Cambodia Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), and the source of the data was partially from the SMILING project, under the Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control (DFPTQ) of the MAFF. The food consumption data was in English.

3.3. Indonesia

To obtain data on the adequacy and security of food consumption, Indonesia has conducted the national food consumption survey among 191,524 individuals and 51,127 households from 2080 census blocks from 33 provinces, and the sample represented provincial and national levels. 2-day non-consecutive 24 hour dietary recall and food weighing methods were used. The age of the sampled population ranges from newborns to those older than 55 years old, with special focus among pregnant women. The data was titled “Buku Studi Diet Total Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu” and it was published in 2014. The data was managed by National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, and the source of the data was from Basic Health Research 2013 and Total Diet Study 2014. Both the hardcopy and the online softcopy are available, and the food consumption data was available in Indonesian.

3.4. Lao PDR

Lao PDR has conducted two food consumption surveys. For the first food consumption survey “Lao Food consumption tables” published in 2014, dietary data was collected to define the models parameters for optifood. It was conducted among 700 individuals from 15 villages in Saravan district (southern part of Lao PDR). The age of the sampled population ranges from newborns to women younger than 45 years old, with special focus among

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pregnant women and lactating women. A qualitative 7-day repeated 24 hour dietary recall method was used. The data was managed by Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute (formerly known as the National Institute of Public Health), MOH, Lao PDR. The hardcopy was available, and the food consumption data was available in English.

The second food consumption survey “National Food Consumption Survey Lao PDR” was conducted during 2016-2017, with 4 different target groups of population as 1) children under five which were divided into 3 subgroups: infant (3 to 11 months), toddlers (12 to 35 months), and pre-school children (3 to 5.9 years old); 2) adolescent; 3) adult (15 to 49.9 years old) with an inclusion and emphasis on women of reproductive age, such as pregnant and lactating women, who have special nutrition needs; and 4) older adult of 50 years old and over. Each target sub-group consisted of 144 people, totaling to 2016 individuals. They are sampled in three zones representing 3 regions with two provinces in each region, namely Oudomxay and Luangprabang in Northern lowland, Vientiane Capital and Bolikhamxay in Central-southern highland, Savannakhet and Champasack represent Mekong corridor. With 2 districts per province and 2 villages per district, this resulted in a total of 24 villages in 12 districts and 6 provinces sampled. The report was available online, and the food consumption data was available in English.

3.5. Malaysia

To determine the socio-demography, meal pattern, habitual food intake, dietary intake, vitamin, mineral and food supplement intakes, food security national status and physical activity pattern among Malaysian adults aged 18-59 years old, Malaysia conducted the national food consumption survey among 2973 (1378 men and 1595 women) from the whole Malaysia (11 states and 2 territories from Peninsular Malaysia and 2 states and 1 territory from East Malaysia). The sample included different ethnic groups from both urban and

rural areas and has varied education levels. 24-hour dietary recall and a FFQ with detailed questions about food intake and physical activity and anthropometry assessment were used. The latest food consumption data in Malaysia was titled “National Health and Morbidity Survey (NMHS) 2014: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS)” with 3 volumes (Vol. I: Methodology & General Finding; Vol II: Survey Findings; Volume III: Food Consumption Statistics) and the first edition was published in 2014. The data was managed by Ministry of Health Malaysia, and the source of data was from MANS using NHMS as the platform. The hardcopy was available, and the food consumption data was available in English.

3.6. Myanmar

Myanmar has conducted three food consumption surveys in 2013, 2014 and 2015, and none of them were published. The first survey aimed to assess the food consumption among parents of children under 5 years old, and included 6400 participants aged 18 years and above. The second survey aimed to evaluate the food consumption among school teachers and interviewed 480 teachers aged 18-59 years. The third survey aimed to study the risk food consumption of households which have 3-5 years old children and sampled 800 households. 24-hour recall method was used in the first survey, and Semi FFQ was used for the subsequent 2 surveys. The titles of the three surveys were “Food consumption among parents of under 5 year children by 24 hour recall”, “Food Consumption Among School Teachers by Semi FFQ”, and “Household Consumption of Risk Foods by Semi FFQ”, respectively. The hardcopy of the three documents are available, but none of them have been published yet. The data was managed by Nutrition Research Section, and the source of data was from “Food Consumption assessment of 0-18 yr Growth Status longitudinal study, National Nutrition Surveillance System”. The language of the data was in both Burmese and English.

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3.7. The Philippines

The latest food consumption survey titled “Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures, 2015” was published in 2016. This FCS was published to serve as data for the identification of factors affecting the nutrition situation, provide a direct measure of the food situation at the household level, which includes data on household food intake, plate waste, food sources and food cost, and energy and nutrient intake, and to identify the commonly consumed food and nutrient deficiencies particular to a specific region. It included 9930 households from 17 regions, a total of 80 (excluding Batanes) provinces. The sample population ranged from infants till elderly older than 60 years old. Food weighing, food inventory, and food recall methods were used. The data was managed by Food and Nutrition Research-Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST), and the source of the data was from 2015 Updating of Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other Population Groups (2015 Updating Survey) which utilized the 2003 Master Sample developed by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) (formerly the National Statistics Office (NSO)). The online softcopy was available, and the food consumption data was in English.

3.8. Singapore

To track the intake and dietary practices of the population over time, and to monitor the highlights areas of public concerns which require actions and drives the development of health-promoting nutrition policy and programmes, Singapore conducted the national food consumption survey among 3653 subjects aged 18-69 years old from multi-ethnic groups (Chinese, Malay and Indian). Dietary Practices Questionnaire, FFQ, Salt intake study and food weighing methods were used. The latest food consumption data was titled “National Nutrition Survey (NNS)”, and it was published in 2010. The data was managed by Health Promotion Board (HPB), and the source of the data was partially from the report of National Nutrition Survey 2010, partially from Epidemiological and Disease Control Division,

Ministry of Health, and partially from the survey carried out in conjunction with National Health Survey 2010 (NHS 2010). The online softcopy was available, and the food consumption data was in English.

3.9. Thailand

To survey the frequency of food consumption, types of food, and to assess energy and nutrients intake compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) as well as dietary pattern among the Thai population, Thailand has conducted the national food consumption survey among 31901 participants between 1 years old and more than 80 years old from 20 provides in Thailand. FFQ and 24-hour dietary recall methods were used. The latest food consumption data in Thailand was titled “Report of the National Dietary Intake 2008-2009”, and the sixth edition it was published in 2011. The data was managed by Bureau of Nutrition, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, and the source of the data was from the results of the 4th National Health Examination Survey (NHES) 2008-2009. Both the hardcopy and the online softcopy were available, and the food consumption data was in Thai.

3.10. Vietnam

To assess nutritional status, household food consumption and other nutrition-related issues among Vietnamese people, particularly children under 5 years old, Vietnam has conducted the national food consumption survey among 8224 individuals from 512 communities from 64 provinces. 24-hour dietary recall method was used through interviews, and anthropometric measurement was completed at the interview. The latest food consumption data in Vietnam was titled “General Nutrition Survey 2009-2010”. The data was managed by National Institute of Nutrition - Ministry of Health. The food consumption data was in both Vietnamese and English.

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4. Summary of Findings on Southeast Asian Food Consumption Surveys

Table 1 summarized the items included in the dietary practices questionnaires used in each country for FCSs. Different country included different items in their FCS, there is no item that is included mutually in all countries. However, items that were included by most countries were:

• Meal pattern (breakfast, lunch, dinner habit) • Dine in/dine out, snacks consumption

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only Brunei, Myanmar and Singapore. Vitamin D was covered by Cambodia and Lao PDR, and iodine was included only by Philippines. The summary table was listed below as Table 2.

Table 1: Summary of Items Included in the Dietary Practices Questionnaires Used for SEA Regional FCSs

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• Sweetened beverages consumption • Whole grain consumption

Other items such as mindful eating, reading of food labels, food preparation habits and methods, and weight watch behavior were included by few countries. The summary table was listed below as Table 1.Table 2 summarized the nutrients selected for analysis for FCSs. All the countries have included nutrients listed below:

• Energy • Protein • Total fat

Other nutrients such as carbohydrates, vitamin A, calcium and iron were included by most countries. Furthermore, nutrients like monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid were included by

Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar 2013

Meal Pattern - Breakfast, lunch, dinner eating habit ✓ ✓ ✓

Dine In/Dine Out ✓ ✓ ✓

Snacks consumption ✓ ✓

Sweetened beverages con-sumption ✓ ✓ ✓

Condiments addition during meals ✓

Mindful Eating practices (Healthy Food Pyramid adherence)

Whole Grain Consumption ✓ ✓

Reading of Food Labels ✓

Food preparation habits (e.g. trim fats) ✓ ✓

Food preparation method ✓ ✓

Weight watching behavior (e.g. dieting)


Myanmar 2014

Myanmar 2015 Philippines Singapore Thailand

Meal Pattern - Breakfast, lunch, dinner eating habit

✓ * ✓ ✓

Dine In/Dine Out✓ ✓ * ✓ ✓

Snacks consumption✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Sweetened beverages consumption ✓ ✓ ✓ * ✓ ✓

Condiments addition during meals ✓ ✓ ✓ * ✓

Mindful Eating practices (Healthy Food Pyramid adherence) ✓ ✓

Whole Grain Consumption✓ ✓ ✓

Reading of Food Labels✓

Food preparation habits (e.g. trim fats) ✓

Food preparation method

Weight watching behavior (e.g. dieting) ✓

* The content was obtained indirectly from the food record form.

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Brunei Cambodia 2009

Cambodia 2011 Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia

Energy Intake ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Water ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Protein ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Total Fat ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Saturated Fat ✓

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid ✓

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ✓

Cholesterol

Carbohydrate ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Dietary Fibre ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin A ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) ✓ ✓

Niacin ✓ ✓

Vitamin C ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin D ✓ ✓

Sodium ✓ ✓

Iodine

Calcium ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Iron ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Other Micronutrients Zinc Zinc

Zinc, Folate, Vitamin

B6, Vitamin

B12

Folate

Table 2: Summary of Nutrients Analyzed in Regional FCSs

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Myanmar 2013

Myanmar 2014 & 2015

Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Energy Intake ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Water ✓ ✓

Protein ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Total Fat ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Saturated Fat ✓ ✓

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid ✓ ✓

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ✓ ✓

Cholesterol ✓ ✓ ✓

Carbohydrate ✓ ✓ √ ✓ ✓

Dietary Fibre ✓ ✓

Vitamin A ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Niacin ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin C ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Vitamin D

Sodium ✓ ✓

Iodine ✓

Calcium ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Iron ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Other Micronutrients Phosphorous, Potassium Carotene

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5. Conclusion and Recommendations

Different instruments and methods were used for conducting FCSs in the Southeast Asia region, as well as the nutrients analyzed for the national FCTs. While the macronutrients such as carbohydrate, protein and total fats are covered, many others such as total sugar, vitamin Bs etc. are still missing. These missing nutrients are information required for the national food consumption surveys and eventually provide critical data for national public health

policies. In addition, methodologies are not standardized across ASEAN countries, and some information regarding methodologies is missing. Furthermore, the analysis of household and individuals are not comparable. ILSI SEA Region is now working together with ASEANFOODS and relevant agencies in ASEAN in developing and improving the quality of national FCTs, as well as getting better data for food consumption.

6. References

Elmadfa I, Meyer AL. (2010) Importance of Food Composition Data to Nutrition and Public Health. Eur J Clin Nutr, 64 Suppl 3:S4-7

Health Promotion Board. (2018) National Nutrition Survey 2018 Shows Gradual Improvements in Singaporeans’ Dietary Habits [Press Release]. Retrieved from https://www.hpb.gov.sg/docs/default-source/newsroom/nns-2018-press-release9fe4a2f6468366dea7adff00000d8c5a.pdf?sfvrsn=2667c472_0

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7. Acknowledgements

Information was collected from the regulatory agencies of 10 Southeast Asian region countries. We would like to acknowledge the following representatives and their teams, institutes and agencies for their contribution in providing the necessary information and helping with the verification:

• Ms. Mahani Muhammad, Food Safety and Quality Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam

• Ms. Roseyati binti Dato Paduka Hj Yaakub, Community Nutrition Services Division, Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam

• Mr. Touch Bunthang, Inland Fisheres Research and Development Institute (IFReDI), Fisheries Administration (FiA), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Cambodia

• Dr. Kuong Khov, Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control (DFPTQ), FiA, MAFF, Cambodia

• Dr. Nelis Imanningsih, Center for Applied Health Technology and Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia

• Dr. Sengchanh Kounnavong, Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR

• Dr. Daovieng Douangvichit, Food and Nutrition Research Department, Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR

• Mr. Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia

• Dr. Lwin Mar Hlaing, National Nutrition Center, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Myanmar

• Dr. Htin Lin, Department of Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health, Myanmar

• Dr. Thet Wah, National Nutrition Center, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Myanmar (Left the organization)

• Dr. Mario Capanzana, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Philippines

• Ms. Adrienne Constantino, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Philippines (Left the organization)

• Dr. Rani Sarmugam, Health Promotion Board, Singapore

• Ms. Shiqi Chen, Health Promotion Board, Singapore (Left the organization)

• Dr. Nipa Rojroongwasink, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Thailand

• Dr. Anadi Nitithamyong, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Thailand

• Dr. Le Bach Mai, National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam

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Food Consumption Survey Status in ASEANLast Accessed on 10 October 2018


Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR

Year Published 2013 2009 2011 2014 2014

Title of Document 2nd National Health and Nutritional Status Survey (NHANSS) Phase 1: 0-5 years old

The Role of Fisheries Resources in Rural Cambodia: Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies in Women and Children

Food and Nutrition Security Vulnerability to Mainstream Hydropower Dam Development in Cambodia

Buku Studi Diet Total Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu

Lao Food Composition tables

Edition 2nd - - - 1st

Availability of Hardcopy Version of FCS

Yes - - Yes Yes

Online URL - - - https://bit.ly/2UHshfL

Institute(s) Managing the Data

Ministry of Health Brunei Darussalam

Fisheries Administration of the Cambodia Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (IFReDI) under the Fisheries Administration of the Cambodia Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI (National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health of Indonesia)

National Institute of Public Health, MOH, Lao PDR

Source of Data 2nd NHANSS Survey

3 years (2005-2007) Project “The Role of Fisheries Resources in Rural Cambodia: Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies in Women and Children”

Partial data obtained from SMILING Project database including the component on Assessment of Food Consumption in Rural Household Nationwide

Basic Health Research 2013 and Total Diet Study 2014

-

Language of Data English English English Indonesian English

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Malaysia Myanmar

Year Published 2014 2013 2014 2015

Title of Document National Health and Morbidity Survey 2014: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS)

Food consumption among parents of under 5 year children by 24 hour recall

Food Consumption Among School Teachers by Semi FFQ

Household Consumption of Risk Foods by Semi FFQ

Edition 1st - - -


Yes Yes but not available to public

Yes but not available to public

Yes but not available to public

Online URL - - - -


Ministry of Health Malaysia

Nutrition Research Section



Source of Data MANS using National Health Morbidity Survey as the platform

Food Consumption assessment (2013 yr) of 0-18 yr Growth Status longitudinal study, National Nutrition Surveillance System



Language of Data English Myanmar/English Myanmar/English Myanmar/English

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Year Published 2016 2010 2011 -

Title of Document Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures, 2015 (Dietary Survey)

National Nutrition Survey

Report of the National Dietary Intake 2008-2009

General Nutrition Survey 2009-2010

Edition - - 6th -


- - Yes (Information on frequency of food consumption)

-

Online URL https://bit.ly/2YlyWOZ https://bit.ly/2UVwJro - -


Food and Nutrition Research-Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST)

Health Promotion Board Bureau of Nutrition, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health

National Insitute of Nutrition - Ministry of Health

Source of Data I. 2015 Updating of Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other Population Groups (2015 Updating Survey) utilized the 2003 Master Sample developed by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) (formerly the National Statistics Office (NSO))II. List of Households were taken from the 2009 Labor Force Survey (LFS)

I. Data taken from the report of National Nutrition Survey 2010II. Assistance from Epidemiological and Disease Control Division, Ministry of HealthIII. Survey was carried out in conjunction with National Health Survey 2010 (NHS 2010) – Survey method described in NHS2010

Data taken from the results of the 4th National Health Examination Survey (NHES) 2008-2009

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Language of Data English English Thai Vietnamese/English

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Cambodia 2011 Indonesia Lao PDR

Assumption/Notes 50% prevalence of any nutritional indicator, a 3% error margin, and a 95% confidence level

• Partners: KVL; CopenhagenUni., Denmark;University ofBangladeshAgriculture; MahidolUniversity,Thailand• Main analysisof FoodIntakes: byFood Groups

• The survey was conducted in rainy season from 14 August to 24 September 2011, which could have influenced the result of fish consumption because most inland fishing occurs in the dry season and this is when fish is most available. • Main analysis of Food Intakes: by Food Groups

- -

Objectives of Survey

• To provide quantitative data on dietary habits, nutrient intakes and food consumption of those under 5 years of age • To assess changes in trends in health and nutritional status since 1997 • As an indicator of the nutritional and health status of Negara Brunei Darussalam in comparison to its regional neighbors and international community

• To access food consumption and determine nutritional status of the rural poor households. • To access individual foods and fish consumption patterns in order to estimate micronutrient intakes of pre-school age children and reproductive age women • To determine the important role of fish and aquatic animals in contributing to the diets of poor rural households in the targeted provinces

To assess the current food consumption situation and energy and nutrient intake of individuals and households of Cambodian

National: • The availability of basic data on the adequacy and security of food consumed by the people, as a basis of policy formation by the Ministry of Health and National Agency for Drugs and Food Control to strengthen the programs for food, nutrition and public health. Province: • To obtain information on nutrient consumption of the population in respective province. • Ability to plan for further research according to different health issues in respective province

To collect dietary data to define the models parameters for optifood

Survey Coverage (Geographical Coverage)

All 4 districts of Brunei Darussalam: Brunei Muara, Tutong, Belait, Temburong

3 Areas: Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng

Provinces composing each of the 5 ecological zones: Phnom Penh, Plains, Tonle Sap, Plateau/Mountains, Coastal

2080 census block from 33 provinces

Saravan district (15 villages) southern part of Lao PDR

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Sampling Method Cross-sectional survey • Equal Probability of Selection Method (EPSEM) • Only 1 eligible child per household, samples drawn from registration records of all the 32 Maternal and Child Health clinics nationwide

• Randomized design • One reproductive age woman and one child per household

• Two-stage stratified sampling using villages as primary sampling units (PSU) and households as secondary sampling units (SSU). The population was stratified by zone and urbanity • 150 PSUs randomly selected using Linear Systematic Sampling with Probability Proportional to its Size (LSS-PPS), with the number of households in a village as the measure of size

Cross-sectional, Non-Intervention Study: • Central Statistical Agency estimated the Relative Standard Error (RSE) to define the household sampling size • 5% RSE (42,904 household) randomly selected to represent the population - rounded up to 43,000 households • Additional 25% of 43,000 randomly selected to anticipate any dropping out cases • All of the individuals from the household are included

Randomly selected 100 participants per target group

Sample Size For 49,000 children, estimated size was 1044 + 10% non-response = 1149, rounded to 1300 children

163 rural poor households

1,200 households • 191,524 individuals • 51,127 households

700 individuals

Type of dietary assessment methods

Individual Methods

• Food Frequency Questionnaires • 24-hour Dietary Recall Methodology

• 3 rounds according to season changes: Dry and peak fishing season (Jan-Feb), Dry and fishing season (May-Apr), Raining and close fishing season (Aug-Sep) • 24-hours food recall method

• 24-hours food recall method, through face-to-face interviews

2 Days Non-Consecutive 24-hr Food Recall by probing interview technique

Qualitaitve 7-day repeated 24 hour recall

Household Methods

- • 24-hours food recall method • 5 days recall method to estimate the consumption of fish at household level • Food Weighing

• Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), modified to estimate seasonality of food consumed by the household (wet/dry season); Face-to-face interview with the mother (who usually prepares the food) • Food weighing method collecting one-day food intake data. Food wastage in every meal and left-over of the day's consumption accounted for

Food Weighing and Interview

-

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Characteristics of the sampled population

Age Group • 2&3 years old • 4&5 years old

• Pre-schoolage children• Women inproductiveage from 19-50years old

• < 5 y.o. (2.1%) • 6-10 y.o. (3.2%) • 11-19 y.o. (10.3%) • 20-30 y.o. (24.9%) • 31-40 y.o. (17.0%)• 41-50 y.o. (21.4%)• 51-60 y.o. (13.8%)• 61-70 y.o. (5.9%)• 71-80 y.o. (1.3%)• 81-90 y.o. (0.1%)

0 to elderly (age limit not specified) • 0-59 months • 5-12 years old • 13-18 years old • 19-55 years old • >55 years old

• Children 6-8 months; 9-11 months; 12-23 months;• adolescent girl 15-19 years old;• non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 20- 45 years old

Special focus group (e.g. pregnant/lactating)

- - Households with pregnant women (5.8%): • 1-3 months (39.8%) • 4-5 months (41.3%) • 6-9 months (18.9%) • Lactating (91.3%)

Pregnant women

Pregnant and lactating women

Race/ethnic groups

- - - Different ethnic group in different province

-

Community (Rural/Suburban/Urban)

- Rural Rural Rural, suburban and urban

Rural

Survey on Education Level

- - Yes Yes Yes

Survey on Income Level

Yes - - Yes Yes

Data Collection Tools/Props e.g. food cards/pictures, questionnaire forms, etc

• Questionnaire Booklet • Food Model Album • Real and Photographed utensils • Weighing Scale

• Individual and Household questionnaire forms • Food Scale • Body Scale

• Individual: 24-hour recall questionnaire • Household: FFQ questionnaire • Fish catalogue

• Individual and Household questionnaire forms • Food picture book + food list • Food Scale • Body Scale • Various guide documents

• Qualitative dietary assessment• recipe data• serving size estimation• create food model• create conversion factor

Data Analysis Methods & Software

• SPSS version 15.0 for Windows • FoodWorks Professional Version 2009

Total food intake for women and children calculated as energy and micronutrients using the Inmucal-Nutrients version 1 (INMU, Thailand, 2007), Thailand, 2007)

• Data entry using ACCESS database program, cross-checked by members of the team • INFOODs guidelines, EuroFIR Quality Assessment procedure, and Compilation tool

• Data entry, data merging, data cleaning and imputation • CS Pro, SPSS 17

Optifood software

21




Usage of Food Composition Data

- - • Since Cambodia does not have its own Food Composition Table, food composition tables from Vietnam, Thailand, ASEAN, and the Philippines were used

• Data Base Komposisi Gizi Makanan Minuman SKMI-SDT 2014

-

References/Guidelines/Databases used

• Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) 2005 • Gibson R.S. (2005) Principles of Nutritional Assessment. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press • Thompson, F.E, Byers, T. Dietary Assessment Resource Manual Journal of Nutrition, 1994;124:22455-22465 • The Multiple Source Method (MSM), Department of Epidemiology of the German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrüke. © 2008-2011. • MOH (2011) Health Information Booklet 2011, Department of Policy and Planning, MOH Brunei Darussalam

- • Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intkae (RENI), 2002, the revised edition from the RDA of the Philippines, to determine level of nutritional adequacy of food intakes

• Balanced Nutrition Guidelines • WHO Total Diet Study Approach: A Guidance Document • WHO/FAO Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases • Energy Sufficiency Figures & Nutrition Sufficiency Figures • Basic Health Research 2008 & 2010: A National Report

• ASEAN FCT (2000) from 6 Asian countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam)• Thai FCT (2007)• USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference • The Concise New Zealand Food Composition Tables

Frequency of Data Collection

- - - - First survey

22


Malaysia Myanmar 2013

Myanmar 2014

Myanmar 2015

Assumption/Notes Median intakes reported, not mean

Still working on the analysis; Some regions and states (Chin, Kayin & Nay Pyi Taw) have not finished data analysis andcompilation

Not analyzed yet Not analyzed yet

Objectives of Survey To determine thesociodemography,meal pattern, habitualfood intake, dietary intake, vitamin, mineral and food supplement intakes, food security national status and physical activity pattern among Malaysian adults aged 18-59 years old

• To study the dietaryintake of Householdswith children under age five

• To discover thedifference in dietaryintake of Householdsamong Regions/States

• To study theamount and pattern of food consumption

• To study thedifference in foodavailability and fooddiversity amongRegions/States

• To study theaverage food consumption per day of Burmese

To study the risk food consumption of households which have 3 to 5 years old child


Whole Malaysia - Peninsular Malaysia (11 states, 2 territories) and East Malaysia comprising of Sabah and Sarawak (2 states and 1 territory)

All States and Regions of Myanmar except Shan (East)



23



Myanmar 2014

Myanmar 2015

Sampling Method Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling • 1st Stage – primary sampling units (PSU) selected among 74,756 Enumeration Blocks (EB) (48,574 urban; 26,182 rural); total of 337 EBs selected as frame of EBs (187 urban; 150 rural) • 2nd Stage – secondary sampling unit (SSU) - 12 living quarters (LQ) from selected EBs using random probability sampling, considering optimal cluster size with respect to cost, response rate and level of precision Enumeration Area (EA) – Contiguous area in a district (n=3,377) • 3rd Stage – selection of eligible LQ members using random selection method where there was more than one eligible adult between 18 and 59 years living in the same LQ, only one was selected at random using Kish table. Eligibility defined as aged between 18 and 59 years, not pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of the interview, and not on specific diet due to illness

Subsampling of Longitudinal Study



Sample Size 2,973 respondents (1,378 men and 1,595 women)

400 x 16 = 6400 30 x 16 = 480 50 x 16 = 800


Individual Methods

• Household and individual questionnaire consisting of 8 modules to assess household roster, food security, socio-demography, meal pattern, food intake by food group, habits in relation to food consumption, food labeling, supplemetn intake, physical activity, food habits, and anthropometry assessment • 24-hour dietary recall to assess dietary intake, including cooking methods, brand names, and portion sizes

Individual Methods

Individual Methods

-

Household Methods

See individual method above - - Household Methods

24



Myanmar 2014

Myanmar 2015


Age Group Adults from 18 - 59 years old: • 18-19 (5.82%) • 20-29 (27.32%) • 30-39 (24.77%) • 40-49 (23.51%) • 50-59 (18.58%)

18 years and above

18 - 59 years -


- - Women of Reproductive Age

Family with child aged 3-5 years old

Race/ethnic groups

• Malay - 53.92% • Chinese - 19.49% • Indian - 6.92% • Bumiputera Sarawak - 5.40% • Bumiputera Sabah - 7.68% • Others- 6.07% • Other Bumiputras - 0.51%

- - -


• Urban - 69.4% • Rural - 30.6%

Urban/Suburban Urban/Suburban Urban/Suburban


• No formal education - 2.6% • Primary - 18.5% • Secondary - 49.9% • Tertiary - 28.6% • Others - 0.5%

Varied Graduated -


Yes, MANS and EPU Varied Government Staff -


• Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) using face-to-face interview, in Bahasa Malaysia and English, with total of 165 food items • Food album and standard local houshold utensils (glasses, cups, bowls, plates, spoons) used during interview • Frequency of intake per day, per week, per month, per year, or never

Food servingtools (Plate, bowl,spoon, etc.)



Data Analysis Methods & Software • Individual questionnaire - manual data entry using web • 24-hours diet recall - data entry using NutritionistPro • Data analysis: SPSS and STATA

Manual Calculation by FCT

Nutrisurvey Nutrisurvey

25



Myanmar 2014

Myanmar 2015


- Myanmar Food Composition Data

Myanmar Food Composition Data

Myanmar Food Composition Data


• Malaysia RNI (Recommended Nutrient Intake)

- Thailand, Indonesia and India Database

Thailand, Indonesia and India Database


- One One One

26



Assumption or Note - The Malay and Indian participants were over sampled to provide adequate numbers of statistical comparisons between the ethnic groups.

Living condition and lifestyle vary among different regions of the country Therefore, the survey was carried out in all 4 regions as well as the Bangkok Metrpolitan area (BMA). In each region data were collected from the population living within and outside of the municipal areas.

-

Objectives of Survey • To serve as data for the identification of factors affecting the nutrition situation • To provide a direct measure of the food situation at the household level, which includes data on household food intake, plate waste, food sources and food cost, and energy and nutrient intake • To identify the commonly consumed food and nutrient deficiencies particular to a specific region • To reveal disparities in food and nutrient intake • To aid in the development of population group and area-specific short-term and long-term measures to prevent and control nutrition-related diseases • To help track changes in consumption of perishable and non-perishable food products and their contribution to household total nutrient intake, facilitating prediction of future demands for certain agricultural products

• To track the intake and dietary practices of the population over time • To monitor the highlights areas of public concerns which require actions and drives the development of health-promoting nutrition policy and programmes

• To survey the frequency of food consumption, types of food and staple foods among the Thai population 2 years and older • To assess energy and nutrients intake compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) as well as dietary pattern among the Thai population 1 year and older

To assess nutritional status, household food consumption and other nutrition-related issues among Vietnamese people, particularly children under 5 years old


17 Regions / 80 Provinces (excluded Batanes)

Based on geographic zones; PSUs selected on every 5km of the 6 survey sites

20 provinces (5 each) in the 4 regions of Thailand and Bangkok

512 randomly selected communes of 432 districts in 64 provinces (the administrative boundaries of provinces and cities in Vietnam before 2008)

27



Sampling Method The first stage involved the selection of the PSU, which consisted of one barangay or contiguous barangays with at least 500 households. The second stage involved the selection of Enumeration Areas (EAs). An EA consisted of a contiguous area in a barangay with 150-200 households. The third and last stage involved the selection of households from the sampled EA. During this stage, the selected households served as the ultimate sampling unit.

2 Phases Stratified Design: Phase 1: 47,500 Households, modified 2-stage stratified design and an enumeration exercise Phase 2: 7,695 individuals from the individuals in Phase 1, disproportionate stratified sampling design.

Multi-stage cluster sampling method.

-

Sample Size Food Consumption Survey • 9,930 sample households

• 1,647 subjects for DPQ • 1,627 subjects for FFQ • 739 subjects for SIS

• Frequency of foodconsumption, n =28,932 • 24-hour dietary recall, n = 2,969

8,224


Individual Methods

- • Dietary Practices Questionaire (DPQ) and Food Frequency Questionaire (FFQ) • Salt Intake Study (SIS)

Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) for 2-14 years old, FFQ for 15 up and 24-hour dietary recall interview for 1-14, 15-59 and 60 up

24-hour dietary recall, interviews, anthropometric measurement

Household Methods

Food weighing, food inventory, and food recall

Sample weighting during enumeration exercise

- -


Age Group Infants to elderly (age limit not specified) • Pre-school Children 0-5 years old • School Children 5.08-10 years old • Pre-adolescennts/Adolescents (10.08-19 years old) • Adult (19.1-19.9; 20-59.9; >60 years old)

Adults from 18 – 69 years old: • 18-29 years old • 30-39 years old • 40-49 years old • 50-59 years old • 60-69 years old

Children 1-14, Adults 15-59 and Elderly 60 up • 1-3 years old • 19-30 years old • 4-5 years old • 31-50 years old • 6-8 years old • 50-59 years old • 9-12 years old • 60-69 years old • 13-15 years old • 70-79 years old • 16-18 years old • >80 years old

24-35 months: n = 610 36-59 months: n = 1,063


No No No No

28




Race/ethnic groups

No Chinese, Malay and Indian

Approximately 95% buddhist, 4% islam and <1% others

No


Rural and Urban Urban Within the municipal area (including BMA) = 54% Outside of the municipal area = 46%

Rural/Urban


No No Yes^ No


Yes No Yes^^ No


• Digital weighing scale (Sartorius AZ4101 Digital Dietary Balance) • Face-to-face interview • Tools such as wooden matchbox and plastic circles of different sizes, household tablespoons and teaspoons and measuring cups for solid and liquid food items • Compilation of Household Weights and Measures • Compilation of Food Substitute and Translation of Local Foods in the Philippines • List of Food Item Codes • Visuals of Foods • Household Membership Form • Household Inventory Form • Household Food Record Form

• DPQ & FFQ Questionnaire, Food Models & Food Compendium • For SIS: Sodium content of the urine collected were analysed using indirect potentiometric procedure using ion selective electrode

Food pictures (actual size), measuring cups and spoons, drinking glass and 2D pictures of serving size

-

Data Analysis Methods & Software • Household Dietary Evaluation System (HDES) • Stata version 12

• Data Coding: Food Information and Nutrient Database (FIND) system • Data Analysis: STATA version 11.0, SPSS version 17.0 and R version 2.13.0

INMUCAL-Nutrients V. 2.0 software (Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University)

Stata 11 with cluster sampling survey correction

^ From the sampled population for 24-hour recall:Not educated = 5%, Completed primary education = 62%, Secondary education = 22%, Diploma level = 3%, Bachelor’s degree and higher = 6%, Others =2%

^^ From the sampled population for 24-hour recall: Monthly income <999 baht = 5%, 1,000-4,999 baht = 32%, 5,000-9,999 baht = 25%, 10,000-24,999 baht = 20%, 25,000-49,999 baht = 5%, >50,000 baht = 2% and not disclosed = 11%

29




Food Composition Table - Thai food composition data were used as a basis for nutrient calculation in the software

-


• Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes (PDRI, 2015)

• National Health Survey 2010 • Dietary Guidelines 2003 for Adult Singaporeans (18-65 years) • Healthy Diet Pyramid (HDP) • Henry CJK. Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations. Public Health Nutrition 2005; 8(7A): 1133-1152 • World Health Organization. Reducing salt intake in populations - Report of a WHO forum and technical meeting 5-7 October 2006, Paris, France. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. • Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V, Elliott P. Salt Intake around the world: implications for public health. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009; 1-23.

NHES 2008-2009, Dietary Reference Intake for Thais 2003

Anthropometric indicators of children were analyzed based on WHO 2007 standard reference


Every two to three years in between NNSs

Every 6 yearly since 1998; However, starting from 2018, the NNS will be conducted on a continuous basis and a full report will be published every 2 years based on combined survey findings from the prior 2 years.

Approximately every 5-10 years

10 years

30


Brunei Cambodia2009

Cambodia2011 Indonesia Lao PDR

Dietary Practices questionnaires


Yes - - No -

Dine In/Dine Out Yes - - Yes -

Snacks consumption Yes - - Yes -

Sweetened beverages consumption

Yes - - Yes -

Condiments addition during meals

No - - No -


No - - No -

Whole Grain Consumption

No - - No -

Reading of Food Labels No - - No -

Food preparation habits (e.g. trim fats)

No - - Yes -

Food preparation method

No - Yes Yes -


No - - No -


Myanmar 2014

Myanmar 2015



Yes, including heavy meals after dinner

Yes No No

Dine In/Dine Out Yes No No Yes

Snacks consumption No No Yes Yes


Yes No Yes Yes


Yes No Yes Yes


No No No No

Whole Grain Consumption Yes Yes Yes Yes

Reading of Food Labels Yes No No No


No No No No

Food preparation method Yes No No No


No No No No

31





Yes Yes Yes -

Dine In/Dine Out Yes Yes Yes -

Snacks consumption Yes Yes Yes -


Yes Yes Yes -


Yes Yes No -


No Yes No -

Whole Grain Consumption No Yes Yes -

Reading of Food Labels No No No -


No Yes No -

Food preparation method Yes No No -


No Yes No -

32




Total Number of Nutrients Selected for Analysis (excluding water)

8 7 15 4 20

Nutrients Analyzed and Units of Measurement*

Energy Intake Yes (kcal) Yes (kcal) Yes (kcal, kJ) Yes (kcal) Yes (g)

Water Yes (cups) - Yes (g) Yes (mL) Yes (g)

Protein Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g)

Total Fat Yes (g) - Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g)

Saturated Fat Yes (in % obtained from food groups)

- No No No

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

Yes (in % energy obtained from MUFA)

- No No No

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Yes (in % energy obtained from PUFA)

- No No No

Cholesterol No - No No No

Carbohydrate Yes (g) - Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g)

Dietary Fibre Yes (g) - Yes (g) No Yes (g)

Vitamin A Yes (µg) Yes (RAE) Yes (RAE, μg) No Yes (µg)

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

No - Yes (mg) No Yes (mg)

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

No - Yes (mg) No Yes (mg)

Niacin No - Yes (mg) No Yes (mg)

Vitamin C No Yes (mg) Yes (mg) No Yes (µg)

Vitamin D No - Yes (μg) No Yes (µg)

Sodium No - No Yes (mg) No

Iodine No - No No NoCalcium Yes (mg) Yes (mg) Yes (mg) No Yes (mg)

Iron Yes (mg) Yes (mg) Yes (mg) No Yes (mg)

Other Micronutrients

Zinc (mg) Zinc (mg) Zinc (mg), Folate (μg), Vitaming B6 (mg), Vitamin B12 (μg)

No Folate

* Refer to ‘Nutrient Profile’ for elaboration

33



Myanmar 2014

Myanmar 2015


9 - - -


Energy Intake Yes (kcal) Yes Yes Yes

Water No No No No

Protein Yes (g) Yes Yes Yes

Total Fat Yes (g) Yes Yes Yes

Saturated Fat No No Yes Yes


No No Yes Yes


No No Yes Yes

Cholesterol No No Yes Yes

Carbohydrate Yes (g) Yes Yes Yes

Dietary Fibre No No No No

Vitamin A Yes (µg) Yes Yes Yes

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Yes (mg) Yes Yes Yes


No Yes Yes Yes

Niacin No Yes Yes Yes

Vitamin C Yes (mg) Yes Yes Yes

Vitamin D No No No No

Sodium Yes (mg) No No No

Iodine No No No No

Calcium Yes (mg) Yes Yes Yes

Iron Yes (mg) Yes Yes Yes

Other Micronutrients - No No No


34




11 13 16 -


Energy Intake Yes (kcal) Yes (kcal) Yes (kcal) Yes (kcal)

Water No Yes (L) - expressed as % population drinking (<1.5L, 1.5-2L, >2L)

No -

Protein Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g)

Total Fat Yes Yes (g) Yes (g) Yes (g)

Saturated Fat No Yes (g) Yes (g) -


No Yes (g) No -


No Yes (g) No -

Cholesterol No Yes (mg) Yes (mg) -

Carbohydrate Yes Yes (g) Yes (g) -

Dietary Fibre No Yes (g) Yes (g) -

Vitamin A Yes (µg RE) Yes (µg) Yes (RE) Yes (mg)

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Yes (mg) No Yes (mg) Yes (mg)


Yes (mg) No Yes (mg) Yes (mg)

Niacin Yes (mg) No Yes (mg) Yes (mg)

Vitamin C Yes (mg) Yes (mg) Yes (mg) Yes (mg)

Vitamin D No No No -

Sodium No Yes (g), Sodium in urine (mmol/24hours)

Yes (mg) -

Iodine No No No -

Calcium Yes (g) Yes (mg) Yes (mg) Yes (mg)

Iron Yes (mg) Yes (mg) Yes (mg) Yes (mg)

Other Micronutrients - Phosphorous (mg), Potassium (mg)

Carotene


35


Nutrient Profile


Daily Nutrients Intake and Units of Measurement Brunei Cambodia

2009Cambodia

2011 Indonesia Lao PDR

Energy

Overall Average and % population meeting RDI

NA NA Individual: 1798 kcal (25.2%) Household: 7918.7 kcal (29.4%)

1,675 kcal (20.4 %)

NA

Average by Age Groups

• 2&3 years old (Male): 1414 kcal • 2&3 years old (Female): 1419 kcal • 4&5 years old (Male): 1410 kcal • 4&5 years old (Female): 1352 kcal

• Women (19-50 years old): 1,549.4 kcal • Pre-school: 790.2 kcal

• 0-5 yrs old: 1089 kcal (27.6%) • 6-12 yrs old: 1353.4 kcal (15.8%) • 13-19 yrs old: 1825.6 kcal (17.8%) • 20-59 yrs old: 2040.4 kcal (29.7%) • > 60 yrs old: 1679.1 kcal (27.9%)

• 0-59 months: 1,137 kcal • 5-12 years old: 1,636 kcal • 13-18 years old: 1,697 kcal • 19-55 years old: 1,752 kcal • >55 years old: 1,497 kcal

NA

Average by Gender/ Special-focus Groups

• Male: 1414 kcal • Female: 1400 kcal

NA • Men: 1973.0 kcal (25.4%) • Women: 1653.9 kcal (25.1%) • Pregnant: 2115.9 kcal (23.4%) • Urban: 1810.8 kcal (26.4%) • Rural: 1785.3 kcal (24.1%)

National average for male & female intake not calculated ‡

NA

Water


3.5 cups NA NA 1,317 mL NA


NA NA NA • 0-59 months: 742mL • 5-12 years old: 1,023mL • 13-18 years old: 1,174mL • 19-55 years old: 1,439mL • >55 years old: 1,292mL

NA

37



2009Cambodia


Protein


NA NA (% of population meeting 80% of RENI)

Individual: 72.9 g (89%) Household: 330.07 g (95%)

61.2 g (46.5 %) NA


• 2&3 years old (Male): 60.9 g • 2&3 years old (Female): 61.9 g • 4&5 years old (Male): 57.0 g • 4&5 years old (Female): 55.9 g

• Women (19-50 years old): 43.9 g • Pre-school: 23.4 g

(% of population meeting 80% of RENI)

• 0-5 yrs old:44.82 g (91.3%)• 6-12 yrs old:54.08 g (87.3%)• 13-19 yrs old:75.64 g (89.0%)• 20-59 yrs old:81.50 g (90.5%)• > 60 yrs old:72.46 g (81.6%)

• 0-59 months: 36.8 g • 5-12 years old: 57.3 g • 13-18 years old: 59.8 g • 19-55 years old: 65.0 g • >55 years old: 55.9 g

NA


• Male: 59.5 g • Female: 59.8 g

NA (% of population meeting 80% of RENI) • Men: 76.8 g (89.6%) • Women: 69.7 g (88.5%) • Pregnant: 93.63 g (80.4%) • Urban: 77.8 g (90.6%) • Rural: 67.8 g (87.4%)

National average for male & female intake not calculated ‡

NA

Average by Race/Ethnic

NA NA NA 34 different provinces with different intake level (Table 3.5.26)

NA

38



2009Cambodia


Total Fat


NA NA 36.85 g 52.9 g NA



NA • 0-5 yrs old: 24.76 g • 6-12 yrs old: 27.78 g • 13-19 yrs old: 36.78 g • 20-59 yrs old: 41.77 g • > 60 yrs old: 33.74 g


NA


• Male: 53.1 g • Female: 52.9 g

NA • Men: 40.7 g • Women: 33.7 g • Pregnant: 53.71 g • Urban: 42.11 g • Rural: 31.37 g

NA NA


NA NA NA NA NA

Saturated Fat NA NA NA NA NA

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid NA NA NA NA NA

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid NA NA NA NA NA

Cholesterol NA NA NA NA NA

Carbohydrate


NA NA 299.0 g 243.9 g (26.5 %) - national intake eceeding the recommended 67g

NA



NA • 0-5 yrs old: 208.64 g • 6-12 yrs old: 243.30 g • 13-19 yrs old: 313.38 g • 20-59 yrs old: 330.69 g • > 60 yrs old: 266.37 g


NA


• Male: 178.5 g • Female: 175.0 g

NA • Men: 326.71 g • Women: 276.14 g Pregnant: 308.17 g • Urban: 283.3 g • Rural: 315.4 g

NA NA


NA NA NA NA NA

39



2009Cambodia


Dietary Fibre


NA NA NA NA NA



NA NA NA NA

Vitamin A


NA NA NA NA NA


• 2&3 years old (Male): 633.9 µg • 2&3 years old (Female): 640. 6 µg • 4&5 years old (Male): 429.8 µg • 4&5 years old (Female): 448.0 µg

• Women (19-50 years old): 63.5 RAE • Pre-school: 21.0 RAE

NA NA NA


• Male: 537.4 µg • Female: 577.8 µg

NA NA NA NA



NA NA NA NA NA


NA NA NA NA NA


NA NA NA NA NA



NA NA NA NA NA

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)


NA NA NA NA NA

Vitamin C


NA NA NA NA NA


NA • Women (19-50 years old): 30.0 mg • Pre-school: 18.1 mg

NA NA NA


NA NA NA NA NA

40



2009Cambodia


Vitamin D

NA NA NA NA NA

Sodium


NA NA NA (18.3 %) - national intake eceeding the recommended 2,000 mg

NA


NA NA NA • 0-59 months: 888 mg • 5-12 years old: 1,500 mg • 13-18 years old: 1,535 mg • 19-55 years old: 1,272 mg • >55 years old: 946 mg

NA


NA NA NA NA NA


NA NA NA NA NA

Calcium


NA NA NA NA NA


• 2&3 years old (Male): 992.0 mg • 2&3 years old (Female): 1098.9 mg • 4&5 years old (Male): 651.2 mg • 4&5 years old (Female): 740.8 mg

• Women (19-50 years old): 270.6 mg • Pre-school: 147.9 mg

NA NA NA


• Male: 849.7 mg • Female: 941.5 mg

NA NA NA NA

41



2009Cambodia


Iron


NA NA (% of population meeting 80% of RENI) Individual: 12.8 mg (19.1%) Household: 38.9 mg (14.3%)

NA NA




(% of population meeting 80% of RENI) • 0-5 yrs old: 7.52 mg (12.9%) • 6-12 yrs old: 9.77 mg (19.1%) • 13-19 yrs old: 13.59 mg (19.4%) • 20-59 yrs old: 14.09 mg (18.6%) • > 60 yrs old: 13.14 mg (27.1%)

NA NA



NA (% of population meeting 80% of RENI) • Men: 13.53 mg (22.1%) • Women: 12.18 mg (16.7%) • Pregnant: 14.13 mg (15.7%) • Urban: 13.4 mg (18.7%) • Rural: 12.2 mg (19.6%)

NA NA

42



2009Cambodia




NA NA NA NA NA


ZINC • 2&3 years old (Male): 8.1 mg • 2&3 years old (Female): 8.3 mg • 4&5 years old (Male): 6.7 mg • 4&5 years old (Female): 6.7 mg

ZINC • Women (19-50 years old): 0.6 mg • Pre-school: 0.5 mg

NA NA NA



NA NA NA NA

Footnote

- - - ‡ indicates that the overall % of pregnant women meeting RDI is calculated but the national average intake not stated.

The mathematical modeling found that based on local available foods in realistic amounts the following micronutrients are the problem nutrients (calcium, zinc, iron) for Lao PDR

43


Daily Nutrients Intake and Units of Measurement Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Vietnam

Energy


1,466 kcal (64.36% of RNI)

NA Household: 7,597 kcal (31.0 %)

2,624 kcal (59.4 % met/exceeded RDA)

1925 ± 587 kcal


• 18-19: 1,413 kcal (65.45% of RNI) • 20-29: 1,489 kcal (68.85% of RNI) • 30-39: 1,488 kcal (65.00% of RNI) • 40-49: 1,449 kcal (63.67% of RNI) • 50-59: 1,443 kcal (59.43% of RNI)

NA NA • 18-29 years old: 2,853 kcal • 30-39 years old: 2,722 kcal • 40-49 years old: 2,546 kcal • 50-59 years old: 2,500 kcal • 60-69 years old: 2,438 kcal

NA


• Men: 1,489 kcal (66.53% of RNI) • Women: 1,445 kcal (62.06% of RNI)

NA NA • Male: 2,927 kcal • Female: 2,322 kcal

NA

Water


NA NA NA NA NA


NA NA NA expressed as % population drinking <1.5L, 1.5-2L, >2L

NA

44



Protein


56.67 g (97.73% of RNI) NA Household: 231.1 g (59.6 %)

100.3 g (80.2 % met/exceeded RDA)

74.31 ± 26.46 g


• 18-19: 55.69 g (94.66% of RNI) • 20-29: 57.41 g (100.77% of RNI) • 30-39: 57.04 g (99.29% of RNI) • 40-49: 56.27 g (95.93% of RNI) • 50-59: 56.59 g (93.35% of RNI)

NA NA • 18-29 years old: 109.2 g • 30-39 years old: 104.7 g • 40-49 years old: 96.7 g • 50-59 years old: 95.7 g • 60-69 years old: 92.8 g

2-4 years old: 47 g


• Men: 58.13 g (101.25% of RNI) • Women: 55.85 g (94.86% of RNI)

NA NA • Male:109.5 g• Female:91.1 g

NA


• Malay: 55.30 g (95.79% of RNI) • Chinese: 61.86 g (110.11% of RNI) • Indian: 52.48 g (82.14% of RNI) • Bumiputera Sabah: 58.07 g (95.70% of RNI) • Bumiputera Sarawak: 55.99 g (99.21% of RNI) • Others: 56.84 g (102.89% of RNI) • Other Bumis: 48.98 g (94.92% of RNI)

NA NA • Chinese: 103.0 g • Malay: 95.5 g • Indian: 88.1 g

NA

45



Total Fat


46 g NA NA 93.0 g (61.4 % met/exceeded RDA)

37.69 ± 23.42 g


• 18-19: 43.09 g • 20-29: 47.57 g • 30-39: 47.91 g • 40-49: 46.02 g • 50-59: 44.43 g


NA


• Men: 46.61 g • Women: 45.99 g

NA NA • Male: 103.0 g • Female: 83.0 g

NA


• Malay: 45.33 g • Chinese: 53.31 g • Indian: 47.22 g • Bumiputera Sabah: 44.73 g • Bumiputera Sarawak: 45.32 g • Others: 46.38 g • Other Bumis: 44.50 g


NA

Saturated Fat NA NA NA 35.2 g NAMonounsaturated Fatty Acid NA NA NA 34.6 g NAPolyunsaturated Fatty Acid NA NA NA 16.9 g NACholesterol NA NA NA 341 mg NA

Carbohydrate


195.04 g NA NA 337.4 g (42.3% met/exceeded RDA)

NA


• 18-19: 187.82 g • 20-29: 200.45 g • 30-39: 193.87 g • 40-49: 194.04 g • 50-59: 192.87 g


NA


• Men: 198.07 g • Women: 192.10 g

NA NA • Male: 376.6 g • Female: 298.2 g

NA


• Malay: 191.15 g • Chinese: 197.87 g • Indian: 190.15 g • Bumiputera Sabah: 197.86 g • Bumiputera Sarawak: 211.64 g • Others: 193.81 g • Other Bumis: 150.63 g


NA

46



Dietary Fibre


NA NA NA 23.7 g (47.8 % met/exceeded RDA)

NA


NA NA NA • 18-29 years old: 23.8 g • 30-39 years old: 24.6 g • 40-49 years old: 23.2 g • 50-59 years old: 24.0 g • 60-69 years old: 22.6 g

NA

Vitamin A


480.26 µg (88.55% of RNI)

NA Household: 1916.8 µg RE (25.0 %)*

979 µg (71.2 % met/exceeded RDA)

0.15 ± 0.23 mg


• 18-19: 509.52 µg (77.04% of RNI) • 20-29: 495.16 µg (91.22% of RNI) • 30-39: 477.00 µg (91.44% of RNI) • 40-49: 477.24 µg (90.63% of RNI) • 50-59: 469.27 µg (82.77% of RNI)

NA NA • 18-29 years old: 978 µg • 30-39 years old: 1056 µg • 40-49 years old: 986 µg • 50-59 years old: 934 µg • 60-69 years old: 923 µg

NA


• Men: 494.08 µg (92.81% of RNI) • Women: 470.85 µg (85.43% of RNI)

NA NA • Male: 983 µg • Female: 975 µg

NA



0.59 mg (51.33% of RNI)

NA Household: 3.41 mg (33.2 %)*

NA 1.09 ± 0.57 mg


• 18-19: 0.57 mg (49.00% of RNI) • 20-29: 0.60 mg (50.09% of RNI) • 30-39: 0.61 mg (51.83% of RNI) • 40-49: 0.58 mg (52.42% of RNI) • 50-59: 0.57 mg (51.05% of RNI)

NA NA NA NA


• Men: 0.62 mg (52.33% of RNI) • Women: 0.57 mg (50.09% of RNI)

NA NA NA NA



NA NA Household: 2.94 mg (20.0 %)*

NA 0.72 ± 0.38 mg

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)


NA NA Household: 76.1 mg (85.1 %)*

NA 14.33 ± 6.90 mg

47



Vitamin C


38.86 mg (55.71% of RNI)


131 mg (67.3 % met/exceeded RDA)

85.12 ± 75.42 mg



NA NA • 18-29 years old: 129 mg • 30-39 years old: 133 mg • 40-49 years old: 132 mg • 50-59 years old: 137 mg • 60-69 years old: 120 mg

NA



NA NA • Male: 130 mg • Female: 132 mg

NA

Vitamin D NA NA NA NA NA

Sodium


1,935 mg NA NA 142.2 mmol (80.2 % met/exceeded RDA)

NA


• 18-19: 1,778 mg • 20-29: 1,937 mg • 30-39: 1,971 mg • 40-49: 1,919 mg • 50-59: 1,908 mg

NA NA • 18-29 years old: 134.4 mmol • 30-39 years old: 151.4mmol • 40-49 years old: 153.4 mmol • 50-59 years old: 133.4 mmol • 60-69 years old: 131.6 mmol

NA

Average by Gender/ Special focus Group

• Men: 1,970 mg • Women: 1,914 mg

NA NA • Male: 164.0 mmol • Female: 123.1 mmol"

NA


• Malay: 1,839 mg • Chinese: 2,251 mg • Indian: 1,870 mg • Bumiputera Sabah: 2,026 mg • Bumiputera Sarawak: 1,776 mg • Others: 2,028 mg • Other Bumis: 735 mg

NA NA • Chinese: 143.2 mmol • Malay: 130.0 mmol • Indian: 148.5 mmol

NA

Calcium


NA NA NA NA NA




NA NA NA



NA NA NA NA

48



Iron


9.90 mg (78.44% of RNI)


17.8 mg (68.6 % met/exceeded RDA)

12.33 ± 4.74 mg



NA NA • 18-29 years old: 19.1 mg • 30-39 years old: 18.8 mg • 40-49 years old: 17.2 mg • 50-59 years old: 17.1 mg • 60-69 years old: 16.8 mg

NA



NA NA • Male: 18.9 mg • Female: 16.8 mg

NA



NA NA NA NA Carotene 5.90 ± 5.26 mg


NA NA NA NA NA


NA NA NA NA NA

Footnote

Median intakes reported, not mean; in brackets are median intakes as percentage of RNI

- * indicates the % households in Philippines meeting 100% Energy and 80% of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RENI).

- -

49


Mean Daily Nutrients Intake in Thai Population



By Age Group and Gender

1-3 years old 4-5 years old 6-8 years old 9-12 years old 13-15 years old 16-18 years old

EnergyMale 1039.1 kcal 1184.0 kcal 1322.9 kcal 1373.4 kcal 1487.2 kcal 1799.4 kcal

Female 947.8 kcal 1123.6 kcal 1249.5 kcal 1323.2 kcal 1231.0 kcal 1263.0 kcal

ProteinMale 40.7 g 44.3 g 46.4 g 50.2 g 55.8 g 64.4 g

Female 37.4 g 42.1 g 45.2 g 48.8 g 45.1 g 48.2 g

Total FatMale 39.9 g 45.8 g 51.6 g 52.0 g 57.8 g 61.5 g

Female 33.7 g 43.0 g 49.3 g 48.5 g 43.5 g 44.7 g

CholesterolMale 240.1 mg 277.2 mg 278.5 mg 268.5 mg 339.1 mg 342.6 mg

Female 196.2 mg 251.0 mg 296.0 mg 259.6 mg 229.0 mg 191.1 mg

CarbohydrateMale 129.3 g 149.2 g 168.9 g 177.1 g 187.1 g 244.0 g

Female 123.9 g 142.5 g 156.9 g 173.6 g 165.6 g 167.9 g

Dietary FibreMale 2.5 g 3.8 g 4.4 g 5.8 g 5.5 g 9.3 g

Female 3.0 g 3.0 g 4.5 g 6.2 g 5.3 g 5.9 g

Vitamin AMale 661.1 RE 611.5 RE 277.6 RE 321.6 RE 507.4 RE 618.3 RE

Female 726.6 RE 688.1 RE 393.3 RE 399.7 RE 554.4 RE 499.1 RE


Male 0.9 mg 1.6 mg 1.1 mg 1.3 mg 1.2 mg 1.3 mg





Vitamin B3 (Niacin)



Vitamin CMale 40.5 mg 23.2 mg 27.4 mg 41.4 mg 40.8 mg 78.5 mg


SodiumMale 2154.4 mg 2569.8 mg 3017.7 mg 3194.3 mg 3147.7 mg 4602.7 mg


CalciumMale 608.6 mg 463.9 mg 351.6 mg 288.8 mg 309.9 mg 342.8 mg


IronMale 8.2 mg 6.7 mg 7.8 mg 7.8 mg 8.8 mg 9.9 mg


PotassiumMale 1006.6 g 812.1 g 829.4 g 951.1 g 1013.2 g 1331.7 g

Female 982.6 g 801.1 g 818.0 g 977.8 g 829.3 g 900.2 g

PhosphorusMale 654.3 mg 594.6 mg 555.5 mg 562.0 mg 640.3 mg 698.4 mg


51



By Age Group and Gender

19-30 years old 31-50 years old 51-59 years old 60-69 years old 70-79 years old >80 years old

EnergyMale 1565.4 kcal 1642.8 kcal 1591.1 kcal 1360.1 kcal 1250.6 kcal 1213.5 kcal

Female 1241.9 kcal 1307.1 kcal 1301.6 kcal 1146.2 kcal 1087.1 kcal 981.3 kcal

ProteinMale 61.5 g 63.8 g 61.8 g 54.6 g 49.7 g 48.1 g

Female 50.6 g 50.6 g 49.8 g 47.9 g 42.9 g 36.9 g

Total FatMale 52.3 g 48.6 g 47.5 g 37.6 g 35.8 g 33.2 g

Female 41.7 g 39.0 g 42.2 g 31.1 g 32.5 g 29.5 g

CholesterolMale 320.4 mg 280.6 mg 241.6 mg 236.0 mg 196.7 mg 196.9 mg


CarbohydrateMale 198.7 g 229.3 g 226.4 g 199.9 g 180.4 g 178.9 g

Female 165.7 g 188.1 g 178.9 g 167.5 g 155.0 g 141.6 g

Dietary FibreMale 7.2 g 8.1 g 11.1 g 7.6 g 7.3 g 7.2 g

Female 8.1 g 8.9 g 9.2 g 7.8 g 7.4 g 6.1 g

Vitamin AMale 662.0 RE 634.6 RE 480.0 RE 445.6 RE 216.0 RE 398.2 RE

Female 742.9 RE 474.7 RE 269.2 RE 363.5 RE 189.8 RE 290.6 RE







Vitamin B3 (Niacin)



Vitamin CMale 48.0 mg 69.7 mg 85.4 mg 66.6 mg 67.0 mg 64.1 mg


SodiumMale 3926.0 mg 4259.6 mg 3947.0 mg 4001.5 mg 3606.5 mg 4059.8 mg


CalciumMale 282.1 mg 308.8 mg 311.8 mg 306.0 mg 350.5 mg 344.9 mg


IronMale 10.6 mg 10.4 mg 10.8 mg 9.8 mg 9.2 mg 9.7 mg


PotassiumMale 1183.4 g 1316.2 g 1599.7 g 1235.9 g 1196.1 g 1124.9 g

Female 1167.5 g 1216.8 g 1180.6 g 1207.8 g 1093.2 g 904.4 g

PhosphorusMale 647.2 mg 656.5 mg 702.9 mg 596.4 mg 590.7 mg 574.9 mg


52


Disclaimer: This report is made available solely for the purpose of information and is accurate as of November 2018. It has no legal value. Users are advised to verify any information obtained from this report or on updates with the official sources. While we have endeavored to ensure that the information contained in this publication is accurate, ILSI Southeast Asia Region is not liable to any error or omissions.


Australasia • Indonesia • Malaysia • Philippines • Thailand • Vietnam

International Life Sciences InstituteSoutheast Asia Region

www.ilsisea-region.org

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