report on fuel cell development in india · iii. details of the meetings of sub-committee on fuel...

APPENDIX - VI

REPORT ON FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT

IN INDIA

Prepared by

Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development of the

Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,

Government of India, New Delhi

June, 2016

“The global fuel cell market is estimated to reach

US$5.20 billion by 2019, with a projected

CAGR of 14.7%, signifying a substantial

increase in demand, during the next five years”**

“Asia Pacific region including China and India

will have the major share”

** “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends and

Forecasts to 2019” by Markets and Markets (published in September 2014).

(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell)

http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell

Foreword

Fuel Cells are electrochemical devices, which convert chemical energy

of gaseous fuels, hydrogen in particular, directly to electrical energy with

significantly high conversion efficiency. The principle of fuel cell was

demonstrated more than 175 years back. However, its technological

importance has been recognized for the last half a century or so. Concern for

climate change in recent years has accelerated the development of this

technology world over so that the carbon cycle of energy production can be

changed to hydrogen cycle within the shortest possible time. Almost all the

developed and developing countries have earmarked billions of dollars for

development of this technology. Consequently, a significant progress has

already taken place. A large number of prototypes are being operated by

different countries. All the auto-giants are aggressively developing fuel cell

driven automobiles in an attempt to cut down greenhouse gas emission.

India being a highly populous country is also concerned about its

contribution to climate change and therefore has been giving significant

importance to generation of renewable energy e.g. solar and wind. Hydrogen

energy has also been a focus of attention for quite some time. Unfortunately,

required emphasis could not be given primarily due to resource crunch and

therefore the progress is lagging far behind in the global race. Under this

premises, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India

constituted a high power Steering Committee to prepare a status report and

way forward for hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology in this country. One

of the five sub-committees was entrusted with the responsibility of preparing

this particular document concerning the development of fuel cell technology.

I am indebted to all the members of the Sub-Committee, other experts

(Dr. Venkat Mohan, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Dr. Irudayam

Arul Raj Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Dr.

Venkatesan V. Krishnan, Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre,

Hyderabad) for their contribution, Dr. M. R. Nouni, Scientist ‘G’, Ministry of

New and Renewable Energy and also the officials of the Project Management

Unit – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells at the Ministry, Dr. Jugal Kishor and

Dr. S. K. Sharma in particular for their active and invaluable contribution

preparing this document.

This report is expected to be of immense use to all the stakeholders

related to the activities in the area of Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in the

country.

June, 2016

Prof. H. S. Maiti

Chairman,

Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development

CONTENTS

Sl. No. Subject Page No.

I Composition of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell

Development I

II Terms of Reference Ii

III Details of Meetings Iii

1 Executive Summary 1

2 Introduction 15

3

3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

(Low Temperature And High Temperature)

3.1 International Activity

3.2 National Status

3.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap

25

27

35

45

4

4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell


4.2 National Status

4.3 Gap Analysis and Strategy to bridge the gap

53

55

55

56

5

5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell


5.2 National Status


59

61

62

66

6

6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell


6.2 National Status

6.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap

69

71

72

74

7

7.0 Different Types of Bio-fuel Cell

7.1 Working Principle of Bio-fuel cells

7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell

7.3 Enzymatic bio-fuel cell

7.4 Miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cell

7.5 International Status

7.6 National Status

7.7 Applications of bio-fuel cells

7.8 Conclusions

77

79

79

82

83

84

86

87

88

8

8.0 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell


8.2 National Status

91

93

93

9

9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell


9.2 National Status

9.3 Proposed National Plan

95

97

97

97

10

10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Technology Features

99

101

103

11

11.0 Micro Fuel Cell

11.1 Introduction


105

107

107

12 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies / Countries 109

13 Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time

Schedule of Activities

115

14 Conclusions and Recommendations 119

15 Annexure I (Bibliography) 137

16 Annexure II (Portfolio of Publications and Patents on

Fuel Cell Related Areas of the Important Research

Groups of this Country)

142

i

I. Composition of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell

Development

1. Dr. H. S. Maiti, Former Director, CGCRI & Prof. NIT Rourkela -

Chairman

2. Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary / Shri A. K. Dhussa, Adviser

(December, 2013 to March, 2015) / Dr. BibekBandyopadhyay,

Adviser (upto December, 2013), MNRE

3. Dr. Deep Prakash, SO/G, Energy Conversion Materials Section,

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai

4. Shri M. R. Pawar, AGM (FCR), Corporate BHEL R&D, Hyderabad

5. Dr. R. S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and Director, Naval Materials

Research Laboratory (NMRL), Defence Research Development

Organization,Amarnath

6. Dr. Ashish Lele, National Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific &

Industrial Research, Pune

7. Dr. K. S. Dhathathreyan, Centre for Fuel Cell Technology (ARCI),

Chennai

8. Shri Shailendra Sharma, Non-Ferrous Technology Development

Centre, Hyderabad

9. Dr. K. Vijaymohanan, Director, Central Electro-Chemical Research

Institute, Karaikudi

10. Prof. S. Basu, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi

11. Dr. R. N. Basu, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute,

Kolkata

12. Dr. Nawal Kishor Mal, Senior Scientist / Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Chief

Scientist (Retired on 31.07.2014), Tata Chemicals, Pune

13. Shri Alok Sharma, Deputy Chief General Manager, Alternate Energy,

IOCL R&D, Faridabad

14. Dr. R. R. Sonde, Executive Vice President, Thermax India Ltd., Pune

- Representative of Confederation of Indian Industry

ii

II. Terms of Reference

1. To specify different kinds of fuel cell systems with technical

parameters relevant for various applications in India.

2. To review R & D status of fuel cell technologies in the country and to

identify the gap with reference to the international status.

3. To suggest strategy to fill-up the gaps and quickly develop in-house

technologies with involvement of industries or acquiring technologies

from abroad.

4. To identify applications for demonstration of technologies developed

globally under Indian field conditions and suggest policy measures for

deployment of such technologies in the country.

5. To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for

development and testing of fuel cells including setting-up of Centre(s)

of Excellence and suggest specific support to be provided.

6. To suggest strategy for undertaking collaborative projects among

leading Indian academic institutions, research organizations and

industry in the area of fuel cells.

7. To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to fuel

cell technologies.

iii

III. Details of the Meetings of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell

Development in India

The first meeting of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development in

India was organized on 29.11.2012, in which presentations were made by the

expert members of the Sub-Committee in their areas of specialization and

discussions were held subsequently. The expert members provided input

materials for preparing the draft report. The input materials were presented in

the second meeting held on 02.09.2013. Based on the input material, the

report on Fuel Cell Development in India was drafted and presented in the 2nd

meeting of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held

on 11.06.2014. The Steering Committee recommended constituting an Expert

Group to prepare a list of focus areas within the areas identified for National

Mission Projects, for which R&D proposals may be invited and supported by

the Ministry for the time being. This Group met on 02.09.2014 and identified

the focus areas within the areas identified for National Mission Projects, for

which R&D proposals were invited to support by the Ministry. The finality of

the report was discussed in the 3rd meeting of the Steering Committee on

Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held on 26.03.2015. The Steering

Committee gave some suggestions, which were discussed in the meeting of

Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development held on 22.05.2015 to incorporate

in the report. The Steering Committee further requested the Chairpersons of

all the five Sub-Committees to meet and discuss uniformity of the reports and

alignment of outcome of the reports. Accordingly, the report was again

modified based on the suggestions given / decisions taken in the meetings of

the Chairpersons of the Sub-Committees held on 11.09.2015, 16.12.2015 and

18.01.2016.

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3

1.0 Executive Summary

1.1 The need for developing appropriate technologies for harnessing

renewable and/ or alternate sources of energy have gained significant

importance globally, including in India, in view of increasing use of fossil fuels

both for power generation and transportation with consequent environmental

concerns on one hand and depleting reserves on the other. In this context,

fuel cell technology, which can address these issues, is attracting a

considerable attention.

1.2 A fuel cell is an electro-chemical device that converts chemical energy

of a fuel into electricity and produces heat & water. The fuel cells using

different electrolytes operate at different temperatures. Fuel Cell developed so

far are Low and High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

(LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol & Ethanol Fuel Cell (DMFC & DEFC),

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC), Molten

Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). A few more

fuel cells e.g. Bio-fuel cell (BFC), MEMS based micro fuel cell (MFC) and

Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) are at different stages of development. The

operating conditions, fuel capability, performance characteristics including

conversion efficiency and application potentiality of these fuel cells are quite

different.

1.3 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has the potential to

be deployed in portable, small capacity power generation and transportation

applications. These fuel cells have high power density and can be operated at

low and high temperatures at variable loads. The LT-PEMFC can be easily

started-up and stopped at low temperatures -35 to 400C and thus currently a

leading technology for deployment in the light and heavy duty vehicles. To

resolve the issues of LT-PEMFC such as requirement of pure hydrogen due

to low tolerance of Pt (a costly noble metal) catalyst to CO and humidification

of membrane for migration of protons from anode to cathode, HT-PEMFC,

which operates in the temperature range of 120-1800C are being developed.

1.3.1 PEMFC technology has been developed to the commercialization

stage in many countries like Canada, USA, Japan, Germany etc. As per

Industry Review, the shipment of PEMFC units dominated in 2011 for the

stationary and transport applications. In India a large number of groups are

engaged in the research, development and demonstration activities of

PEMFC but it has not reached the stage of commercialization. A few

organizations like CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-Network Labs, NMRL, VSSC, BHEL are

engaged in complete development of PEMFC system. Engineering input and

infrastructure for producing such system in large numbers for trials /

demonstration are lacking. These activities rely on pressurized bottled

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hydrogen procured at high cost. On site hydrogen generation units (reformers)

operating on commercial fuels such as LPG, methanol or natural gas are not

available in the country, which again restrict the technology development

process.

1.3.2 Development of HT-PEMFC continues but with limited number of

commercial deployments so far.In Denmark a 3 kW system has been

demonstrated. Another 5 kW unit hasbeendeveloped for telecom application.

Danpowerfrom Denmark has recently announced that they can supply the

high temperature membrane in larger sizes and quantities. Prefabricated

MEAs are also available from limited suppliers. Important attraction of this fuel

cell is the tolerance of up to 3% CO in the fuel (hydrogen) and the possibility

of using combined cycle system for heat recovery. Further developments in

HT-PEMFC are awaited.

1.3.3 Globally, it is expected that Power supply system of 25 lakh telecom

towers will be converted to fuel cell based power system by 2020 and

potential of global market for stationary fuel cells will reach 50 GW by 2020.

All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in

developmental or in testing stage. Some of them will start large scale fleet

operation from 2015. In India, development of fuel cells is not reached to the

stage, at which they may be taken up for manufacturing. Therefore, a strategy

is required at national level to address the issues like balance of system

development, system integration, manufacturing R&D for fabrication of repeat

components and their demonstration. Other issues like power density at a

given cost, weight, and life time, which have commercial importance, are also

to be taken up for further R&D.

1.4 The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) operates in the temperature

range of 190 to 2200C and hence is capable to use reformed hydrocarbon

fuels or biogas with less than 2% CO. These fuel cells have been used widely

for different stationary power generation applications in the range of 100 - 400

kW. The electrical efficiency of PAFC is about 40% and combined heat and

power efficiency is around 85%. These systems were used in military

applications in USA. M/s Toshiba and M/s Fuji electric Japan developed this

technology for power generation with online reformer based initially on

propane/LPG and later on CNG / landfill gases with a life time of more than

45000 hours. In India, PAFC a system of 50 kW capacities was developed by

the Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. (BHEL) sometime back. Unfortunately, the

work could not be taken up further, because of non-availability of carbon

paper at that time. BHEL also imported, installed and operated a 200kW

PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba Corporation of Japan with LPG as the primary

fuel. Later, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath also

developed such systems of 1-15 kW capacity and demonstrated successfully

5

for field applications. The technology has been transferred to M/s Thermax

Ltd, Pune and around 24 numbers of 3kw units have been manufactured for

DRDO’s captive use. This is the only example of a successful indigenous

production of fuel units in India even though on a buy-back

arrangement.Presently NMRL is engaged in development of underwater

power solutions together with improved versions of field powering for remote

and sensitive areas.

1.5 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) in which an aqueous solution of KOH is used

as the electrolyte, is a low cost technology because of its components are

made from inexpensive materials. It can be operated in the temperature range

-400C to 1200C. It is a reliable source of electricity generation leading to

higher energy efficiency i.e. up to 60%. AFC was initially used to provide

electric power and drinking water in Apollo spacecrafts.However, AFC

operating with air on the cathode suffers from CO2 contamination and reduces

output and also enhances the cost. In addition the problem of an appropriate

electrode material is still to be solved.Presently there is a large effort to

develop anion exchange polymeric membrane, which can replace the

aqueous potassium hydroxide hitherto used. It can be deployed in various

other applications such as telecommunication towers, scooters, auto-

rickshaws, cars, boats, household inverters, etc. So far there has not been

any technology development effort in this country even though limited basic

research has been carried out by a few academicians.

1.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC), which uses methanol, a product of

renewable sources, as fuel. It is in liquid state at normal temperature and can

easily be stored and transported. This fuel cell is best suited to applications

requiring power less than 100 W like computerized notebooks, mobile

phones, military equipment and such other electronic devices. SPIC Science

Foundation, Chennai was the first in the country to demonstrate a 250 watt

stack in early 2000. Later CSIR–CECRI designed, developed and evaluated

for continuous operation of a 50 watt stack. R&D is being continued for

further improvements. The researchers have shifted their focus to use ethanol

in place of methanol due to methanol being lower in molecule size (tendency

to crossover more than ethanol), having low boiling point (more loss), being

toxic in nature and has comparatively low energy density. IIT, Delhi

developed a 3 W stack using Nafionmembrane and a novel bi/tri metallic

catalyst with a performance of 50-70 mW/cm2.

1.7 The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) uses solid, nonporous metal oxide

electrolytes like yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) together with oxide based

electrodes. There are two forms depending on the operating temperature.

High temperature ones operates in the rage 800 – 10000C while the

intermediate temperature ones operate in the range 550-8000C. For high

6

temperature variety internal reforming is possible. Fuels like gasoline, alcohol,

natural gas, biogas etc. can be reformed internally on the anode surface

producing hydrogen. This hydrogen generates electricity in the fuel cell.

External reforming is required for intermediate operating temperatures.

SOFCs have been developed in two different designs i.e. tubular and planar

types. Both have their merits and de-merits in their fabrication and operation.

Initial development by Westinghouse or Siemens-Westinghouse was centered

on high temperature tubular type and up to 200kW units have been

demonstrated with natural gas as the fuel. Most of the recent developments

are in the area of intermediate temperature one. Several institutes and

commercial houses across the countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK,

Denmark, Australia, and Japan have demonstrated the operation of a large

number of units up to 25kW capacity with planar configuration. High power

density relatively low temperatures of operation are the two most attractive

features of the planar design. Commercialization of SOFC technology

particularly for stationary power generation seems to be viable as many

prototype demonstration units are operating for a considerable length of time.

In India, R&D activity on materials development for SOFC technology followed

by stack development and testing have been in progress for more than two

decades and has just reached a stage of technology demonstration on a

relatively large scale. CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata has recently demonstrated a

500W anode supported stack with planar configuration using ferritic steel as

the bipolar plate. Efforts are on for further scale-up in association with an

industrial collaborator. Another major effort in development of the 3rd

generation technology (metal supported SOFC) has been underway since

2012, by NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with University of Cambridge,

UK, for development up to the level of a SOFC stack. This project is funded

by DST-RCUK (as part of the Indo-UK, UKIERI program).Several other

institutions of the country have also developed the R&D capability on different

aspects of the technology. Monolithically integrated micro-SOFC can replace

Li-batteries for certain type of applications.

1.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) uses an alkali metal carbonate as

the electrolyte in the molten phase. Most common electrolyte is the eutectic

mixture of Li2CO3 and K2CO3 in the ratio of 62 to 38 mole% and operates at a

temperature of about 6500C. The higher operating temperature provides the

opportunity for achieving higher overall system efficiencies and greater

flexibility to the choice of fuels. Unlike other fuel cells MCFC anode can

oxidize carbon monoxide in the fuel to carbon dioxide through electrochemical

reaction. However, the limitation associated with MCFC is the management of

carbon dioxide produced as product of combustion. The high operating

temperature imposes limitations and constraints in selection of suitable

materials of construction for long time operations. MCFCs can be used with

both external and internal reformers. Recently, field tests of a 2 MW internal

7

reforming system at the city of Santa Clara, California and 250 kW external

reforming by San Diego Gas and Electric, California have been demonstrated

and a 280 kW system hasstarted up in Germany. A 1 MW system has also

been installed at Kawagoe, Japan. Extensive developments are still required

before commercial applications become a reality. In India not much

development activity has been undertaken so far on MCFC except an attempt

by CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudifor the development in laboratory scale of multi-cell

stack. TERI, New Delhi also carried out a small demonstration project based

on an imported MCFC unit with financial support from MNRE.

1.9 Bio-fuel Cell (BFC): The fuel cells, which convert biochemical energy to

electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction by usingdifferent forms

of bio-catalysts, are normally referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. There are two

major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1) Microbial fuel cells

employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst for the

electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use different

enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels. The range of substrates

for BFCs is unlimited and depends on the biocatalysts being used to drive the

reactions to generate power. The production / consumption cycle of bio-fuels

is considered to be carbon neutral and, in principle, more sustainable than

that of conventional fuel cells. Moreover, biocatalysts could offer significant

cost advantages over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies

of scale. The most important advantage is wastewater treatment with

production of energy. However, the magnitude of power reported so far in

BFC is several orders less than the conventional chemical fuel cells. The

potential areas for its power application are portable electronics, biomedical

instruments, environmental studies, military and space research etc. In India,

many institutions are active in this area. Their primary focus is to develop

suitable electrodes materials or tweak the microorganism. Mediator-less and

membrane-less MFCs have been demonstrated in laboratory scale. In India

many small groups are active in the area of microbial fuel cells (several

reviews have been published by Indian groups in the last ten years) but the

primary focus is to develop suitable electrodes materials or tweak the

microorganism. Mediator-less and membrane-less MFCs have been

demonstrated by a couple of groups and proof-of-concept demos have been

carried out at IICT, IIT-Khargpur, CECRIand NTU although this is an area

where India could do substantially better given our strengths in chemical,

biochemical and microbial engineering together with interdisciplinary

capability.

1.10 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel (granulated carbon

powder ranging from 10 to 1000 nm sizes) to electricity directly with a

maximum electrical efficiency up to 70% (with 100% theoretical efficiency).

The systems, which may operate on low grade abundant fuels derived from

8

coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass are under

development. The byproduct is nearly pure CO2, which can be stored and

used for commercial purpose leading to zero emission. The program is

developing the next generation of high temperature fuel cells.The cell design,

materials development program and fabrication technologies have specifically

focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This has led to

the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell designs and

materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected electrically

and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of time with

minimal degradation. Several laboratories in USA and Australia are active in

the development of such a device that can easily be scaled up. No work in

this area is reported so far from India.

1.11 Micro fuel cells (MFCs) are the miniature form of either PEMFC or

DMFC or SOFC and have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high

power densities, considerably longer operational & stand-by times, shorter

recharging time, simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel

cells are ideal for use in portable electronic devices (fuel cell on a chip). As

per CSIRO, Australia if these are mass produced; they can be delivered at

low cost and cover large volume markets. Such micro-fuel cells and

disposable methanol cartridges have been developed for mobile devices.

Polymer electrolyte micro fuel cells can be used in 3D printing, which is

effectively carried out on a large area. There is an ever increasing demand for

more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable electronic

devices for leisure, communication and computing. Low cost lithographic

techniques have been developed for fluid flow micro channels. Other features

include self-air-breathing or stack-powered air supply, 100% fuel utilization, no

air or hydrogen humidification, ambient temperature operation, low catalyst

loading, life time over 20,000 hrs. The other type based on monolithically

integrated SOFC on a Si ship is also very important as planar configurations

can be effected using modern manufacturing processes to make Li-batteries

obsolete for certain type of applications. Unfortunately, there is no tangible

activity in India and therefore there may be an opportunity to initiate

preliminary work.

1.12 Governments in many countries are providing support at various levels

like research & development, demonstration and deployment of fuel cell

systems not only to research laboratories but also to industries.Severalbillion

dollars have been spent by various Governments in promoting fuel cell

research and development at different levels over several decades.

Investment by industries has also been quite substantial. In contrast, Indian

funding has been significantly low; MNRE, DRDO, CSRI, DST, BRNS, DSIR

being the major contributors. A fewIndian Industries are also quite keen in fuel

cell technology development and demonstration. During the last 10 years

9

MNRE spent around Rs.25 Crore on fuel cell research. CSIR also spent

around a similar amount during this period. In addition DST and DSIR

contributed around Rs.5 Crore each for the similar purpose. DRDO has so far

invested around Rs.50 Crore and plans invest another Rs. 100 Crore in near

future. Exact amount spent by DAE is not available at this stage but likely to

be of the order of Rs.50 Crore during the last 10 years.

1.13 In order to revisit the “Hydrogen Energy Road Map” prepared in 2007,

the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy constituted a Steering Committee

on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in 2012 under the Chairmanship of Dr. K

Kasturirangan, the then Member (Science) Planning Commission,

Government of India to advise the Ministry and steer overall activities and its

five Sub-Committees on various aspects of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for

in-depth analysis. The Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development is one of

them, which met thrice under the Chairmanship of Dr. H.S. Maiti, Former

Director, Central Glass and Ceramic Institute, Kolkata and currently INAE

Distinguished Professor, Govt. College of Engineering and Ceramic

Technology, Kolkata to thrash out various issues pertaining to the indigenous

development of complete fuel cell systems and their commercialization in the

country.

1.14 Major Recommendations:

1.14.1 Basic Strategy

Identification of Mission Mode projects, which may be implemented by

pulling together resources from different governmental agencies.

Prioritization of technology development and field level demonstration

activities in comparison to normal laboratory development.

Focus should be provided for manufacturing both at the assembly line

level and also indigenization of the critical components.

Identification of critical applications where Fuel cells can play a

dominant role and develop the appropriate Fuel Cell technology for

these applications.

Promotion of critical mass of projects and identification of areas

requiring funding both to set-up manufacturing facility as well as initial

deployment through Viability Gap Funding (VGF) and R&D funding

mechanisms.

10

Identification of the USP like Combined Heat & Power (CHP) integrated

with the Fuel Cells which provide an enhancement in efficiency, a

quantum more than the current state-of-the-art.

Keeping the strategic sector apart, one may create two consortia for

telecom and CHP and the consortia should include institutions, industry

and project developers. The first consortium may be on low to medium

temperature PAFC / PEM while the second consortium could be

around SOFC.

Provide significant emphasis on quantifiable targets and deliverables

together with enhanced professionalism in project monitoring and

management.

1.14.2 Classification of Projects

a) After a careful analysis, the Sub-Committee suggests that all the

institutions involved/ interested to work in this area may be brought

together to put their efforts in a coherent and cohesive manner and by

pooling together all the resources available with them to achieve a

common goal i.e. development of specific fuel cell systems in the shortest

possible span of time. It recommends that the Government of India may

support the projects in three categories viz. (i) Mission Mode Projects (ii)

Research & Developmental Projects and (iii) Research Projects

(knowledge base generation).

Based on the application potentiality as well as available expertise in the

country, the types of fuel cells identified for Indigenous development of the

technology in Mission Mode(Category I) are:

i) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle (Joint Lead Institutes: CSIR-NCL,

Pune and CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi)

ii) LT- PEMFC (Lead Institutes: CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI,

Karaikudi/ BHEL R&D, Hyderabad)

iii) Planar SOFC (Lead Institute: CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata)

iv) PAFC /for civilian applications only (Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO,

Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D, Hyderabad)

All national mission projects must have industry collaboration.

The areas for conducting Research and Development (Category II)

activities have also been identified, which are:

a) DMFC/ DEFC

b) MCFC

c) BFC

Industry collaboration is preferred but not essential for this category of

projects.

11

Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (Category III) may be

sponsored preferably to the academic institutions/ universities and IITs for

all other varieties of fuel cells including AFC and Direct carbon fuel cell

(DCFC).

No lead institution is identified for the last two categories of projects.

Projects may be approved based on the merit of the proposals.

b) Under the Mission Mode Projects, development of stand-alone systems of

following capacities may be taken up in a phase-wise manner:

• 1-5 kW for back-up power supply unit for urban households,

• 3-5 kW for telecom towers,

• 3-10 kW for small trucks,

• 10-15 kW for medium trucks,

• 25 -50 kW for large trucks and submarine application and

• 50-120 kW for buses

In the first phase, the projects may be targeted for development and

demonstration of minimum 5 units each type of systems of capacities 1, 3

& 5 kW with a minimum of 50% indigenized components.

Particularly for the PEMFC units, targeted electrical efficiency would

be 37-40%; minimum 1000 h operational life and less than 10 mV / 1000 h

degradation; to be operated with bottled hydrogen and air may be taken up

initially. During the development, manufacturing techniques should also be

mastered.

Recognizing the fact that the all ceramic fuel cell namely SOFC will

be primarily used in stationary applications as distributed power sources,

the targeted capacities should be in the higher range. In this case the

suggested specifications may as follows:

Capacities :5, 15 and 25kW

Minimum power density :1.5W/cm2

Operating temperature :8000C (max)

Fuels to be used :Impure hydrogen/Natural gas/Biogas

Fuel Utilization :70% (min)

Minimum life span :40,000hrs

Imported components :50% (max)

c) All Mission Mode projects are to be inter-institutional with industry

participation. One of the institutes may be identified as a nodal Institute

and would be made responsible for the ultimate delivery of the project

objectives. MNRE may take proactive measures to identify the projects

and seek “Expression of Interest (EOI)” from the identified lead institutes in

12

association with Indian industries. Foreign collaboration, if required may

also be accepted.

d) Financial Outlay: An overall budget provision of around Rs.750

Croresmay be made available for a period of next 7 years (till 2022)

for technology development and research on all categories of the activity

mentioned above; 80% of which may be earmarked for mission mode

projects (category I), 10% for Research and Development projects

(category II) and 10% for knowledge base generation (category III). As a

part of the mission mode activity, it would be essential to establish a

“Centralized Fuel Cell Testing Facility” for independent evaluation of all the

fuel cell units proposed to be developed under the programme.

e) Pure hydrogen is required for the operation of LT-PEMFC. Since

transportation of bottled hydrogen makes hydrogen costly, on-site

hydrogen generation is preferred but the imported reformers are very

expensive. It is therefore suggested that hydrogen generation projects

should also be supported simultaneously with the fuel cell development

projects. Chlor-alkali Industries and other industries where hydrogen is

available as by-product should be encouraged to install large fuel cells

stacks (50 kW or more) in their premises. Incentives could be provided for

public-private partnership for such installations.

f) In addition, development of appropriate technologies for generation,

storage and transportation of the fuels, in particular pure hydrogen have to

be give due emphasis to match with the requirements of the above

mentioned fuel cells. According to a rough estimate overall requirement of

1,500 million liters hydrogen may be required for the proposed

developmental programme. It is expected that the same will be taken care

of by other sub-committees specifically constituted for this purpose.

1.15 Policies, Procedures and Legislation:

For each Mission Mode project a consortium may be formed consisting

of R&D groups, academia and industry (both manufacturer and user)

and representatives from the funding agencies.

While the lead Institutes may be decided by the ministry (as

recommended above), identification of the other participants may be

done through news paper advertisement of “Expression of Interest”

followed by selection by an “Expert Group” to be constituted by the

Ministry.

Projects need to be formulated with sufficient micro-detailing in terms

of technical specification, target and time frame.

13

Rigorous monitoring and risk management together with mid-course

correction, if required, should be an integral part of project

management in order to keep the projects on track.

Important but uncertain activities may be duplicated if required.

For projects other than mission mode, industry participation may not be

essential. However, micro detailing and rigorous monitoring have to be

ensured.

Provision of fore-closing a project should be practiced as and when

necessary.

1.15.1 Virtual Fuel Cell Institute (VFCI):

In order to ensure implementation of all these policies and procedures,

a strong and fully-empowered R&D management group is essential at the

level of the ministry. It is therefore proposed to establish a “Virtual Fuel Cell

Institute (VFCI)” to coordinate all the activities related to country’s Fuel Cell

Development Programme” It will help bringing together all the concerned

stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments, academicians, researchers

and industry under one umbrella to work together and pool their resources.

The Institute may function through a strong “Advisory Committee” with

representatives from different stake holders.

1.15.2: Modality of establishing the VFCI and its modus-operandi may be

decided by MNRE in consultation with other departments/ agencies if

required.

15

INTRODUCTION

17

2.0 Introduction

2.1 All over the world, including India, the need for the development of an

alternate energy sector, which is becoming increasingly important not only

due to our need to reduce dependence of rapidly exhausting fossil fuels, but

also due to increasing global concern about the environmental consequences

of the uses of fossil fuels in generation of electricity and for the propulsion of

vehicles. There are more than 1 billion automobiles in use worldwide,

satisfying many needs for mobility in daily life. The automotive industry is

therefore one of the largest economic forces globally employing huge people

force and generating a value chain in excess of $3 trillion per year. As a

consequence of this colossal industry, the large number of automobiles in use

has caused and continues to cause a series of major issues in our society as

follows:

2.2 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—the transportation sector

contributes ~13.1% of GHG emissions worldwide (5 billion tonnes of CO2 per

year). More than two thirds of transport-related GHG emissions originate from

road transport. Reducing the GHG emissions of automobiles has thus

become a national and international priority. Air pollution—tailpipe emissions

are responsible for several debilitating respiratory conditions, in particular the

particulate emissions from diesel vehicles. The increasing number of diesel

vehicles on roads would further worsen air quality. Oil depletion—oil reserves

are projected to only last 40–50 years with current technology and usage.

Transport is already responsible for large share of the oil use and this share

continues to increase. Energy security—India dependence on foreign sources

for its oil and reserves of conventional oil are concentrated largely in politically

unstable regions; dependency on fossil fuels for transportation therefore

needs to be reduced in the country. According to the United Nations, world

population reached 7 Billion on October 31, 2011and is expected to reach 8

billion in the spring of 2024 & 9 billion by 2050. This will obviously have an

important impact on climate change, food security and energy security. The

development of alternative fuels to petrol and diesel has therefore been an

ongoing effort since the 1970s, initially in response to the oil shocks and

concerns over urban air pollution. Efforts have gained momentum more

recently as the volatility of oil prices and stability of supplies, not to mention

the consequences of global climate change, have risen up political agendas

the world over. Hydrogen has emerged as environment friendly alternate fuel.

A number of devices / systems have been developed / are under development

for power generation / transportation applications with hydrogen as fuel. Fuel

cells are low-carbon technologies and have already been recognized to

address all the above issues related to GHG emissions, air pollution, energy

security etc. and are thus rapidly advancing in global technology and industrial

domain Today, fuel cells are widely considered to be efficient and nonpolluting

18

power sources offering much higher energy densities and energy efficiencies

than any other current energy storage devices. Further, the fuel cells like

other small-scale generation systems such as wind turbine, photovoltaic,

micro-turbines, etc. play an important role to meet the consumers demand

using the concepts of distributed generation. The term distribution generation

means any small-scale generation is located near to the customers rather

than central or remote locations. Survey showed that at the end of year 2005

the total loss over the transmission, distribution and transformers in India was

about 32.15 %. The major benefits of distributed generation systems (DGS)

are saving in losses over the long transmission and distribution lines,

installation cost, local voltage regulation, and ability to add a small unit instead

of a larger one during peak load conditions. Among the different distributed

generation systems greatest attention is being paid to the fuel cell because it

has the capability of providing both heat and power. Fuel cells are therefore

considered as promising energy devices for the transport, mobile and

stationary sectors.

2.3 The fuel cell has its own importance, as it is an energy conversion

device that converts chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid /solid fuel into

electrical energy by electrochemical reaction. In this device electrolyte (non-

conductive to electrons and conductive to charged species) is sandwiched by

the two electrodes (cathode and anode). Hydrogen, when fed to anode, splits

into proton and electron in presence of catalyst. The electrons flow through

conductor and charged species pass through electrolyte membrane to

cathode, where they combine with oxygen to produce heat and water as

byproducts. The water, so produced, does not have any pollution footprint. It

is environmentally benign. Fuel cells operating with hydrogen as the fuel do

not produce any gaseous pollutants like CO2, CO, NOx, SOx etc., which are

normally released by conventional power plants.Efforts are being pursued

over the globe to enhance the efficiency of fuel cells and coupling with

devices to utilize the waste heat for energy conservation. Therefore, owing to

the advantages associated with fuel cell technology, security of electricity can

be ensured in future, which is also expected to induce a new era of ‘hydrogen

economy’.

2.4 Fuel Cells are a family of most efficient energy conversion devices in

which the chemical energy stored in a fuel is converted to electricity by a

single step electrochemical reaction. This is in contrast to a thermal power

plant in which conversion takes place through a multistep process.

2.5 Fuel cells differ from conventional electrochemical cells and batteries.

Both technologies involve the conversion of potential chemical energy into

electricity. But while a conventional cell or battery employs reactions among

metals and electrolytes whose chemical nature changes over time, the fuel

19

cell actually consumes its fuel, leaving nothing but an empty reservoir or

cartridge.A common example of conventional electrochemical technology is

the lead-acid automotive battery. Another is the lithium-ion battery. Some

conventional cells and batteries can be recharged by connection to an

external source of current. Others must be discarded when they are spent. A

fuel cell, in contrast, is replenished merely be refilling its reservoir, or by

removing the spent fuel cartridge and replacing it with a fresh one. While the

recharging process for a conventional cell or battery can take hours, replacing

a fuel cartridge takes only seconds.

2.6 Hydrogen may be obtained by reforming various gaseous fuels like

producer gas, biogas from organic waste or other biomass, natural gas,

liquefied petroleum gas and liquid fuels like methanol, ethanol etc.

2.7 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few

decades. They are classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ.

This classification determines the kind of electro-chemical reactions that take

place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which

the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important types of fuel

cell under development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange

Membrane Fuel Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

(DMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC),

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In

addition, there are a few types of more recent origin, which have also gained

significant importance in recent years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel

cells (MFC) for powering the micro-electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC),

which uses micro-organisms as the catalyst for the redox reaction and solid

carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which solid carbon can be used as the fuel. The

electrochemical reaction of different fuel cells, the nature of the electrolyte and

the fuel used in the important types of fuel cell are schematically presented in

Fig. 1.Details of a typical PEM based fuel cell are presented in Fig. 2. In

addition to the fuel cell stack composed of several single cells (number

depends on the desired power to be delivered) a fuel cell power source

consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of oxidant (air or

oxygen), power conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat exchanger,

exhaust system etc. The schematic layout of such a power plant is presented

in Fig.3. Summary of the characteristics of the important types of fuel cells,

their operating conditions and application potentialities are presented in

atabular for in Table 1.

20

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the electrochemical cell used in

different types of fuel cells

(http://www.fuelcells.org/uploads/FuelCellTypes.jpg)

Fig. 2: Details of a PEM based fuel cell.

http://www.fuelcells.org/uploads/FuelCellTypes.jpg

http://www.fuelcells.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/FuelCellTypes.jpg

21

Fig. 3: Schematics of a complete fuel cell power pack.

Table 1: Characteristics of Important Fuel Cell Types

Fuel Cell

Type

Common

Electrolyt

e

Operatin

g

Tempera

ture

Typical

Stack

Size

Electrica

l

Efficienc

y (LHV)

Applications Advantages Disadvantages

Low

Temperatu

re Polymer

Electrolyte

Membrane

(LT-PEM)

Per-fluoro-

sulfonic

acid

(Nafion®)

~80°C <1 kW–

200 kW

60%

direct H2

40%

reformed

fuel

Backup

power

Portable

power

Distributed

generation

Transportati

on

Specialty

vehicles

Solid electrolyte

reduces

corrosion and

electrolyte

management

problems

Low

temperature

Quick start-up

Expensive

catalysts

Sensitive to

fuel impurities

(tolerant up to

only 20ppm

CO and 1ppm

Sulphur)

High

Temperatu

re Polymer

Electrolyte

Membrane

(HT-PEM)

Acid doped

PBI

100 –

180oC

<1 kW–

100 kW

Better

than LT-

PEMFC

particularl

y under

CHP

mode

Portable

power

Distributed

generation

Transportati

on

Specialty

vehicles

Solid

electrolyte

reduces

corrosion and

electrolyte

management

problems

No

humidification

of electrolyte

Les sensitive

to fuel

impurities

(tolerant up to

Destabilization

and high cost

of electrolyte

22

3% CO and

20ppm

Sulphur))

Alkaline

(AFC)

Aqueous

potassium

hydroxide

soaked in a

porous

matrix, or

alkaline

polymer

membrane

<100°C 1–100 kW 60%

Military

Space

Backup

power

Transportati

on

Wider range of

stable

materials

allows lower

cost

components

Low

temperature

Quick start-up

Sensitive to

CO2 in fuel and

air

Electrolyte

management

(aqueous)

Electrolyte

conductivity

(polymer)

Phosphori

c Acid

(PAFC)

Phosphoric

acid

soaked in a

porous

matrix or

imbibed in

a polymer

membrane

150°–

200°C

400 kW,

100 kW

module

(liquid

PAFC);

<10 kW

(polymer

membran

e)

40% Distributed

generation

Suitable for

CHP

Increased

tolerance to

fuel impurities

Expensive

catalysts

Long start-up

time

Sulfur

sensitivity

Molten

Carbonate

(MCFC)

Molten

lithium,

sodium,

and/or

potassium

carbonates,

soaked in a

porous

matrix

600°–

700°C

300 kW–3

MW,

300 kW

module

50%

Electric

utility

Distributed

generation

High

efficiency

Fuel flexibility

Suitable for

CHP

Hybrid/gas

turbine cycle

High

temperature

corrosion and

breakdown of

cell

components

Long start-up

time

Low power

density

Solid

Oxide

(SOFC)

Yttria

stabilized

zirconia

500°–

1,000°C

1 kW–2

MW 60%

Auxiliary

power

Electric

utility

Distributed

generation

High

efficiency

Fuel

flexibility

Solid

electrolyte

Suitable for

CHP

Hybrid/gas

turbine cycle

High

temperature

corrosion and

breakdown of

cell

components

Long start-up

time

Limited

number of

shutdowns

2.8 Global production and shipment of different types and applications of fuel

cells till 2011 with projection for 2012 are presented in the following

histograms (Fig. 4 & Fig. 5):

23

Fig.4: Global production and shipment of different types of fuel cells till

2011 and projected for 2012.

Fig.5: Global production and shipment for different applications of fuel cells

till 2011 and projected for 2012.

2.9 Details of global research and development, technology demonstration

and commercialization activities vis-à-vis Indian status in respect of all the

different types of fuel cells mentioned above are presented in the following

sections for a comprehensive understanding of the status of fuel cell

technology as a whole.

25

PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE

FUEL CELL (LOW TEMPERATURE

AND HIGH TEMPERATURE)

27

3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (Low Temperature

and High Temperature)

3.1 International Activity:

Among the various types of fuel cells, PEMFC is reported to have

reached acceptable level of technology development. These developments

have come from changes made from originally developed poly

tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bonded electrodes to direct transfer method to use

of some proprietary processes such as nano structured electrodes and

membrane. The maturity level is also indicated by the reduction in spending

on R&D by companies in advanced countries on this type of fuel cells. Bulk of

the R&D spending in recent times is on improving the manufacturability of

these systems. PEMFCs have been demonstrated in a variety of applications

(portable, stationary and transportation). In a report published in 2009-10, by

Pike Research, USA, it is stated that the stationary fuel cell market

experienced 60% year-over-year growth in unit shipments between 2009 and

2010. The Clean-tech Market Intelligence (another US based consultancy

firm) forecasts that sales volumes will continue to expand at an impressive

pace over the next several years, surpassing 1.2 million units annually by

2017. In a new report published in 2012-2013 from Pike Research the number

of stationary fuel cells shipped annually will grow from 21,000 in 2012 to more

than 350,000 by 2022. The Navigant report also indicates that over the past

year, the stationary fuel cell industry has experienced healthy growth due to a

surge in U.S. and foreign governments’ interest in reliable and resilient energy

sources. The sector is now at a point where, if, all government policy relevant

to stationary fuel cells was carried out, the global market potential would

surpassed 3 GW in 2013, and increasing to more than 50 GW by

2020. Further as per Pike research, nearly 2.5 million telecom towers will be

supported by fuel cell based back-up power system across the globe by 2020.

According to The Fuel Cell Today Industry Review 2012, PEMFC

dominated in terms of unit shipment in 2011, because of its usefulness in

diversified market segments most notably in small stationary and in

transportation applications as well as in consumer electronics applications

(DMFC). The growth was 87.2% (cf. 2010). Attempts to reduce the cost

component of platinum commonly used as electro catalysts in these fuel cells

are being aggressively pursued. In a major project launched in Canada in

2012, which involves several industries and with $8.1 million funds aims to

reduce the platinum content by 80% in automotive fuel cells. The first

prototype is expected to be ready in 5 years. In Japan N. E. Chemcat, a

catalyst manufacturing company is reported to have plans to acquire the core-

shell catalyst technology with ultra-low platinum from Brookhaven National

Laboratory for use in electric vehicle. Toyota Motor Corp., the biggest seller of

28

hybrid cars announced in 2010 that it had cut expenses to make the vehicles

by reducing platinum use to about one-third the previous level. Toyota and

GM now use about 30 grams of platinum per fuel-cell vehicle and aim to

reduce it to about 10 grams. Although alternatives are being investigated,

platinum would continue to play a significant role in PEMFC owing to its high

activity and durability. Green recycling methods to recover platinum are also

being pursued for sustainability. A UK project ($7.2 million) involving Johnson

Matthey Fuel Cells was launched in February 2012 to find methods for the

recovery of high-value materials from membrane electrode assemblies

(MEAs). Optimization of stack size for specific end use is another method

being researched for cost reduction e.g. the Japanese Ene–Farm program,

which used 1 kW PEMFC stacks originally are being reduced to 750 watts,

which is considered a better for Japanese homes.

Development of HT-PEMFC continues but with only a very small

number of commercial deployments so far. A large number of papers are

being published on high temperature membranes many of them without any

convincing results. In a recent paper, researchers in Japan have developed a

novel PEMFC that shows high durability (>400,000 cycles) together with high

power density (252 mW/cm2) at high temperature of 1200C under a non-

humidified condition. In order to prevent acid leaching from the HT-PEMFC

system, this group used poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) in place of PA

because PVPA is a polymeric acid and is stably bound to the PBIs via

multipoint acid-base reactions.

Fuel cell Energy, USA demonstrated a HT-PEMFC System (540 kW

with ATR and logistic fuels) for ship board power generation in 2009. This

system used phosphoric acid doped PBI. In 2007, Volkswagen reported some

of their work on HT-PEMFCs for transport application. Enerfuel in Denmark

has demonstrated a 3 kW HT-PEMFC. Dantherm is reported to be developing

a 5 kW HT-PEMFC for telecom applications. Leaching of electrolyte and thus

durability has been a major concern. A power density of 100 mWcm-2 at

1600C was obtained when using a commercial HTPEMCELTEC-P1000 MEA

produced by BASF. Global Energy Corporation Inc, GEI, is another company

which has developed a 500 watts HT-PEMFC stack using BASF membrane.

Dominovas Energy’s Fuel cell division has also reported to be working on HT-

PEMFC. Advent sells small size membranes for high temperature fuel cells.

Helbio S.A. in Patras, Greece has received an order from a major Greek

telecommunications company for a 5 kW Fuel Cell Power System operating

on commercial propane. The system will be equipped with a HT-PEMFC and

will be designed for unattended system operation in remote location without

the need for external power input.

29

DoE, USA has set several technical targets for the membrane, catalyst

coated membrane for both stationary and automobile applications of which a

very few of them have been met so far.

All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in

development or in testing. New models are being introduced regularly.

According to a report published by Pike Research, USA, a part of Navigant’s

Energy Practice published in 2009, the global commercial sales of fuel cell

vehicles (FCVs) will reach the key milestone of 1 million vehicles by 2020,

with a cumulative 1.2 million vehicles sold by the end of that year generating

$16.9 billion in annual revenue. The fuel cell car market is now in the ramp-up

phase and commercialization is anticipated by automakers to happen around

2015. Pike Research’s analysis indicates that, during the pre-

commercialization period from 2010 to 2014, approximately 10,000 FCVs will

be deployed. Following that phase, the firm forecasts that 57,000 FCVs will be

sold in 2015, with sales volumes ramping to 390,000 vehicles annually by

2020. The growth trends in Asia-Pacific region are going to outcast the North

America and the Western European regions. This large demand is expected

in the countries like Japan, Korea, China and India. Bulk of fuel cell vehicles

use PEMFC and most have hydrogen stored in composite cylinders.

Honda and Toyota have already begun leasing vehicles in California

and Japan. Seven major global automotive OEMs – Daimler, Ford, GM,

Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, and Toyota have co - signed a MoU in September

2009, signaling their intent to commercialize a significant number of FCEV

from 2015. Hyundai Motor introduced its Tucson ix FCEV equipped with its

newest 100-kilowatt (kW) fuel cell system recently. Hyundai will test 50 new

Tucson ix FCEVs as part of the second phase of the Korean Government

Validation Program and plans to begin mass production in 2015. Nissan

showcased NewTeRRA Fuel Cell Concept at Paris Motor Show 2012: The

TeRRA is designed as an evolution of the company’s popular Juke and

Qashqai crossover SUVs. It has three electric motors, one to power the front

wheels and an in-wheel motor in each of the rear wheels; Hyundai-Kia Motors

also signed a MoU with key hydrogen stakeholders from the Nordic countries,

Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland to collaborate on market deployment

of FCEVs.

Over the past six years, more than 20 cities around the world have, or

are currently, demonstrating fuel cell or hydrogen powered buses in their

transit fleets. Most demonstrations involve individual cities and transit

agencies, but some have been multi-city demonstrations. These include

Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) – Multi city demo (since

2003, Ballard powered buses have operated for more than 78,000

hours delivering over four million passengers to their destinations)

30

Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS) based in Reykjavik, Ireland

Sustainable Transport Energy Perth (STEP) programme in Perth,

Western Australia

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Urban Transport in Brazil

Japan’s Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme

National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Programme (USA)

and

China programme – Multi city demonstrations.

Most demonstrations reported better than expected performance and

strong passenger acceptance. The buses performed well across a wide

range of operating conditions: Hilly and flat terrain, hot, and cold temperatures

& high and low-speed duty cycles. Bus availability, an indicator of vehicle

reliability, was greater than 90% in many programs (CUTE, ECTOS, STEP,

and HyFLEET fuel cell bus trials). This was higher than expected. There were

no major safety issues over millions of miles of vehicle service and thousands

of vehicle fueling. The drivers preferred fuel cell buses to CNG or diesel,

noting their smooth ride, ease of operation, strong acceleration, and ability to

maneuver well in traffic. Fuel cell bus drivers were less tired at the end of their

shifts, mainly because the buses produced significantly less noise than diesel

or CNG. 75% of surveyed passengers reported a quieter ride. Most

participants found that the buses were easily incorporated into revenue

service, with some accommodation for increased vehicle weight and height

and longer fueling times. Most participants noted that developing fuel cell bus

maintenance facilities was not as challenging as expected. The current CHIC

(Clean Hydrogen In European Cities) project is building upon previous work

by the CUTE and Phase 1 of CHIC plans to roll-out a total of 26 buses across

four countries: London (UK), Oslo (Norway), Milan and Bolzano (Italy), and

Aargau/St. Gallen (Switzerland). In London, five buses are already in

operation and Transport for London (TfL). Similar programmes are being

executed in USA, Canada, Japan and China. Toyota Motor Corporation

(TMC) and Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hino) are planning to Provide Fuel-cell Bus for

Tokyo Airport Routes.

Another application area for PEMFC, which is expected to boost the

revenue of the fuel cell companies, is the fuel cell powered material handling

equipment for large warehouse operations. Several demonstration

programmes have already shown a cost benefit and convenient hydrogen

refueling. Fuel cell based forklifts have been employed in warehouses and

distribution centers. USA is the world leader in deployment of fuel cell based

forklifts and more than 1500 units have been deployed at various locations.

Fuel cell stacks of various capacities are deployed in forklifts.

Hydrogenics - 12 kW fuel cell hybrid power packs into two Hyster Class

forklifts.

31

Nissan (2006) - 9 kW PEM fuel cells using compressed hydrogen as

the fuel.

Tropical Green technologies -10 kW PEM fuel cell stack / MH system

Toyota Industries Corporation – 30 kW fuel cell stack and can lift a

maximum of 2,500 kilograms.

Plug Power - different types of forklifts and utility trucks.

HydrogenicsHyPX™ Fuel Cell Power Packs,

Nuvera’sthe Power Edge,

Proton Motor Fuel Cells

OorjaProtonics’ OorjaPacs a methanol-fueled fuel cell that continuously

trickle-charges an onboard battery, while the unit is in operation or

parked, have also been demonstrated in several fuel cell based

forklifts.

Noveltek, Taiwan has developed a forklift in collaboration with Nan-Ya.

Another niche area for PEMFC application is use in locomotives. In a

recent development in Denmark, a Hydrogen Train Project has been

announced which would use 150 kW PEMFC stack. In South Africa, Anglo

American Platinum Limited along with its project collaborators Vehicle

Projects, Trident South Africa, and Battery Electric, unveiled its fuel cell-

powered mine locomotive prototype using a Ballard Power Systems fuel cell.

The partnership will construct five fuel cell locomotives to be tested for

underground use at one of Anglo American Platinum’s mines.

PEMFC are also being tested for application in aerospace industries.

The application domain includes novel on-board systems, truck auxiliary

power units (APUs), ground power units, primary and emergency power, road

vehicles, and gate handling equipment such as conveyors, fuel trucks,

catering vehicles, water trucks, and mobile lighting, on board energy systems

for aircraft, galley operations, in-flight entertainment, peak power, and other

applications. In military the application include power for engine restart; on-

ground Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC); electric and

pneumatic power; and cargo door operations. Fuel cells may also represent

the best alternative for efficient processing of bio aviation fuels presently

under development. Boeing and Japanese aircraft engine manufacturer IHI

Corp researching regenerative fuel cells to power aircraft electrical systems.

The in-flight testing was expected by the end of 2013. The companies

anticipate FCs could be used on aircraft as early as 2018, reducing amount of

jet fuel used for power generation by ~14%. Boeing Fuel cell airplane

demonstrator developed by Boeing Research and Technology ( B,R&T),

Europe which uses 20 kW PEMFC from M/s Intelligent energy has been

successfully tested. Boeing has long term plans for fuel cells, which besides

using PEMFC presently include use of HT-PEMFC and SOFC in the long run.

Airbus industries along with German Aerospace Center

32

(DeutschesZentrumfürLuft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) have also demonstrated fuel

cells in some applications. In one of its efforts, use of a fuel cell-powered

electric nose wheel, this will save fuel while significantly reducing airport noise

has been developed. The fuel cell-powered electric nose wheel reduces the

emissions produced by aircraft at airports by up to 27%, and noise levels

during taxiing by up to 100%. Aircraft fitted with this nose wheel will be able to

approach their apron locations travelling in both forward and reverse

directions, as well as taxi to their take-off positions without needing towing

vehicles or using their main engines.

There are reports of plans to use of fuel cells in Green Sea Ports. The

type of application envisaged are on-board ship power, a fuel cell system

could generate prime power or could propel the ship into port at low speeds

prior to docking. In addition, fuel cells could replace batteries and diesel

generators used for emergency power and on-board electronics, shore power

for cargo and cruise ships (auxiliary diesel engines that provide power to

docked ships contribute heavily to the pollution levels at ports). Fuel cell can

replace these diesel engines. FCEVs can replace yard tractors, heavy-duty

trucks, and passenger cars used at the port facility. Fuel cells can also be

installed as APU on heavy-duty trucks, to supply grid-independent power and

backup power for security, rail transport (fuel cells can be used as auxiliary or

primary power in rail locomotives), refrigeration for containers (the contents of

some containers need to be kept at a controlled temperature) and container

cranes (the offloading of cargo from docked ships is typically powered by a

diesel engine generator near the top of the crane or, more commonly, by

electric power onshore. A fuel cell could replace or supplement either).

A report on global policies update has been published by International

Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) in 2011.

Summary of the national level policies as stated in the report are given below:

S.

No.

Country Policy

1 China “1,000+ Green Vehicles in each City” since 2009. Till

2011, 25 cities had joined this program.

Hybrid vehicle will receive the subsidies.

2 Norway No tax or value added tax (compared to the high

taxation of the conventional cars in Norway).

Access to bus lanes.

Free use of (public) toll roads

Significantly reduced annual car taxes.

Free parking in public places

No fuel tax or carbon tax on hydrogen as a fuel

(compared to high taxes on fossil fuels)

33

3 Japan Installation over 10,000 stationary residential combined

heat and power fuel cells with 50% subsidy on the cost of

the equipment and installation - Since 2009.

4 Iceland Tax based on documented CO2 emissions and fuel origin

- Motor vehicles will no longer be taxed based on engine

size or total weight since 1 January 2011.

5 Germany Motor vehicle tax exemption until December 15, 2015 for

vehicles with CO2 emissions below 50 grams per

kilometre.

6 Korea 1. 1 million green homes with various renewable energy

facilities in residential areas by 2020.

2. The government has a target of 100,000 1-kW fuel

cell units by 2020 and has subsidies of up to 80% of

installation costs between 2010 and 2011, decreasing

to 50% from 2013 to 2015.

3. Long-term and low-interest loans for the customers or

manufacturers of commercialized fuel cells.

4. 10% tax-deduction system for fuel cell power plants.

7 Australia 1. Fund for clean energy and energy efficiency proposal

– Australian $10 billion by “Clean Energy Finance”.

2. $200 million in grants to support business investment

in renewable energy, low emission technology and

energy efficiency.

3. $2.5 million in funding for hydrogen projects with a

commencement date in 2010 by Australian Research

Council (ARC).

8 United

States

1. Investment Tax Credits (ITC) for fuel cell systems

through 2016 valued at up to $3,000 per kW installed

at businesses and $3,334 per kW installed in joint

occupancy residential dwellings. •

2. From 2009 to 2011, over $27 million for grants in lieu

of tax credits were provided to companies with

insufficient tax liability to apply for the ITC.

3. The hydrogen fuelling facility tax credit provides up to

30% or $30,000 for fuelling stations construction.

9 European

Union

(EU)

1. €1 billion was contributed from the EU Sixth

Framework Programme (FP6) budget to support R&D

and demonstration activities of hydrogen and fuel cell

technologies.

2. From 2008 to 2013, the EU will devote €470 million

from the EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)

budget to support R&D and demonstration activities of

hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.

3. Currently, there are 44 on-going projects (with

34

cumulative grants of approximately €100 million)

engaging some 250 different partners.

4. Twenty seven additional projects of the 2010 call

(estimated grants of €89 million) should start by the

end of 2011.

10 United

Kingdom

1. A Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) provides incentives for the

deployment of small scale renewable energy

generation up to 5 MW.

2. The FIT also supports the deployment of residential

fuel cell CHP systems of up to 2 kW regardless of fuel

type, because of their carbon saving potential.

3. This measure is a pilot limited to the first 30,000

systems, and with a review after the first 10,000

installations.

4. Motorists purchasing a qualifying ultra-low emission

car can receive a grant of 25 percent towards the cost

of the vehicle, up to a maximum of £5,000.

5. Under current policy, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may

also receive a zero Vehicle Excise Duty rating.

6. Vehicles with CO2 emissions below 100 grams per

kilometre pay zero under standard rates of Vehicle

Excise Duty.

7. Vehicles with CO2 emissions of 130 grams per

kilometre or less pay zero under first year rates.

Major commercial players in PEMFC are given below. Besides these

players, the auto industry players like Honda, Toyota and Nissan are reported

to have developed their own fuel cells stacks although most of them used

Ballard stacks in earlier development of FCEV.

Sr.

No.

Company Country Manufacturing

capacity

Technology Capacity

range in

kW

1 Ballard Canada 20000 stacks

per year (about

150 MW)

PEM 2 to 11

2 ClearEdge

Power

US 6000 units PEM 5 to 25

3 Intelligent

Energy

UK NA PEM 3 to 5

4 Hydrogenics Canada 160 MW per

year

PEM 4 to 12

5 MicroCell US 3 MW PEM 0.5 to 3

35

6 NedStack Nederland 3000 stacks PEM 1 to 10

7 Nuvera US 3000 stacks PEM 5 to 30

8 ReliOn US NA PEM 0.1 to 2.5

9 Horizon Singapore 1000 stacks PEM 0.1 to 3

10 OorjaProtoni

cs

US NA DMFC

5

3.2 National Status

The last few years has seen considerable research activity in hydrogen

fuel cells in India mainly via R&D work sponsored by the MNRE, DST, CSIR

etc. PEM Fuel cell uses a large range of materials. Such materials are electro

catalysts, catalyst support, gas diffusion media, micro porous materials,

hydrophobic materials, hydrophilic materials, different types of carbon and

binders, electrolyte, sealants, conducting coating materials.

The R& D activities encompass a wide variety of issues including

developing novel materials, durability, modeling etc. However there are very

few organizations involved in stack and system developments. The number of

Indian industries engaged in developing fuel cell technology in the country is

also few, although many have international collaboration for application

demonstration. A brief status and nature of work being done by various

organizations are given below:

3.2.1 Research Groups and Nature of Work

Organizations Nature of work

IIT-M, NCCR, IIT-B, IIT-G, IIT-K, IIT-Kh

, IIT-R, IIT-H, IISc, BESU, CSIR-

CECRI, CSIR-NCL, CSIR-NPL, CFCT-

ARCI, CIPET, CSIR-CSMCRI, BITS-

Goa, TU, AIIST, PSGIAS, Anna

University, UoH, DTU and many other

Universities

• Basic Science ,

• Catalysts, Membrane, Bipolar

plate

• Modeling

BHEL, CSIR-CECRI, CFCT-ARCI, IIT-

B, SSF (closed), ISRO Labs & Def.

labs,

• Stack and System,

• Application demonstration

Tata, M&M, TVS, REVA, NMRL, Some

CSIR labs , IITs , BPCL ,RIL

• System integration using bought

out stacks for demonstration

• Demonstration of indigenously

built fuel cells

• Application Simulation studies

ARCI, CSIR-NCL, CSIR-CECRI, CSIR-

NPL, Arora Matthey, Falcon Graphite,

• Materials ( large scale )

36

TCIC

3.2.2 Research and Development on Catalysts

Organizations

Nature of work

IITM, NCCR, CSIR-NCL,

CSIR-CECRI, IISc, BESU,

IITD, IITB, CFCT-ARCI,

NMRL, TCIC, Alagappa

Univ., and many

Universities and Colleges

Pt on Carbon

Pt- alloy (Co, Ni, Ru , Rh) on carbon

Other Noble metals like Au, Pd with

Oxides like MnO2 , RuO2, ZnO

Non Noble metal catalysts such as Metal

carbides, oxide supported catalysts like

Pt on WO3/ TiO2/SnO2,

Oxide additives as add-on

Cu-Ni-Alloy catalyst, conducting polymer

containing catalyst

Nanostructured tungsten and titanium

based electro-catalysts

Rh and their Selenides for ORR

Shape dependent electro catalyst

High aspect ratio nano-scale

multifunctional materials

Platinum-cobalt alloy nanoparticles

decorated functionalized multi-walled

carbon nanotubes, dispersed on nitrogen

doped graphene

Pt/clay/Nafionnano-composite for ORR

Pt Nanoparticle-dispersed graphene-

wrapped MWNT composites

Graphene-supported Pd–Ru nanoparticles

Pt–MoOx-carbon nanotube redox couple

based electro-catalyst

Platinum-Polyaniline composite

Highly active catalyst by newer methods

3.2.3 Research and Development on Catalyst Support

37

Organizations

Nature of work

IIT-M, NCCR, CFCT-ARCI,

CSIR-NCL, CSIR- CECRI,

BESU, ARI-Pune, JN

Centre and many other

universities

Modified CNT ,

Microporous CNT

Oxides

Metal carbides , different carbons,

Ti mesh substrate

Graphene

Nitrogen doped graphene and hybrid carbon

nanostructures

Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon

nanocoils

Multi Walled Carbon Nano tubular coils

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon with

graphite walls

Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon

nanocoils

3.2.4 Research and Development on Membranes

Organizations

Nature of work

CSIR-CSMCRI,CSIR-

CECRI, ANNA Univ.,

CSIR-NCL, UoH, CFCT-

ARCI, NMRL, CIPET, IICT,

BHU, BIT, AIIST, IIT-D and

many other groups

Nafion Based Membranes

- Nafion Composites

- Organic–inorganic composite membranes

(Nafion with silica, MZP and MTP )

- Poly electrolyte complexes of Nafion and

Poly (oxyethylene) bisamine

Fluorinated Polymers

- Fluorinated poly (arylenes ether sulfones)

containing pendant

- Sulfonic acid groups

- Fluorinated poly(ether imide) copolymers

with controlled degree of sulfonation

PVA based polymers

- inter penetrating with PSSA

- Incorporation of mordenite (MOR) in the

above

- Stabilized forms of phosphomolybdic acid,

phosphotungstic acid and silicotungstic

38

acid incorporated into PVA cross-linked

polymers

- Novel mixed-matrix membranes sodium

alginate (NaAlg) with PVA and

certainheteropolyacids (HPAs), such as

PMoA, PWA and SWA.

High temp. Polymers - PBI, SPEEK

- Cross-linked SPEEK - reactive organo clay

nano-composite

- Phosphonated multiwall carbon nanotube-

polybenzimidazole composites

- Novel blends of PBI and Poly(vinyl-1,2,4-

triazole)

- SPEEK/ethylene glycol/ polyhedral

oligosilsesquioxane hybrid membranes

- SPEEK and Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

based semi interpenetrating network

membranes

- Heat treated SPEEK/diol membrane

High temp. Polymers –Others

- Anhydrous Proton Conducting Hybrid

Membrane Electrolytes for High

Temperature (>1000C) PEM

- Aprotic ionic liquid doped anhydrous proton

conducting polymer electrolyte

membrane

- Polysulfone / clay nanocomposite

membranes

- Multilayered sulphonatedpolysulfone / silica

composite membranes

Other types of Polymers

- SPSEBS/PSU blends - blending SPSEBS

(Sulfonated poly styrene ethylene butylene

polystyrene) with Boron phosphate

(BPO4)

- Organic–inorganic nano-composite

polymer electrolyte membranes

- Zwitterionic silica copolymer based cross-

linked organic–inorganic hybrid polymer

electrolyte membranes

- Carbon nanotubes rooted montmorillonite

39

(CNT-MM) reinforced nano-composite

membrane

- Domain size manipulation by sulfonic acid-

func. MWCNTs

- Functionalized CNT based composite

polymer electrolytes

- Minimally hydrated polymers, replace

water with ‘proton mobility facilitator

3.2.5 Research and Development on Other

Components/Materials/Issues

Components /

Materials / Issues

Organizations Nature of work

Bipolar plates CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-NPL,

CSIR-NCL, SSF, NMRL,

IIT-B, TU, IITG, IITK,

VSSC, DTU

Resin impregnated,

resin bonded,

exfoliated graphite,

metal, PCB

Carbon substrate CSIR-NPL, CFCT-ARCI,

NMRL

PAN, modified rayon,

carbon composites

GDL CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-CECRI,

CSIR-NPL, IIT-M,

Bharathiyar University

Studies on micro

porous layer, method of

fabrication, effect of

additives, impedance

analysis

Operation methods CSIR-CECRI, CFCT-ARCI Dead end mode

operation

Fuel Impurities CFCT-ARCI, AU with SVCE Effect of impurities in

gas feed

Durability CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-CECRI,

IIT-M

Single cells & stack,

composite membrane,

GDL

3.2.6 Other Studies

Study Organizations

Flow field modeling IIT-M, IIT-G, IIT-H, NMRL, CFCT-

ARCI

Heat and mass transfer modeling IIT-M

Cathode reactant supply modeling

and design

CFCT-ARCI with IITM

Operation IIT-B, CFCT-ARCI

40

Control system modeling IIT-M, IIT-B, SSN College of Engg.,

CFCT-ARCI with Anna University

Power electronic modeling IIT-B, Anna University with CFCT-

ARCI, SSN, IISER-Kolkata

Electrochemical Modeling IIT-M , IIT-D, IISER Pune, NIT-W,

AU-Vizag, CFCT-ARCI, IIT-M,

IITM (cyl. cathode), IIT-M (multiple

layer), Bharathiyar University

Electrical conductivity IIT-G, BARC

System integration modeling with wind

energy etc.,

MN-NIT, BESU, IIT-B, IIT-K

Stack Modeling CFCT-ARCI, IIT-B

Statistical analysis, Artificial Neural

Network

CFCT-ARCI with ISI, CSIR-NCL ,

CFCT-ARCI

Molecular Dynamics CSIR-NCL with IISER-Pune

3.2.7 Technology Demonstration

1. SPIC Science Foundation was the first institution in India to have

developed and demonstrated PEMFC in different applications. In 2000,

SSF had demonstrated fuel cells in UPS and transport applications. They

had developed complete process know-how for most of the components

used in PEMFC. Few years back they demonstrated 5 kW UPS based on

PEMFC. However, this group is not active presently.

2. BHEL R & D Developed a 3 KW PEM Fuel cell stack comprising of 1 kW

modules and demonstrated the same at BPCL. Recently they have

initiated work on HT-PEMFC using commercial MEA and also

indigenously developed membrane. Their experience in PAFC would be

highly useful in these developments. By September 2013, BHEL R&D

had planned to develop several 1 kW HT-PEMFC.

3. A CSIR Team comprising of CSIR-CECRI, CSIR-NCL and CSIR-NPL

have been jointly conducting research on PEMFC development and

developed a self-supported 1 kW fuel cell stack using many indigenously

developed components. The technology for one of the components

(carbon paper) has been transferred to an Indian Company. Besides

developing the main components of PEMFC the programme also focused

on measuring the performance of the components in single cells and in

stacks. Performance of MEAs is comparable to commercially available

MEAs. This team also developed and demonstrated a 250 Watts HT-

PEMFC stack built with several indigenously developed components.

Besides technology development, fundamental research by the team in

41

the areas of electro catalysis, membrane science, carbon materials and

stack engineering has resulted ~ 50 papers in journals of high impact

factors, completion of 12 PhD dissertations and filing of 10 patents by the

team across the three laboratories. Novel ideas on hybrid catalysts for

oxygen reduction reactions, new PBI copolymers, non-infringing routes to

synthesis of PBI monomers, new gas diffusion layers of high conductivity

and porosity and stacks of improved pressure distribution have been

developed.

4. Based on the developments summarized above, CSIR is setting up a test

bed for demonstrating and validating 3 kW LT-stacks for targeting a

PEMFC based back-up power supply for telecom towers. Reliance

Industries Ltd (RIL) is major industrial partner in this activity. Recent

research has shown that the performance of the HT-MEA developed in

CSIR is superior to the performance of commercial HT-MEAs. CSIR has

created strong IP portfolio in this area and the team will work towards the

demonstration and validation of a 1 kW HT-PEMFC stack based on

indigenous MEAs. In the near future, CSIR will create an Innovation

Centre on fuel cells in order to consolidate its resources and activities in

this area. The Innovation Centre will focus on R&D to develop the next

generation PEMFC systems, application development and vendor

development. It will strengthen the consortium of industries with a view to

demonstrate applications and establish manufacturing base within the

country.

5. IIT-M has demonstrated a bicycle powered by imported PEMFC.

6. VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram is reported to have developed a PEM fuel

cell using metallic bipolar plates. A major developmental programme is

also being planned.

7. NMRL has developed membranes for use in HT-PEMFC, which are

being tested in stack.

8. Centre for Fuel Cell Technology at ARCI developed and demonstrated

PEMFC in various capacities ranging from few hundred watts to 10 kW

modules. These stacks have been integrated with various balance of

systems. Grid Independent Power Supply systems in the range 1 kW to

20 kW have been developed and demonstrated. Recently the Centre

completed a 20 kW PEMFC system demonstration. CFCT has also

demonstrated their fuel cells in transportation applications as a range

extender in 3 wheeler and 4 wheeler electric vehicles along with battery

banks and has developed a fuel cell powered “Go-kart”. CFCT-ARCI has

developed process know-how for most of the components of fuel cell and

42

several balance of systems including controls and power converters. The

technology for making bipolar plate was transferred to an industry.

Besides these technology developments, the scientific personnel at

CFCT-ARCI have published nearly 80 papers in international journals

and have filed 20 patents.

9. DRDO is developing PEMFC power system for submarine application. In

the initial trails stacks from Ballard will be used.

10. DSIR has sanctioned a project to M/s ELPROS to develop PEMFC

systems.

11. NEAH Power Systems, Inc., a leading company in the development of

fuel cells for the military and portable electronic devices announced that it

has signed a letter of intent to explore acquisition or merger plans with

EKO Vehicles of Bangalore, Private Limited, India.

12. Nissan Renault operates a R&D centre working on PEMFC in Chennai.

13. GM R&D India Science Lab., GE’s John F Welch Technology Centre &

Mercedes-Benz Research & Development India Pvt. Ltd. (MBRDI) is

reported to have some hydrogen R&D programs in Bengaluru.

14. Other major PEMFC developers like Hydrogenics is also reported to be

interacting with some Indian Industries.

3.2.8 Industry Activities

The Indian Industries participation continues to be lukewarm. Some

companies are involved in demonstration notably in telecom sector. Hydrogen

supply is the major bottle neck that is hampering large scale deployment of

fuel cells in the country. By-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali units is being

targeted by many groups. However, this source can be counted to only a

limited extent for fuel cell applications as there is huge demand for this

hydrogen from different industries. The activities reported are summarized

below:

1. Tata Teleservices alongwith US based M/s Plug power made efforts for

installing and maintaining fuel cell systems as back-up power supply for

telecom towers. The other partner was M/s Hindustan Petroleum

Corporation Limited (HPCL). A few systems were installed in India. Later

M/s Plug Power decided to be in the area of application of fuel cell in

forklifts only and withdrawn their activities from India.

43

2. ACME Telepower Group had a tie-up with Canada based M/s Ballard

Power systems and M/S Idatech for fuel cell installation in telecom

sector. As per latest developments M/s Ballard has taken over M/s

Idatech and have tie-up with Dantherm. Dantherm are reported to be

working with Delta and installed 30 fuel cell systems in various telecom

towers located in Madhya Pradesh in association with Aditya Birla group.

3. Intelligent Energy, UK has started a business in India and planning to

install several PEMFC in telecom sector.

4. Altergy and ReliOn are also targeting India for fuel cell application in

telecommunication towers.

5. Electro Power Systems, based in Turin, Italy, launched its ElectroSelfTM

UPS product in India in December 2010. The ElectroSelfTM is a self-

recharging backup power system integrating a fuel cell and electrolyser

and requiring only minimal maintenance in the form of a water top-up

once a year. The company installed two systems for demonstration.

6. IOC R&D besides setting up the hydrogen fuelling station has also

planned to create fuel cell testing facilities, which would help in

establishing the country specific regulations, codes and standards

through the validation of testing procedures and measurement

methodologies for the performance assessment of fuel cells. It will also

have a reference function in the Indian Hydrogen Energy Roadmap for

pre-competitive research and performance verification. By building a

state-of-the-art fuel cell testing facility, Indian Oil R&D will have a foot-

hold in framing the fuel specification, infrastructure requirements, and can

facilitate the development and harmonization of fuel cell testing

procedures in transport and stationary applications considering the Indian

conditions. The facility may allow the comprehensive testing and

performance evaluation of PEM & solid Oxide fuel cells, stacks and

systems in terms of energy efficiency, durability, reliability and emissions

at a scale of up to 100 kW.

7. IOC is planning to have PEMFC based fork lift for demonstration at R&D

centre. Further, they have signed MOC with Tata Motors for joint

demonstration of FC buses to ply in the Faridabad region.

8. Tata Motors are reported to have developed a range of hydrogen fuel

cell-powered buses and light trucks. TATA and ISRO are partnering a

fuel cell bus demonstration programme in India using Ballard Fuel cell

stacks. The first vehicle was displayed at the Auto Expo in N. Delhi in

2012. IOCL and TATA Motors are reported to be establishing a hydrogen

44

fuelling station in Faridabad in Haryana to demonstrate two fuel cell

buses developed by Tata Motors, which uses fuel cell stacks from M/s

Ballard. They are also planning to set up a major hydrogen dispensing

station at Sanand, Gujarat for the technology demonstration of the fuel

cell buses being developed by them.

9. REVA electric Car Company has demonstrated fuel cell powered

passenger car using Ballard stacks.

10. Reliance is reported to be the industrial partner in the NMTLI project

with Team – CSIR

11. M/s Falcon Graphites, a small scale company in Hyderabad has

commenced large scale production of bipolar plates based on technology

developed by CFCT-ARCI.

12. The technology for carbon paper developed by NPL has been transferred

to HEG Limited Noida, which is expected to begin production soon.

13. M/s Arora Matthey, Kolkata has been a major supplier of electro catalysts

in India.

14. Sai Energy in Chennai is becoming a major supplier of fuel cell materials

and components.

15. Sai Energy, Chennai is also reported to be partnering Tata Chemical

Innovation Centre (TCIC) in developing fuel cell stacks, which use

catalysts developed by TCIC.

16. Sai Energy-Anabond consortium in Chennai is reported to have joined

hands with Team-CSIR for demonstrating PEMFC stacks in different

applications.

17. TCIC is working to develop a non-nafion / or substantially reduced use of

nafion MEA part of PEMFC, aiming to develop both novel catalyst and

membrane to decrease the cost of MEA to an affordable level for

stationary applications. TCIC in short duration has developed the 500 W

stack and aimed to develop 5 kW stack in 2013 mainly using own

catalyst and other locally available FC components as prototypes for field

trial at telecom tower for testing their durability & stability using hydrogen.

18. M/s Thermax, Pune may soon enter into an agreement with NCL &

CECRI (CSIR) for prototype manufacturing of HT-PEMFC to be used in

45

combined cooling and power (CCP) mode based on a vapour adsorption

technique.The targeted capacity of the stack is 5kWe.

19. M/s KPIT Technologies, Pune is in the process of making an agreement

with NCL (CSIR) to develop LT-PEMFC stacks of 8-10kW capacity for

application in automotive in which fuel cell power will be supplemented by

a combination of supercapacitors and lithium ion battery and the fuel will

be enriched with oxygen.


3.3.1 Gap Analysis

Globally, PEMFC has numerous applications including stationary

power generation (centralized and decentralized), transportation

(automobiles, railways, aeroplanes, ships), back-up power supply (telecom

towers, residences, commercial places), material handling applications

(forklifts for warehouses and locomotives for mines), auxiliary power units for

trucks, locomotives, aeroplanes, ships) portable applications (lap top charger,

mobile charger) and micro-power supply to electronic equipment. New

applications are continuously on increase. According to Fuel Cell industry

Review in 2011 around 2,77,700 units of PEMFC were shipped by various

countries.

A number of industries in USA, Canada, UK, Germany, Australia,

Japan, Italy etc. are manufacturing these products for various applications

and meeting the domestic demand and exporting their products to various

countries. Further as per Pike research, the number of stationary fuel cells

shipped annually will cross 3,50,000 numbers by 2022. Power supply system

used in 25 lakh telecom towers will be converted to fuel cell based power

system across the globe by 2020. It is expected that potential of global

market for stationary fuel cells will reach to 50 GW by 2020. These countries

are exporting the various products based on PEMFC to all over world. All the

major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in

developmental or in testing stage. Pike research analysis indicates that

57,000 fuel cell vehicles will be sold in 2015, which will increase to 3,90,000

vehicles annually by 2020.

In India, research institutions are more focused on materials

development and modeling, whereas CSIR, DST,defence and space research

laboratories are engaged in the development of complete PEMFC including

46

stacks. However, some labs are reported to have imported fuel cell stacks for

carrying out integration studies. Demonstration of PEMFC requires large

number of stacks at reasonable cost. No engineering efforts have been put for

the manufacture of stacks / systems so far (Except PAFC stacks by Thermax

particularly for the strategic sector for which economic consideration has not

been an important parameter). There is still no mechanism in place to make

large number of stacks / systems for demonstration on a large scale so as to

establish an optimized manufacturing technology. In addition, hydrogen is

also not available at reasonable cost to run continuously these stacks /

systems, which are being researched / demonstrated. Testing of fuel cells at

sites, where hydrogen is easily available such as chlor-alkali units, is urgently

required to make further improvements in the indigenously developed

systems. The chlor-alkali units are not very warm to this idea. In addition,

compact reformer development (methanol / natural gas / LPG) in the country

has not taken place. Several groups have developed catalysts for such

reformation and also for PROX and other purification chains. NMRL is

reported to have developed a fuel reformer, but is not available to others.

Some institutions are reported to have imported small capacity reformers and

are in the process of integrating the same with fuel cell stacks. The cost of the

imported reformer is very high.

Several membranes are reported to have been developed in the

country. However, most of these membrane developments are restricted to

small size membrane with the notable exception of the membranes (PBI

membrane for HT-PEMFC, Nafion composite membrane for LT-PEMFC and

membrane for DMFC) developed by a few national laboratories. The process

of making these membranes is still manual and only small sized sheets can

be made. No long term testing of these membranes in fuel cells has been

reported from Indian Laboratories. A large number of catalysts have been

developed in the country and tested in half/single cell. However, the

laboratories engaged in fuel cell stack development are using standard

commercial catalysts. Bipolar plates have also been developed indigenously

by CFCT-ARCI, CSIR lab and VSSC and technology has also been

transferred to Industry by CFCT-ARCI.

HT-PEMFC seems more promising than LT-PEMFC, as they can

tolerate more CO impurity in the hydrogen feed and can be useful in CHP/

CCP applications. It has many potential drawbacks including increased

degradation, leaching of acid and incompatibility with current state-of-the-art

fuel cell materials. In this type of fuel cell, the choice of membrane material

determines the other fuel cell component material composition. Novel

research is required in all aspects of the fuel cell components so that they can

meet stringent durability requirements for various applications. Selective

research should be supported with tangible goals.

47

There is an urgent need to initiate projects in mission mode on stacks /

systems building and their demonstration involving academic institutions to

address specific issues. The project should aim to identify Indian laboratories

to scale up these materials and building stacks/complete system. A clear

distinction needs to be made between academic research and applied

research with suitable funding for the applied research. There is a need for

aggressive research programs with more thrust on applied research, analysis

of the achievements in materials developed so far and take forward the

promising ones to large scale preparation. It should focus on performance

improvement at the systems level and take up programs with multiple partners

(intra or inter institutions) with interlocked objectives/tasks. These institutions

should initiate major programs on stack assembly engineering & system

integration using available materials and understand the dynamics. Major

programs should be started on BoS development (air moving devices, thermal

management devices, motors, pumps, all with low power requirement, high

efficiency inverters and converters), system development and integration of

the components. Merit of such programs should include power density at

given cost, weight, lifetime and manufacturing R&D for fabrication of repeat

components.

3.3.2 Strategy to Bridge the Gap

3.3.2.1 Basic Strategy

LT-PEMFC technology has been demonstrated but durability studies at

component and long term performance of the cell have not carried out. Most

of the results reported are based on electrochemical studies. Only a few

groups are working on stack and system development. Efforts for the

manufacturing R&D were not made. Large number of research groups

engaged in hydrogen research and trained man power availability is on the

increase. System level development is very low. Hydrogen infrastructure is

very poor. Financial support for basic research is high, which needs to be

necessarily linked with applied research / technology development. Industry

participation is poor. With increased demand on energy requirement for both

transport and stationary power, business opportunity is high and scope of

advanced R&D as well. Further delay in technology development will lead to

International players flooding their products in Indian market, legging behind

the domestic industries. Research may be continued for the development of

low cost durable membranes, increased tolerance for impurities in feed,

reduction in catalyst cost, improvement in durability and performance

improvement of low temperature and high temperature PEMFC. Thus, there is

need for vertical research instead of horizontal research. FocusedR&D may

be initiated under the following areas:

48

High-throughput catalyst synthesis and basic characterization

Reduction in catalyst loading on electrodes

Manufacturing processes and materials for fuel cell systems.

Development of diagnostic techniques to help optimize cost/lifetime of

fuel cell systems to aid commercialization

Low-cost purification systems for hydrogen reformers

Accelerated life testing of components and systems

Standards and regulations related to deployment of systems

Design scalable, high-throughput fabrication processes for high-

performance MEAs.

In line quality control for production

High-Speed Sealing of Cell Components and Cell Stacks

Controlling the thickness and conformity of the catalyst layers as they

are deposited on the membranes.

Expand the operating range of MEAs (temperature, relative humidity,

tolerance to air, fuel and system-derived impurities) and improve

durability with cycling

Develop sustainable MEA designs that incorporate recycling /

reclamation of catalysts and membranes and/or re-use of cell

components.

Non-noble metal catalysts in combination with new hydrocarbon

membrane

(operated at a higher temperature e.g., 150-200 oC)

Corrosion stability of support materials

Development of cost effective Fuel cell control systems, inverters and

converters

Efficient Thermal management for managing low grade heat

Standardization of testing procedures to ensure common platform for

all results.

Machine-vision based inspection

Information-driven manufacturing processes

Automated fuel cell stack assembly process

Mapping of electrode catalyst loading using suitable techniques such

as X-Ray Florescence

Degradation Signature Identification for Stack Operation Diagnostic

(Design)

Address the vehicular PEM fuel cell performance issues affected by

hydrogen fuel contaminants.

Generate database from which alternate solutions may result e.g.,

development of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) that are

contaminant immune and regenerative procedures for mea’s using low

/ inferior quality hydrogen gas

environmental testing of fuel cell systems

49

Transient tests for accelerated load profiles

o Continuous idle to full load tests

o Continuous half load to full load tests

o Fast deceleration tests

Investigating the electrical, thermal and environmental performance of

the fuel cells over a wide range of power loads

3.3.2.2 Identification of the application areas

PEM fuel cells (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) are ideally suited for

application requiring less than 100 kW in stationary / distributed power

generation. The quick start-up and low temperature operation of LT-PEMFC is

ideally suited for strategic sectors. The stationary application does not require

stringent volume / weight issues normally associated with transportation

application. Initial application could be in niche areas such as

telecommunication towers in remote areas. Currently, back-up power to these

towers is provided by batteries for the short-duration and noisy and low-

efficiency DG sets for long duration. In some locations where there is no gird

connectivity, they are run completely on DG sets. With the Telecom

Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)’s directive of 2012 is to power 50% of all

rural telecom base station towers and 33% of all urban towers in the country

by hybrid solutions within 5-years, there is a huge impetus for the deployment

of fuel cells for such applications. Hybrid solutions involve a combination of

renewable energy sources, such as hydrogen fuel cells, and grid electricity.

Natural extension is to IT companies, hotels, shopping malls, remote

areas like meteorological stations eventually reaching common households as

back-up power units.

PEMFC is ideally suited for transportation application. However fuel

cell stacks for transportation application requires meeting stringent size and

weight targets. The first step could be to develop PEMFC for application

Materials handling Devices such as forklifts. The specification targets for this

application can be met. Application in transport especially cargo handling

trucks (Small, Medium, Large) could be the next application followed by use in

buses. The other applications may be in refrigerated trucks for dairy products

/ short life food commodities, sea ports and rail yards.

Other niche areas like airports, sea ports can also be addressed.

3.3.2.3 National Targets

The success of achieving the targets depends on selecting the projects

for support for development of PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) in India.

50

The funding agencies should consider calling for proposals for specific

development instead of total fuel cell stack development alone. This would

bring in more working groups. Special attempts should be made for the

development of fuel cell stacks for transportation application. If possible a

distinction needs to be made between these two application regimes and

thus the targets. Projects should be initiated on developing test benches for

use in evaluating the fuel cell stacks. Presently, most of the project proposals

include cost of an imported test bench which constitutes a substantial part of

the project cost. The following targets can be set for development of PEMFC

(LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems for different applications:

(i) Capacity vis-à-vis Application Targets

Telecom towers 3-5 kW

Urban households 1-5 kW

Small trucks 3-10 kW

Medium trucks 10-15 kW

Large trucks 25 -50 kW

Submarine application and buses 50-120 kW

(ii) Development Targets

Different groups in the country have already demonstrated up to 25kW

of LT-PEMFC stacks whereas for HT-PEMFC the development, including the

membranes, is mostly at its initial stage. Not more than 1kW stack has been

demonstrated so far. However, considering the advantages of HT-PEMFC

over the LT-PEMFC particularly in terms of higher CO tolerance by the former

and the possibility combined heat and power or combined cooling and power,

it is proposed to pursue the development of HT-PEMFC more aggressively

than LT-PEMFC in this country. Accordingly, the following time targets may be

fixed for the development and deployment of these fuel cells:

Fuel Cell

Type

Phase-I (2016-

2018)

Phase II (2019-

20)

Phase-III (2021-

2022)

HT-PEMFC

Up to 5kW Up to 25kW Up to 50kW

LT-PEMFC


The efficiency target may be 37-40% for the phase-I, which may be

enhanced to ~50% by the end of phase-III.

51

All the units should be capable of cold start down to a temperature of at

least -20oC.

Precise cost targets are difficult to be fixed at this stage. However, an

approximate cost target of Rs.2.5 lakh/kW for LT-PEMFC systems of more

than 5 kW capacity with a durability of 5000h (stationary application) could be

aimed at during the first phase. The system should comprise of stack, air

supply units, thermal and humid units, power electronics, sensors and control

units using a maximum of 30% imported components. In the second phase,

the target may be Rs.2.5 lakh/kW with completely indigenous components.

However, the ultimate target at the end of Phase-III could beRs.50,000/kW,

with adaptation of best practices in manufacturing. One of the global

projections based on a very high volume production (500,000 units per year)

is as follows:

Fig. 7: Cost Estimate of PEMFC Fuel Cells over the years.

Another very important criterion is the power density of the stack. The

target may be 1kW/L during the first phase to be enhanced to 2kW/L at the

end of phase-III from the current level of ~200W/L.

In order to reach the targets mentioned above, several key materials

and components e.g. membrane, GDL, monomer dispersions, and catalysts

may continue to be imported, at least for some more time.Efforts need to be

put in to ease their import as well as enable their manufacturing in the

country, on an urgent basis.Importing of several key machines will also be

essential to proceed with automation to achieve the cost targets mentioned

above,

53

PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL

55

4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell


PAFC systems were initially developed for military applications in the

decade of seventies in USA. Spurred by the initial success, the technology is

further developed for commercial applications by companies such as M/s

UTC, USA. A packaged module of around 250kW using PAFC for power

generation with online reformer based on propane/LPG was tried in different

parts of the world. The technology was also used and further developed by

companies such as M/s Toshiba and M/s. Fuji electric Japan.

Commercial plants ranging up to several hundreds of kilowatts with a

fuel processor (reformer) are being developed and have shown PAFC life to

be more than 45000 operational hours and more than 85% availability of the

plant during its entire life cycle. These plants were accomplished using

CNG/LPG/ land fill gases as the primary fuel that got converted to hydrogen

rich reformer gas by the online fuel processor. Such commercial plants are

available for outright purchase and the units being modular may be easily

transported. Multiple units can be used to meet higher demand. The systems

developed are mainly for catering to base load onsite power generation and

can be operated continuously.

Companies such as M/s UTC have also developed a variant for

operating city buses with a PAFC unit along with methanol reformer as an

onboard Hydrogen source. The buses mounted with PAFC and reformer

systems were demonstrated successfully at Georgetown, USA.

4.2 National Status

Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. Corporate R&D has carried out lot of

research work in development of PAFC stacks. In this regard, a 2x25 kW unit

was developed and operated using Hydrogen from the Chlor -alkali industries.

Further, BHEL (R&D) procured a 200kW PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba that

uses LPG as the primary fuel and was installed and operated successfully by

BHEL (R&D) engineers. This activity was discontinued due to problem of

leaching of electrolyte (phosphoric acid) and maintenance issues.

Naval Materials research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, one of

DRDO’s Naval cluster laboratories undertook a long term PAFC development

plan in the early nineties. Initial efforts focused on development of all

materials & related technologies necessary for PAFC technology, which was

then, transformed to willing industry partners. Accordingly, PAFC stacks

56

ranging from 1kW to few kWs have been developed and produced through

industry for tests & evaluation.

NMRL has also developed other accessories such as fuel processors

viz, compact, planar methanol reformers and Borohydride hydrolyzers

coupled with power electronics to feed conditioned power solutions for

defence applications. Products such as onsite, mobile/transportable power

generators ranging from 1kW to 15 kW were developed and demonstrated

successfully for field applications with very low signatures.

The laboratory has finally transferred the technology to M/s Thermax

Ltd, Pune,who have set up a manufacturing facility for PAFC based on a

technology developed by NMRL (DRDO)and have already manufactured and

supplied to DRDO (through a buy-back arrangement) 24 units of 3kW stacks

for their strategic applications. The facility is provided with all sub-

manufacturing modules to manufacture electrodes from basic raw materials,

assemble them in the form of fuel cell stacks and conduct elaborate testing of

each stack for meeting the strict quality control requirements of NMRL

necessary for defence establishments. A large scale skilled manpower for

manufacture of fuel cells is also being built in the process.

This is so far the only example of a successful indigenous

production of fuel units in India even though on a buy-back

arrangement.Presently NMRL is engaged in the development of underwater

power solutions together with improved versions of field powering for remote

and sensitive areas.

4.3 Gap Analysis and Technology Road Map

With the initiatives taken by NMRL and Thermax Ltd., India has already

taken the very first and the most important step for commercialization of fuel

cell technology in this country. Even though this particular type of fuel cell has

certain inherent drawbacks such as use of corrosive electrolyte together with

expensive platinum catalyst in relatively large quantities, the technology can

still be pursued in the country particularly for large capacity (MW scale)

distributed stationary power plants in the civilian sector till alternative fuel cells

of the same scale are available for deployment.

4.3.1 Identification of Potential Application Areas

Land based applications are distributed power for remote area,

sensitive location and tent city application. Marine applications are underwater

powering and all electric ship propulsion civilian spinoffs applications are high

57

efficiency power generators for distributed applications, Hydrogen grid area

powering, powering of large transport vehicles etc.

4.3.2 National Targets in next 10 years

(i) Land based distributed power systems for forward area power using

local energy harvesting with civil spinoffs:

(a) Broad spectrum fuel processor technologies viz, diesel

reforming, CNG/LPG reforming, Bio-ethanol reforming and direct

Hydrogen feed from solar/wind power systems including hybrids

with fuel cell power plants.

(b) Deployment of an aggregate of around 10 MW of PAFC field

generators of various capacities for defence applications, static

and field mobile platforms, distributed power generation.

(ii) Lowering of production cost with technology development for cheaper

components of the fuel cell plants to lower the PAFC cost to less than

Rs 30,000/kW inclusive of accessories.

(iii) Underwater and marine propulsion applications for defence use.

4.3.3 Technology Gaps

(i) Low cost PAFC catalyst: Research on development of low noble metal

content catalyst, structured inter digitated electrodes, improved

support etc.

(ii) Fuel processor technology for broad spectrum fuel: Technology for

compact diesel fuel processor along with multi-purpose reformers for

various fuels like Dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, CNG etc.

4.3.4 Development Plan

The time frame for different capacities for PAFC systems may be as follows:

Fuel Cell

Type

Phase-I (2016-

2018)

Phase II (2019-

20)

Phase-III (2021-

2022)

PAFC Up to 50kW Up to 100 kW Up to 250 kW

(i) Primary technology development initiatives may be taken by DRDO

research groups through technical projects. These groups will be

responsible for the development of the basic technology.

58

(ii) In-house R&D will be carried out based on strong research areas and

core competence of DRDO. Research work as per requirement and

expertise will be outsourced to Indian Research organizations as sub-

projects.

(iii) Mature Technologies if available abroad will be assimilated through

technology transfer to DRDO project group or to DRDO nominated

industry partner as applicable.

(iv) Assimilation of technology for system development: A core group

inside DRDO to hold the know-how and know-whys of the

technologies developed and will be responsible for transferring the

technologies to Indian industries for realization of the products for the

user. DIITM at DRDO Hqrs in association with FICCI may be the

main interface with Indian Industries.

(v) Business plan to realize system is as per DRDO’s rule viz to transfer

the technologies to relevant industry through technical report, training

and support to develop the equipment and infrastructure. ToT fees

with commitment to effect supplies for DRDO & Indian Armed Forces

will be decided by DIITM.

4.3.5 Challenges towards PAFC Technology Commercialization

(i) High cost of production of PAFC is primary impediment towards its

commercialization.

(ii) The fuel infrastructure that is mostly for fossil fuel need to be

upgraded to enable renewable fuel usage. Additionally, fuel

processors to adapt fossil fuel to be inducted for operational flexibility

and better marketability.

(iii) There are various restrictions to use fuel cell power plants that need

expensive and complicated control systems. Rugged PAFC

technology with minimal operational restrictions needs to be

developed & commercialized to meet the market expectations.

59

SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL

61

5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell


Research on SOFC has reached to a reasonably matured stage,

particularly in the advanced countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK,

Denmark, Australia, Japan etc., where commercialization of the technology

seems to be viable through prototype demonstration as well as installation of

systems, particularly for residential and transport applications. The technology

development so far has been realized through major programmes such as

Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), USA, Framework program

on SOFC (Europe), NEDO (Japan) etc. One of the key features of all such

programmes has been the industry-institute participation with clear cut

objectives and deliverables to achieve the final goal. As an outcome of these

programmes, several industries have built up their capabilities to develop the

technology. The following companies are active in SOFC development and

demonstration in recent years.

Westinghouse and Siemens were pioneers in SOFC development.

However there seems to no activity reported by these companies in recent

years. The prominent players presently are: Accumentrics, Bloom Energy,

Delphi, Protonex , Ultra Electronics AMI, Lockheed Martin, Versa Power,

FCE( USA), Ceres Power (UK), LG Fuel cell systems ( South Korea),

Elogenis, Convion/Wartsila (Finland), Hexis AG (Swiss), SOFC power

ApA,(Italy), Staxera-Sunfire, Germany, Topsøe Fuel Cell (Denmark), Kyocera,

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan), Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited (Australia).

Acumetrics with Sumitomo in Japan has developed micro tubular

anode supported SOFC. They have built 1 kW micro-CHP system for the

home. Bloom Energy has seen fastest growth in SOFC deployment. They

have already deployed a large number of SOFC systems (Planar design) in

100 kW range at Google, Coca-Cola and Bank of America and eBay. Bloom

Energy have some R&D and production activity in India also. Delphi is

focusing on SOFC solution (anode supported planar design) for APU

application in Volvo trucks. They are also participating in the Integrated

Gasification Fuel Cells Power Plant (IGFC) project with UTRC. Protonex,

which acquired Mesoscopic Devices LLC develops SOFC systems based on

tubular-cell technology for portable and mobile applications. Ultra Electronics

AMI is engaged in developing small SOFC systems in the power range 250-

300 watts, which operate on propane, butane and LPG. Lokheed Martins

program is on integrating SOFC with solar panels. Versa Power, which also

has Fuel cell Energy, a leading company in MCFC is working on SOFC-GT

systems with an ultimate aim of 250 kW and above with integrated coal

gasification. Ceres Power develops micro-CHP SOFC systems (metal

62

supported structures) for the residential sector and for energy security

applications. Elcogenics has demonstrated 1 kW IT-SOFC system, which is

based on anode supported cells. Hexisdeveloped planar SOFC-based CHP

units for stationary applications with electrical power requirements below 10

kW, which integrates a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reactor. The cell

design is unique flow field design. The LG Fuel cell system (SOFC-μGT)

based on the technology from Rolls Royce technology is also being positioned

for use in integrated coal gasification plants with sizes greater than 100

MW.SOFCpower SpA develops anode supported SOFC (1 kW) for micro

CHP applications. The Staxera SOFC stacks (4.5 kW) use ferritic bipolar

plates and electrolyte supported cell configuration. Topsøe Fuel Cell, focuses

on the development of residential micro-CHP and auxiliary power units with

SOFC planar anode-supported technology (1-5 kW), Topsøe with Wärtsilä

have installed 20 kW SOFC, which uses land fill gas. They plan to scale this

to 250 KW system eventually. Convion/Wärtsilä are reported to have

developed and commercialized 50 kW and larger SOFC products for

distributed power generation markets. Kyocera is developing micro-CHP

systems (750-1000 watts) for ‘ENEFARM’ program and is collaborating with a

number of companies like Osaka gas, Toyota, JX Nippon Oil in these

demonstrations. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has a long experience in SOFC.

They demonstrated a pressurized 21 kW SOFC in 1998. They also

demonstrated a SOFC-micro CHP (75 kW) in 2004, which has been now

scaled up to 229 MW. Their mono block technology with planar cell includes

internal reforming. Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited manufactures and markets

planar SOFC anode-supported technology systems for small-scale

cogeneration (1.5 kW). It is expected that 100.000 units will be delivered in

the next 6 years.

Lowering the operation temperature to around 500-800oC is one of the

major objectives of recent SOFC research activity. The main challenge is that

to develop cell materials with acceptably low ohmic and polarization losses to

maintain sufficiently high electrochemical activity at reduced temperature. The

nano scale engineering and nano-structured approached in the development

of high efficient and high performance electrodes in SOFC is a relatively a

new phenomenon. The nano composites will tremendously reduce the

working temperature of conventional SOFC from 1000oC to 300oC which

opens new opportunities and success by employing composites and nano

technology.

5.2 National Status

In India, there has been a spurt in SOFC research since the last

decade. The relevant research has primarily been catered by the academic

institutions and Government R&D organizations. However, there is a growing

63

interest among many private and PSU organizations which are initiating their

own R&D programmes. Though many institutions as listed in Table given

below may be considered to have research activities related to SOFC, these

activities have largely been limited to material development, except CSIR-

CGCRI, Kolkata and BARC, Mumbai, where efforts have been made to

develop the total technology with varying degrees of achievements.

Table – Indian Institutions active in the field of SOFC

Sl.

No.

Institution and

Department

Major area of activity/achievements

1. CSIR-CGCRI,

Kolkata (Fuel Cell &

Battery Division)

Planar anode-supported SOFC including

component materials, single cells, high

temperature seals and stack. Recently

demonstrated 500 W class SOFC stack

2. BARC, Mumbai Cathode-supported tubular SOFC including

component materials through indigenous

processing for cell fabrication

3. CSIR-IMMT,

Bhubaneshwar

(Colloids & Materials

Chemistry Division)

Cell fabrication through low cost processing

technique, EPD, in particular; testing of

single cells

4. IIT, Delhi (Chemical

Engg. Dept.)

Material development and cell fabrication for

direct hydrocarbon SOFC, DMFC and its

test protocols

5. CSIR-NCL, Pune

(Catalysis Division)

Novel anode catalyst formulations for

internal reforming of methane

6. NMRL, Ambernath With a strong expertise on PAFC recently

initiated program on SOFC research

7. IIT, Bombay (Dept. of

Energy Science

&Engg.)

Modelling, simulation and material

development

8. IIT, Madras (Dept. of

Metallurgical and

Materials

Engineering)

Development of alternative materials,

fabricated a tape casting machine to make

single cells and developed a single cell

testing station.

9. IIT, Kanpur (Dept. of

Materials &

Metallurgical Engg.)

Development of YSZ electrolyte and ceria

based anode material

10. CSIR-NAL,

Bangalore (Surface

Engg. Division)

Tubular SOFC, plasma sprayable

component materials for SOFC

11. IIT, Kharagpur

64

(Depts. Of Materials

& Metallurgical Engg.

And Mechanical

Engg.)

Material development, Modelling and

simulation

12. Shivaji University,

Kolhapur (Physics

Deptt.)

Development of YSZ &NiO, NiO variation in

NiO/GDC nano-composites, yttrium doped

BaCeO3thin films and study of

morphological & electrical properties of

materials for SOFCs at various substrate

temperatures.

13 Thapar University,

Patiala (School of

Physics & Materials

Science)

Synthesis and characterization of cathode

materials (bismuth based), solid electrolytes

(lanthanum based perovskite materials),

interconnects and various glass sealants.

14 BHEL, Hyderabad &

CTI, Bangalore

Anode-supported single cell and glass seal

of SOFC. Strong expertise on PAFC

including system integration

15 ARCI Development SOFC with novel architecture

16 GAIL, Noida Planning to develop test facilities for SOFC

stack using natural gas

17 Bloom Energy, Pune

& GE India,

Bangalore

Assembly of imported parts for supply to

Principals

18 NTPC, New Delhi Planning to initiate SOFC activity

19 MayurREnergy, Pune Collaboration with IKTS, Dresden for

assembly and supply of SOFC stacks in the

India for residential application

CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata has the strongest R&D group for technology

development in the area of SOFC, which was initiated in the mid 90’s. The

initial activities were focused on materials development. In recent years

stack development is given major thrust, which has resulted in the

demonstration of a 250 watts stack (anode supported , ferrite steel based

metallic interconnect) in 2011, followed by a 500 watts stack in 2013, and

1kW stack in 2015 using anew SOFC bi-polar stack design.

BARC is focusing on developing tubular SOFC. The R&D activities include

materials development by different routes, electrolytic coating by electro-

chemical vapor deposition (ECVD) process, dip coating, spray deposition

and electrophoretic deposition etc. The programme, however, is slowly

tapering down.

IIMT, Bhubaneswar is working on development of solid oxide fuel cells

(SOFC) using low-cost ceramic processing techniques like electrophoretic

deposition, slip-casting, dry pressing etc. They are developing a 1kW

65

stack. They are also developing alternative anode material, that is tolerant

to sulphur under the Indo-UK Fuel Cell Initiative Programme

NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with Cambridge University is

developing metal supported SOFC and plan to build 1 kW stacks shortly.

CSIR-NAL started working developing materials and processes for the

tubular SOFC from 10th Plan. Anode supported button cells with a power

density of 350 mW/cm2together with tape casting process, interconnect,

sealant and test bench were developed. Recently, activities on fabrication

of self-reforming anode supported SOFCs for direct utilization of

hydrocarbon fuel and intermediate temperature SOFC have been initiated.

CSIR- NAL is in the process of transferring technology for the fabrication

of SOFC electrodes to some industries. Currently, work is focused towards

the development of a stack with 50 W power.

Materials of SOFC and IT-SOFC are being pursued at IIT-M [rare earth

doped zirconia and ceria, BaCeO3 based proton conducting oxides (PCO)]

, IIT-D ( anode supported SOFC, Cu-Co bimetallic impregnated in CeO2 –

YSZ cermet anodes , Yttrium and Lanthanum doped Strontium titanates) ,

Thapar University (of bismuth based cathode materials and lanthanum

based perovskite materials for the electrolyte applications, SiO2-BaO-ZnO-

M2O3-B2O3 (M=Al, Mn, Y, La) based glass sealants , SiO2-B2O3-MgO-

SrO-A2O3 (A=Y, La, Al) based glasses),

IIT Bombay and IIT Kanpur have also recently initiated SOFC activities on

new materials development along with simulation & modelling for planar

SOFC. International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy

and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad has started working in SOFC on a

typical design of honeycomb structures for specific application. In addition

to R&D establishments, multi-national companies such as GE (India),

Bangalore and Bloom Energy (India) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai have ventured into

this area, primarily to assemble imported parts supplied by their principals.

BHEL, CTI, Bangalore has initiated the research work with SOFC single

cell testing using their own developed glass based seals. NTPC has also

planned to initiate activities on SOFC. With respect to gasification of

Indian coal, Thermax Limited, Pune is involved in building a gasifier for

coal and biomass for quite sometimes and now looking for application of

bio gas in SOFC.

Thus, it may be commented at this point that through research

initiatives at various levels, the overall strength in the field, in terms of

knowledge base, skilled manpower and infrastructural facility, the SOFC

development has reached a degree of maturity where, at least, pre-

commercial trials is envisaged in near future through well-framed network

programmes involving R&D organizations, Academia and Industry.

66


Application

area

National

target/status

International

target/status

Suggestive

pathway to bridge

the gap

Suggestive

organization

for action

Approximat

e timeframe

Single Cell

design and

size

Planar anode-

supported of

dimension 10 cm x

10 cm x 1.5 mm

(CGCRI) and

Tubular cathode-

supported (BARC,

NAL) of length upto

~15 cm.

Cells are being

fabricated in lab

scale only

Both for planar

and tubular

designs, much

larger dimension

cells are

fabricated on a

production scale.

For anode-

supported cells,

the anode

thickness is

typically between

0.3 to 0.7 mm.

R&D on scale-up

for high

performance and

redox stable cell

fabrication

through industrial

tie up and/or

collaboration

(both national and

international)

CGCRI,

BARC, HR

Johnson Ltd.,

MayurEenergy

2014-2016

Component

materials

(Conven-

tional)

Production of

relevant component

powders in Kg level.

(Except for BARC,

YSZ powder is

mainly imported by

other organizations)

Facilities

available for

supply of all the

component

powders in 10’s

of Kg

Indigenization of all

component

powders for their

production with

proper QC through

Identification of

suitable industry

Indian Rare

Earth Ltd.,

BARC. MNRE

2014-2016

Component

materials

(New)

No focused target in

the national level.

Some stray efforts

are being made by

different groups to

develop alternate

materials for SOFC

applications.

Materials are in

advance stage of

development,

particularly for LT-

SOFC and direct

hydrocarbon fuel

applications.

R&D on

development of

internally

reformable anode

materials and

alternate materials

for LT-SOFC

CGCRI, IITs

and other

academic

institutes

2014-2017

Stack and

system

(a) Rating

1 kW. Till now

demonstrated 500W-

class stack (CGCRI)

in planar design

> 10 kW. 1 to 2

kW stack

available in the

market (but at

R&D to improve

upon stack

efficiency and

develop upto 5 kW

CGCRI, BHEL 2015-2020

67

(b) Fuel

(c) Seal (for

planar

SOFC)

(d) System

integration

very high cost)

mainly in the

planar design

stack in planar

design

Mainly H2 with target

to use natural gas

Both H2 and

natural gas have

been used.

Utilization of

gasified coal and

biogas has been

targeted.

R&D on

development of

new materials as

stated above

and/or

development of

external reformers

CGCRI,

Thermax India,

IITs and other

academic

institutes

2014-2017

Glass-ceramics

based rigid sealants

have been

developed by

CGCRI. R&D

initiated on thermally

cyclable sealant

Stacks can be

thermally cycled

between ambient

and working

temperatures.

R&D to develop

self-healing and/or

compressive type

non-rigid sealants

for thermal

cyclability.

CGCRI, BARC,

Thapar Univ.

2014-2017

No activity has been

initiated yet

Complete system

with BOP and

thermal

management has

been developed

Research related

to system

integration,

simulation, thermal

management,

BOP, etc,

BHEL, BARC,

Thermax India,

NTPC, GAIL

IITs, CGCRI

2017-2022

5.3.1 Issues / Challenges for Commercialization of the Technology in

the Country

Necessary expertise and knowledge-base has been generated in the

country to a stage where development of the total SOFC technology seems to

be definitely feasible. However, for commercialization of the technology, there

are certain issues/challenges that need to be looked into. The following are

some of the key issues:

No concerted efforts have been made so far to develop the

technology under a national program involving institute-industry-

academia. Whatever successful commercialization has been

made so far in the advanced countries, are mainly through such

national programs (e.g. SECA in USA) only.

As SOFC technology is related to an alternate source of energy,

import of key component materials in future may be restricted

and/or become more costly

Global competition from various existing manufacturers,

particularly from China

Significant financial requirement for establishment of the

technology

68

5.3.2 National Targets

Considering several advantages of the technology, particularly in terms

of fuel flexibility, overall efficiency, possibility combined heat and power

utilization and the level of expertise available in the country, it is suggested

that the development of this technology should be taken up in the “mission

mode” with the following time schedule and targeted capacities.

Fuel Cell

Type

Phase-I (2016-

2018)

Phase II (2019-

20)

Phase-III (2021-

2022)

SOFC


69

DIRECT METHANOL / ETHANOL FUEL

CELL

71

6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell


6.1.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

In 1951, Kordesch and Marko identified for the first time the possibility

of using methanol as a fuel for fuel cell system. However, the major

developmental milestones for DMFC technology did not come until the 1960s.

At this time, methanol was being steam reformed to produce hydrogen which

was subsequently used in fuel cell systems. In developing DMFC systems,

researchers hoped to find a way of removing the reforming step and enabling

the direct use of methanol to produce electricity. In 1963, researchers at Allis-

Chalmers tested a methanol fuel cell which used potassium hydroxide as an

alkaline electrolyte. The degradation of the alkaline electrolyte by carbonate

formation was observed as part of this work and the theory of regenerating

carbonate ions to hydroxide ions was proposed. By 1965, both Shell and

ESSO had given much attention for the development of DMFC systems. Shell

chose to research the use of aqueous sulphuric acid electrolyte in favor of

alkaline electrolyte as this was unaffected by the carbon dioxide produced in

the electrochemical reaction. ESSO also produced a direct methanol-air fuel

cell which utilized sulphuric acid electrolyte. This system was developed for

the US Army Electronics Laboratories for use in portable military

communications equipment. Also in 1965, Binder developed catalysts for

DMFC technology based on noble metal alloys. In 1992, Jet Propulsion

Laboratory, Giner and the University of Southern California developed a

DMFC which operated with a Nafion membrane. The solid nature of the

membrane meant that it became necessary to deliver methanol fuel to the

anode rather than through the electrolyte as had been the case in the

sulphuric acid system. This new fuel delivery method thus began to resemble

the modern day design of DMFC technology much more closely.

DMFC are best suited to applications under 100 W. SFC Energy (SFC)

was one of the first companies to successfully commercialize a fuel cell

consumer product and the first to do so in the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

sector. Its range of DMFC products targeted at consumers, industrial users

and military users. OorjaProtonics offers a different approach to the Materials

Handling Vehicle (MHV) market: instead of replacing lead-acid batteries with

fuel cells, it offers DMFC charger that sits on top of the existing battery and

extends its operation. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corporation develops and

manufactures disposable methanol fuel cartridges that provide the energy

source for fuel cell powered notebook computers, mobile phones, military

equipment and other applications being developed by electronics OEMs, such

as Samsung and Toshiba, and other companies. DMFC Corporation has

72

licensed an extensive portfolio of direct methanol fuel cell patents from

Pasadena-based California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the

University of Southern California (USC). DMFCC is partnered with Samsung

and other companies engaged in fuel cell development and applications.

Small, portable fuel cells for hand-held devices are being developed by a

number of companies. For instance, Toshiba (Tokyo: 6502 JP) has already

developed a direct methanol fuel cell for use in electronic equipment, which

they are currently integrating into several electronic prototypes, including

digital music players and laptop computers.

However, in order to be competitive within the transport market, the DMFC

must be reasonably cheap and capable of delivering high power densities. At

present, there are a few challenging problems in development of such

systems. These mainly consist in finding i) electrocatalysts which can

effectively enhance the electrode-kinetics of methanol oxidation ii) electrolyte

membranes which have high ionic conductivity and low methanol crossover

and iii) methanol tolerant electro-catalysts with high activity for oxygen

reduction. One of the biggest challenge is engineering a product.

6.1.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

One of the challenges in DEFC is the incomplete oxidation of ethanol

to produce hydrogen gas. Several studies have been reported that new

catalysts, which are better than the conventional catalyst, have been used in

DMFC. Scientists from California Institute of Technology, San Francisco,

USA developed direct ethanol fuel cell, which exhibit a power density of 110

mW/cm2 under extremely severe conditions (Nafion®-silica, 1400C., 4 bar

anode, 5.5 bar oxygen). A team of researchers from Brookhaven National

Laboratory, USA and University of Delaware have synthesized a ternary

PtRhSnO2/C electro catalyst, which produces electrical currents 100 times

higher than those produced with other catalysts. Scientists at the Kyushu

Institute of Technology, Japan have found that addition of TiO2, SnO2, and

SiO2 nanoparticles to the carbon-supported PtRu (PtRu/C) in the ratio 1:1

increased the short circuit current from 2.8 to 9.0 mA/cm2.

6.2 National Status

SPIC Science Foundationin Chennai demonstrated a 250 watts DMFC

in the early 2000s. Subsequently there has been no report from this group.

CSIR–CECRI has been addressing several issues related to DMFC. These

include Identifying and qualifying methanol tolerant catalysts and electro-

catalysts for enhanced methanol oxidation, PEMs with reduced methanol

permeability, customization of flow fields and end plates for stack building,

http://www.faqs.org/patents/city/us_ca_san-francisco

http://www.faqs.org/patents/city/us_ca_san-francisco

73

custom designing BOP with application centric approach and validation of

durability of components and system are focused.

The following are the list of electro catalyst supports that have been

found to yield better performance than the state-of-the-art catalyst reported in

the literature.

(i) Transition Metal Carbide supported Pt-Ru Anode catalyst (Methanol

oxidation).

(ii) Pt-Ru decorated self-assembled TiO2-Carbon hybrid nano structure

(EnhancedMethanol electro-oxidation).

(iii) Carbon-Supported Pt-Pd Alloy cathode catalyst (Methanol tolerant).

(iv) Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol-

tolerant oxygen reduction electro catalyst.

(v) Pt-Y(OH)3/C cathode catalyst.

These electro catalysts have not only been assessed for respective reaction

kinetics but also tested on single cell configuration (25 cm2) with standard flow

field using Nafion 117 as the electrolyte. Similar to the approach shown

above, different kinds of proton exchange membranes originating from Nafion

and also non-Nafion source particularly from natural and synthetic polymers

have been developed and validated with standard flow field and electro

catalyst configurations:

(i) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) blend.

(ii) Mordenite-PVA-PSSA composite.

(iii) PVA-Sulfosuccinic acid (SSA)-heteropolyacid (HPA) mixed matrices.

(iv) Chitosan(CS)-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)-phosphotungstic

acid(PTA) mixed matrices.

All these polymers have been configured specific to reducing

methanol permeability using different concepts of poly blending and cross

linking polymer chemistry with the possibility of realizing proton conductivity

close to Nafion 117. While doing so, the methanol impermeability has been

taken into consideration with a little sacrifice on proton conductivity. This gives

rise to a factor called “Electrochemical selectivity” that decides the choice of

appropriate polymer membrane suiting to the desired configuration of DMFC.

The following two tables show the different concepts used in evolving

the resultant macromolecular network and electrochemical selectivity obtained

for the competing polymer electrolyte membrane:

Membrane Type

PVA – PSSA blend

Mordenite – PVA – PSSA

Concept used

Interpenetrating network / PVA

cross – linked with GA.

Dispersed phase of the inorganic

filler and continuous phase of PVA

74

PVA – SSA- HPA

PVA – SSA- CS, PVA –GA- CS

Bio-polymeric natural CS, Na Alg

mixed matrices.

Pore filled PVDF membrane

– PSSA improving overall

electrochemical selectivity for the

membrane.

Providing a bridge for proton

transport through SSA. Stabilizing

through larger cations (Cs) for

better dispersion and enhancing

DMFC performance. Preferential

water absorption helpful in

restricting methanol cross over in

DMFCs.

Hydrophilizing PVDF with chemical

etchant route, formation of charge

transfer complex

Besides electro active components, CECRI has also optimized flow

field pattern required for efficient DMFC operation and to avoid leakage. A 50

W self-sustained DMFC has been designed and evaluated for continuous

longer hours operation. It has been shown that by careful balancing methanol

and water, it is possible to customize the DMFC for an uninterrupted

operation. The present efforts are directed towards the following action plan:

Increase the gravimetric power density of DMFC stack to 200W/kg, improve

flow distribution, current distribution, metallic flow field design, MEMS based

bipolar plate, reduce methanol crossover, improved stack design,

lighter/thinner end and bipolar plates, miniature control system.

IIT Delhi developed 3 W stack based of direct alcohol (methanol and

ethanol) flowing alkaline electrolyte fuel cells and direct alcohol proton

exchange membrane fuel cell. They developed a direct ethanol fuel cell using

Nafion membrane and a novel bi/tri-metallic catalyst with a performance of 50-

70 mW/cm2. Work on non-noble metal catalysts for oxygen evolution and

reduction reactions is going on. They have developed direct glucose fuel cells

with power density of 5-10 mW/cm2. The mathematical modelling of SOFC,

PEMFC and DAFC is also carried out.


As mentioned earlier, DEFC has recently attracted much research

attention due to its non-toxicity, its availability from renewable sources and

low ethanol fuel-crossover compared with methanol. Ethanol is a hydrogen-

rich liquid and it has a higher energy density (8.0 kWh/kg) compared to

methanol (6.1 kWh/kg). But DEFC has low power output compared to DMFC.

On other hand DMFC has problem of fuel cross over which is less in DEFC.

The performance of the DEFC is currently about half that of the DMFC.

75

Reason being the electro-catalytic oxidation of ethanol in a direct ethanol

polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is known to be more complex and

incomplete than that of methanol. Low-temperature oxidation of ethanol to

hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide requires a more active catalyst with

excellent selectivity, which typically means a good combination of bimetallic,

trimetallic platinum based catalyst, is required than in conventional catalysts

used for DMFC. Thus investigation of ethanol electro-oxidation reaction

mechanisms on electrode is important and needs to be investigated. The

amount of catalyst used in direct alcohol fuel cell is normally very high and

efforts are required to address this issue. Methanol crossover is one of the

major obstacles to prevent DMFC from commercialization. There are very few

studies of short stack or stack development and associated engineering

issues. These need to be looked into.

Transfer of technology from abroad may be required for the

development of balance of plant for DMFC and DEFC. Packaging product

DEFC or DMFC as power source for portable equipment requires precise

design and optimization of design parameter for BOP and precise control of

the same. There are couple of Korean, Taiwan and German manufacturers,

who are in advance stage of commercialization for the use of DMFC and

back-up power for telecom tower, utility vehicle such as golf cart, scooter and

portable electronic equipment.

6.4 National Targets

Depending on the power capacity of the product, three main areas of

applications can be national targets such as:

(i) Consumer Electronics Applications: 50-250W with an energy density of

500-800Wh/L. Although India’s contribution to electronics industry in

general is only 0.7%, the Indian industry and R&D institutions in

general can provide breakthrough to portable fuel cell.

(ii) Other applications e.g.two wheelers, golf cart, mini trucks, residential

and small business establishments etc.: 1-5 kW having energy density

of 800 – 1000Wh/L.

(iii) Time schedule may be as follows:

(iv)

Fuel Cell Type Phase-I (2016-

2018)

Phase II (2019-

20)

Phase-III (2021-

2022)

DMFC/DEFC Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW

77

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO-FUEL CELL

79

7.0 Different Types of Bio-Fuel Cell

7.1 Working Principle and classification of bio-fuel cell

The fuel cells, which use different forms of bio-catalysts, are normally

referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. They are relatively of more recent origin and

require significant extent of basic/ fundamental research before technology

development effort may be initiated in this country.

There are two major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1)

Microbial fuel cells employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst

for the electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use

different enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels.A generalized

schematic of a bio-fuel half-cell is presented in Fig. 4 and an overview of

different types of bio-fuel cells is presented in Fig. 7.

Fig.7: Schematic of a generalized half-bio-fuel cell. A fuel is oxidized (or

oxidant reduced) with the help of a biological component (organism or

enzyme), and electrons are transferred to (or from) a mediator, which

either diffuses to or is associated with the electrode and is oxidized (or

reduced) to its original state and thus act as a catalyst.

7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell

As mentioned above, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts chemical

energy of a fuel (generally a liquid) to electrical energy by the catalytic activity

of microorganisms, which helps to generate both electrons and protons at the

anode. Use of various types of microorganisms has been reported for this

purpose. For example, brevibacillus sp. PTH1 has been one of the most

extensively used microorganisms in a MFC system. Others include firmicutes,

acidobacteria, proteobacteria and yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae

and hansenulaanomala etc.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956566306000406#fig2

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956566306000406#gr1

80

Fig.8: Classification of bio-fuel cells.

Microbial bio-fuel cells have the major advantage of complete oxidation

of the fuels due to the use of microorganism as catalyst system and their

lifetime is generally quite long. Besides, as there is no intermediate process

involved, they are very efficient energy conversion devices. In addition, as a

fuel cell, a MFC doesnot need charging during operation. However, there are

certain bottlenecks. Power generation of a MFC is affected by many factors

including microbe type, fuel biomass type and concentration, ionicstrength,

pH, temperature, and reactor configuration.

The principle cell performance of MFCs lies in the electron transfer

from microbial cells tothe anode electrode. The direct electron transfer from

the micro-organism to electrodes is hindered by overpotential due to transfer

resistance. The overpotential lowers the potentialof a MFC and significantly

affects the cell efficiency. In this case, the practical outputpotential is less than

ideal because the electron transfer efficiency from the substrate to theanode

varies from microbe to microbe. Microorganism species do not readily

releaseelectrons and hence the redox mediators are needed. A desirable

mediator should have awhole range of properties: Firstly, its potential should

be different from the micro-organismpotential to facilitate electron transfer.

Secondly, it should have a high diffusion coefficientin the solution. Lastly, it is

Bio-fuelCell

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956566306000406#gr2

81

suitable for repeatable redox cycles in order to remain active inthe electrolyte.

Widely used Dye mediators such as neutral red (NR), methylene blue

(MB),thionine (Th), meldola's blue (MelB) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone

(HNQ) canfacilitate electron transfer for microorganism such as Proteus,

Entero-bacter, Bacillus,Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli. In the electron

transfer process, these mediators arereduced by interacting with electron

generated within the cell then these mediators inreduced form diffuse out of

the cell to the anode surface where they are electro-catalyticallyoxidized. The

oxidized mediator is then capable to repeat this redox cycle.Better performing

electrodes can improve the cell performance of a MFC because

differentanode materials can result in different activation of a polarization loss,

which is attributed toan activation energy that must be overcome by the

reactants. Carbon or graphite basedmaterials are widely used as electrodes

due to their large surface area, high conductivity, biocompatibility and

chemical stability. Also, platinum and gold are popular as electrode system

although they are expensive. Compared with carbon basedelectrode

materials, platinum and gold electrodes are superior in the performance of

thecells. Besides, they have a higher catalytic kinetics towards

oxygencompared to carbon based materials and hence the MFCs with Pt

based cathodes yieldedhigher power densities than those with carbon based

cathodes.Electrode modification is another way to improve MFC performance

of cells. An increase of 100-folds in current has been observed by using

(neutral red) NR-woven graphite and Mn4+-graphite anode instead of the

wovengraphite anode alone. Electrode modifications including adsorptionof

AQDS or 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) and incorporation with Mn2+, Ni2+,

Fe3O4 increasedthe cell performance of MFCs in their long-term operations.

In addition,the fluorinated polyanilines, poly (2-fluoroaniline) and poly (2, 3, 5,

6-tetrafluoroaniline)outperformed polyaniline were applied for electrode

modification (Niessen et al., 2006).These conductive polymers also serve as

mediators due to their structural similarities toconventional redox mediators.

A proton exchange membrane (PEM) such as “Nafion” can also

significantly affect a MFC system's internalresistance and concentration

polarization loss because the internal resistance of MFCdecreases with the

increase in the PEM surface area Compared with the performanceof MFC

using a PEM or a salt bridge, the power density using the salt bridge MFC

was 2.2 mW/m2 that was an order of magnitude lower than that attained using

Nafion.However, side effect is unavoidable with the use of PEM. For example,

the concentration ofcation species such as Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ is

much higher than that of proton so thattransportation of cation species

dominates. In this case, Nafion used in the MFCs is not anefficient proton

specific membrane but actually a cation specific membrane. Subsequent

studies have implied that anion-exchange or bipolar membranes hasbetter

properties than cation exchange membranes.

82

Two promising applications of MFCs in the future are wastewater

treatment and electricitygeneration. Although some noticeabledevelopment

has been made in the MFC research, there are still a lot of challenges to

beovercome for large-scale applications. The primary challenge is how to

improve the cellperformance in terms of power density and energy efficiency.

In addition, catalytic effect ofbio-electrodes need to be further enhanced to

solve the problems caused by enzyme activityloss and other degradation

processes. Moreover, the lifetime of the MFC must besignificantly improved.

7.3 Enzymatic bio-fuel cells

In enzymatic bio-fuel cells (EBFCs) redox enzymes such as glucose

oxidase (GOx), laccase etc. are used as the catalysts that can facilitate the

electron transfer between substrates andelectrode surface. The electron

transfer mechanism may be of two types: i) Direct electron transfer (DET) and

ii) Mediator electron transfer (MET). In the former, the substrate is

enzymatically oxidized at the anode, producing protons and electrons which

directly transfer from enzyme molecules to anodesurface. At the cathode, the

oxygen reacts with electrons and protons, generating water.However, DET

between an enzyme and the electrode has only been reported with a

fewenzymes such as cytochrome c, laccase, hydrogenase, and several

peroxidases. Some enzymes have nonconductive protein shell so that

theelectron transfer is inefficient. To overcome this barrier, a mediator is

therefore used to enhance thetransportation ofelectrons. The selection and

mechanism of MET in EBFCs are quite similarto those of MFCs that are

discussed before.

There are still some challenges in usingMET in EBFCs, such as poor

diffusion of mediators and non-continuous supply. Therefore, modification of

bio-electrodes to realize DET based EBFCs has attracted most attention. Like

in any fuel cell, power density and lifetime are two important factors which

determine the cellperformance and the application of EBFCs. Significant

improvements have been made in recent times. These have been mostly

achieved by modification of electrode with betterperformance, improving

enzyme immobilization methods as well as optimizing the cellconfiguration.

The performance of electrodes for EBFCs mainly depends on: electron

transfer kinetics, mass transport, stability, and reproducibility. The electrode is

mostly made of gold, platinum or carbon as in case of conventional bio-fuel

cells. Besides these conventional materials, biocompatible conducting

polymers have also been used widely.

In order to maximize the cell performance, mesoporous materials have

been applied in many studies because of their high surface areasthus high

83

power density could be achieved. Moreover, many attempts using nano-

structuressuch as nano-particles, nano-fibers, and nano-composites as the

electrode materials. The large surface area by using these nano-

structuresleads to high enzyme loading and enables to improve the power

density of the cells.Recently, one of the most significant advances in EBFCs

is electrode modificationby employing carbon nano-tubes. Several research

activities have addressed the application of single wallcarbon nano-tube

hybrid system. The oriented assembly of short SWNT normal to

electrodesurfaces was accomplished by the covalent attachment of the CNT

to the electrode surface.It was reported that surface assembled GOx is in

good electric contact with electrode due tothe application of SWNT, which

acted as conductive nano-needles that electrically wire theenzyme active sites

to the transducer surface. Other studies have been reported on

improvingelectrochemical and electro-catalytic behavior and fast electron

transfer kinetics of CNTs.It was discussed that the application of SWNTs,

whichpossesses a high specific surface area, may effectively adsorb enzyme

molecules and retainsthe enzyme within the polymer matrix, whereas other

forms of enzyme-composites may suffer from enzyme loss when they were

placed in contact with aqueous solutions.Although recent advancement in

modification of electrodes appears to be promising due tothe improvement of

cell performance obtained, biocompatibility and nano-toxicity need to

befurther studied and addressed.

Successful immobilization of the enzymes on the electrode surface is

considered as anothercritical factor that affects cell performance. The

immobilization of enzyme can be achievedphysically or chemically. There are

two major types of physical methods, physicalabsorption and entrapment. The

first one is to absorb the enzymes onto conductive particlessuch as carbon

black or graphite powders. For example, hydrogenase and laccase

wereimmobilized by using physical absorption on carbon black particles to

construct compositeelectrodes and the EBFCs could continuously work for 30

days. Another physicalimmobilization method is based on polymeric matrices

entrapment, which usually showsmore stabilized enzyme immobilization. For

example, redox polymers could be utilized to fabricateenzymatic bio-fuel cells

system. For this, the electrodes were built by casting the enzyme-

polymermixed solution onto a 7 μm diameters, 2 cm length carbon fibers. It

showed that the glucose–oxygen bio-fuel cell was capable of generating a

power density up to 0.35mW/cm2 at 0.88V. Compared with the physical

immobilization which is unstableduring the operation, the chemical

immobilization methods with the efficient covalentbonding of enzymes and

mediators are more reliable.

However, there are still challenges for further development oflong term

stability of the enzymatic bio-electrodes and efficient electron transfer

betweenenzymes and electrode surfaces. Recent efforts have been given to

84

protein engineering, reliable immobilization method and novel cell

configuration.

7.4 Miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cells

The first micro-sized enzymatic bio fuel cell was reported in 2001.

Aglucose/O2 bio-fuel cell consisted of two 7 μm diameter, 2 cm long electro-

catalyst-coatedcarbon fibers operating at ambient temperature in an aqueous

solutionof pH 5. The areas of theanode and the cathode of the cell were about

60 times smaller than those of the smallestreported and 180 times smaller

than those of the previously reported smallest cell. The power density of the

cell was 64 μW/cm2 at 23 °C and 137 μW/cm2 at 37 °C, and the power output

was 280 nW at 23 °C and 600 nW at 37 °C. The results revealed that

theminiature enzymatic bio-fuel cells could generate sufficient power for small

powerconsumingCMOS circuit. Later, a miniature compartment-less

glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell operatingin a living plant was developed. Implantation

of the fibers in the grape leads to an operating bio-fuel cellproducing 2.4 μW

at 0.52 V, which is adequate for operation of low-voltage

CMOS/SIMOXintegrated circuits. The performance of the miniature enzymatic

bio-fuel cell was upgradedto 0.78 V operating at 37 °C in a ph 5 buffer. In

2004, a miniaturesingle-compartment glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell made with the

novel cathode operatedoptimally at 0.88 V, the highest operating voltage for a

compartmentless miniature fuel cell. The enzyme was formed by “wiring”

laccase to carbon through anelectron conducting redox hydro-gel, its redox

functions tethered through long and flexiblespacers to its cross-linked and

hydrated polymer, which led to the apparently increasedelectron diffusion

coefficient. The latest report on miniature glucose/O2 bio-fuel

cellsdemonstrated a new kind of carbon fiber microelectrodes modified with

single-wall carbon nano-tubes (CNTs). The power density of this assembled

miniaturecompartment-less glucose/O2 BFC reached 58l Wcm-1 at 0.40 V.

When the cell was operatedcontinuously with an external loading of 1 M

resistance, it lost 25% of its initial power in thefirst 24 h and the power output

dropped by 50% after a 48 h continuous work. Althoughfrom the practical

application point of view, the performance and the stability of the recently

developedminiature emzymatic bio-fuel cells remain to be improved, the

miniature feature and the compartmentlessproperty as well as the tissue-

implantable bio-capability of enzymatic bio-fuel cellessentially enable the

future studies on in vivo evaluation of the cell performance andstability in real

implantable systems.

In an effort to miniaturize the EBFCs, a versatile technique based on

CMEMSprocess for the miniaturization of electrodes has been developed. It is

centered aroundthefabricationof 3D microelectrodes for miniature enzymatic

bio-fuel cells. First, the functionalizationmethods for EBFCs enzyme

85

immobilization were studied. Then we apply finite elementapproach to

simulate the miniature EBFCs to attain the design rule such as electrode

aspectratio, configuration as well as orientation of the chip. Building an EBFC

based on this designrule is still underway.

7.5 International Status

During the last couple of decades extensive basic/ fundamental

research work has been carried out in many institutes around the world,

glimpses of which are presented here. The accelerated rate of publication

particularly during the last one decade is quite evident from Fig.6 presented

below:

Fig.6: Histograms depicting year-wise word-wide research publications on

“Microbial Fuel Cells” and their citation analysis. (ISI Web of Knowledge,

Thomson Reuters®).

The research in Bio-Energy & Environmental Biotechnology (BEEB) at

The Energy and Biotechnologydepartment of Ecological and Biological

Engineering of Oregon State University includes electricity generation using

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and Hydrogen production using Microbial

Electrolysis Cells (MECs). At present, the group is focusing on reactor design,

membrane/cloth selection, electrode development, isolation of exo-

electrogens, and system optimization to improve power generation and

hydrogen production from various waste bio-mass. In May 2009, the

Department of Earth Sciences at University of Southern California, Los

Angeles,has published a paper titled “Electricity production coupled to

ammonium in a microbial fuel cell” authored by He Z, Kan J, Wang Y, Huang

Y, Mansfeld F, Nealson KH.

Microbial fuel cells offer great promise as a method for simultaneous

wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation. The Penn State

group, led by Dr. Bruce Logan, focuses primarily on MFC architecture and

factors that will lead to successful scale up designs. They use both air-

Published Items in Each Year Citations in Each Year

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22He%20Z%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Kan%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Wang%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Huang%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Huang%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Mansfeld%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Nealson%20KH%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

86

cathode and aqueous (dissolved oxygen) cathode systems to better

understand factors that limit power generation, and examine how power

density can be increased while using low-cost yet effective materials.

A list of various international institutes working on microbial fuel cells is

given below.

1. Penn State University (USA) - The Logan Group.

2. Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) (USA) – May Lab.

3. Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (Korea) - The Energy

and Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL).

4. Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) (China) - School of Municipal and

Environmental Engineering, Advanced Water Management Centre

5. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.

6. Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC) IST-CNR Section of

Messina, Messina, Italy.

7. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los

Angeles, California

8. Dépt. deGénieChimique, EcolePolytechnique de Montréal, Centre-

Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada.

9. School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Merz Court,

Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

10. US Naval Research Laboratory - Washington, D.C. (USA) – The

Ringeisen Group

7.6 National Status

R&D on Bio-fuel has started more recently (since the year 2000) in

India.The rate of publication has accelerated during the last few years as is

evident from Fig. 7. There are only a few Institutes which are involved in bio-

fuel cell development as listed below:

1. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Bioengineering and

Environmental Centre (BEEC), Hyderabad, India.

2. Biotechnology Department, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.

3. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi

4. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai

5. Vellore University

6. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kharagpur

7. Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu,

India.

http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/www/index.php/Asia/Gwangju-Institute-of-Science-and-Technology-Korea-The-Energy-and-Biotechnology-Laboratory-EBL.html

http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/www/index.php/Asia/Gwangju-Institute-of-Science-and-Technology-Korea-The-Energy-and-Biotechnology-Laboratory-EBL.html

http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/www/index.php/Asia/Harbin-Institute-of-Technology-HIT-China-School-of-Municipal-and-Environmental-Engineering.html

http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/www/index.php/Asia/Harbin-Institute-of-Technology-HIT-China-School-of-Municipal-and-Environmental-Engineering.html

http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/www/index.php/North-America/US-Naval-Research-Laboratory-Washington-D.C.-USA-%E2%80%93-The-Ringeisen-Group.html

http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/www/index.php/North-America/US-Naval-Research-Laboratory-Washington-D.C.-USA-%E2%80%93-The-Ringeisen-Group.html

87

Fig.7: Histograms depicting year-wise research publications on “Microbial

Fuel Cells” from India and their citation analysis. (ISI Web of

Knowledge, Thomson Reuters®).

Overall publication record from these Institutes is presented below:

Fig. 8: Total number of research publication on “Microbial Fuel Cells” from

different institutes of India (ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson

Reuters®).

7.7 Applications of bio-fuel cells

Presently there are two practically applied systems; a test rig operating

on starch plant wastewater (microbial fuel cell system), which has been

operating for at least 5 years has been demonstrated as a bioremediation and

as a biological oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, and also a biofuel cell has

been employed as the stomach of a mobile robotic platform ‘Gastronome’,

designed as the precursor to autonomous robots that can scavenge their fuel

from their surroundings (gastrobots). The original Gastronome ‘eats’ sugar

cubes fed to it manually, but other groups have refined the concept somewhat

to produce predators consuming slugs, or flies, although so far they both still

Published Items in Each Year Citations in Each Year

NATIONAL NATIONAL

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

CSIR INDIAN INST CHEM TECHNOL

INDIAN INST TECHNOL

ANNA UNIV

NATL INST TECHNOL

UNIV CALCUTTA

CENT ELECTROCHEM RES INST

MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIV

SRM UNIV

ANAND ENGN COLL

UNIV PUNE

CTR FUEL CELL TECHNOL ARCI

TERI UNIV

PSG COLL TECHNOL

CSIR INST MINERALS MAT TECHNOL

NUMBER OF RECORDS

IND

IAN

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

S

88

require manual feeding. Many applications have been suggested however,

and several of these are in varying stages of development.

The most obvious target for biofuel cells research is still for in vivo

applications where the fuel used could be withdrawn virtually without limit from

the flow of blood to provide a long-term or even permanent power supply for

such devices as pacemakers, glucose sensors for diabetics or small valves

for bladder control. The challenge of biocatalysis over a suitably long period is

particularly problematic in these areas, where surgical intervention could be

required to change over to a new cell and ethical constraints are

paramount.Ex vivo proposed applications are diverse. The large scale is

represented by proposed power recovery from waste streams with

simultaneous remediation by bio electrochemical means, or purely for power

generation in remote areas, the medium scale by power generating systems

for specialist applications such as the gastrobot above, and perhaps of

greatest potential the small scale power generation to replace battery packs

for consumer electronic goods such as laptop computers or mobile

telephones. The larger scale applications tend to be organism based and the

smaller scale ones more likely to be enzymatic. In the case of enzymatic fuel

cells, at least, the major barrier to any successful application is component

lifetime, particularly in view of the limited enzyme lifetime and problems of

electrode fouling/poisoning.

7.8 Conclusions

Extensive R&D activity is in progress throughout the globe including

India for laboratory level investigation on the various aspects of bio-fuel cell

with partial success. Prototypes have been developed only for a few

applications. Research into defining the reaction environment needs to be

conducted so that models of system behaviour can be created, validated and

employed. Necessary elements in this research include temperature variation,

pressure, fluid flow, mass transport (of nutrients, wastes and by-products) and

reactant conversion. Once these elements are considered it should become

possible to design a bio-fuel cell as a unit operation that can be employed as

a part of a larger process.

Significant development on both types of bio-fuel cells has been

achievedin the past decade. With the demands for reliable power supplies for

medical devices forimplantable applications, great effort has been made to

make the miniaturized bio-fuel cells.The past experiment results revealed that

the enzymatic miniature bio-fuel cells couldgenerate sufficient power for

slower and less power-consuming CMOS circuit. In addition, we have also

presented simulation results showing that the theoretical power

outputgenerated from C-MEMS enzymatic bio-fuel cells can satisfy the current

implantable medicaldevices.

89

However, there are several challenges for further advancements in

miniaturizedbio-fuel cells. The most significant issues include long term

stability and non-sufficientpower output. Successful commercial bio-fuel cell

development requires a ‘chemical engineering’ approach and requires the

joint effortsfrom different disciplines: biology to understand bio-molecules,

chemistry to gainknowledge on electron transfer mechanisms; material

science to develop novel materialswith high biocompatibility and chemical

engineering to design and establish the system. Considerable of fundamental

and interdisciplinary research is still needed in this country before a prototype

can be demonstrated in practice.

Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may

be as follows:

Fuel Cell

Type

Phase-I (2016-

2018)

Phase II (2019-

20)

Phase-III (2021-

2022)

BFC

Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW

91

MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL

93

8.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell


Recently, field tests of a 2 MW internal reforming system at the city of

Santa Clara, California and 250 kW external reforming by San Diego Gas and

Electric, California have been performed and a 280 kW system was started up

in Germany. It was followed by 1 MW system in Kawagoe, Japan. MCFC is

already in operation Germany and Spain which uses gases from waste water

treatment plants. South Korea is leading in the installation of MCFC units

using the FCE technology in recent times.

8.2 National Status

In India, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi had done work on molten carbonate

fuel cell (MCFC) in co-operation with TERI, New Delhi during 1992 to 1998

with support from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi. No

institution is currently engaged in the developmental activities of MCFC in the

country.

The R&D activities include synthesis of cathode materials by different

routes (combustion synthesis, solid state), preparation electrolyte matrix

structures by different routes, porous Ni electrodes (loose power sintering

(LPS), slurry casting (SC), tape casting (TC)). The largest size of electrolyte

they could prepare was ~1000 sq.cm. Current density achieved was in the

range 80 –100 mA/cm2 at cell voltage of 0.70 V/cell with 100 cm2 area

electrodes.

8.3 Recommendation

Even though very large (> 1MW) systems are commercially available

from the overseas manufacturers, the expertise currently available in India for

its indigenous development is negligible and therefore it is not recommended

to be a part of the mission mode programme. However, R&D programmes

may be taken up for laboratory scale demonstration to start with.

Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may

be as follows:

Fuel Cell

Type

Phase-I (2016-

2018)

Phase II (2019-

20)

Phase-III (2021-

2022)

MCFC

Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW

95

ALKALINE FUEL CELL

97

9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell


Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) were initially used in space applications by

NASA in the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs to provide electric power and

drinking water to the shuttle. In 1967, Dr Karl Kordesch of Union Carbide

developed and built an AFC motorbike.

Significant advantages of AFC technology led numerous companies,

both in North America and Europe such as Allis Chalmers, Union Carbide,

Varta, Elenco, Occidental Chemical and Siemens to get interested in

development of this technology for terrestrial applications. Industrial effort by

research and development work at many government and academic

institutions has made the possibility of applying AFC for household energy

requirements like inverter. In AFC, inexpensive carbon-and-plastic electrodes

are used, moreover inexpensive bipolar plate can also be used. AFC

electrodes are stable and not prone to the poisoning caused by carbon

monoxide, which poisons the platinum catalyst of the PEMFC. Nickel is the

most commonly used catalyst in AFC. The utilization of non-noble metal

catalysts and liquid electrolyte makes the AFC a potentially low cost

technology. The kinetics of the electrode reactions is superior in an AFC as

compared to acidic environment of other acidic Fuel Cells. AFC exhibits much

higher current densities and electrochemical efficiencies (up to 60%). it can be

operated at a wide range of temperatures (80 – 250oC). Presence of CO2

either in the fuel or the oxidant is not permitted for its operation. There is a

need to develop electro-catalyst, which does not corrode in potential window

of hydrogen oxidation potential. AFC has found typical applications in car,

boats and domestic heating.

9.2 National status

There is very little work on alkaline fuel cells in recent years although in

1980s’ CSIR- CECRI had a major program, which was discontinued. Recently

some work on catalysts for AFC has been reported from CSIR-CECRI and

IISc. Performance of AFC was studied and modelled at IIT-G using methanol,

ethanol and sodium borohydride as fuel.

9.3 Proposed National Plan

It needs to be established that AFC can operate with hydrogen and air.

Most of applications in space use hydrogen and oxygen, which is not practical

for terrestrial applications. With the advent of anion exchange membrane,

AFC with solid membrane could be advantageous. Developments of corrosion

98

resistant materials, non- noble metal catalysts etc. arestill the challenging

tasks.

Therefore development of this technology either in mission mode or

proto-type development mode is not recommended at this stage. However,

basic research work on efficient catalyst development and CO2 management

may continue.

99

DIRECT CARBON FUEL CELL

101

10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell

10.1 Introduction

Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel such as granulated

carbon powder (10 to 1000 nm size) to electricity directly instead of burning it

to produce steam which can be used to produce electricity through a turbine

and generator. It is reported that the electrical efficiency of DCFC could be as

high as 70%. It is also reported that this process can reduce CO2 emissions

by 50% without sequestration. Molten salts such as lithium, sodium, Yttrium-

stabilized zirconium or potassium carbonate are used in these systems, which

operate between 600 to 850°C. The overall cell reaction is carbon and oxygen

forming carbon dioxide and electricity. Carbon derived from a large number of

agri-wastes can also be used in DCFC. DCFC operates at efficiencies more

than twice that of conventional combustion technologies and separate the

waste gases internally leading to a near pure CO2 exhaust stream that can be

easily captured for storage or commercial use leading to zero emission fossil

fuel or negative emission bio-fuel electrical power generation.

The overall cell reaction (C + O2 = CO2) is based on the complete

electrochemical oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide (CO2) in a four-electron

process. It is reported that the thermodynamic efficiency slightly exceeds

100% - almost independent of conversion temperature, which is due to a

positive near-zero entropy change of the cell reaction (DS_ ¼ 2.9 J K_1

mol_1). Another advantage of a DCFC is that the fuel utilisation can reach

up to 100%, since a solid fuel is used. This is due to the fact that the reaction

product, CO2, exists in a separate gas phase and thus does not influence

activity of the solid carbon.

In the literature, several different concepts of DCFC based on different

electrolytes have been discussed. These are molten carbonate, molten

hydroxide or solid ceramic material YSZ (yttria-stabilised zirconia)

electrolytes, use of fluidized bed etc. EPRI has analysed the results from the

following institutions / companies in the USA:

Company Core Technology

Contained Energy (CE) MCFC

SARA Alkaline Molten salt

CellTech Power ( CELLTECH) Liquid metal anode with SOFC

Direct Carbon Technologies LLC (

DCT)

Fluidized bed with SOFC

SRI Circulating molten salt anode with

SOFC

Univ. of Hawaii Biomass Charcoal with aqueous

102

alkaline cell

Univ. of Akron SOFC with modified anodes

DCFC based on molten carbonate electrolyte (Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory, USA) is the most investigated type. Power densities in

the range of 40 to 100 mW cm-2 (0.8 V cell voltage, 8000C) for different carbon

materials have been achieved. LLNL has demonstrated the use of

“turbostratic” carbon can overcome several challenges faced by earlier

groups, which used coal. The carbon particles and oxygen (ambient air) are

introduced as fuel and oxidizer, respectively. The slurry formed by mixing

carbon particles with molten carbonate constitutes the anode. At the anode

carbon and carbonate ions react to form carbon dioxide and electrons. At the

cathode, similar to other high-temperature fuel cells, oxygen, carbon dioxide

and electrons react to form carbonate ions. A porous ceramic separator holds

the melt in place and allows the carbonate ions to migrate between the two

compartments. Peak power densities of 120 to 180 mW cm-2 have been

reported using molten hydroxide electrolyte (Scientific Applications and

Research Associates, SARA).

The third concept is based on the combination of solid oxide fuel cell

(SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) technology. Peak power

densities of 10 to 110 mW cm -2 (0.7 V cell voltage) in a temperature range of

700 to 950°C using different carbon containing materials e.g. plastic (SRI

International) have been reported.

Direct Carbon Technologies, USA have demonstrated a DCFC which

combines SOFC and fluidized-bed technologies. Peak power densities up to

140 mW cm-2 (0.5 V cell voltage, 900°C) have been achieved using this

concept. CellTech Power LLC, USA formed in Jan 2006 is promoting DCFC,

which uses Liquid Tin SOFC concept. DCFC work has also been reported

from laboratories in PR China, KTH Sweden, ZEA Bayern, Germany TU

Munich, BNL, USA. Great progress has also been made at the Max Planck

Institute in Germany and the University of Queensland in Australia.

CSIRO’s (Australia) strategy has developed a fuel cell module that can

operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. The cell

design, materials development program and fabrication technologies have

specifically focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This

has led to the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell

designs and materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected

electrically and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of

time with minimal degradation. This bottom up approach has led to the

development of a simple high performance cell design which can be operated

in a packed bed reactor without the need for fluidization. Furthermore the

103

system contains no molten components (which has been the strategy used by

many overseas groups). This should significantly increase the operating life of

the fuel cell system. A number of parallel developmental paths (e.g.

development of individual materials, fabrication techniques for scalable cell

design, fuel feed system and testing from small button cells to scalable tubular

cells) are being pursued to fast track technology development.


• Low operating cost - the ability to operate on low grade solid fuels will

lead to low overall operating costs.

• Flexibility - the modular design allows customization to a wide range of

power requirements.

• Low emissions – electrochemical oxidation in a membrane reactor means

that the waste products are separate and pure allowing them to be either

stored geologically or sold for commercial use within industry.

• Improved life time - novel mixed ionic electronic conducting electro-

catalysts eliminate the need for molten media within the fuel cell

increasing performance and system life time

• Scalable cell / stack design - unique packed bed design that allows for

simple robust low cost continuous feeding of fuel to the system. All cell

and system components have been designed for fabrication via

conventional low cost ceramics processing routs to allow for mass

production.

• Real world application - System performance evaluated on real world low

cost fossil, biomass and waste derived fuels.

10.3 R&D Requirements:

There are several technical gaps which require to be addressed. These

include better understanding of Anode Electrochemistry [ Mechanism for the

anodic reaction of coal, coke, Reactions and mechanisms of H, N,S (bound

and pyrite) under reducing conditions (E = -0.8 V vs Au/CO2,O2)] , effect of

impurities found in coal and coal-derived carbon: minerals, water , Transport

of CO2, CO32-, particulates and carbon in anode and matrix; gradients of oxide

and carbonate; role of water , Surface chemistry: functional groups, wetting

and site reactivity, Adaptation of cathode structures and catalysts for specific

needs of C/Air cell , Identify life-limiting processes such as corrosion. The

most important problems with hydroxide cells are (i) corrosion of materials

and (ii) degradation of the electrolyte due to formation of carbonates during

carbon electro-oxidation.

104

There is no R&D activity in this area presently in India. Taking into

consideration the large coal reserves in the Country,it may be worthwhile to

take up this activity in the country on a basic research mode

105

MICRO FUEL CELL

107

11.0 MICRO FUEL CELL

11.1 Introduction

The different kinds of fuel cells have been developed in micro form

also. These are known as Micro Fuel Cell (MFC). There is an ever increasing

demand for more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable

electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing. Micro fuel cells

have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high power densities,

considerably longer operational & stand-by time, shorter recharging time,

simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel cells are ideal for

use in portable electronic devices such as:

• Prototype 50We self-air breathing micro fuel cell module.

• Laptop computers, Cellular phones, PDAs, 3G phones

• Portable electronic appliances, remote communication power packs

• Portable power packs for soldiers

• Emergency signs, variable message signs, emergency and back-up power

• Small transporters (wheel chairs, auto bikes, etc.)


In developing these technologies, CSIRO, Australia has given strong

consideration to mass production using micro-fabrication processes to deliver

low cost products for large volume markets. Low cost lithographic techniques

have been developed for fluid flow micro channels. Other features include:

Very passive device with no moving parts;

Self air-breathing or stack-powered air supply;

Operating power densities >100 mW/cm2;

100% fuel utilization, no air or hydrogen humidification, ambient

temperature operation;

Low catalyst loading;

Life time over 20,000 hrs achieved each for a two-cell stack and a 12 cell

stack (~10-20 W capacity) under constant and continuous cyclic load.

For comparison, batteries typically have life times of around 2,000-3,000

hrs;

Compared with Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC): low precious metal

catalyst loading, no toxic fuel, no fuel cross-over, no fuel recycling, no

CO2

5 generation/separation issues, high voltage per cell, high efficiency,

high power density;

Recharging time only few seconds as opposed to hours for batteries.

109

FUNDING PATTERN BY DIFFERENT

AGENCIES/ COUNTRIES

111

12.0 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies/ Countries

12.1 Global Scenario

In the advanced countries, R&D on Fuel Cell is being funded for more

than half a century initially to combat the rise in oil prices and later to combat

the global warming. Billions of dollars have been spent most of these

countries. It is difficult to get the exact figures from the earliest years.

However, some data are available for the more recent years. For example, in

2009, DOE, USA announced $41.9 million in Recovery Act funding to

accelerate fuel cell commercialization and deployment with industry

contributing another ~$54 million ( totalling ~$96 million) with the specific

objective of immediate deployment of up to 1,000 fuel cell systems in

emergency backup power, material handling, and combined heat and power

applications. Bulk of the money has been spent on PEMFC deployment. In

2010, International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) members

invested over $1 billion for hydrogen and fuel cell R&D and subsidies for the

technology deployment. Following table gives an idea of the level of funding

made by different participating countries during this year.

Federal Funding during 2010 (Approx.)

Sl.

No. Country Local Currency Million U.S. Dollars

1 Canada 41 million CAND 39.8

2 China 235 million RMB 34.7

3 European

Commission 94.2 million EUR

124.77

4 France 35 million EUR 46.4

5 Germany 89.1 million EUR 118.0

6 India 150 Million INR 3.0

7 Italy 10.03 million EUR 13.3

8 Japan 17.5 billion JPY 199.3

9 Korea 70.2 billion KRW 60.8

10 New Zealand 1.5 million NZD 1.1

11 Norway 57 million NOK 9.4

12 U K 15.8 million GBP 23.5

13 United States 380 million USD 380

112

In March 2012, the Department of Energy (DoE), USA announced up

to $6 million available to collect and analyze valuable performance and

durability data for light-duty fuel cell electric vehicles, which use PEMFC

(FCEVs) and an additional up to $2 million available to collect and analyze

performance data for hydrogen fuelling stations and advanced re-fuelling

components. In an another announcement nearly $5 million have been

sanctioned under two projects both involving PEMFC, which aims at

lowering the cost of advanced fuel cell systems by developing and

engineering cost-effective, durable, and highly efficient fuel cell components.

In June 2013, DoE, USA announced additional budgetary provision of

up to $9 million in new funding to accelerate the development of hydrogen

and fuel cell technologies for use in vehicles, backup power systems, and

hydrogen re-fueling components. These investments were for strengthening

U.S. leadership in cost-effective hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and help

industry to bring these technologies into the market at lower cost

Similar trends have also been observed particularly for the

development of SOFC technology. In USA, DOE is the major funding agency

that caters SOFC research under the SECA program. In one financial year

(2013) they have invested $25 million to continue the Department’s research,

development, and demonstration of solid oxide fuel cell systems, which they

recognized to have the potential to increase the efficiency of clean coal power

generation systems, to create new opportunities for the efficient use of natural

gas, and to contribute significantly to the development of alternative-fuel

vehicles.

In Europe, the European Union had sanctioned a budget of 11 million

Euro in 2007 to a Consortium of nine research groups for the development of

materials, components and systems.

In China, The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) sets up the

development targets and funding levels for the various projects. During the

11th five-year plan (2006-2010), hydrogen and fuel cell technology research

was awarded RMB 182.5 million ($28.88 million) out of a total advanced

energy technology fund of RMB 634.3 million ($100.39 million). In addition, a

total funding of RMB 413 million ($65.37 million) was provided for energy-

saving and new energy vehicles, of which fuel cell vehicles were awarded

RMB 150 million ($23.74 million).

12.2 Indian Scenario

113

As expected, the level of research funding in India has been

abysmally low even though fuel cell research has been continuing in this

country for more than 25 years. India’s policy on fuel cells and financial

support is driven largely by four agencies, viz. Ministry of New and Renewable

Energy (MNRE), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department

of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

(CSIR). Under its NMITLI program, CSIR has provided a total budgetary

support of about Rs.20 Crore during 2004-2013 for the development different

fuel cell technologies.

MNRE is a major supporter for hydrogen and fuel cell research in the

country for several decades. It has funded nearly Rs. 5.0 crores during 11th

Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) and Rs.1.00 crores during 12th Five Year

Plan (2012-13 to December, 2014) for developing these technologies.

MNRE guidelines state that financial assistance for RD&D projects

including the technology validation and demonstration projects that involve

partnership with industry/civil society organizations should normally be

restricted to 50% of the project cost. However, for any proposal from

academic institutions, Government/non-profit research organizations and

NGOs, Ministry may provide up to 100% funding. Private academic

institutions should adhere to certain conditions for availing project grants from

the Ministry.

DST has been supporting several basic R&D program in various

hydrogen technologies in the country through SERC (presently SERB).

Several projects on PEMFC have been covered under this scheme. The

project budget details are not easily accessible. Besides this route, DST

through TIFAC has supported few hydrogen research programs. On a mission

mode through the IRHPA programs DST has sanctioned a project to ARCI to

set-up a fuel cell technology Centre with a specific aim of developing and

demonstrating PEMFC in decentralized and transportations applications. The

total outlay for the 10 year project is about ~Rs.24.00 crore for the period

2004-2014 ( the project includes man power costs of all scientists ,

infrastructure cost such as rent and maintenance, Utilities costs such as

electricity, water etc., besides the development costs). Future plans are not

clear at the moment. DST has also funded several faculty/ students exchange

programs under International collaboration some of which have been used for

work on PEMFC. DST has also signed an agreement with UKRC in 2011for

supporting projects specifically on fuel cells and one of the projects is on

PEMFC with an outlay of Rs.3.49 crore.

DSIR has sanctioned a project on commercialization PEMFC in 2011-

12 with a project cost of Rs. 9.5762 crores with DSIR contribution being

114

Rs.3.269 crores under their Technology Development and Demonstration

Program (TDDP).

BHEL, in addition to the present project on development of High

Temperature PEMFC, proposes to set up a Centre of excellence on Fuel

Cells at BHEL Corporate R&D, Hyderabad at a tentative project outlay of

Rupees 12-15 Crores to carry out several LT-PEMFC and HTPEMFC

projects.

Tata Motors for their fuel cell bus program is reported to have invested

substantial sum of money.

Mahindra and Mahindra who have invested in several hydrogen,

hydrogen + methane vehicle projects are also reported to have earmarked

some funds for PEMFC development for transportation applications.

The major oil and gas industries are reported to have formed a

consortium, which is also supporting some projects on PEMFC.

DRDO has made substantial investment for their fuel cell programme

since 1990, which has given them a significant dividend as follows:

NMRL has developed complete knowhow of PAFC based power plants

ranging from a few kW to > 10 kW. The development was done through

successive projects and the funds outlay for the same is mentioned below:

i) 1990-2000: Material development and low power stacks along

with methanol reformer technology development : ~ Rs 1.0 Crore

ii) 2000-2010: Development of assorted power systems ranging from

1 – 15 kW based on PAFC complete with all accessories and

development of capsule power plants for underwater applications

~ Rs 10.0Crore.

iii) 2010- 2015: Development of underwater power generation

prototypes for several 100 kWs along with other advanced

systems for defence applications ~ Rs 30.0Crore.

iv) 2015-2025: Plans to induct systems to underwater platforms and

man-portable generators along with onsite silent generators for

defence and civilian applications ~ Rs 100 Crore.

In addition DAE and ISRO have also allocated funds for several

internal programs on fuel cells; the exact figures are unavailable at this stage.

Besides, agencies like University Grants Commission (UGC) and All

India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), CSIR, DRDO, ISRO

115

(RESPOND) and BRNS have also provided smaller grants primarily to

academic institutions.

116

ACTION PLAN, FINANCIAL PROJECTION

AND TIME SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

118

MILESTONE AND FINANCIAL OUTLAY FORFUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT MMP: Mission Mode Projects; R&DP: Research & Development Projects;

B/FRP: Basic / Fundamental Research Projects.

Sl. No. Category of

Projects

Time Frame (Year) Financial Outlay (Rs. in Crore)

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

1

Mission Mode Projects

140

140

125

125

Developand Deployment of HT-PEMFC

Phase I

(Up to 5kW)

Phase II

(Up to 25 kW)

Phase III

(Up to 50 kW)

Develop and Deployment of LT-PEMFC

Phase I

(Up to 25kW)

Phase II

(Up to 50 kW)

Phase III

(Up to 120 kW)

Developand Deployment of PAFC

Phase I

(Up to 50kW)

Phase II

(Up to 100 kW)

Phase III

(Up to 250 kW)

Develop and Deployment of Planar SOFC

Phase I

(Up to 5kW)

Phase II

(Up to 25 kW)

Phase III

(Up to 100 kW)

119

70

Sub-total 600

(80%)

2

Research & Development

Projects

75

(10%)

3.

Basic /

Fundamental Research Projects

75 (10%)

Grand Total 750

Fuel Cell Testing Facility

Establishment of

the Facility

Testing Activity

Proto-type Development of DMFC, DEFC, BFC etc

Phase I

(Up to 100W)

Phase II

(Up to 500W)

Phase III

(Up to 1 kW)

Basic/ Fundamental Research on AFC, DCFC, MBFC etc

Phase I Phase II Phase III

120

CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

122

14.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

14.1 With the growing population and its increasing standard of living, the

demand for energy is becoming higher continuously. In the long run this demand

for energy can’t be met by the depleting fossil fuels throughout the world,

including India. It is therefore, pertinent to develop clean and green alternate

energy sources, which may protect the environment by not creating any more

pollution / with reduced level of pollution in the production of electricity and

running the vehicles. One of such alternate energy technology is fuel cell

technology and therefore, efforts are being made world over to develop them in a

commercially viable manner. It is an energy conversion device that converts

chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid (in some cases solid) fuel into electrical

energy by electro-chemical reaction. Efforts are being made to make this

technology commercially viable by enhancing energy conversion efficiency,

electrode – electrolyte interface reaction, reducing the cost of the catalyst etc.

14.2 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few

decades. They are classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ. This

classification determines the kind of electro-chemical reactions that take place in

the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which the cell

operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important types of fuel cell under

development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel

Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Phosphoric Acid

Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

(MCFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In addition, there are a few types of

more recent origin, which have also gained significant importance in recent

years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel cells (MFC) for powering the micro-

electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC), which uses micro-organisms as the

catalyst for the redox reaction and solid carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which solid

carbon can be used as the fuel. In addition to the fuel cell stack composed of

several single cells (number depends on the desired power to be delivered) a

fuel cell power source consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of

oxidant (air or oxygen), power conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat

exchanger, exhaust system etc.

14.3 The fuel cell technology development is presently at an advanced stage in

the developed countries like USA, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom,

Australia, Japan, etc. At present it is very costly and well-guarded technology

through patents due to its extremely high marketpotential. Transfer of technology

may require heavy financing and Indian industries may not be in a position to

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afford the same. So there is a growing need and compulsion to develop the

technologies within the country and deploy them for different applications for

large scale trial and performance evaluation.

14.4 The Government of India (GOI) has been supporting development of

technologies in the area of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for quite some time,

which has created a good expertise and infrastructure base. A well-framed

national program with participation from various academic institutions, R&D

establishments and industries with expertise in different areas need to be

launched in the country to develop this technology, manufacture in large

numbers and demonstrate their application potentiality for the benefit of the

society at large. Application areas of the developed products, it be mobile towers

or transportation or any other kind of applicationshould be chosen carefully so

that the requirements of the user are fully satisfied. In addition, areas are to be

identified for long term / futuristic R&D, which also require adequate financial

support.

14.5 Several government laboratories and academic institutions together with a

few private organizations are actively pursuing different kinds of R&D

programmes in this country for the last couple of decades. Considerable

expertise and infrastructure at different locations have already been developed.

In certain cases know-how’s have been transferred to industry and limited scale

production for particular type of fuel cell (PAFC) has also been initiated

particularly for defence use. Regular production even for the purpose of large

scale demonstration for other types of fuel cells is still a long way to travel.

DRDO, CSIR, MNRE and DST have been the major funding agencies for these

activities. Industry participation for the developmental projects, which is an

important pre-requisite for technology development and demonstration, is still at

its infancy.

14.6 The most successful Research and Developmental effort in the area of fuel

cell technology in this country has been registered by DRDO particularly for

PAFC. They have transferred the developed technology to an Indian Industry,

who has manufactured 24 Nos. of 3kW stack and delivered them back to DRDO

under a buy back arrangement. The industry is ready with the manufacturing

facility, which can be utilized for additional units in case a civilian utility is

identified and necessary funding is made available to them.

14.7 PEMFC is of two types – low and high temperature PEMFC. The LT-

PEMFC operates at less than 800C, whereas HT-PEMFC operates in the

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temperature range of 120-1800C. The LT-PEMFC can tolerate CO level in the

hydrogen fuel up to a level of 10-20 ppm whereas HT-PEMFC can tolerate more

than this limit (up to 30,000ppm). LT-PEMFC requires humidification of

membrane, whereas it is not required for HT-PEMFC. The catalyst and

membrane materials for LT-PEMFC are still imported, whereas catalyst and

membrane materials for HT-PEMFC are at under advanced stage of

development in the country. The bipolar plates for both PEMFC have been

developed in the country. Due to rapid start-up and shut down, thermal cycling

and load following capability of PEMFC, there is enormous application

potentiality like for stationary & distributed power generation and transportation.

It is not as cheap as PAFC. It is costing around Rs.10 lakhs per 3 kW unit. The

cost cannot come down until there are many players e.g. bipolar plates are made

at present by machining but these can be moulded directly, it would become

cheaper. If any component is monopolized, its cost cannot come down. Many

groups are engaged in the development of membrane, but success has been

achieved in making PBI membrane for HT-PEMFC. Alternate to nafion

membrane is yet to be found out. CSIR has made 1 kW LT-PEMFC and got

tested through a third party in Chennai for 500 hours operation.

14.8 In the country LT-PEMFC has been developed upto 20 kW capacity by

different organizations. Thus, the country is in advanced stage of development of

LT-PEMFC and has adequate experience in the fabrication of fuel cells and its

stack building along with testing and validation protocols. The same experience

may be useful in rapid development of HT-PEMFC. A number of institutions and

industries are also engaged in the development of materials, components,

modules and systems of HT-PEMFC. The development targets for LT-PEMFC

can be shorter duration than that for HT-PEMFC. The time target for the

development of HT-PEMFC can also be made of shorter by providing more

funding. The specific targets for capacity can be set for the development of

PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems like for stationary power

generation applications 1-5 kW, small trucks 3-10 kW, medium trucks 10-15 kW,

large trucks and submarine application 25 -50 kW and buses 50-100 kW.

14.9 It is proposed that the Development and Demonstration of minimum 5

units each of stand-alone LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC systems of capacities 1, 3

& 5 kW with a minimum of 50% indigenized components with electrical efficiency

37-40%, minimum 1000 h operational life and less than 10 mV / 1000 h

degradation to be operated with bottled hydrogen and air may be taken up

immediately. Sites for demonstration may be chosen suitably are to be identified

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by the project proposers. For the development of PEM fuel cell technology,

different plausible issues to be taken up are:

(i) Membrane preparation with longer durability / stability, reduction of

platinum loading or use of non-noble metal as catalyst to lower the

cost

(ii) Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for generating maximum power

density with the given weight

(iii) Fabrication of complete stack with complete characterization

(iv) Integration of stack with balance of system, sealing of stack, analysis

and final testing etc.

14.10 During the development of PEM fuel cell the manufacturing techniques

should be mastered for the following components / sub-systems / systems:

(i) Mass production of catalysts, carbon paper/wire mesh and bipolar

plates (casted)

(ii) Automation for uniform coating of catalyst on electrodes

(iii) Automatic assembling of Membrane electrode assemblies (till now

manually made) and high speed sealing of cell components.

(iv) Automated of high speed assembly of stacks

(v) Assembling system controllers & invertors

(vi) Integration of balance of system development (air moving devices,

thermal management devices, motors, pumps)

(vii) Integration of sub-systems into complete fuel cell system

14.11 For the development and demonstration of PEM fuel cell, the following

are suggested:

(i) The work and the infrastructure created under the above mentioned

research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activities will form a

part of long term technological development programme on PEM Fuel

Cell.

(ii) Importing of stacks may be allowed only for indigenously developing

balance of systems or accelerating development of Ancillary and not

for demonstration. Import of Membrane/MEAs may also be considered,

if it becomes absolutely necessary for the interest of the project. In

such a case, it must be ensured that the assembled stacks would meet

the specifications / performance / operation conditions of the imported

stacks.

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(iii) The focus will be on the development of most critical to least critical

components and finding their solutions.

(iv) One of the organizations involved in the project, preferably an R&D

institution with public funding would be identified as the nodal

organization responsible for the ultimate delivery.

(v) Activities of all the sub-projects would be guided and monitored

regularly by the concerned nodal organization as per the requirement

to meet ultimate objective of the Project.

(vi) There will be appropriate exit provision particularly for the sub-projects

in case the progress does not appear to be satisfactory for what may

be reason.

14.12 The capital cost of PEMFC stack is high, which needs to be subsidized.

Most of the methods developed in Indian laboratories for PEMFC components

are only in laboratory scale / in the scale of semi-automated processes. There is

urgent need to develop the manufacturing methods quickly.

14.13 R&D activity on HT-PEMFC has started late in this country. However,

CSIR-NCL has made significant contribution through synthesis of indigenous PBI

membrane material, which may go a long way to maintain an advantageous

position in the international arena. Considering the enormous advantages of this

type of fuel cell particularly in terms of impurity tolerance of the fuel, better water

management and possibility of combined heat and power output, it is proposed

that this country takes up the development of this variety of PEMFC on highest

priority.

14.14 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has the capability of using different fuels i.e.

besides hydrogen; it can use other fuels like gasoline, alcohol, natural gas, bio-

gas etc. It operates at 700-8000C. The most attractive feature of SOFC is high

power density. Thermal cycle ability is quite poor and high cost is a major issue.

Globally it has been demonstrated in the capacity range of 10 to 100 kW systems

and in India a 500 W unit (stack of 20 cells) with a current density of 500 mA/cm2

was demonstrated. Planar type technology is preferred over tubular type SOFC

due to higher current density, but its fabrication & balance of system in tubular

type is much easier. In planar SOFC, reliability depends on the high temperature

glass sealant, which has not been successfully developed in the country. Once

the technology is developed, vendors may be identified for production and scale-

up of system capacity for demonstration. Subsequently mass production may be

taken up in Public-Private-Partnership mode. For the development of this

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technology in the country, it is proposed to undertake the following activities on a

mission mode approach:

(i) Development of components, stacks and balance of system for

planar / tubular (anode / cathode / electrolyte supported) and their

demonstration in the laboratory.

(ii) Preparedness for mass production of developed components /

modules / systems - Involvement / Development of vendors /

manufacturers.

(iii) Manufacturing of components / modules / systems for field

demonstration.

(iv) Development of standards for the developed modules / systems and

their commercial deployment.

(v) Creation of test facility / recognition of existing facilities.

(vi) Deployment of these modules / systems for different applications like

power supply units in remote areas and back-up power units in urban

/ rural areas etc.

(vii) Cost reduction by mass scale manufacturing and deployment of

systems.

(viii) Improvement in the system for increasing of durability of the system.

(ix) Development of standalone systems up to 100 kW capacities

different phases with partly imported components may be taken up

on a mission mode.

14.15 Although there have been research and development activities in the

country in the area of DMFC and DEFC, commercialization of this technology is

far away. A number of improvements are to be done before this technology can

be used on a large scale. Development and demonstration of direct alcohol fuel

cell systems may be taken up for niche applications like micro-processor

controlled devices. The R & D activities may be continued in these areas. The

transfer of technology from abroad balance of plant for DMFC and DEFC may be

explored to integrate with the indigenously developed stack. There is need to

develop compact systems, which can be fitted into the space available in the

devices. It could be developed and demonstrated in small capacities (up to

250W) to start with but later it may be enhanced a 5kW stack with power

densities of the order of100W/kg.

14.16 AFC technology has been demonstrated with a life of 20,000h of operation

with pure hydrogen and oxygen. Use of air instead of oxygen increases the cost

of operation due to addition of scrubbers. When air is passed on to the cathode,

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KOH reacts with CO2 and forms K2CO3. CO2 is recovered in scrubbers. It uses

Nickel catalyst, whereas Pt is used in PEM fuel cells. Therefore its cost is

expected to be low. AFC was developed at laboratory scale in the country, but

could not be scaled up successfully. This technology may be developed

indigenously by indigenization of commercially available technology from abroad

in case some specific areas of application is identified. The AFCs of capacity in

the range of 1-3 kW have good market. Various countries have commercialized

AFC of capacities from 100 W to 3 kW as power packs with the established

technology. AFC can be operated at the highest efficiency i.e. upto 60% in the

temperature range from 70 to 120oC. It can also be operated in the higher

temperature range i.e.100–1200C. Nickel catalyst, although cheaper than

Platinum, gets corroded with a consequent deterioration of power density.

Thussignificant amount of basic research is still necessary in the country before a

serious technology developmental effort is initiated.

14.17 MCFC operates at a higher temperature and requires no external

reformer. The fuel is reformed internally to hydrogen. Very large capacity

(>1MW) units are in operation in some of the advanced countries. In India work

on MCFC was carried out during 1992 to 1998, by a couple of organizations only

with financial support from MNRE. However, currently there is hardly any

expertise to develop the basic fuel cell stack. Considering several advantages of

this type of fuel cell particularly as a distributed power plant, it is recommended

that the country may take a renewed interest in the R&D mode to develop the

technology in near future.

14.18 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) use biocatalysts, which offer significant cost

advantages over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies of scale.

The magnitude of power reported by MFC is several orders less than the

conventional chemical fuel cells. The applications of MFCs are portable

electronics, biomedical instruments, military and space research etc. The major

application area emerged since recent past for MFC is sewage treatment and

generation of power. Keeping in view of the above, it is recommended that

research and development work may be supported for specific applications.

There is an ever increasing demand for more powerful, compact and larger

power modules for portable electronic devices for leisure, communication and

computing, which may be supplied by the MFC. The MFCs can also be deployed

in large transport vehicles such as cars and trucks. CSIRO, Australia has given

strong emphasis to mass produce and deliver low cost products for large volume

markets. The life time is expected to be more than 20,000 hours. Keeping in view

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of the above, it is recommended that research and development work may be

supported.

14.19 The Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is the next generation fuel cells at a

high operating temperature. These systems may be developed to operate on low

grade abundant fuels derived from coal, municipal and refinery waste products or

bio-mass, which will lead to a near pure CO2 exhaust stream that can be easily

captured for storage or commercial use leading to zero emission fossil fuel or

effectively a negative emission. CSIRO, Australia is one of the pioneering R&D

organizations in this area. Their strategy has been to develop such fuel cells that

can operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. A number of

parallel developmental paths (e.g. development of individual materials,

fabrication techniques for scalable cell design, fuel processing and feed system

together with testing from small button cells to scalable tubular/planar cells are

being pursued on a fast track technology development. Having a very large

deposit low grade coal India can also take the advantage by developing this

unique technology. The technology has certain relationship to SOFC and MCFC

technologies. It is therefore recommended that DCFC may be developed in

conjunction with SOFC technology, which is poised to be taken up in a mission

mode.

14.20 The country has the potential to catch up with what is going on

elsewhere. However, it requires identification of the important issues and the

barriers, which are coming in the way of the development and commercialization

of the technologies. A few of them are listed below:

i) Inadequate funding: The most important limitation of the country’s Fuel

Cell development programme is the meager funding pattern together with

the lack of industrial participation and user pull. This is evident from the fact

that a consistent and enhanced funding together with identification of

specific demand by the defence forces has generated the best possible

dividend for DRDO. They have earned the credit of having the very first

indigenous fuel cell technology pressed into service. Such a concerted effort

is missing in case of other programmes of the country. Most of the methods

developed in Indian laboratories for PEMFC components are only in

laboratory scale and at best by semi-automated processes. There is urgent

need to develop manufacturing methods and large scale deployment

requiring adequate funding.

130

ii) Nature of the funded projects: The methods followed for sanctioning of

the projects by various funding agencies need to be critically analyzed. Most

of them are short term projects of academic interest. There is hardly any

follow-up or continuity of the projects aiming at technology development.

Multi-disciplinary groups do not collaborate to deliver a technology or

device. Projects normally are not formulated with sufficient micro-detailing

and the review mechanisms are also inadequate for a meaningful delivery.

iii) Invitation to submit projects (expression of interest): Instead of the

current system of uninvited proposals, the funding agencies either

individually or collectively may call proposals on specific aspects of

technology development rather than on general themes. The milestones

and time frames are required to be much better articulated and every effort

may be made to adhere to the same throughout the duration of the projects.

iv) Nature of human resource employed under the projects: Another major

issue is the nature of human resource employed in the projects. Hitherto,

the human recourse for the projects is in the form of research scholars and

technical assistants following DST/ CSIR guidelines. For technology

development projects this model will not work. Research papers need not

be the only form of output for these projects and therefore research fellows

may not be the only type of human resources employed in these projects.

People with hard core engineering skill will be preferred for the projects

aiming at technology development

v) Grant-in-aid to the participating industries: Participation of industries

particularly for the “mission mode” projects needs to be made compulsory.

Depending on the nature of their activities and the corresponding

investments required to be made by the industry vis-à-vis expected return,

grants-in-aid may be sanctioned to the industry varying between 30 and

70% of the project cost. Only soft loan may not be sufficient to ensure

participation of the industries.

vi) Collaborative projects with foreign institutions: Collaborative projects

with foreign institutions have mostly been limited to academic exchanges.

While it may be important to encourage such exchange, true technology

development does not take place through this route. A mechanism needs to

be developed for research institutions involved in applied research to sign

exclusive agreement, wherein the IP rights are shared according to the

contribution and a joint developmental work is carried out. Sometimes, this

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may involve funding to the foreign partners for their inclusion in such

projects.

The Department of Science &Technology, sometime back signed an

exclusive agreement with UKRC, United Kingdom to promote R&D in the

area of fuel cell with a committed investment of £ 6 million. One of the

projects sanctioned under this scheme was on PEMFC and the other two

were on SOFC. Formulation of more such projects may be attempted.

vii) Transfer of technology from abroad: The technology of fuel cells all

across the globe is closely guarded and well-fortified by patents regime due

to its extremely high potential market. Another major challenge in making

fuel cell a viable technology in India is to obtain the know-how of the fuel cell

technology. Transfer of technology may require heavy financing and Indian

industries may not afford to finance unless the policy measures support

such a move.

viii) Setting-up of Testing Centers for Fuel Cells in the country: As a part

oftechnology development programme, the country must have at least one

centralized “Fuel Cell Testing Center” for different types of fuel cells, if not

more than one center specific to different fuel cells at different locations, for

third party evaluation of the units to be developed by the different research

groups. Sufficient manpower and budget need to be allocated for such

centers. An ARAI kind of set-up will be preferred.

ix) Availability of Hydrogen: Another major issue is setting up of a viable

hydrogen supply chain. Along with fuel cell development, the funding

agencies should also support short and long term projects on hydrogen

generation and storage. Projects such as photo-electro-chemical method to

produce hydrogen are really long term and the fuel cell development/

deployment cannot wait for such development.

x) Estimate of Hydrogen Requirement: Based on the milestones presented

in the Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time Schedule of

Activities’ and assuming that there will be at least two units of each of the

capacities mentioned therein one needs to test at least 1500 kW of fuel cells

of different capacities for a period of at least 1000 hours each. This means

that there will be a generation of 1.5 million kWH and corresponding amount

of hydrogen is required to made available for this developmental activity.

Assuming further that the units will be operated on an average of 50%

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energy efficiency with fuel utilization of 75%, around 1000 liter (at STP) is

required for generation of 1 kWH of energy. Thus the total amount of

hydrogen requirement for the entire programme will be around 1500 million

liters of Hydrogen at STP during the next seven years. This is equivalent

to around 85,000 cylinders of hydrogen (50 liter water capacity and at 350

bar pressure). A parallel developmental activity is required for timely supply

of this huge amount of hydrogen.

xi) Setting up of a H2FC Centre: In order to coordinate and manage the

overall developmental programme and to bring all the projects to their

logical conclusion, it may be essential to set-up an “autonomous center”

under the ministry with full administrative and financial autonomy. In case, it

is difficult to set up a physically distinct centre at a specific location, one can

conceive of a “virtual centre” having its controlling unit under the ministry

different nodes spread across the country particularly at locations (existing

Institutes) where major programmes will be pursued.

xii) Policy Measures: The programmes supported by different funding

agencies in India are not correlated/ coordinated. It has been noticed that

some investigators approach different funding agencies with small changes

in the objectives and get support from more than one source. It seems that

there is no check for such projects and in many cases there is no continuity

in work. Even if all the objectives of the projects cannot be met, an analysis

of these results would be useful in sanctioning future projects. This applies

to all funding agencies. It requires having a common platform to identify and

support RD&D programs.

Policies are required to be in place to overcome the present issues

related to issuance of clearance for carrying out large scale field

trials, optimized manufacturing of specific materials and

components on a repetitive basis.

Incentives for Indian industries, who engage in manufacturing.

Additional incentives for industries that use at least some

components manufactured indigenously.

Incentives to users for using such systems may be extended similar

to what is offered to the users of other renewable energy

technologies such as solar and wind.

Human resource should be strengthened to retain the knowledge

base developed so far.

133

Specific Recommendations

14.21 Categorization of the Projects

Based on the level of maturity of the expertise and the importance of the

type of Fuel Cells, there may be three different categories of projects, which may

be funded to the different extents. These are:

i) Category I: “Mission Mode Projects (MMP)” having the ultimate

objective of limited scale manufacturing of different capacities standalone

systems, which may be demonstrated under field condition for the purpose

of performance evaluation. Industry participation is compulsory for this

category. Fuel Cell systems proposed to be developed under this category

are:

a) HT-PEMFC (Some IPRs on the fuel cell components have already

been developed in the country)

b) LT- PEMFC (Membrane material is still being imported in the country;

but stacks up to 25kW capacity have been fabricated and tested in the

country)

c) Planar SOFC (Success has been obtained in lower capacity (up to 1

kW range in the country)

d) PAFC (Taken-up on large scale manufacturing (up to 3 kW) for

application in the strategic sector. It is yet to be taken-up for the

civilian sector)

Detailed milestone of this activity is presented in Chapter on ‘Action Plan,

Financial Projection and Time Schedule of Activities’.

It is proposed to form consortiums consisting of R&D laboratories,

academic institutions and industries for each of the systems; one of them

preferably a R&D laboratory may be identified as the lead organization.

Following are the lead institutes identified for the purpose:

a) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle: Joint Lead Institutes - CSIR-NCL,

Pune and CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi)

b) LT- PEMFC: Lead Institutes - CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI,

Karaikudi/ BHEL R&D, Hyderabad.

c) Planar SOFC: Lead Institute - CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata

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d) PAFC:Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D,

Hyderabad

ii) Category II: “Research & Development Projects (R&DP)” having the

objective of laboratory demonstration of critical systems and sub-systems

preferably with innovative approaches. Industry collaboration is preferred

but not essential for this category. Following are the fuel cell systems to be

considered under this category:

a) DMFC/DEFC

b) MCFC

c) BFC

iii) Category III: “Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (B/FRP)” aiming

at carrying out basic/ fundamental research (including modeling) on

different aspects of any fuel cell system except the ones mentioned

above.

14.1 Budgetary Provision

It is recommended that an overall budgetary provision of Rs.750 Crore is

allocated for the complete fuel cell development programme over a period of next

7 years (up to the financial year 2022-23); 80% of this may be earmarked for

category I projects, 10% each for the other two categories. Complete milestone

of the programme together with the approximate financial outlay (sector wise) is

given in the Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time Schedule of

Activities’

14.23 Supply chain for Hydrogen

A parallel developmental activity is to be initiated for supply of around

1,500 million liter of high purity hydrogen for testing of the different capacities and

different types of fuel cells proposed to be developed under this programme.

14.24 Expression of Interest

Particularly for the “Mission Mode Projects” the ministry should invite

expression of interest from the interested research groups and industry followed

by formation of the consortium and identification of lead organization.

14.25 Virtual Fuel Cell Institute

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For the purpose of efficient formulation and project management including

rigorous monitoring a Virtual Fuel Cell Institute may be created under the aegis of

the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to bring all the concerned

stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments, academicians, researchers and

industry under one umbrella to work together in a systematic and focused

manner. This Institute may undertake following activities:

(i) Development of a mechanism to pool the resources of different Ministries,

Departments, International Funding Agencies and other agencies.

(ii) Identification of expertise available with various institutions / industries and

develop Mission Mode Projects utilizing the available expertise with the

aim to develop components, sub-systems and integrate them, which can

be mass produced and deployed in the country.

(iii) Monitoring the progress of the work done under the projects to achieve the

targeted goals in the time bound manner.

(iv) Co-ordination among the institutions for demonstration of developed

systems in field and comparison of various fuel cell technologies.

(v) Development of a mechanism / modality to incentivize the individuals and

the institutions involved in the development of a product.

(vi) Conducting market survey for business potential of fuel cell in India

(vii) Testing & benchmarking the components / prototypes / systems of fuel

cell.

(viii) Development of safety guidelines and standardization of on-board cost

effective storage / transportation

The Institute should have a Directorate with required administrative and

financial autonomy. All the members of the project team working at different

locations (including the PIs) would be collectively responsible to this directorate,

so far as the project activities are concerned.

---------

136

ANNEXURES

138

ANNEXURE - I

A. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. “The birth of the Fuel Cell” by U. Bossel, European Fuel Cell Forum,

Oberrohrdorf, (2000).

2. “Handbook: Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Technology, and Applications”, Eds.

Vielstich W, Gasteiger HA, and Lamm A, Wiley (2003).

3. Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition) by EG&G Technical Services, Inc.,

Under Contract with U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy

(2004).

4. “Innovation in Fuel Cells: A Bibliometric Analysis”, Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development, France (www.oecd.org) (2005).

5. “Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology”, edited by S. Basu,

Jointly published by Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi (India) and Springer,

New York -USA, (2006).

6. “PEM Fuel Cell Electro-catalysts and Catalyst Layers: Fundamentals and

Applications” by J. Zhang published by Springer, London (2008).

7. “Profiting from Clean Energy” by R. W. Asplund, published by John Wiley &

Sons Inc., New Jersey (2008).

8. “Fuel Cells: Problems and Solutions” by V. S. Bagotsky published by John

Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey (2009).

9. “Fuel Cells Development in India: The Way Forward” – A Report by

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), (2010).

10. “Fuel Cells: Current Technology Challenges and Future Research Needs”

edited by Noriko Hikosaka Behling, published by Elsevier B.V. (2013).

11. “High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A

review”, Amrit Chandan, Mariska Hattenberger, Ahmad El-

http://www.oecd.org/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444563255

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775312018113



139

kharouf, Shangfeng Du, Aman Dhir, Valerie Self, Bruno G. Pollet, Andrew

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published by Elsevier B.V. (2013).

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directions”, Nancy L. Garland, Dimitrios C. Papageorgopoulos, Joseph M.

Stanford, Energy Procedia, 28 2 (2012).

14. “Fuel cells in India: A Survey of Current Developments” by Jonathon Buttler,

Fuel Cells Today (2007).

15. “A histographic analysis of fuel cell research in Asia – China racing sheds”, S.

Arunachalam and B. Viswanathan, Current Science, 95, 36 (2008).

16. “International overview of hydrogen and fuel cell research”, H.-J. Neef;

Energy34 327 (2009).

17. “Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells” by A J Appleby; Elsevier B.V.

(2009).

18. “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends

and Forecasts to 2019” by Markets and Markets (September 2014)


19. “Report Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2015-2030: Land, Water, Air

Technologies, markets and forecasts for PEM, hydrogen and fuel cell hybrids”

by Dr Peter Harrop, IDTechEx (2015)

http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/fuel-cell-electric-vehicles-2015-

2030-land-water-air-000436.asp

20. “Technology Road Map: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell” by OECD/ International

Energy Agency (2015).

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drogenandFuelCells.pdf

21. “The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2013”; Fuel Cell Today (2014);

www.fuelcelltoday.com









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http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/fuel-cell-electric-vehicles-2015-2030-land-water-air-000436.asp

http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/fuel-cell-electric-vehicles-2015-2030-land-water-air-000436.asp

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHydrogenandFuelCells.pdf

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHydrogenandFuelCells.pdf

http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/

140

22. “The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2014” by David Hart, Fuel Cell Today; (April,

2015)

www.FuelCellIndustryReview.com

23. “Electro-catalysis of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells”, Eds. H. Liu and J. Zhang,

Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, (2009).

24. “Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, in Electrochemical Technologies for Energy

Storage and Conversion”, Volume 1&2, Eds. R.S. Liu, et al, Wiley-VCH

Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2011).

25. “Portable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Systems”; S. R. Narayanan, T.I.Valdez in

Handbook of Fuel Cells, Vol IV Part 1, Eds. H. Gasteiger et al Wiley

Interscience, (2003).

26. “Direct methanol fuel cell fundamentals, problems and perspective”; K. Scott,

A.K. Shukla, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Eds. R.E. White, et al,

Springer, New York, (2006).

27. “DMFC system design for portable applications”; S.R Narayanan, T. I. Valdez,

N. Rohatgi, in Handbook of Fuel Cells, Fundamentals Technology and

Applications, Eds. Wolf Vielstich et al, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (2010).

28. “On reviewing the catalyst materials for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs)”; A.

M. Sheikh, Khaled Ebn-Alwaled Abd-Alftah, C. F. Malfatti, J. Multidisciplinary

Engg. Sci. Tech. ,1 (3), 1 (2014)

29. www.epsrc.ac.uk/.../Calls/.../IndiaUKCollabResInitFuelCellTechCall.pdf

30. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-

archive/2013/march/collaboration-to-develop-residential-fuel-cell-for-

india#sthash.NYj9V1nd.dpuf


archive/2012/february/ballard-fuel-cell-power-systems-deployed-in-

india%E2%80%99s-idea-cellular-etwork#sthash.Pnjymxry.dpuf

32. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2011/july/dantherm-

power-to-collaborate-with-india's-delta-power-

solutions#sthash.VnJLXcbe.dpuf

http://www.fuelcellindustryreview.com/

http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2013/march/collaboration-to-develop-residential-fuel-cell-for-india#sthash.NYj9V1nd.dpuf



http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2012/february/ballard-fuel-cell-power-systems-deployed-in-india%E2%80%99s-idea-cellular-network#sthash.Pnjymxry.dpuf



http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2011/july/dantherm-power-to-collaborate-with-india's-delta-power-solutions#sthash.VnJLXcbe.dpuf



141


archive/2013/february/energyor-conducts-first-fuel-cell-uav-flights-in-

india#sthash.INbV0clV.dpuf

34. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2008/october/bharat-

petroleum-seeks-collaboration-wtih-nippon-oil-for-fuel-cell-

technology#sthash.jmVrHPkI.dpuf

35. “Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Global Commercialization & Development Update”,

IPHE (2010) (www.iphe.net.).

36. “Fuel Cell Today 2006: worldwide survey”, K.-A. Adamson, G. Crawley, Fuel

Cell Today, (Jan. 2006). http://www.fuelcelltoday.com.

37. “European Union fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding” by K.-A.

Adamson, Fuel Cell Today, (Mar. 2005)

38. “Fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding: comparative analysis”,

presentation by K.-A. Adamson, at the Fuel Cell Seminar, (2006).

39. National Energy Road Map, NHEB, MNRE, Govt. of India, (2006).

40. Policy Paper on India’s Road to Hydrogen Economy, INAE, (April 2006)

41. “Advanced synthesis of materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide

fuel cells”, Progress in Materials Science 57, 804 (2012)

42. “Nanoscale and nano-structured electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells by

infiltration: Advances and challenges”, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy 37,449 (2012).

43. “Breakthrough fuel cell technology using ceria-based multifunctional

nanocomposites”, Applied Energy; 106 163 (2013).

44. “Fuel cells in India; A Survey of Current Developments”; Jonathon Buttler,

Fuel Cells Today, (June 2007).

45. “Biofuel cells and their development – A review”; R.A. Bullen, T.C. Arnot, J.B.

Lakeman, F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21(11), 2015 (2006).

http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2013/february/energyor-conducts-first-fuel-cell-uav-flights-in-india#sthash.INbV0clV.dpuf



http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2008/october/bharat-petroleum-seeks-collaboration-wtih-nippon-oil-for-fuel-cell-technology#sthash.jmVrHPkI.dpuf



http://www.iphe.net/

http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/






http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09565663

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09565663/21/11

142

46. “Recent Development of Miniatured Enzymatic Biofuel Cells” by Yin Song,

Varun Penmasta and Chunlei Wang in “Biofuel's Engineering Process

Technology” edited by Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes published by In

Tech (2011). (http://www.intechopen.com/books/biofuel-s-engineering-

processtechnology/recent-development-of-miniatured-enzymatic-biofuel-cells-

657).

47. “Recent progress and continuing challenges in bio-fuel cells. Part I:

Enzymatic cells”; M.H. Osman, A.A. Shah and F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and

Bioelectronics, 26 3087 (2011).

48. “Biofuel cell for generating power from methanol substrate using alcohol

oxidase bioanode and air-breathed laccase biocathode”; Madhuri Das,

Lepakshi Barbora, Priyanki Das and, Pranab Goswami; Biosensors and

Bioelectronics, 59 184(2014).

49. “A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology”, S. Giddey,

S.P.S. Badwal, A. Kulkarni, C. Munnings, Progress in Energy and

Combustion Science 38, 360 (2012).

50. “Recent insights concerning DCFC development: 1998-2012”; K.Hemmes,

J.F.Cooper, J.R.Selman; International journal of Hydrogen Energy38, 8503

(2013).

Note: In addition to the above literature (Books and journals) primarily by

foreign authors, complete list of publications by the Indian researchers are

given in the ANNEXURE III.

http://www.intechopen.com/books/biofuel-s-engineering-processtechnology/recent-development-of-miniatured-enzymatic-biofuel-cells-657



143

ANNEXURE II

Portfolio of Publications and Patents on Fuel Cell Related Areas

of the Important Research Groups of this Country

A. Books/ Book Chapters

1. S. Basu (Ed.), Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Springer,

New York (2007)

2. Basu, S., Report on Challenges in Fuel cell Technology: India’s Perspective,

Dec 1 & 2, 2006, New Delhi (DST)

3. Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production, B.Viswanathan, Ravi

Subramanian andJ.S.Lee (editors) Springer, 2014.

4. Basu, S., Fuel Cell Technology in India’s Roadmap to Hydrogen Economy,

Ed. T. K. Roy and P. K. Mukhopadhya, Indian National Academy of

Engineering, 2006

5. Basu, S., Chokalingam, R., ‘Ceria based electro-ceramic composite materials

for solid oxide fuel cell application’ (Ch 10), In Advanced Organic-Inorganic

Composites: Materials, Device and Allied Applications, Ed. Inamuddin

Siddiqui, Nova Science Publications Inc., N.Y. 2011

6. Surya Singh, Anil Verma, Suddhasatwa Basu, ‘Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM

Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells – Recent Advances’ (Ch 5) in Advanced

Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Energy, Ed P. K Shen, C.

Wang, X. Sun, S. P. Jiang, and J. Zhang, CRC Press (2014)

7. “Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells” by R.N. Basu, in Recent Trends in Fuel

Cell Science and Technology, Editor: Prof. S. Basu, Jointly published by

Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi (India) and Springer, New York (USA),

Chapter-9, pp. 284-389 (2006).

8. "Energy Generation and Storage Device: High Temperature Ceramic Fuel

Cell" by R.N. Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das Sharma in INSA

Monograph on Energy, Editors: Boldev Raj, U. Kamachi Mudali and Indranil

Manna – Manuscript submitted in June 2013 (to be published by INSA, New

Delhi in 2015).

9. “Nanoindentation behaviour of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N.

Basu, T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, M. Bose, A. Dey and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in

Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids, Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop Kumar

Mukhopadhyay, Chapter 30, p. 235-241. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis

Group, London and New York (Published on 25th June, 2014.CRC Press Inc.,

USA).

http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781493916276

144

10. B.K. Kakati, A. Verma. “Carbon polymer composite bipolar plate for PEM fuel

cell: Development Characterization and Performance Evaluation” Lambert

Academic Press, Germany (2011) (ISBN: 9783846503119).

11. A. Ghosh, A. Verma. “Graphene: A potential candidate for PEM fuel cell

components: development, characterization and performance evaluation”

Scholar’s Press, (2014) (ISBN-978-3639661972).

12. “Nanoindentation behaviour of high-temperature glass-ceramic sealants for

anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N. Basu, S. Ghosh, A. Das

Sharma, P. Kundu, A. Dey, and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in Nanoindentation of

Brittle Solids, Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Chapter

31, p. 243-247. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York

(Published on 25th June, 2014.CRC Press Inc., USA).

13. Electroceramics for Fuel Cells, Batteries and Sensors, S.R. Bharadwaj, S.

Varma, B.N. Wani, Functional Materials, Book Edited by S. Banerjee and A.K.

Tyagi, Elsevier, London, 2012, Pages 639-674 (Chapter 16)

14. A. Verma, S. Basu, 2007. Direct alcohol and borohydride alkaline fuel cell. In:

Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Ed., S. Basu, Anamaya

Publishers (New Delhi) and Springer, pp.157-187 (ISBN: 978-0-387-35537-5).

15. Biohydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Technology Advances,

Debabrata Das, Namita Khanna and Chitralekha Nag Dasgupta, CRC Press,

408 Pages, 2014 (ISBN 9781466517998).

16. R. Chetty and K. Scott "AirBreathing Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Catal

ysed Titanium MeshElectrodes" in Electrocatalysts: Research, Technology and

Applications, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, 2009.

17. Jayati Datta, (2015) “Multi-metallic nano catalysts for anodic reaction in direct

alcohol Fuel Cell”, in “Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells”, Pan

Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd., Singapore.

18. Waste Recycling and Resource Management in the developing World,

Ecological Engineering Approach, Pub. University of Kalyani, India and

International Ecological Engineering Society, Switzerland, © 2000, Article -

Eco-sustainable technology in India - its present and future, pp 631-637.

145

B. Publications in Journals

1) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PMEFC)

CSIR

1. Ashvini B. Deshmukh, Vinayak S. Kale, Vishal M. Dhavale, K. Sreekumar, K

Vijaymohanan, Manjusha V. Shelke, Electrochem. Comm. 12 (2010) 1638–

1641.

2. Ranjith Vellancheri, Sreekuttan M. Unni, Sandeep Nihre, Ulhas K. Kharul,

Sreekumar Kurungot, Electrochimica Acta, 55 (2010) 2878.

3. Thangavelu Palaniselvam, Ramaiyan Kannan and Sreekumar Kurungot,

Chem. Commun., 47 (2011) 2910-2912.

4. Vishal M Dhavale, Sreekuttan M Unni, Husain N Kagalwala, Vijayamohanan

K Pillai, Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem. Commun., 47 (2011) 3951-3953.

5. Beena K Balan, Sreekumar Kurungot, J. Mater. Chem. Accepted, 2011.

6. Ramaiyan Kannan, Pradnya P Aher, Thangavelu Palaniselvam, Sreekumar

Kurungot, Ulhas K. Kharul, Vijayamohanan K. Pillai. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1

(2010) 2109–2113.

7. Beena K Balan, Vinayak S Kale, Pradnya P Aher, Manjusha V Shelke,

Vijayamohanan K Pillai and Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem. Commun. 46

(2010) 5590–5592.

8. Sreekuttan M. Unni, Vishal M. Dhavale, Vijayamohanan K. Pillai, and

Sreekumar Kurungot, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 14654–14661.

9. R.S. Bhavsar, S.B. Nahire, M.S. Kale, S.G. Patil, P.P. Aher, R.A. Bhavsar,

U.K. Kharul; Polybenzimidazoles based on 3,3’-diaminobenzidine and

aliphatic dicarboxylic acids: Synthesis and evaluation of physico-chemical

properties towards their applicability as proton exchange and gas

separation membrane material; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.120 (2011) 1090–99.

10. Rupesh S. Bhavsar, Santosh C. Kumbharkar1, Ulhas K. Kharul; Polymeric

ionic liquids (PILs): Effect of anion variation on their CO2 sorption; J.

Membr. Sci. 389 (2012) 305– 315.

11. S.C. Kumbharkar, U.K. Kharul; New N-substituted ABPBI: Synthesis and

evaluation of gas permeation properties; J. Membr. Sci.360 (2010) 418-425.

12. S.C. Kumbharkar, Md. Nazrul Islam, R.A. Potrekar, U.K. Kharul; Variation in

acid moiety of polybenzimidazoles: Investigation of physico-chemical

properties towards their applicability as proton exchange and gas

separation membrane materials; Polymer50 (2009) 1403–1413.

146

13. S.C. Kumbharkar, P.B. Karadkar, U.K. Kharul; Enhancement of gas

permeation properties of polybenzimidazoles by systematic structure

architecture; J. Membr. Sci.286 (2006) 161-169.

14. S.S. Kothawade, M.P. Kulkarni, U.K. Kharul, A.S. Patil, S.P. Vernekar;

Synthesis, characterization, and gas permeability of aromatic polyimides

containing pendant phenoxy group; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.108 (2008) 3881–

3889.

15. P.H. Maheshwari, R.Singh and R.B.Mathur, J. Electroanal. Chem. 671

(2012) 32-37.

16. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, N. Chauhan, R.K. Seth and R.B. Mathur, Inter. J.

Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010) 4195-4200.

17. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476

– 7482.

18. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, S. Sharma, M. Borah and T.L. Dhami, Energy &

Fuel. 23 (2009) 934-941.

19. P.H. Maheshwari and R.B.Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476-

7482.

20. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R. B. Mathur and T. L. Dhami, Inter J.

Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 7146-7152.

21. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, T. L. Dhami, Electrochimica Acta.

54 (2008) 655 – 659.

22. S. R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R.B. Mathur and T.L. Dhami, Energy

& Fuel. 22 (2008) 3329-3334.

23. R.B. Mathur, S.R. Dhakateand D.K.Gupta, T.L. Dhami, R.K. Aggarwal, J.

Mat. Process. Technol. 203 (2008) 184-192.

24. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, B.K. Kakati, and T.L. Dhami, Inter J. Hydrogen

Energy. 32 (2007) 4537-4543.

25. R.B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T.L. Dhami, R.P. Tandon,

Electrochimica Acta. 52 (2007) 4809 –17.

26. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R.B. Mathur, T.L. Dhami, Journal of Power

Sources, 173 (2007) 394 – 403.

27. R. B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T. L. Dhami, R. K. Sharma, C. P.

Sharma, J. Power Sources, 161 (2006) 790 – 798.

28. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J.

Eletrochem. Soc., 154 (2007) B123.

29. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J.

Appl. Electrochem. 37 (2007) 913-919. G. Selvarani, A. K. Sahu, N. A.

Choudhury, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Electrochim. Acta

52 (2007) 4871-4877.

147

30. A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pichumani and A.K. Shukla, J. Appl.

Electrochem., 38 (2008) 357-362.

31. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K.

Shukla, N. Narayanan, A. Banerjee and N.Chandrakumar, J. Membr. Sci.,

319 (2008) 298-305.

32. A.K. Sahu, K.G. Nishanth, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K.

Shukla, Carbon, 47 (2009) 102-108.

33. S.D. Bhat, A. Manokaran, A.K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K.

Shukla, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 113 (2009) 2605-2612.

34. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, and A.K. Shukla, J. Electrochem.

Soc., 156 (2009) B118-B125.

35. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K.Shukla, Fuel Cells, 9(2)

(2009) 139–147.

36. A K Sahu, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol.

32, No. 3, June 2009, pp. 1–10.

37. G. Selvarani, Bincy John, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla,

ECS Trans., 19 (2009) 49-62.

38. A.K. Sahu,P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J.I.I.Sc., 89(4) (2009) 1-9.

39. K K Tintula, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol.

33, No. 2, April 2010, pp. 157–163.

40. S. Mohanapriya, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, ECS Trans.,

28 (2010) 43 - 53.

41. S. Mohanapriya, K.K.Tintula, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla,

ECS trans., 33 (2010) 461-471.

42. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K.

Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1679-B1685.

43. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, and A. K.

Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1000 - B1007.

44. G. Selvarani, S. Maheswari, P. Sridhar, S.Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J.

Fuel Cell Sci. & Tech., 8 (2011) 021003.

45. A. Manokaran, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.

K. Shukla, J. Power & Energy, Proc. IMechE., Part A, 225 (2011) 175-182.

46. G. Selvarani, S. Vinod Selvaganesh, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K.

Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci. 34 (2011) 337–346.

47. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K.

Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158 (2011) B622-B631.

48. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K.

Shukla, Fuel Cells 11 (2011) 372–384.

49. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K.

Shukla, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 12623–12634.

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50. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J. Power

Sources, 196 (2011) 9931-9938.

51. Tintula Kottakkat, Akhila K. Sahu*, Santoshkumar D. Bhat, Pitchumani

Sethuraman and Sridhar Parthasarathi, Appl. Catal. B. Environmental 110

(2011) 178– 185.

52. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J.

Chem. Sci. (accepted).

53. S. Mohanapriya, K. K. Tintula, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani and P. Sridhar,

Bull. Mater. Sci. (accepted).

54. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.

K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159 (5) B463-B470 (2012).

55. Mayavan, S, Mandalam, A, Balasubramanian, M, Sim, JB, Choi, SM,Facile

approach to prepare Pt decorated SWNT/graphene hybrid catalytic ink,

Mater. Res. Bull.67(2015)215-219

56. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar, Dynamics of anode-cathode

interaction in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell revealed by simultaneous

current and potential distribution measurements under local reactant

starvation conditions, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 45 (2015) 353 –

363.

57. S. Gouse Peera, A.K. Sahu, A. Arunchander, S.D. Bhat, J. Karthikeyan, P.

Murugan, Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped graphite nanofibers as high

durable oxygen reduction catalyst in acidic media for polymer electrolyte

fuel cells, Carbon 93 (2015) 130-142.

58. A. Arunchander, K. G. Nishanth, K. K. Tintula, S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu,

Insights into the effect of structure directing agents on structural properties

of mesoporous carbon for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull. Mater. Sci. 38

(2015) 1-9.

59. Ramendra Pandey, Harshal Agarwal, B. Saravanan, P. Sridhar,

Santoshkumar D. Bhat, Internal humidification in PEM fuel cells using wick

based water transport, Journal of Electrochemical Society 162 (2015) in

press.

60. Gopi, KH, Peera, SG, Bhat, SD, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,3-

Methyltrimethylammonium poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based

anion exchange membrane for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull.

Mat. Sci.37(2014)877-881.

61. Selvaganesh, SV, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Shukla, AK,Pristine and

graphitized-MWCNTs as durable cathode-catalyst supports for PEFCs, J.

Solid State Electrochem.18(2014)1291-1305

149

62. Peera, SG, Sahu, AK, Bhat, SD, Lee, SC,Nitrogen functionalized graphite

nanofibers/Ir nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in

polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), RSC Adv.4(2014)11080-11088

63. S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, S. C. Lee, Nitrogen functionalized

graphite nanofibers/Ir nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction

in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), RSC Advances 4 (2014) 11080-

11088.

64. K. K. Tintula, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K.

Shukla, Durability of Pt/C and Pt/MC-PEDOT Catalysts under Simulated

Start-Stop Cycles in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 13 (2013)

158-166.

65. S. Gouse Peera, K.K. Tintula, A.K. Sahu, S. Shanmugam, P. Sridhar, S.

Pitchumani, Catalytic activity of Pt anchored onto graphite nanofiber-poly (3,

4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite towards oxygen reduction reaction in

polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 108 (2013) 95-103.

66. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla,

Endurance of Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at

elevated temperature under low relative-humidity, J. Chemical Science, 124

(2012) 529-536.

67. S Mohanapriya, K K Tintula, S D Bhat, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar, A novel

multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)-based nanocomposite for PEFC

electrodes, Bulletin of Materials Science 35 (2012) 297-303.

68. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla,

Endurance of Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at

elevated temperature under low relative-humidity, Journal of Chemical

Science 124 (2012) 529-536.

Fuel Cell Center (DST)

69. Prithi Jayaraj, R.Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S.Dhathathreyan, , “

Nitrogen Doped Graphene as Catalyst support for Sulphur tolerance in

PEMFC “Graphene 2015 Accepted for publication

70. Jason Millichamp , Thomas J. Mason , Tobias P. Neville , Natarajan

Rajalakshmi , Rhodri Jervis , Paul R. Shearing , Daniel J.L. Brett,, “

Mechanisms and effects of mechanical compression and dimensional

change in polymer electrolyte fuel cells - A review “ , J Power source, 284

(2015) 305

71. K.Nagamahesh, R.Balaji, K.S.Dhathathreyan, “Studies on Noble metal free

carbon based cathodes for Magnesium–Hydrogen peroxide fuelCell”, Ionics

DOI: 10.1007/s11581-015-1434-y (accepted for Publication) 2015.

72. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan ,and S. Ramaprabhu “

Nitrogen doped graphene prepared by hydrothermal and thermal solid state

150

methods as catalyst supports for fuel cell “ , International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy 40 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 4337-4348

73. S.Seetharaman, Raghu, S, Velan, M, Ramya, K & Ansari, K 2014,

‘Comparison of the performance of reduced graphene oxide and multiwalled

carbon nanotubes based Sulfonated polysulfone membranes for electrolysis

application’, Polymer Composites, 36(3), 475-481,2015

74. Prithi Jayaraj, P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Mitigation

studies of sulfur contaminated electrodes for PEMFC” , International Journal

of Hydrogen Energy 39 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 2 0 4 5 - 1 2 0 5 1

75. V. Senthil Velan, G. Velayutham, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan,

“Influence of compressive stress on the pore structure of carbon cloth

based gas diffusion layer investigated by capillary flow porometry “ ,

International journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 1752- 1759

76. N. Sasikala, K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Bifunctional electrocatalyst

for oxygen/air electrodes, “Energy conversion and Management, 77, 2014,

545-549.

77. L.S.Ranjani, K. Ramya, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Compact and flexible

hydrocarbon polymer sensor for sensing humidity in confined

spacesInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 21343-21350, 2014.

78. V. Senthil Velan, P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ A Novel

Graphene Based Cathode for Metal – Air Battery “ , GRAPHENE 2013,

Vol.1, No. 2 , 1-7

79. P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Synthesis of Alkali

Intercalated Graphene Oxide for Electrochemiacl Supercapacitor Electrodes

with High Perfromance and Long Cycling Stability “ , GRAPHENE 2013,

Vol.1, No.1 , 1-9

80. K.Ramya, K.S.Dhathathreyan, J.Sreenivas, S.Kumar, S.Narasimhan,

“Hydrogen production by alcoholysis of sodium borohydride Accepted for

publication in International Journal of Energy Research, 2013, 37, 1889-

1895

81. S.Sabareeswaran, R.Balaji, K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan,” Carbon

Assisted water electrolysis for hydrogen generation “AIP conference

Proceedings 1538, 43(2013).

82. Seetharaman, S., Ramya, K., Dhathathreyan, K.S., “Electrochemically

reduced graphene oxide / sulfonated polyether ether ketone composite

membrane for electrochemical applications “ ,AIP Conference Proceedings

,Volume 1538, 2013, Pages 257-261

83. Latha, K., Umamaheswari, B., Rajalakshmi, N., Dhathathreyan, K.S.,

” Investigation of various operating modes of fuelcell/ultracapacitor/ multiple

converter based hybrid system , Proceedings of the International

mailto:[email protected]

151

Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2013, Article

number6526990, Pages 65-71” [2013 IEEE 10th International Conference

on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS 2013; Kitakyushu; Japan;

22 April 2013 through 25 April 2013; Code 97934

84. K. Latha ,S. Vidhya , B. Umamaheswari , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S.

Dhathathreyan , “Tuning of PEM fuel cell model parameters for prediction

of steady state and dynamic performance under various operating

conditions “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, (2013), pp.

2370-2386

85. P Karthika ,N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , "Flexible polyester

cellulose paper supercapacitor using gel electrolyte"; Chem Phys Chem,

2013, 14, 3822-3826 (DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300622 ( 2013) )

86. S.Seetharaman, M.Velan,R.Balaji, K.Ramya , and K S

Dhathathreyan“Graphene oxide modified non noble metal electrode for

alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers” , International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy- 38, (2013 ) ,14934 -14942tion ( 2013)

87. S.Seetharaman & R. Balaji & K. Ramya & K. S. Dhathathreyan & M. Velan,

“Electrochemical behaviour of nickel-based electrodes for oxygen evolution

reaction in alkaline water electrolysis”, Ionics, DOI 10.1007/s11581-013-

1032-9.

88. Ranjani Lalitha Sridhar, Ramya Krishnan, PEMFC membrane electrode

assembly degradation study based on its mechanical properties,

International Journal of Materials Research, Volume 104(9), 2013,892-898.

89. S Nagarajan, P Sudhagar, V Raman, W Cho, KS Dhathathreyan and YS

Kang, “A PEDOT-reinforced exfoliated graphite composite as a Pt- and

TCO-free flexible counter electrode for polymer electrolyte dye-sensitized

solar cells”, : Journal of Materials Chemistry A Volume: 1 Issue: 4 Pages:

1048-1054, 2013

90. M Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi and KS Dhathathreyan, “Electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of flow field

geometry in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells”, Renewable Energy,

Vol. 51, p 79-84, 2013.

91. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani,Hongjing Wang, Malar Auxilia

Francis, Hideki Abe ,Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S.

Dhathathreyan, Dakshinamoorthy Arivuoli, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “

Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt–Ru Alloy Particles with Uniform Sizes by

Sophisticated Hard-Templating Method “ , Chemistry - An Asian Journal ,

Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 902-907

92. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani, Yu-Heng Deng, Kevin C.-W.

Wu, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan, Arivuoli

152

Dakshanamoorthy, Katsuhiko Ariga, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “ Hard-

templating Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt-Based Alloy Particles with Low Ni

and Co Contents “ , Chemistry Letters , Volume 42, Issue 4, 2013, Pages

447-449

93. S. Naveen Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Efficient Power

Conditioner for a Fuel Cell Stack-Ripple Current Reduction Using

Multiphase Converter , Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2013, 4

94. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi∗, and K. S. Dhathathreyan, Phosphorus-Doped

Exfoliated Graphene for Supercapacitor Electrodes, , Journal of

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Volume 13, Number 3, pp. 1746-1751,

March 2013.

95. S. Pandiyan , A. Elayaperumal , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , N.

Venkateshwaran, “ Design and analysis of a proton exchange membrane

fuel cells (PEMFC)” , Renewable Energy . Volume 49, January 2013,

Pages 161-165

96. Pattabiraman Krishnamurthy, Ramya Krishnan, and Dhathathreyan

Kaveripatnam Samban, Performance of a 1 kW Class Nafion-PTFE

Composite Membrane Fuel Cell Stack, International Journal of Chemical

EngineeringVolume 2012 (2012),

97. Prasanna Karthika, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S.

Dhathathreyan,Functionalized Exfoliated Graphene Oxide as

Supercapacitor Electrodes , Soft Nanoscience Letters, 2012, 2, 59-66

98. K. S. Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Jayakumar, and S. Pandian,,

Forced Air-Breathing PEMFC Stacks, Int Journal of Electrochemistry,

Volume 2012, Article ID 216494, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/216494

99. Viswanath Sasank Bethapudi, Rajalakshmi N, Dhathathreyan KS, Design

and optimization of a closed two loop thermal management configuration for

PEM fuel cell using heat transfer modules , International Journal of

Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3, , pp. 243-248, 2012

100. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, V. Raman, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S.

Dhathathreyan and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Synthesis of graphene-multiwalled

carbon nanotubes hybrid nanostructure by strengthened electrostatic

interaction and its lithium ion battery application “ , J. Mater. Chem.,

Vol.22(19), 9949-9956, 2012

101. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “ Novel

Platinum–Cobalt Alloy Nanoparticles Dispersed on Nitrogen-Doped

Graphene as a Cathode Electrocatalyst for PEMFC Applications “

,Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22(16), p3519-3526, 2012

102. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, R. Imran Jaffri, S. Ramaprabhu, and K. S.

Dhathathreyan , “Functionalised 2D Graphene Sheets as Catalyst Support

153

for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes” in Advanced Science

Letters, Volume 6, 2012, Pages 141-146

103. B.P. Vinayan , R. Imran Jafri, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Sethupathi

,S. Ramaprabhu , “ Catalytic activity of platinum cobalt alloy nanoparticles

decorated functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for oxygen

reduction reaction in PEMFC “ , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 37 ( 2012) 412-

421

104. Bhagavatula YS (Bhagavatula, Yamini Sarada); Bhagavatula MT

(Bhagavatula, Maruthi T.); Dhathathreyan KS (Dhathathreyan, K. S.),

“Application of Artificial Neural Network in Performance Prediction of PEM

Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Energy Research, Vol.36(13), p 1215-

1225, 2012

105. B. Yamini Sarada , “Response to Comment on the article “Meliorated

oxygen reduction reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the

presence of cerium zirconium oxide” by B. Yamini Sarada, K.S.

Dhathathreyan, and M. Rama Krishna” , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36(

2012)5309-5310

106. S. S. Jyothirmayee Aravind, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S.

Ramaprabhu, “ Solar exfoliated graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid nano

composites as efficient catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane

fuel cells “ , J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 18199-18204

107. Adarsh Kaniyoor, Tessy Theres Baby, Thevasahayam Arockiadoss,

Natarajan Rajalakshmi, and Sundara Ramaprabhu, “ Wrinkled Graphenes:

A Study on the Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Exfoliation – reduction

of Graphite Oxide “ , The Journal of Physical Chemistry C ,

2011,115,17660-17669

108. C. K. Subramaniam*, C. S. Ramya and K. Ramya , “Performance of EDLCs

using nafion and nafion composites as electrolyte' - J of Applied

Electrochemistry, Volume 41, Number 2, 197-206, 2011

109. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Study of a porous membrane

humidification method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells , Int. J. Hydrogen

Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14866-14872

110. G. Velayutham, “ effect of micro-layer PTFE on the performance of PEM

fuel cell electrodes “, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14845-14850

111. V. Senthil Velan , G. Velayutham, Neha Hebalkar , K.S. Dhathathreyan ,

Effect of SiO2 additives on the PEM fuel cell electrode performance , Int. J.

Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14815-14822

112. M. Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Electrochemical

impedance diagnosis of micro porous layer in polymer electrolyte

154

membrane fuel cell electrodes , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 12342-

12360

113. B.Yamini Sarada , K.S. Dhathathreyan , M. Rama Krishna , “ Meliorated

oxygen reduction reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the

presence of cerium-zirconium oxide , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011)

11886- 11894

114. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “ Fuel Cell Development in India ‘ – The Journal of

Fuel Cell Technology , Japan - Special issue – invited article , 11(1) , 36-

49, 2011.

115. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “The ARCI Fuel Cell Programme “ ISOFT e-Bulletin

Vol. 02 No.01, June 1, page 2, 2011.

116. Neetu Jha, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “Graphene-

multi walled carbon nanotube hybrid electrocatalyst support material for

direct methanol fuel cell “International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume

36, Issue 12, June 2011, Pages 7284-7290

117. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , Operation planning

of an independent microgrid for cold regions by the distribution of fuel cells

and water electrolysers using a genetic algorithm , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,

36, ( 2011) , 14295-14308

118. Shin’ya Obara, Takanobu Yamada, Kazuhiro Matsumura, Shiro Takahashi,

Masahito Kawai and Balaji Rengarajan , Operational planning of an engine

generator using a high pressure working fluid composed of CO2 hydrate,

Applied Energy 2011, 88(12), 4733-4741

119. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , “ Operation method

study based on the energy balance of an independent microgrid using solar

powered water electrolyser and an electric heat pump , Energy , 2011,

36(8), 5200-5213

120. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Study of a porous

membrane humidification method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells” ,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 36 (2011) 14866-14872

121. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu , ” Nitrogen-doped multi-

walled carbon nanocoils as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in

proton exchange membrane fuel cell “ ,Journal of Power Sources, Volume

195, Issue 24, 15 December 2010, Pages 8080-8083

122. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “Nitrogen doped

graphene nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in

proton exchange membrane fuel cell”, J. Mater. Chem., 2010,20, 7114-

7117




155

123. K S.Dhathathreyan and N.Rajalakshmi ,Challenges in PEM Fuel Cell

Development , in “ Fuel Cells “ INCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII No.3, 2009, 214-

228 - Published in Nov. 2010

124. R. Imran Jafri, T. Arockiados, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu , “

Nanostructured Pt dispersed Graphene-Multi walled Carbon Nanotube

hybrid nanomaterials as electrocatalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane

Fuel cells “ , , The Journal of Electrochemical Society 157(6),B874-B879

(2010)

125. C S Ramya, C K Subramaniam and K S Dhathathreyan, “Perfluorosulfonic

acid based electrochemical double layer capacitor “J.Electrochem. Soc.,

USA, 157(5), A600-A605, 2010.

126. Leela Mohana Reddy, M. M. Shaijumon, N. Rajalakshmi and S.

Ramaprabhu, “ Performance of PEMFC using Pt/MWNT-Pt/C composites

as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC “ J. Fuel Cell

Science and Technology, 7(2010) 1-7

127. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Performance of Platinumm Black

and Supported Platinum Catalysts in a Direct Methanol Fuel cell ”, Int. J.

Electrochem.Sci., 4(2009), 386-395)

128. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ExperimentaL Analaysis of

platinum utilization in a DMFC cathode “ , J. Applied Electrochem. 39 (

2009), 1003-1009

129. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Effect of PTFE content on the

performance of a Direct Methanol fuel cell “ , International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 446–452

130. B K Kakati, V K Yamsani , K S Dhathathreyan, D. Sathyamurthy and A

Verma , “The Electrical conductivity of a composite bipolar plate for fuel cell

applications” , CARBON 47 (2009 ) , 2413-2418

131. R. Imran Jafri, N. Sujatha, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Au–

MnO2/MWNT and Au–ZnO/MWNT as oxygen reduction reaction

electrocatalyst or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell “ , International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2009) 34, 6371-6376

132. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandian, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Vibration tests on a PEM

fuel cell stack usable in transportation application “ , International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, Issue 9, pp.3833-3837, 2009

133. G. Velayutham , K S Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi and D.Sampangi

Raman , “ Assessment of factors responsible for polymer electrolyte

membrane fuel cell electrode performance by statistical analysis , Journal of

Power Sources , 191, ( 2009), 10-15

134. N. Rajalakshmi, G. Velayutham and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Sensitivity

Analysiis of a 2.5 kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell stack by

156

Statistical Method”, J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 6 (1): 011003-1-

6. 200

135. G Velayutham, K S Dhathathreyan , N Rajalakshmi and D Sampangi

Raman , Assessment of factors responsible for Polymer Electrolyte

Membrane Fuel cell electrode performance by Statistical Analysis , J.

Power Sources , 191( 2009),10-15

136. N. Rajalakshmi, N. Lakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Nano titanium oxide

catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells , International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 7521-7526

137. B. Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , Effect of

Ionomer Content in Anode and Cathode Catalyst Layers on Direct Methanol

Fuel Cell Performance , , FUEL CELLS 00, 2008, No. 0, 1–6 ( Science

Direct)

138. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan

,Continuous bubble humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a

PEMFC system , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 33,

Issue 17, September 2008, Pages 4640-4648 139. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,Nanostructured platinum catalyst

layer prepared by Pulsed Electro- Deposition for use in PEM fuel cells ,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 ( 2008 ) 5672 – 5677

140. K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan, “ Methanol crossover studies on heat-

treated Nafion® membranes “J Membrane Science 311, 121-127 ,20008

141. S.Pandian, K.Jayakumar, N.Rajalakshmi and K.S.Dhathathreyan, Thermal

and Electrical Energy management in a PEMFC stack – An analytical

approach , Int. Journal of Heat and Mass transfer 51 (2008) 469-473

142. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Design and

development of modular fuel cell stacks for various applications, Int.

Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 449-454

143. Neetu Jha, A. Leela Mohana Reddy, M.M. Shaijumon, N.Rajalakshmi and

S.Ramaprabhu, Pt-Ru Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as electrocatalysts for

direct methanol fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33

(2008) 427-433

144. A Leela Mohana Reddy, N.Rajalakshmi and S.Ramaprabhu , Co-Ppy –

Mwnt catalysts for H2 and alcohol fuel cells , Carbon 46 (2008) 2-11, (

2008).

145. N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Catalyst layer in PEMFC

electrodes—Fabrication, characterisation and analysis” in Chemical

Engineering Journal 129 (2007) 31–40

157

146. K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “ Methanol crossover studies on heat-

treated Nafion® membranes “ in Journal of Membrane Science 311 (2008)

121–127

147. G. Velayutham, J. Kaushik, N. Rajalakshmi, and K. S. Dhathathreyan ,

“Effect of PTFE Content in Gas Diffusion Media and Microlayer on the

Performance of PEMFC Tested under Ambient Pressure “ in FUEL CELLS

2008, No. 0, 1–5

148. N. Rajalakshmi∗, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Design and

development of modular fuel cell stacks for various applications” in

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 449 – 454

149. M. Krishna Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, and S. Ramaprabhu, Electrochromism

in mischmetal based AB2 alloy hydride thin film , J. Phys Chem 111, issue

No. 24, (2007) 8532-37

150. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Catalyst layer in PEMFC

electrodes—Fabrication, characterisation and analysis “ Chemical

Engineering Journal, 129(2007)31-40

151. K. Ramya, G. Velayutham, C.K. Subramaniam, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S.

Dhathathreyan, “Effect of solvents on the characteristics of Nafion®/PTFE

composite membranes for fuel cell applications” , Journal of Power Sources

160 (2006) 10–17

152. N Lakshmi, N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , Functionalisation of

various carbons for use in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell electrodes

– Analysis and Characterization , J Phys. D Appl. Phys , 39 (2006) 2785–

2790

153. K. Jayakumar, S. Pandiyan, N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,

“Cost-benefit analysis of commercial bipolar plates for PEMFC's “ Journal

of Power Sources, Volume 161, Issue 1, 20 October 2006, Pages 454-459,

154. G Velayutham , J Koushik and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Influence of Gas

Dissusion Substrates ( GDS) on the performance of PEM Fuel cell “ ,

Proceedings of DAE-BRNS International Symposium on Materials

Chemistry , Dec. 408, 2006 , Mumbai, India

155. M. Shaijumon, S. Ramaprabhu and N. Rajalakshmi“ Multiwalled carbon

nanotubes-platinum/carbon composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen

reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell , Appl. Phys.

Lett. 88, 253105, 2006

156. N. Rajalakshmi, Hojin Ryu, M.M. Shaijumon and S. Ramaprabhu,,

Performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with carbon

nanotubes as oxygen reduction catalyst support material, Journal of Power

Sources, Volume 140, Issue 2, 2 February 2005, Pages 250-257.

158

157. Platinum Catalysed Membranes for Proton exchange Membrane fuel cells

– Higher performance - N.Rajalakshmi1, Hojin Ryu1 and K.S.

Dhathathreyan2 , Chemical Engineering Journal 102,241-247, 2004.

IITs

158. A. Das, S. Basu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Characterization of Low Cost Ion

Conducting Poly(AAc-co-DMAPMA) Membrane for Fuel Cell Application”,

Materials Sciences and Applications, Accepted.

159. B. Navaneeth, R. H. Prasad, P. Chiranjeevi, R. Chandra, O. Sarkar, A.

Verma, S. Subudhi, B. Lal, and S.V. Mohan, “Implication of Composite

Electrode on the Functioning of Photo-bioelectrocatalytic Fuel Cell

Operated with Heterotrophic-anoxygenic Condition, Bioresource

Technology, doi: j.biortech.2015.02.065.

160. A. Ghosh and A. Verma, “Carbon-polymer Composite Bipolar Plate for HT-

PEMFC, Fuel Cells, 2014, 14, 259-265.

161. T.S.K. Raunija, S.K. Manwatkar, S.C. Sharma, and A. Verma,

“Morphological Optimization of Process Parameters of Randomly Oriented

Carbon/Carbon Composite”, Carbon Letters, 2014, 15, 25-31.

162. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, “Efficient Composite Bipolar Plate

Reinforced with Carbon Fibre and Graphene for Proton Exchange

Membrane Fuel Cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38,

9362-9369.

163. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, and A. Verma, “Graphene and Functionalized Graphene

Supported Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC” Fuel Cells, 2013, 13, 355-363.

164. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Semi-empirical Modelling of

Electrical Conductivity for Composite Bipolar Plate with Multiple

Reinforcements”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36,

14851-14857.

165. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, "Graphene Reinforced Composite

Bipolar Plate for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell", ASME

Proceedings, Fuel Cell 2011, 301-307.

166. N. Shroti, L. Barbora, and A. Verma, “Neodymium Triflate Modified Nafion

Composite Membrane for Reduced Alcohol Permeability in Direct Alcohol

Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 14907-

14913.

167. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Electrochemical and

Mechanical Behaviour of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell

Application”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35 (2010) 4185-

4194.

159

168. A. Verma, and K. Scott, "Development of High Temperature PEMFC based

on Heteropolyacids and Polybenzimidazole", Journal of Solid State

Electrochemistry, 2010, 14, 213-219.

169. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha, and A. Verma, “Fabrication of Composite Bipolar

Plate for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell”, Journal of

Environmental Research and Development, 2009, 4, 202-211.

170. B.K. Kakati, V.K. Yamsani, K.S. Dhathathreyan, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A.

Verma, “Investigation on Electrical Conductivity of Composite Bipolar Plate

for Fuel Cell Application”, Carbon, 2009, 47, 2413-2418.

171. X. Wu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Sb-doped SnP2O7 Proton Conductor for

High Temperature Fuel Cells”, Fuel Cells, 2008, 8, 453-458.

172. A. Difoe, A. Verma, and U.K. Saha, “A Preliminary Design Approach for 1

kW Direct Methanol Fuel Cell System”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering,

2008, 1, 30-46.

173. A. Verma, A. Sharma, and S. Basu, “Study of Methanol and Ethanol

Electrooxidation in Alkaline Medium using Cyclic Voltammetry”, Indian

Chemical Engineer, 2007, 49, 330-340.

174. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha and A. Verma, “Numerical Optimization of

Channel and Rib Width of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar

Plate”, International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2007, 5, 1590-1602.

175. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, S. Kaalva, A. Difoe and A. Verma, “Nafion/TiO2

Composite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell”, International Journal

of Chemical Sciences, 2007, 5, 1579-1589.

176. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multiple Liquid Fuels:

Anode Electrode Studies”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174, 180-185.

177. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical

Modeling of a Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007,

168, 200-210.

178. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Evaluation of an Alkaline Fuel Cell in

Multi-fuel System”, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2 (2005),

234-237.

179. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct use of Alcohols and Sodium Borohydride as

Fuel in an Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 145 (2005) 282-

285.

180. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Power from Hydrogen via Fuel Cell Technology”,

Chemical Weekly, July 12, 2005, 177-181.

181. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Manganese Dioxide as a Cathode

Catalyst for a Direct Alcohol or Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell with a

Flowing Alkaline Eelectrolyte” Journal of Power Sources, 141 (2005), 30-34.

160

182. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Feasibility Study of a Simple Unitized Regenerative

Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 135 (2004) 62-65

183. J Deshpande, T Dey, PC Ghosh(2014), “Effect of Vibrations on

Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells” Energy Procedia

54, 756-762, 2014

184. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Three Dimensional Computational

Fluid Dynamics Modelling of High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel

Cell” Applied Mechanics and Materials 492, 365-369

185. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Contact resistance between bipolar

plate and gas diffusion layer in high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel

cells” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2), 987-995

186. P C Ghosh (2013), “Influences of contact pressure on the performances of

polymer electrolyte fuel cells “Journal of Energy

187. JM Sonawane, A Gupta, P C Ghosh (2013),Multi-electrode microbial fuel

cell (MEMFC): a close analysis towards large scale system architecture

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (12), 5106-5114

188. AS Raj, P C Ghosh (2012),Standalone PV-diesel system vs. PV-H2 system:

An economic analysis Energy 42 (1), 270-280

189. D. Singdeo, T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, (2011), Modelling of start-up time for high

temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Energy, 36 pp. 6081-6089.

190. P. C. Ghosh, U. Vasudeva, (2011) “Analysis of 3000 T class submarines

equipped with polymer electrolyte fuel cells”, Energy, Vol. 36 pp. 3138-

3147.

191. P. C. Ghosh, H. Dohle, J. Mergel (2009), “Modelling of heterogeneities

inside polymer electrolyte fuel cells due to oxidants” Int. J. of Hydrogen

Energy, Vol. 34 pp. 8204-8212

192. R. Kannan, Md. N. Islam, D. Rathod, M. Vijay, U. K. Kharul, P. C. Ghosh, K.

Vijaymohanan (2008), “A 27-3fractorial optimization of Polybenzimidazole

based membrane electrode assemblies for H2/O2 fuel cells” J. Applied

Electrochemistry, Vol. 38 pp. 583-590

193. S. Singh, A. Verma, S. Basu. 2015, Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM

electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells- Recent advances”, (Ch 5), in: Advanced

Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Energy, Eds., P.K. Shen, C.

Wang, X. Sun, S.P. Jiang, and J. Zhang, CRC Press, Accepted.

194. A. Ghosh, A. Verma, 2015, Potential Applications of Graphene in Polymer

Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, Eds. M. Aliofkhazraei, N. Ali, W.I. Milne,

C.S. Ozkan, S. Mitura, J.L. Gervasoni, Handbook of Graphene, CRC Press.

Accepted.

195. 1. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and S. Dhathathreyan (2008).

Continuous bubble humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a

161

PEMFC system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 33(17), 4640-

4648

196. 2. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Control orientated thermal model for

proton- exchange membrane fuel cell systems. Journal of Power Sources,

183, 98-108.

197. 3. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2009). Control of air flow rate with stack

voltage measurement for a PEM fuel cell system. Journal of Energy Storage

and Conversion. 1(1), 51-59.

198. 4. G. Vasu, D. Deepak, S. Babji and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Detection and

diagnosis of faults in PEM fuel cells. SSPCCIN 2008, 3-5 January, Pune,

India.

199. 5. V. Gollangi, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan

(2006). Effects of residence time and humidifier temperature on relative

humidity of H2 in a bubble humidifier - An experimental study. Presented at

the CHEMCON 2006, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India.

200. 6. A.K. Tangirala and B. Viswanathan (2006). Modelling, Control and

Monitoring of PEM Fuel Cells. Presented at the National Seminar on

Challenges in Fuel Cell Technology: India’s Perspective, IIT Delhi, Delhi,

India.

201. D. Kareemulla & S. Jayanti, “A comprehensive, one-dimensional, semi-

analytical mathematical model for liquid-feed polymer electrolyte membrane

direct methanol fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, 188 (2), 367-388, 2009.

202. P. V. Suresh, S. Jayanti, A. P. Deshpande & P. Haridoss, “An improved

serpentine flow field with enhanced cross-flow for fuel cell applications”, Int

J Hydrogen Energy, 36, 6067-6072, 2011.

203. N.S. Suresh and S. Jayanti, “Cross-over and performance modeling of

liquid-feed polymer electrolyte membrane direct ethanol fuel cells”, Int J

Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14648-14658, 2011.

204. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, S. Jayanti, S. Tischer, O.

Deutschmann, “Microkinetic modelling of NH3 decomposition on Ni and its

application to solid oxide fuel cells”, Chemical Engineering Science, 66,

5184-5191, 2011

205. Harikishan Reddy E, Jayanti S. Thermal management strategies for a 1

kWe stack of a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl

Therm Eng 2012; 48:465-475.

206. Vikas Jaggi and S. Jayanti “A Conceptual Model of a High-efficiency, Stand-

alone Power Unit Based on a Fuel Cell Stack with an Integrated Auto-

thermal Ethanol Reformer”, Applied Energy, 110,295-303, 2013

162

207. Harikishan Reddy E, Monder, D.S., Jayanti S. “Parametric study of an

external coolant system for a high temperature polymer electrolyte

membrane fuel cell" Applied Thermal Engineering, 58, 155-164, 2013

208. S. Appari, V.M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri and S. Jayanti,“Deactivation and

regeneration of Ni catalyst during steam reforming of model biogas: An

experimental investigation"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(1),

297-304, 2014.

209. Jyothilatha Tamalapakula and S. Jayanti, “Ex-situ Experimental Studies on

Serpentine Flow Field Design For Redox Flow Battery Systems” J. Power

Sources, 248,140-146 (2014).

210. E. H. Reddy, S. Jayanti and D.S. Monder, “Thermal management of high

temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks in the power

range of 1 to 10 kWe”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 39(35), 20127-20138, 2014.

2) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

CSIR

1. H. S. Maiti, A. Chakraborty and M.K. Paria, "Bi2O3 as a sintering aid

for La(Sr)MnO3 cathode material for SOFC". Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on

Solid Oxide Fuell Cells, Honululu, Eds. S. C. Singhal and H.

Iwahara, The Electrochemical Society, N.J. pp.190-99 (1993).

2. Amitava Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, Sukumar Roy and H. S. Maiti, “Low-

temperature synthesis of ultrafine La0.84Sr0.16 MnO3 powder by an

autoignition process", J. Mater. Res., 9(4) 986-91 (1994).

3. A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, "Preparation of La1-x Srx

MnO3 (0<x<6) powder by autoignition of carboxylate - nitrate gels",

Materials Letts. 20, 63-69 (1994).

4. A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi and H. S. Maiti, "Low temperature

synthesis and some physical properties of barium substituted lanthanum

manganite", J. Mater Res., 10(4), 918-25 (1995).

5. Amitava Chakraborty, P. Choudhury and H. S. Maiti, “Electrical conductivity

in Sr-substituted lanthanum manganite (La1-xSrxMnO3) cathode material

prepared by auto ignition technique”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide

Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O. Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C. Singhal,

Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA, pp. 612-17 (1995).

6. Amitava Chakraborty, R. N. Basu, M. K. Paria and H. S. Maiti, “Synthesis of

La(Ca)CrO3 powder by autoignition process and study of its sintering

behaviour and electrical conductivity”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid

163

Oxide Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O. Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C.

Singhal, Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA, pp. 915-23 (1995).

7. R. N. Basu, S. K. Pratihar, M. Saha and H. S. Maiti, "Preparation of Sr-

substituted LaMnO3 Thick Films as Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell"

Materials Letters, 32, 217-22 (1997).

8. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation and characterisation

of porous Ni-YSZ cermet anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Trans. Ind.

ceram. Soc., 56(3), 85-88 (1997).

9. Amitava Chakraborty and H.S.Maiti, “Bi2O3 as an effective sintering aid

for La(Sr)MnO3 powder prepared by autoignition route”, Ceram. Int.,

25(2) 115-23 (1999).

10. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu, S. Mazumder and H. S. Maiti, “Electrical

conductivity and microstructure of Ni-YSZ anode prepared by liquid

dispersion method” , Solid Oxide Fuel cells (SOFC VI), Proc. Six Int.

Symp., eds. S. C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The Electrochemical Soc.

Inc.pp.513-21 (1999).

11. Amitava chakraborty, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Low Temperature

Sintering of la(Ca)CrO3 prepard by an Autoignition Process”, Mats. Letts.,

45(9), 162-66 (2000).

12. A. Mukherjee, B. Maiti, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti,

Correlation between slurry viscosity, green density and sintered density for

tape cast yttria stabilized zirconia, Ceram. International, 27, 731-739

(2001).

13. Amitava Chakraborty, A. Das Sharma, B. Maiti, and H. S. Maiti,

“Preparation of Low temperature Sinterable BaCe0.8Sm0.2O3 Powder by

Autoignition Technique”, Mats. Letts. 57, 862-67 (2002).

14. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Synthesis and properties of

nanocrystalline ceria powders. J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004).

15. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, “A potential oxide ion conducting

material La2-xBaxMo2O9”. Appl. Phys. Letts. 85, 3486-3488 (2004).

16. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi and H. S. Maiti, “A novel approach to develop

dense lanthanum calcium chromite sintered ceramics with very high

conductivity”, Chem. Mater. 16, 5562-63 (2004).

17. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti,

“Preparation of Nickel coated YSZ powder for application as an anode for

solid oxide fuel cells”, J. Power, Sources, 129, 138-42 (2004)

18. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Materials: A Review”, Trans. Ind. Cer. Soc.; 63(2) 75-98 (2004).

19. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Synthesis and properties of nano-

crystalline ceria powders”, J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004).

164

20. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Nb-doped La2Mo2O9: A new

material with high ionic conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, A2143-

A2147 (2005).

21. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Electrical

conduction in nano structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide,

J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88[8], 2110-2113 (2005).

22. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma and H. S. Maiti A novel spray

pyrolysis technique to produce nanocrystalline lanthanum strontium

manganite powder, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 88[4], 971-973 (2005).

23. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P.S. Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Electrical conduction in

nano-structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide”, J Amer

Ceram Soc, 88(8) 2110-2113 (2005).

24. S. Basu, P.S. Devi, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Nb-Doped La2Mo2O9 :

A New Material with High Ionic Conductivity”, J Electrochem Soc, 152(11),

A2143-A2147 (2005).

25. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “A Novel

Spray-Pyrolysis Technique to Produce Nanocrystalline Lanthanum

Strontium Manganite Powder”, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88, 971 – 973 (2005).

26. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Processing

Microstructure Property Correlation of Porous Ni–YSZ Cermets Anode for

SOFC Application”, Mater. Res. Bull., 40, 1936 – 1944 (2005).

27. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Effect of Metal Ion

Concentration on the Synthesis and Properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 Cathode

Material, J. Power Sources, 161(1), 79-86 (2006).

28. Basu S, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, Lee Y, Hanson J C “Lanthanum

molybdenum oxide: low-temperature synthesis and characterization” J

Mater Res, 21 (5) 133-1140 (2006)’

29. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Selective detection of methane and

butane by temperature modulation in iron doped tin oxide Sensors”, Sensor

and Actuator, B115 (2) 610-613 (2006).

30. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Complex plane impedance plot as a

figure of merit for tin dioxide-based methane sensors”, Sensor and Actuator,

b119 (2) 431-434 dec (2006).

31. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Synthesis of

La0.7Ca0.3CrO3 SOFC interconnect using a novel chromoum source,

Electrochemical and Solid StateLetters, 9 (11), A516 –A519 (2006).

32. Kumar A, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, “Effect of metal ion concentration on

synthesis and properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 cathode material”, J Power

Sources, 161 (1) 79-86 (2006).

165

33. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, H.S. Maiti, “ Electrical behavior of

nickel coated YSZ cermet prepared by electroless coating technique”,

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 96(2-3), 388-395(2006).

34. Senthil Kumar S., Mukhopadhyay A. K., Basu R. N. And Maiti H.

S.,”Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Anode Supported Planar

SOFC”, J. Electrochem. Soc. Trans. 7, 533-541(2007).

35. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti,

Tailor-made BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based glass sealant for anode-supported

planar SOFC, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 7, 2443-2452 (2007).

36. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Influence of B-

site sbubstituents on lanthanum calcium chromite nanocrystalline materials

for solid oxide fuel cell,J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 (12), 3741–3747 (2007).

37. Ghosh S, Kundu P, Das Sharma A, Basu R N, Maiti H S, “Microstructure

and property evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic sealant for

anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell”, J European Ceram Soc, 28 (1) 69-76

(2008).

38. Saswati Ghosh, P. Kundu, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti,

Microstructure and property evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass

ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, J. European

Ceramic Soc., 28, 69-76 (2008).

39. Basu S and Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of Nb+5 -substituted La2 Mo2

O9 by AC impedance spectroscopy”, J Electrochem Soc, 156 (7) 114-116

(2009).

40. Basu S, Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of La2Mo2O9”, Ionics, 16(2), 111-

15 (2010).

41. Basu, S., Maiti, H.S., “Ion dynamics in Ba-, Sr-, and Ca-doped La2Mo2O9

from analysis of ac impedance”, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry,

14(6), 1021-25 (2010).

42. Santanu Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, H.S. Maiti and N.R. Bandyopadhyay,

“Synthesis, thermal and electrical analysis of alkaline earth doped

lanthanum molybdate”, Solid State Ionics (2012)

43. J. Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and R. N. Basu,“Synthesis of nanocrystalline

lanthanum manganite with tailored particulate size and morphology using a

novel spray pyrolysis technique for application as the functional solid oxide

fuel cell cathode”, Journal of Power Sources, 232, 55-65, (2013).

44. J Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and Rajendra Nath Basu, “Processing of nano

to microparticulates with controlled morphology by a novel spray pyrolysis

technique: A mathematical approach to understand the process

mechanism”, Powder Technology, 239, 506–517, (2013).

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025405840500475X?_alid=1774704772&_rdoc=22&_fmt=high&_origin=search&_docanchor=&_ct=90&_zone=rslt_list_item&md5=40d94d127b94c01e0e4a38ddca213c74

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025405840500475X?_alid=1774704772&_rdoc=22&_fmt=high&_origin=search&_docanchor=&_ct=90&_zone=rslt_list_item&md5=40d94d127b94c01e0e4a38ddca213c74

http://www.scopus.com/source/sourceInfo.url?sourceId=25169

166

45. Arup Mahata, Pradyot Datta and R.N. Basu, Microstructural and Chemical

Changes after High Temperature Electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolysis

Cell, Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2015)

46. B. Bagchi and RN Basu, A simple sol–gel approach to synthesize

nanocrystalline 8 mol percnt yttria stabilized zirconia from metal-chelate

precursors: Microstructural evolution and conductivity studies, Journal of

Alloys and Compounds (2015)

47. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Effect of 'A'-site Non

Stoichiometry in Strontium Doped Lanthanum Ferrite Based Solid Oxide

Fuel Cell Cathodes, Materials Research Bulletin (2015)

48. Quazi Arif Islam, M.W. Raja, R.N. Basu, Low temperature synthesis of

nanocrystalline scandia stabilized zirconia by aqueous combustion method

and its characterizations, Bulletin of Materials Science (2015).

49. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Zirconia Thin

Film on Non-conducting Substrate for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application, J.

American Ceram. Soc. 97[11] 3452-3457 (2014).

50. T. Dey, A. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, Manaswita Bose, A.K. Mukhopadhyay and

R.N. Basu, Influence of microstructure on nano-mechanical properties of

single planar solid oxide fuel cell in pre- and post-reduced conditions,

Materials and Design, Vol. 53, 2014, pp. 182-191.

51. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, “Nanocrystalline Doped

Lanthanum Cobalt Ferrite and Lanthanum Iron Cobaltite-based Composite

Cathode for Significant Augmentation of Electrochemical Performance in

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 15754-15759

(2014).

52. Tapobrata Dey, D. Singdeo, R.N. Basu, Manaswita Bose, P.C. Ghosh,

“Improvement in solid oxide fuel cell performance through design

modifications: An approach based on root cause analysis”, International J.

Hydrogen Energy, 39, 17258-17266 (2014).

53. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical characteristics

of xLi2MnO3-(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) composite

cathodes: Effect of particle and Li2MnO3domain size, Electrochemica Acta,

132, 472-482 (2014).

54. Tapobrata Dey, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and R.N. Basu, Transition metal-

doped yttria stabilized zirconia for low temperature processing of planar

anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, J. Alloys and Compounds, 604, 151–

156 (2014).

55. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical performances

of 0.9Li2MnO3–0.1Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 cathodes: Role of the

167

cycling induced layered to spinel phase transformation, Solid State Ionics,

256,19-28, (2014)

56. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretically Deposited Thin Film

Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Advances in Applied Ceramics, 113, 8-

13 (2014).

57. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Morphologically architectured spray

pyrolyzed lanthanum ferrite-based cathodes - A phenomenal enhancement

in solid oxide fuel cell performance, J. of Power Sources, 252, 252 -263

(2014).

58. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Thin Film

Zirconia Electrolyte on Non-conducting NiO-YSZ Substrate, Trans Indian

Ceram Soc., 73, 90-93 (2014).

59. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Suspension chemistry and electrophoretic

deposition of zirconia electrolyte on conducting and non-conducting

substrates, Materials Research Bulletin, 48, 3254-3261 (2013).

60. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag, R.N. Basu, Electrical properties of Tb-doped barium

cerate, Ceramics International, 39, 6433–6440 (2013)

61. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu,

Effect of Anode Configuration on Electrical Properties and Cell Polarization

in Planar Anode Supported SOFC, Solid State Ionics, 233, 20-31 (2013).

62. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Effect of Structural Integration

on Electrochemical Properties of 0.5Li2MnO3-0.5Li (Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25) O2

Composite Cathodes for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries, J. Electrochem

Soc., 160, A1406-1414 (2013).

63. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag and R.N. Basu, Study of electrical conductivity of Ca-

substituted La2Zr2O7, Materials Research Bulletin, 48, 3103-3107 (2013).

64. T. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose, R.N. Basu, Study of

contact resistance at the electrode-interconnect interfaces in planar type

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Power Sources, 233, 290-298 (2013).

65. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Functional

Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell – A Review, Trans Indian Ceram

Soc., 72, 145-168 (2013).

66. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Performance of Wet Chemical

Synthesized xLi2MnO3-(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0)

Integrated Cathode for Lithium Rechargeable Battery,J Electrochem Soc.,

159, A1125-A1134 (2012).

67. S. Nag, S. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Development of Mixed

Conducting Dense Nickel/Ca-doped Lanthanum Zirconate Cermet for Gas

Separation Application,Materials Research Bulletin, 47, 925-929 (2012).

168

68. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu,

Engineered anode structure for enhanced electrochemical performance of

anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell,International J. Hydrogen

Energy, 37,2524-2534 (2012).

69. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N.

Basu,High Performance Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fabricated with Ni-

Yttria Stabilized Zirconia anode Prepared by Electroless Technique,Int. J.

Applied Ceramic Technology, 9 999-1010 (2012).

70. Manab Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, LiSb3O8 as a Prospective Anode

Material for Lithium-ion Battery, Int. Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology,

9, 876-880(2012).


Basu, In-situ Patterned Intra-anode Triple Phase Boundary in SOFC

Electroless Anode: An Enhancement of Electrochemical Performance,

International J. Hydrogen Energy,36, 7677-7682 (2011).

72. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, Li3SbO4 :A New High Rate Anode

Material for Lithium-ion Batteries, Materials Letters, 65 (2011) 1105-1107.

73. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu,Lithium Hexaoxo Antimonate as an

Anode Material for Lithium-ion Battery,Nanomaterials & Energy, 1 (2011)

51-56.

74. T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose and R.N.

Basu,Diagnosis of Scale up Issues Associated with Planar Solid Oxide Fuel

Cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 9967-9976 (2011).

75. Vinila Bedekar, Saheli Patra, A. Dutta, R. N. Basu and A.K. Tyagi, Ionic

Conductivity studies on Neodymium doped Ceria in different atmospheres,

International J. Nano Technology, 7, 9-12 (2010).

76. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, P. Kundu, and R.N.

Basu, Effect of BaO addition on magnesium lanthanum aluminoborosilicate-

based glass-ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell,

International J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 272 – 283 (2010).

77. A. Dutta, A. Kumar and R.N. Basu, Sinterability and ionic conductivity of 1%

cobalt doped in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2- prepared by combustion synthesis,

Electrochemistry Communications, 11, 699-701 (2009).

78. A. Dutta, Saheli Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi and R.N. Basu, Nano-

crystalline gadolinium doped ceria: combustion synthesis and electrical

characterization, J. Nano Sci. Nanotechnology, 9, 3075–3083 (2009).


Basu, Ball mill assisted synthesis of Ni-YSZ cermet anode by electroless

technique and their characterization, Materials Science & Engineering B,

163 (2009) 120-127.

169

80. A. Dutta, J. Mukhopadhyay, and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis and

characterization of LSCF-based materials as cathode of intermediate

temperature solid oxide fuel cells,J. European Ceramic Soc., 29 (10), 2003-

2011 (2009).

81. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and J. Mukhopadhyay, Processing of

high performance anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell, International

J. Hydrogen Energy, 33 (20), 5748-5754 (2008).

82. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Development

and characterizations of BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic sealants for

intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Non-cryst.

Solids, 354, 4081-4088 (2008).

83. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee and R.N. Basu, Influence of sorption

kinetics for zirconia sensitization in solid oxide fuel functional anode

prepared by electroless technique,J. Power Sources, 175, 749-759 (2008).

84. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, and R.N. Basu, Glass-based

sealants for application in planar solid oxide fuel cell stack, Trans. Indian

Ceram. Soc., 67 (4), 161-182 (2008) – A Review Article.

85. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Novel glass-

ceramic sealants for planar IT-SOFC: A Bi-layered approach for joining

electrolyte and metallic interconnect, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155 (5), B473-

B478 (2008).

86. A. Goel, D.U. Tulyaganov, S. Agathopoulos, M.J. Ribeiro, R.N. Basu, and

J.M.F. Ferreira, Diopside–Ca-Tschermak clinopyroxene based glass–

ceramics processed via sintering and crystallization of glass powder

compacts, J. European Ceramic Soc.,27 (5), 2325-2331 (2007).

87. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and

I.C. Vinke, Simplified Processing of Anode-supported Thin Film Planar Solid

Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 25, 463-471 (2005).

88. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and D. Stöver, Interface reactions during co-

firing of solid oxide fuel cell components, J. Materials Processing

Technology, 147, 85-89 (2004).

89. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver,

Microstructure and electrical conductivity of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 prepared by

combustion synthesis routes, Materials Research Bulletin, 39, 1335-1345

(2004).

90. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, O. Teller, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver,

LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 as a cathode contact material for solid oxide fuel cells, J.

Solid State Electrochem., 7, 416-420 (2003).

170

91. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Fabrication of dense zirconia

electrolyte films for tubular solid oxide fuel cells by electrophoretic

deposition, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 (1), 33-40 (2001).

92. R.N. Basu, O. Altin, M.J. Mayo, C.A. Randall and S. Eser, Pyrolytic carbon

deposition on porous cathode tubes and its use as an interlayer for solid

oxide fuel cell zirconia electrolyte fabrication, J. Electrochemical Society,

148, A506-512 (2001).

93. C.A. Randall, J. Van Tassel, A. Hitomi, A. Daga, R.N. Basu and M.

Lanagan, Electroceramic device opportunities with electrophoretic

deposition, J. Materials Education, 22 (4-6), 131-40 (2000) (An invited

Review Article).

94. R.N. Basu, M.J. Mayo and C.A. Randall, Free standing sintered ceramic

films from electrophoretic deposition, Japanese J. Applied Physics, (Part 1),

38 (11), 6462-6465 (1999).

95. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Diffusion bonding of rigid zirconia

pieces using electrophoretically deposited particulate interlayers, K. Ozturk,

Scripta Materialia, 41 (11), 1191-1195 (1999).

96. R. N. Basu, A Das Sharma, J Mukhopadhyay and Atanu Dutta, Fabrication

of anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Special Bulletin in Fuel Cell of

Indian Association of Nuclear Chemists and Allied Scientists (IANCS),

Volume III (No.3), pp 229-238, 2009.

97. R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Fuel Cells: Journey towards a new energy era,

Science and Culture, 71 (5-6), 168-77 (2005).

98. Snehashis Biswas, A. Das Sharma, Amlan Buragohain, C.V.Stayanarayana

and R.N. Basu, Ni-Zr0.75Ce0.25O2-δ composite as a steam methane

reformable SOFC anode, Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 57, 1235-

1244 (2013).

99. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Spray Pyrolysis Assisted Synthesis of

Doped Barium Ferrite and Lanthanum Barium Ferrite based SOFC

Cathodes with Tailored Particulate Size and Morphology, Electrochemical

Soc. Transactions, 57, 1945-1955 (2013).


Basu, Multilayered SOFC Anode Structure with Electroless Ni-YSZ for

Enhancement of Cell Performance, Electrochemical Soc. Transaction, 35,

1293-1302 (2011).


Basu, Use of electroless anode active layer in anode supported planar

SOFC, Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 25, 2267 – 2275 (2009).

102. A. Dutta, H. Götz, Saswati Ghosh and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis of

La0.6Sr0.4Co0.98Ni0.02O3 cathode and evaluation of its electrical and

171

electrochemical properties for IT-SOFC, Electrochemical Society

Transactions, 25, 2657 - 2666(2009).

103. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti

Development of functional SOFC anode, Electrochemical Society

Transactions, 7, 1563-1572 (2007).

104. R.N. Basu, N. Knott and A. Petric, Development of a CuFe2O4 interconnect

coating, Proceedings of the9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel

Cells (SOFC-IX), Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 2, 1859-1865,

The Electrochemical Society Inc., Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005).

105. R.N. Basu, X. Deng, I. Zhitomirsky and A. Petric, Fabrication of cathode

supported SOFC by colloidal processing, Proceedings of the 9th

International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX), J. Duquette,

Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 1, pp. 482-488, The

Electrochemical Society Inc., Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005).

106. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and

I.C. Vinke, Fabrication of simplified anode supported planar SOFCs – A

recent attempt, The Proceedings of the7th International Symposium on

SOFCs (SOFC-VII), Eds. H. Yokokawa and S.C. Singhal, The

Electrochemical Soc. Inc., 995-1001 (2001).

107. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Electrophoretic deposition of a

high density electrolyte film–A fugitive interlayer approach, Proceedings of

the6th Intl. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) in Hawaii, USA, Eds.

S.C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The Electrochemical Soc. Inc. , 153-62 (1999).

108. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Development of zirconia

electrolyte films on porous doped lanthanum manganite cathodes by

electrophoretic deposition, 303-308 in New Materials for Batteries and Fuel

Cells (MRS Proceedings Vol. 575). Edited by D.H. Doughty, H-P. Brack K.

Noi and L.F. Nazar. The Materials Research Society, Warrendale, PA

(2000).

109. S.C. Paulson, H. Ling, R.N. Basu, A. Petric, V.I. Birss, Use of spinel-coated

ferritic stainless steel to prevent chromium transfer to SOFC cathodes,

Proceedings of the 26th RisØ International Symposium of Materials Science:

Solid State Electrochemistry, Eds., S. Linderoth, A. Smith, N. Bonanos, A.

Hagen, L. Mikkelsen, K. Kammer, D. Lybye, P. V. Hendriksen, F. W.

Poulsen, M. Mogensen and W. G. Wang, RisØ National Laboratory,

Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 305-310 (2005).

110. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and N. R. Bandyopadhyay (2013) Sintering and

densification behavior of pure and alkaline earth (Ba2+, Sr2+and Ca2+)

substituted La2Mo2O9, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 33, 79-85.

172

111. S. Banerjee, K. Priolkarand P. Sujatha Devi*(2011) Enhanced ionic

conductivity in an otherwise poorly conducting Ce0.90Ca0.10O2-system,

Inorg. Chem. 50, 711-713.

112. A.Kumar and P. Sujatha Devi* (2011) New cathode compositions based on

La0.84Sr0.16Mn1-xMxO3, where M= Al, Ga for solid oxide fuel cell, Mater. Res.

Bull. 46, 303-307.

113. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Kumar, D. Bhattacharya, S. Karmakar and B.K.

Chaudhuri (2010) Correlation between electroresistance and extrinsic

magnetoresistance in fine-grained La0.7Ca0.3MnO3, Jap. J. Appl. Phys.49,

083001

114. S. Banerjee and P. Sujatha Devi* (2010) Towards achieving nano-

structured sintered ceramics with high stability for SOFC applications: Ce1–

xMxO2–, M = Gd, Sm: interesting examples, Int. J. Nanotechnol. 7, 1150-

1165.

115. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2008) Understanding the effect of calcium on

the properties of Ceria prepared by a mixed fuel process, Solid State Ionics

179, 661–669.

116. P. Sujatha Devi* and S. Banerjee (2008) Search for New Oxide Ion

Conducting Materials in the Ceria Family of Oxides- Ionics, 14, 73-78.

117. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi*, D. Topwal, S. Mandal, and S. R.

Krishnakumar (2007) Enhanced ionic conductivity in Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9: unique

effect of calcium co-doping. Adv. Funct. Mater.17, 2847-2854.

118. S.Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2007) Sinter-active nanocrystalline CeO2

powder prepared by a mixed fuel process: Effect of fuel on particle

agglomeration, J. Nanopart. Res. 9, 1097-1107.

119. L. Besra, C. Compson and M. Liu. Electrophoretic deposition of YSZ

particles on porous non-conducting NiO-YSZ for solid oxide fuel cell

(SOFC) applications. J. Am Ceram.Soc. 89 (10), 2006, pp. 3003-3009.

120. Besra, L. Zha and M. Liu. Preparation of NiO-YSZ/YSZ Bi-layers for Solid

Oxide Fuel Cells by Electrophoretic Deposition. J. Power Sources. 160,

2006, 207-214 (2007)

121. Electrophoretic deposition of doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, S Panigrahi,

L Besra, BP Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Advanced Powder

Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011).

122. S Panigrahi, L Besra, BP Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Electrophoretic

deposition of doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, Advanced Powder

Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011).

123. S Nayak, BP Singh, L Besra, TK Chongdar, NM Gokhale, S Bhattacharjee,

Aqueous tape casting using organic binder: A case study with YSZ, Journal

of the American Ceramic Society 94 (11), 3742-3747 (2011).

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173

BARC

124. Ultrafine ceria powder via glycine-nitrate combustion, R. D. Purohit, B. P.

Sharma, K. T. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Mater. Res. Bull., 36 (2001) 2711-2721

125. Dilatometric and High Temperature X-ray Diffractometric studies of La1-

xMxCrO3 (M=Sr2+, Nd3+, x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25) compounds, M.

D. Mathews, B. R. Ambekar and A. K. Tyagi, Thermochimica Acta 390

(2002) 61

126. Fuel Cells – the environmental friendly energy option for the future, S.R.

Bharadwaj, ISEST News Letter, 8 (2002) 9

127. SOFC : Research & Development Activities in MPD, BARC, A. Ghosh, A. K.

Sahu, A. K. Gulnar, S. Sahoo, M. R. Gonal, D. D. Upadhyaya, Ram Prasad

and A. K. Suri, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Fuel Cell: Materials,

Systems & Accessories, held at Naval Materials Research Laboratory,

Ambernath on 25-26 September 2003, pp. 176-185

128. Thermochemistry of La2O2CO3 decomposition, A.N. Shirsat, M.Ali(Basu),

K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj and D. Das, Thermochim. Acta, 399 (2003)

167

129. Studies on Chemical Compatibility of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite with

Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh, A. K. Suri, P. Sengupta and

K. Bhanumurthy, Mater. Letts., 58 (2004) 3332

130. Phase relations, lattice thermal expansion in CeO2-Gd2O3 system, and

stabilization of cubic gadolini, V. Grover and A. K. Tyagi, Mater. Res. Bull.

39 (2004) 859-866

131. Thermodynamic Stability of SrCeO3, A.N. Shirsat, K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R.

Bharadwaj, D. Das, J. Solid State Chemistry, 177 (2004) 2007-2013

132. Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite, A.

Ghosh, A. K. Sahu, A. K. Gulnar and A. K. Suri, Scripta Materialia, 52

(2005) 1305

133. Effect of Ni substitution on the crystal structure and thermal expansion

behavior of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3, R.V.Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj,

Materials Letters, 59 (2005) 2799-2803

134. Thermochemical studies on RE2O2CO3 (RE = Gd, Nd) decomposition, A.N.

Shirsat, K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, J. Physics and Chemistry

of Solids, 66 (2005) 1122-1127

135. “Synthesis of Nanocrystalline La(Ca)CrO3 through a Novel Gel Combustion

Process and its Characterization”, Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, Deep

Prakash, P.K. Sinha and A. K. Tyagi, Journal of Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 756-761, (2006)

174

136. Synthesis, characterization and redox nehavior of nano-size

La0.8Sr0.2Mn0.8Fe0.2O3- , M.R. Pai, B.N Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj., J. Indian

Chemical Society 83 (2006) 336-341

137. Physicochemical studies on NiO-GDC composites, R.V. Wandekar, M. Ali

(Basu), B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Mater.Chem.Phys. 99 (2006) 289-294

138. Nano Structured Ni based Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature

SOFC, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Synthesis and

Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 36 (2006)

121-125

139. Combustion Synthesis, Powder Characteristics, and Shrinkage Behavior of

a Gadolinia–Ceria System, R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, and B.P.

Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 89 [12] (2006) 3871–3873

140. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Development of novel perovskite

based ion conductor”, Electrochimica Acta, 51 (2006) 1184-1193.

141. “Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell based on BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85

electrolyte”, D. Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.-T. Caldes, Y. Piffard,

Journal of Power Sources, 167, (2007), 111-117

142. “Design and evaluation of SOFC based on BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte and

Ni/ BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 cermet anode”, D. Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.-

T. Caldes, Y. Piffard, P. Stevens, ECS Transactions, 7 (1), 2343-2340,

(2007)

143. Low-Temperature Sintering and Mechanical Property Evaluation of

Nanocrystalline 8 mol% Yttria Fully Stabilized Zirconia, A. Ghosh, A. K.

Suri, B. T. rao and T.R. Ramamohan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 [7] 2015–23

(2007)

144. Phase Transition in Sm0.95MnO3, B. N. Wani, R.V. Wandekar and S. R.

Bharadwaj, J Alloys and Comp. 437 (2007) 53-57

145. High temperature Thermal Expansion and Electrical Conductivity of

Ln0.95MnO3(Ln = La, Nd and Gd), R.V. Wandekar, B. N. Wani and S. R.

Bharadwaj, J. Alloys and Compounds, 433 (2007) 84-90

146. Low Temperature sintering of La(Ca)CrO3 powder prepared through

combustion process, Sathi Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi, P. K. Sinha and

B. P. Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 (2008) 88-91

147. Combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Zr0.80Ce0.20O2: Detailed

investigations of the powder properties V. Grover, S. V. Chavan, P. U.

Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 457 (2008) 498-505

148. Ionic Conductivity Enhancement in Gd2Zr2O7 Pyrochlore by Nd Doping,

B.P.Mandal, S.K.Deshpande and A.K.Tyagi, J. Mater. Res. 23 (2008) 911-

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175

149. Role of glycine-to-nitrate ratio in influencing the powder characteristics of

La(Ca)CrO3 Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi,P. K. Sinha and B. P.

Sharma, Mater Res. Bull. 43 (2008) 1573-1582

150. Combustion synthesis of gadolinia doped ceria using glycine and urea fuels,

R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, A.K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 466 (2008)

326-329

151. Correlation of Electrical Conductivity with Microstructure in 3Y-TZP System:

From Nano to Submicrometer Grain Size Range, A. Ghosh, G. K. Dey, and

A. K. Suri, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 [11] 3768–3770 (2008)

152. Thermochemistry of decomposition of RE2O2CO3 (RE = Sm, Eu), A.N.

Shirsat, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, Thermochimica Acta, 477 (2008) 38-41

153. High temperature studies on Nd0.95MnO3 ± δ, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani,

S.R. Bharadwaj, Materials Letters, Volume 62, Issue 19, 15 July 2008,

Pages 3422-3424

154. Development of high temperature PC based four probe electrical

conductivity measurement set up, N. Manoj, S.R. Bharadwaj, K.C. Thomas

and C.G.S. Pillai, J. Instrum. Soc. India 38 (2008) 103-108,

155. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Study on ionic and

electronic transport properties of calcium doped GdAlO3", J.

Electrochemical Soc. 155 (3) (2008) B309-B314.

156. “Fabrication of Cathode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Deep Prakash

and P. K. Sinha, IANCAS Bulletin, vol.VIII (3), 239-244, (2009)

157. Sr-doped LaCoO3 through acetate-nitrate combustion: effect of extra

oxidant NH4NO3Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, P. K. Sinha and A. K. Tyagi, J.

Alloys Comp. 477 (2009) 644-647

158. Nano-crystalline Gadolinium Doped Ceria: Combustion Synthesis and

Electrical Characterization, A. Dutta, S. Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi

and R. N. Basu, J. Nanosci & Nanotech. 9 (2009) 3075-3083

159. Structural Investigations of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 by X-ray and Neutron Scattering,

A. K. Patra, Sathi Nair, P.U. Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys and Comp.

475 (2009) 614-618

160. Nano crystalline Nd2-yGdyZr2O7 pyrochlore: Facile synthesis and electrical

characterization, B. P. Mandal, A. Dutta, S. K. Deshpande, R. N. Basu and

A. K. Tyagi, J. Mater. Res. 24 (2009) 2855-2862

161. Characterization of porous lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and

development of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh

and A. K. Suri, Ceram. Int., 35 (2009) 2493

162. Research on Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operated at Intermediate

Temperatures, S.R. Bharadwaj, IANCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII (2009) 201-213

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176

163. Preparation, Characterization and the Standard Enthalpy of Formation of

La0.95MnO3+δ and Sm0.95MnO3+δ , R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, D. Das and

S.R. Bharadwaj, Thermochim. Acta, 493 (2009) 14-18

164. Phase transition in LAMOX type compounds, M. Ali (Basu), B.N. Wani and

S.R. Bharadwaj, J of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 96 (2009) 463-468

165. Crystal structure, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion and

compatibility studies of Co-substituted lanthanum strontium manganite

system, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Solid State

Sciences, 11 (2009) 240 – 250

166. Amit Sinha, B.P. Sharma and P. K. Sinha, ”Preparation of high purity sub-

micron spheroidal zirconia powder from impure zirconium salt through

polyol route”, Transaction of Powder Metallurgy Association of India

(TRANS-PMAI), 35 (2009) 13-16.

167. “Development of Ca-doped LaCrO3 feed material and its plasma coating for

SOFC applications” R. D. Purohit, Sathi R. Nair, Deep Prakash, P. V.

Padmanabhan, P. K. Sinha, B. P. Sharma, K.P.Sreekumar,

P.V.Ananthapadmanabhan, A.K.Das and L.M.Gantayet, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

208 012125 (2010)

168. “Effect of cathode functional layer on the electrical performance of tubular

solid oxide fuel cell”, Deep Prakash, R K Lenka, A K Sahu, P K patro, P K

Sinha, and A K Suri, ASME 2010 International Fuel Cell Science,

Engineering and Technology Conference: vol. 2, pp. 433-438, (2010).

169. Ionic Conductivity studies on Neodymia doped Ceria in different

atmospheres, Vinila Bedekar, Saheli Patra, Atanu Dutta, R. N. Basu, A. K.

Tyagi, Int. J. Nanotech. 7 (2010) 1178-1186

170. Synthesis and Sintering of Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate, Ashok K.

Sahu, Abhijit Ghosh, Soumyajit Koley and Ashok K. Suri, Advances in Solid

Oxide Fuel Cells VI: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings,

31(2010)99-105

171. Nano-Crystalline Yttria Samaria Codoped Zirconia : Comparison of

Electrical Conductivity of Microwave & Conventionally Sintered Samples,

Soumyajit Koley, Abhijit Ghosh, Ashok Kumar Sahu and Ashok Kumar Suri,

Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and

Multifunctional Materials IV: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings

31(2010)113-126

172. Synthesis and characterization of electrolyte-grade 10%Gd-doped ceria thin

film/ceramic substrate structures for solid oxide fuel cells, M.G.

Chourashiya, S.R. Bharadwaj, L.D. Jadhav, Thin Solid Films, 519 (2010)

650-657

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177

173. Fabrication of 10% Gd doped ceria (GDC) NiO – GDC half cell for low or

intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells using spray pyrolysis, M.G.

Chourashiya, S.R. Bharadwaj and L.D. Jadhav, J. Solid State

Electrochemistry 14 (2010) 1869-1875

174. Thermophysical properties of solid oxide fuel cell materials, S.R.

Bharadwaj, Proceedings of 5th National Conference on Thermophysical

Properties, AIP Conference Proceedings, Springer, Volume 1249 (2010)

pages 3-10

175. Disparity in properties of 20 mol % Eu doped ceria synthesized by different

routes, R.V.K. Wandekar, B.N. Wani and S.R. Bharadwaj, Solid State

Sciences 12 (2010) 8-14

176. Influence of grain size on the bulk and grain boundary ion conduction

behavior in gadolinia-doped ceria, Solid State Ionics 181 (2010) 262–267.

R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, A.K. Tyagi, and P.K. Sinha

177. Development of Pr0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-–GDC composite cathode for solid

oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer,

Solid State Ionics 181 (29-30), 1378-1386 (2010).

178. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, H. Näfe, “Study on phase evolution

of Gd(Al1-x

Gax)O

3 system” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492 (2010)

325–330.

179. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode

polarisation on the determination of electronic conduction properties of an

oxide ion conductor” Electrochimica Acta, 55 (2010) 8766–8770.

180. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Synthesis of Gadolinium

Aluminate Powder through Citrate Gel Route”, Journal of Alloys and

Compounds 502 (2010) 396–400.

181. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode

polarisation on the determination of electronic conduction properties of an

oxide ion conductor” Electrochimica Acta 55 (2010) 8766–8770.

182. Sm2-xDyxZr2O7 pyrochlores: Probing order-disorder dynamics and

multifunctionality, Farheen N. Sayed, V. Grover, K. Bhattacharyya, D. Jain,

A. Arya, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Inorganic Chemistry 50 (2011)

2354-2365

183. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of nanocrystalline cobalt

doped lanthanum strontium ferrite, Chaubey Nityanand, Wani Bina Nalin,

Bharadwaj Shyamala Rajkumar, Chattopadhyaya Mahesh Chandra ,Solid

State Sciences, 13 (2011) 1022-1030

184. Crystal structure, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and chemical

compatibility studies of nanocrystalline Ln0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ

(Ln=Nd,Sm,Gd), Nityanand Chaubey, Dheeraj Jain, B.N.Wani, C.G.S.Pillai,

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W6W-524N9MW-4&_user=2793178&_coverDate=02%2F09%2F2011&_alid=1716290012&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6609&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=4&_acct=C000058762&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2793178&md5=412cc99ca8d7be4addab9872a8d76988&searchtype=a

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178

S.R.Bharadwaj ,M.C.Chattopadhyaya , J. Indian Chemical Society, 88

(2011) 127-139.

185. Some studies on the phase formation and kinetics in TiO2 containing lithium

aluminum silicate glasses nucleated by P2O5, Journal of Thermal Analysis

and Calorimetry 106[3] (2011) 839. A. Ananthanarayanan, A.Dixit, R.K.

Lenka, R.D.Purohit, V.K. Shrikhande, G.P. Kothiyal.

186. Amit Sinha, S. R. Nair and P. K. Sinha, “Single step synthesis of GdAlO3

powder”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 4774-4780.

187. M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, Fabrication and

characterization of large anode supported half cells for SOFC application,

Proceedings of Fundamentals and Developments of Fuel Cells Conference

2011, Grenoble, France. (ISBN-978-2-7466-2970-7)

188. Improved ionic conductivity in NdGdZr2O7: Influence of Sc3+ substitution,

Farheen N. Sayed, B. P. Mandal, D. Jain, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi,

Eur. J. Ceram. Soc. 32 (2012) 3221-3228

189. Tunability of structure from ordered to disordered and its impact on ionic

conductivity behavior in Nd2-yHoyZr2O7 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 2.0) system, Farheen N.

Sayed, Dheeraj Jain, B.P. Mandal, C.G.S. Pillai, A.K. Tyagi, RSC Advances

2 (2012) 8341-8351

190. Synthesis and characterization of GdCoO3 as a potential SOFC cathode

material, R.K. Lenka,T. Mahata, P. K. Patro, A.K. Tyagi, P.K. Sinha, J.

Alloys Comp. 537 (2012) 100-105

191. Perovskite based electrolyte materials for proton conducting SOFCs, Pooja

Sawant, S Varma, B N Wani, S R Bharadwaj, SMC Bulletin, Vol. 3 (2012)

24-28,

192. Synthesis and Characterization of YSZ by Spray Pyrolysis Technique , L.D.

Jadhav, A.P. Jamale, S.R. Bharadwaj, Salil Varma, C.H. Bhosale, Applied

Surface Science, 258 (2012) 9501-9504,

193. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of doped ZrO2 system, S. Basu, Salil Varma,

A. N. Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, A. Chakrabarti, S. N. Jha, D.

Bhattacharyya, J of Appl Phys 111 (2012) 053532

194. Effect of variation of NiO on properties of NiO/GDC (gadolinium doped

ceria) nano composites Original Research Article, A.U. Chavan, L.D.

Jadhav, A.P. Jamale, S.P. Patil, C.H. Bhosale, S.R. Bharadwaj, P.S. Patil,

Ceramics International, 38 (2012) 3191-3196

195. Influence of synthesis route on morphology and conduction behavior of

BaCe0.8Y0.2O3−δ, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj ,

J. Thermal Anal. Calorimetry, 107 (2012) 185-195

http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-82955187832&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=lenka&st2=r.k.&nlo=1&nlr=20&nls=count-f&sid=NKkKwIxO7kYtmn6qaehwjGy%3a73&sot=anl&sdt=aut&sl=40&s=AU-ID%28%22Lenka%2c+Raja+Kishora%22+24822770200%29&relpos=2&relpos=2&searchTerm=AU-ID(/%22Lenka,%20Raja%20Kishora/%22%2024822770200)


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179

196. Synthesis, stability and conductivity of BaCe0.8−xZrxY0.2O3−δ as electrolyte for

proton conducting SOFC, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B.N. Wani, S.R.

Bharadwaj, International J of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012) 3848-3856

197. Fabrication of Ni-YSZ anode supported tubular SOFC through iso-pressing

and co-firing route, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012)

3874-3882, T Mahata, Sathi R Nair, R K Lenka and P K Sinha.

198. Formation of bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes on carbon black in a

fluidized bed, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 14[3] (2012) art. no. 728.

K. Dasgupta, D.Sen, T.Mazumdar, R.K.Lenka, R.Tewari, SMazumder, J.B.

Joshi, S. Banerjee.

199. Fabrication and Characterization of Anode supported BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 Thin

Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E.

Bouyer, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, (2012)

200. Novel materials for air/oxygen electrode applications in Solid Oxide Cells,

P.K. Patro, R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha. Society of Materials

Chemistry Bulletin, 3(3), 18-22 (2012).

201. Microstructural Development of Ni- Ce10ScSZ cermet electrode for Solid

Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E.

Bouyer, P. K. Sinha, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (4) ,

3865-3873 (2012).

202. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Studies on phase

evolution and electrical conductivity of barium doped gadolinium aluminate”,

Journal of Alloys and Compounds 536 (2012) 204–209.

203. Probing the local structure and phase transitions of Bi4V2O11 based fast

ionic conductors by combined Raman and XRD studies, S. J. Patwe, A.

Patra, A. Roy, R. M. Kadam, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram.

Soc. 96 (2013) 3448-3456

204. High temperature structure, dielectric and ion conduction properties of

orthorhombic InVO4, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, S. N. Achary and A. K.

Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96 (2013) 166-173

205. Phase evolution and oxide ion conduction behavior of Dy1-xBixO3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤

0.50) composite system, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, S. N. Achary

and A. K. Tyagi, RSC Advances 3(2013) 236-244

206. Nano-crystalline La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 and NiO-YSZ bycombustion of metal

nitrate-Citric acid/glycine gel – Phase evolution and Powder characteristics,

M. B. Kakade, K. Bhattacharyya, R. Tewari, R. J. Kshirsagar, A. K. Tyagi, S.

Ramanathan, G. P. Kothiyal and D. Das, Transactions of the Indian

Ceramic Society, 72 (2013)182

207. Synergic effect of V2O5 and P2O5 on the sealing properties of barium-

strontium-alumino-silicate glass/glass-ceramics, K. Sharma, G. P. Kothiyal,












180

L. Montagne, F. Mayer, B. Revel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

38 (2013) 15542

208. Effect of ZrO2 on solubility and thermo-physical properties of CaO-Al2O3-

SiO2 glasses, M. Goswami, Aparna Patil, and G P Kothiyal, AIP Conf. Proc.

1512 (2013) 548

209. Physicochemical properties of rare earth doped ceria Ce0.9Ln0.1O1.95 (Ln+

Nd,Sm,Gd) as an electrolyte material for IT-SOFC/SOEC, Nityanand

Chaubey, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, M. C. Chattopadhyaya, Solid State

Sciences, 20 (2013) 135-141

210. Influence of synthesis route on physicochemical properties of

nanostructured electrolyte material La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O32d for IT-

SOFCs , Nityanand Chaubey, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, M. C.

Chattopadhyaya, J Therm Anal Calorim., 112 (2013) 155-164

211. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure study of Gd doped ZrO2 systems,

S. Basu, Salil Varma, A. N. Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj,

A.Chakrabarti, S.N.Jha and D. Bhattacharyya, J Appl Phys 113 (2013)

043508

212. “Effect of Ni concentration on phase stability, microstructure and electrical

properties of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3 cermet SOFC anode and its application in

proton conducting ITSOFC”, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M. R. Gonal, B.N.

Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R. Bharadwaj, Electrochimia Acta, vol.120, 80-85

(2014)

213. Grain boundary assisted enhancement of ionic conductivities in Yb2O3-

Bi2O3 composites, K. Vasudhara, S. N. Achary, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, N.

Manoj and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys and Comp. 596 (2014) 151-157

214. A comparative study of proton transport properties of cerium (IV) and

thorium (IV) Phosphate, T. Parangi, B N Wani and U V Chudasama,

Electrochimica Acta 148 (2014) 79-84,

215. Thermodynamic stability and impedance measurements of perovskite

LuRhO3(s) in the Lu–Rh–O system, Aparna Banerjee,* Pooja Sawant, R.

Mishra, S. R. Bharadwaj and A. R. Joshi, RSC Advances, 4 (2014) 19953–

19959

216. Effect of Ni Concentration on Phase Stability, Microstructure and Electrical

properties of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ - Ni Cermet SOFC Anode and its application in

proton conducting ITSOFC , Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M.R. Gonal, B.N.

Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R. Bharadwaj, Electrochimica Acta, 120, 20

(2014)80-85

217. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid

Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T.

181

Mahata, P.K Sinha, Ceramics International. DOI:

10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.04.021 (2014)

218. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid

Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T.

Mahata, P.K Sinha Ceramics International. 40(8) 11869-11875 (2014).

219. Thermodynamic Investigations on Barium Indate, A.N. Shirsat, S. Phapale,

R. Mishra, S.R. Bharadwaj, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 89

(2015) 228-232

220. Saradha, T, Subramania, A, Balakrishnan, K, Muzhumathi, S,Microwave-

assisted combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Sm-doped La2Mo2O9

oxide-ion conductors for SOFC application, Mater. Res. Bull.68(2015)320-

325

221. Ma, QL, Iwanschitz, B, Dashjav, E, Baumann, S, Sebold, D, Raj, IA, Mai, A,

Tietz, F,Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of

solid oxide fuel cells based on yttrium-substituted strontium titanate ceramic

anodes, J. Power Sources279(2015)678-685

222. Nesaraj, AS, Dheenadayalan, S, Raj, IA, Pattabiraman, R,Wet chemical

synthesis and characterization of strontium-doped LaFeO3 cathodes for an

intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Ceram.

Process. Res. 13(2012)601-606.

223. Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of solid

oxide fuel cells based on yttrium substituted strontium titanate ceramic

anodes, Qianli Ma, Boris Iwanschitz, Enkhtsetseg Dashjav, Stefan

Baumann, Doris Sebold, Irudayam Arul Raj, Andreas Mai, Frank Tietz,

J.Power Sources, 279 (2015)678-685.

224. Wet chemical synthesis and characterization of strontium doped LaFeO3

cathodes for Intermediate Temperature solid oxide fuel cell application,

A.Samson Nesaraj, S.Dheenadayalan, I. Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman,

Journal of Ceramic Processing research, 13,5(2012)601-606.

225. Preparation and Characterization of Ceria based Electrolytes for

Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, A. Samson Nesaraj,

I.Arul Raj, R. Pattabiraman, Journal of Iranian Chemical Society, 7, 3

(2010)564-584.

226. Investigations of the quasi-ternary system LaMnO3 - LaCoO3 –“LaCuO3”. II:

The series LaMn0.25-xCo0.75-xCu2xO3 and LaMn0.75-xCo0.25-xCu2xO3, F.Tietz,

I.Arul Raj, Q.X.Fu and M.Zahid, Journal of Materials Science,

(2009)44:4883-4891.

227. Y2Zr2O7 (YZ)-pyrochlore based oxide as an electrolyte material for

intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFCs)— Influence of

182

Mn addition on YZ, M. Kumar, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Materials

Chemistry and Physics, 108, Issue 1, 15 (2008) 102-108.

228. Chemical and Physical Properties of complex perovskites in the

La0.8Sr0.2MnO3- La0.8Sr0.2 CuO3 - La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 system, Zahid, Mohsine,

Arul Raj, Irudayam, Tietz, Frank and Stoever, Detlev, Solid State Sciences,

9-8 (2007)706 -712.

229. Influence of air electrode electrocatalysts on performance of air-MH cells,

M.V. Ananth, K. Manimaran, I. Arul Raj and N. Sureka,International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy,32- 17( 2007)4267- 4271.

230. Survey of the quasi-ternary system La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 - La0.8Sr0.2 CoO3 -

La0.8Sr0.2FeO3, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, M.Zahid, A.Mai and D.Stoever, Progress

in Solid State Chemistry, Volume 35, Issues 2-4( 2007) 539-

543.Investigations on chemical interactions between alternate cathodes and

lanthanum gallate electrolyte for ITSOFC, A.Samson Nesaraj, M.Kumar, I.

Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, J.Iranian Chemical Society, 4( 2007)89-106.

231. Synthesis and investigations on the stability of La0.8Sr0.2CuO2.4+δ at high

temperature, M.Zahid, I. Arul Raj, W.Fischer, F.Tietz and J.M.Serra Alfaro,

Solid State Ionics, 177(2006) 3205-3210. Impact Factor: 2.646.

232. Electrical conductivity and thermal expansion of La0.8Sr0.2(Mn,Fe,Co)O3,

F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, M.Zahid and D.Stoever, Solid State Ionics,

177(2006)1753- 1756.

233. Tape casting of Alternate electrolyte components for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.

A. Samson Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of

Engineering and Materials Science, 13,4(2006)347-356.

234. Electrical and sintering behaviour of Y2Zr2O7 (YZ) pyrochlore based material

– the influence of bismuth, M. Kumar, M.Anbu Kulandainathan, I.Arul Raj

and R.Pattabiraman. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 92(2005)303-309.

235. On the suitability of La0.60Sr0.40Co0.20Fe0.80O3 cathode for the Intermediate

Temperature solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFC), I. Arul Raj, A.S.N.Nesaraj,

M.Kumar, R.Pattabiraman, F.Tietz, H.Buchkremer and D.Stoever, J. New

Materials in Electrochemical Systems, 7(2) (2004)145-151.

236. Statistical design of experiments for evaluation of Y-Zr-Ti oxides as anode

materials in solid oxide fuel cells, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj and D.Stoever, British

Ceramic Transactions, 103 (2004)202-207.

237. Synthesis and characterization of La0.9Sr0.40Ga0.6Mg0.2O3 electrolyte for

Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC), M.Kumar,

A.Samson Nesaraj, I.Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman, Ionics,19(2004)93-98.

238. Oxides of AMO3 and A2MO4 type – structural stability, electrical

conductivity and thermal expansion, M.AL.Daroukh, V.V.Vashook,

H.Ullmann, F.Tietz and I.Arul Raj, Solid State Ionics, 158 (2003)141-150.

183

239. Preparation of zirconia thin films by tape casting technique as electrolyte

material for solid oxide fuel cells, A. Samson Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R.

Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Science, 9 (

2002) 58-64.

240. “Induced oxygen vacancies and their effect on the structural and electrical

properties of a fluorite-type CaZrO3- Gd2Zr2O7 system”Vaisakhan Thampi

D. S, Prabhakar Rao P., Radhakrishnan A. N., 2015, New J. Chem., 39,

1469-1476.

241. “Influence of Ce substitution on the order-to-disorder structural transition,

thermal expansion and electrical properties in Sm2Zr2-xCexO7

system”,Vaisakhan Thampi D. S., Prabhakar Rao P., Radhakrishnan A. N.,

RSC Adv., 4(24).,12321-12329.

242. “Role of Bond Strength on the Lattice Thermal Expansion and Oxide Ion

Conductivity in Quaternary Pyrochlore Solid Solutions” A. N.

Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao, S. K. Mahesh, D. S. Vaisakhan Thampi,

Peter Koshy, 2012, Inorg. Chem., 51, 2409−2419.

243. “Influence of disorder-to-order transition on lattice thermal expansion and

oxide ion conductivity in (CaxGd1-x)2(Zr1-xMx)2O7 pyrochlore solid solutions “,

A. N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao,* K. S. Mary Linsa, M. Deepa and

PeterKoshy, 2011, Dalton Trans., 40, 3839-3848

244. ”Order - disorder Phase Transformations in Quaternary Pyrochlore Oxide

system: Investigated by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy

and Raman spectroscopic techniques”, A.N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar

Rao, K.S. Sibi, M. Deepa and Peter Koshy, 2009, J. Solid State Chem.,182,

2312–2318.

245. ”Oxide ion conductivity and relaxation in CaREZrNbO7 (RE= La, Nd, Sm,

Gd, and Y) system”, K S Sibi, A.N. Radhakrishnan, M. Deepa, P. Prabhakar

Rao, Peter Koshy, 2009, Solid State Ionics., 180, 1164–1172.

246. “New Perovskite type Oxides: NaATiMO6 (A = Ca or Sr; M = Nb or Ta) and

their electrical properties”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P.

Prabhakar Rao, Peter Koshy and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Lett,. 62,

623–628.

247. “Ionic Conductivity in New Perovskite type Oxides: NaAZrMO6 (A = Ca or

Sr; M = Nb or Ta)”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P. Prabhakar

Rao, K.S. Sibi, Peter Koshy and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Chem. Phys.,

109/2-3, 189-193.

NFTDC

http://ir.niist.res.in:8080/jspui/browse?type=author&value=Vaisakhan+Thampi%2C+D+S



184

248. Novel Co-Sintering Techniques for Fabricating Intermediate Temperature,

Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-ms-SOFCs); SH Rahul, PKP

Rupa, Nirmal Panda, K Balasubramanian & VV Krishnan (NFTDC, India),

RV Kumar (Univ of Cambridge, UK); ECS Transactions, 57 (1) 857-866

(2013) 10.1149/05701.0857ecst (C), The Electrochemical Society.

IITs

249. Chokalingam, R., Jain, S, S. Basu, ‘Conductivity of Gd-CeO2-

(LiNa)2CO3 Nano Composite Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide

Fuel Cells’ Integrated Ferroelectrics, 116, 23-34 (2010).

250. Chokalingam, R., Jain, S, S. Basu, ‘Conductivity of Gd-CeO2-

(LiNa)2CO3 Nano Composite Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide

Fuel Cells’ Integrated Ferroelectrics, 116, 23-34 (2010)

251. 29. Rajalakshmi C., A. K. Ganguli, S. Basu, Development of GDC-

(LiNa)CO3 Nano-Composite Electrolytes For Low Temperature Solid Oxide

Fuel Cells in Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII, Ed Michael Halbig

and Sanjay Mathur, The American Ceramic Soc., 34-46, 2012

252. 30. Rajalakshmi C., A. K. Ganguli, S. Basu, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel

Cells VIII Mixed Conducting Praseodymium Cerium Gadolinium Oxide

(PCGO) Nano-Composite Cathode for ITSOFC Applications in Advances in

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII, Ed Michael Halbig and Sanjay Mathur, The

American Ceramic Soc., 47-62, 2012

253. 31. Kaur, G., and S. Basu Performance studies of coppereiron/ceriaeyttria

stabilized zirconia anode for electro-oxidation of butane in solid oxide fuel

cells, J. Power Sources241 783-790 (2013)

254. 32. Tiwari, P., and S. Basu, Ni infiltrated YSZ anode stabilization by

inducing strong metal support interaction between nickel and titania in solid

oxide fuel cell under accelerated testing, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy, 38 9494-

9499 (2013)

255. 33. M. Nath, A. S. Hameed, Rajalaskmi C., S. Basu, A. K. Ganguli, ‘Low

Temperature Electrode Materials Synthesized by Citrate Precursor Method

for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells 13 (2), 270-278 (2013)

256. 40. R. Chokalingam and Suddhasatwa Basu, TbxCe0.95-XGd0.05O2-δ (0.15 ≤

x ≤ 0.40) Cathode Materials Prepared through Solid State Route for Low

Temperature SOFC. ECS Trans. 57(1): 1811-1820 (2013)

257. 41. Gurpreet Kaur and Suddhasatwa Basu, Copper-Iron-Ceria Anode for

Direct Utilization of Hydrocarbons in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ECS Trans.

57(1): 2961-2968 (2013)

185

258. 42. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance of Ni-CeO2-

YSZ andNi-Nb2O5-YSZ Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ECS Trans. 57(1):

1545-1552 (2013)

259. 43. Rajalekshmi Chockalingam, Ashok K Ganguli, Suddhasatwa Basu

Praseodymium gadolinium doped ceria as a cathode material for low

temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J Power Sources 250, 80-89 (2014)

260. 44. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance studies of

electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cell with Ni-YSZ and Ni-TiO2-YSZ as

anode, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 18(3) 805-812 (2014)

261. 50. Gurpreet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance Studies of Copper-

Iron/Ceria-Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Anode for Electro-oxidation of Methane

in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int J Energy Res, accepted (2015) DOI:

10.1002/er.3332. accepted (2015)

262. 52. Kapil Sood, K. Singh, Suddhasatwa Basu and O. P. Pandey,

Preferential occupancy of Ca2+ dopant in La1-x Cax InO3-δ (x = 0-0.20)

perovskite: structural and electrical properties, Ionics, in press (2015) DOI

10.1007/s11581-015-1461-8

263. J.K. Verma, A. Verma, and A.K. Ghoshal, “Performance Analysis of Solid

Oxide Fuel Cell using Reformed Fuel, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy, 2013, 38, 9511-9518.

264. L.M. Aeshala, S.U. Rahman, and A. Verma, “Development of a Reactor for

Continuous Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 using Solid Electrolyte”,

ASME Proceedings, ES 2011, 1193-1199.

265. M. Ali Haider, Steven McIntosh, “The Influence of Grain Size

onLa0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ Thin Film Electrode Impedance” Journal of

TheElectrochemical Society, 158 (9) B1128-B1136, 2011

266. M. Ali Haider, Aaron J. Capizzi, Mitsuhiro Murayama and StevenMcIntosh,

“Reverse micelle synthesis of perovskite oxidenanoparticles” Solid State

Ionics 196, 65–72, 2011

267. M. Ali Haider and Steven McIntosh, “Evidence for Two

ActivationMechanisms in LSM SOFC Cathodes” Journal of The

ElectrochemicalSociety, 156(12), B1369-B1375, 2009

268. M. Ali Haider, Andrew A. Vance, and Steven McIntosh, “Activation ofLSM-

based SOFC Cathodes – Dependence of Mechanism on Polarization Time”

ECS Transactions, 25 (2) 2293-2299 (2009)

269. T Dey, D Singdeo, A Pophale, M Bose, P C Ghosh (2014), “SOFC Power

Generation System by Bio-gasification” Energy Procedia 54, 748-755

270. Dey, D Singdeo, J Deshpande, P C Ghosh(2014), “Structural Analysis of

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell under Externally Applied Compressive Pressure”

Energy Procedia54, 789-795

186

271. N. Mahato, A. Banerjee, A. Gupta, S. Omar, and Kantesh Balani,“Progress

in Material Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: AReview”.

Progress in Materials Science, January,

2015,doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.01.001

272. Kantesh Balani, “Solid Electrolytes: Emerging Global Competitors

forSatisfying Energy Needs” (Editorial). Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 1

(5)(2012) pp 243-246.

273. A. Gupta, S. Sharma, N. Mahato, A. Simpson, S. Omar, Kantesh

Balani,“Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8

mol%Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte”. Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol.

1(5) (2012) pp 306-315.

274. N. Mahato, A. Gupta, and Kantesh Balani, “Doped zirconia and ceriabased

electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells: A review”. Nanomaterialsand Energy,

Vol. 1 (1), 2011, pp 27-45.

275. N. Mahato, Amitava Banerjee, Alka Gupta, Shobit Omar and Kantesh

Balani, "Progress in Material Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Technology: A Review", Progress in Materials Science, 72 141-337 (2015)

276. Abhinav Rai, Prashant Mehta and Shobit Omar, "Ionic Conduction

Behavior in SmxNd0.15-xCe0.85O2-", Solid State Ionics, 263, 190 196 (2014)

277. Shobit Omar, and Juan C. Nino, "Consistency in the Chemical Expansion of

Fluorites - A Thermal Revision of the Doped Ceria Case", Acta Materialia, 61

[13] 5406-5413 (2013).

278. Shobit Omar, Waqas bin Najib, Weiwu Chen, and Nikolaos Bonanos "Ionic

conductivity of co- doped Sc2O3-ZrO2 ceramics", American Institute of

Physics Conference Proceedings, 1461, 289- 293 (2012).

279. Alka Gupta, Samir Sharma, Neelima Mahato, Amanda Simpson, Shobit

Omar and Kantesh Balani, "Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma

Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8 mol% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte",

Nanomaterials and Energy, 1 [5] 306-315 (2012).

280. Shobit Omar, Waqas Bin Najib, Weiwu Chen and Nikolaos Bonanos,

"Electrical Conductivity of 10 mol. % Sc2O3 - 1 mol.% M2O3 - ZrO2

Ceramics", Journal of the American Ceramics Society 95 1965-72 (2012).

281. Shobit Omar, 4+ Waqas Bin Najib and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Conductivity

Ageing Studies on 1M10ScSZ (M = Ce, Hf)", Solid State Ionics, 189 100-

106 (2011).

282. Ageing Investigation of 1Ce10ScSZ in Different Partial Pressures of

Oxygen", Solid State Ionics, 184 2-5 (2011). Shobit Omar, Adriana Belda,

Agustín Escardino and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity

283. Shobit Omar, and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity Ageing Behavior of

187

10 mol% Sc2O3-1 mol% CeO2-ZrO2 Ceramics", Journal of Materials

Science, 45 [23] 6406-6410 (2010).

284. Jin Soo Ahn, Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino,

"Performance of Anode- Supported SOFC using Novel Ceria Electrolyte",

Journal of Power Sources, 191 2131-2135 (2010).

285. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, Jacob L. Jones, and Juan C. Nino,

"Crystal Structure-Ionic Conductivity Relationships in Doped Ceria

Systems", Journal of the American Ceramics Society, 92 [11] 2674-2681

(2009).

286. Y. Chen, Shobit Omar, A. K. Keshri, K. Balani, K. Babu, Juan C. Nino,

Sudipta Seal, and Arvind Agarwal, "Ionic Conductivity of Plasma Sprayed

Nanocrystalline YSZ Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell", Scripta Materialia,

60 [11] 1023-1026 (2009).

287. Abhijit Pramanick, Shobit Omar, Juan C. Nino, and Jacob L. Jones,

"Lattice Parameter Determination Using Extrapolation Method for a Curved

Position-Sensitive Detector in Reflection Geometry and Application to

Smx/2Ndx/2Ce1-xO2- Ceramics", Journal of Applied Crystallography, 42 490-495

(2009).

288. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Conductivity

Sm3+ and Nd3+ Co- Doped Ceria Based Electrolyte Materials", Solid State

Ionic, 178 [37-38] 1890-1897 (2008).

289. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Ionic

Conductive Ceria Based Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells", Applied

Physics Letters, 91 [14] Art. No. 144106 (2007).

290. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "A Co-Doping Approach

Towards Enhanced Ionic Conductivity in Fluorite-Based Electrolytes", Solid

State Ionics, 177 [35-36] 3199-3202 (2006).

291. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Development of Higher

Ionic Conductivity Ceria Based Electrolyte", Solid State Ionic Devices IV,

ECS Transactions, Los Angeles, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E.

Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed., 1 [7] 73-82 (2005).

292. J. Jacob, R. Bauri, One step synthesis and conductivity of alkaline and rare

earth co-doped nanocrystalline CeO2 electrolytes, Ceramics International,

41, 6299 (2015)

293. 2. A.S. Babu, R. Bauri, Synthesis, phase stability and conduction behavior

of rare earth and transition elements doped barium cerates, Int. Journal of

Hydrogen Energy, 39, 14487 (2014)

294. C.N. Shyam Kumar, R. Bauri, Enhancing the phase stability and ionic

conductivity of scandia stabilized zirconia by rare earth co-doping, J. Phys.

188

Chem. Solids, 74, 642, (2014)

295. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri, S. Jayanti, Deactivation and

regeneration of Ni catalyst during steam reforming of model biogas: An

experimental investigation, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39,118, (2014

296. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri, S. Jayanti, Olaf Deutschmann, A

detailed kinetic model for biogas steam reforming on Ni and catalyst

deactivation due to sulfur poisoning, Applied Catalysis A: General, 471, 118

(2014)

297. S.A. Babu, R. Bauri, Effect of sintering atmosphere on densification, redox

chemistry and conduction behavior of nanocrystalline Gd-doped

CeO2electrolytes, Ceramics International, 39, 297 (2013)

298. S.A. Babu, R. Bauri, Rare earth co-doped nanocrystalline Ceria electrolytes

for Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC), ECS

Transactions, 57, 1115 (2013)

299. R. Bauri, Development of Ni−YSZ cermet anode for solid oxide fuel cells by

electroless Ni coating J. Coatings Technology & Research, 9, 229 (2012)

300. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, Phase formation and ionic conductivity studies

on ytterbia co-doped scandia stabilized zirconia (0.9ZrO2-0.09Sc2O3-0.

01Yb2O3) electrolyte for SOFCs, Solid State Sciences, 13, 1520 (2011)

301. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, S. Paul, Effect of fuel type on microstructure

and electrical property of combustion synthesized nanocrystalline scandia

stabilized zirconia, Materials Chemistry & Physics, 126, 741 (2011)

302. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, A.S. Gandhi, S. PaulSynthesis and

characterization of nanocrystalline ScSZ electrolyte for SOFCs, Int. Journal

of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14936 (2011)

303. 12. R. Bauri, Processing Ni-YSZ anode by electroless Ni deposition with

AgNO3 as activator Surface Engineering, 27, 705 (2011)

304. T. Priyatham, R. Bauri, Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline

Ni-YSZ cermet anode for SOFC Materials Characterization, 61, 54 (2010)

305. Vinod M. Janardhanan, Dayadeep S Monder, Sulfur Poisoning of SOFCs:

A Model Based Explanation of Polarization Dependent Extent of Poisoning.

J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, F1427-F1436 (2014)

306. BVRSN Prasad, Vinod M. Janardhanan*, Modeling Sulfur Poisoning of Ni-

Based Anodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, F208-

F213 (2014)

307. VikramMenon, Vinod M. Janardhanan, Steffen Tischer, and Olaf

Deutschmann, A novel approach to model solid-oxide fuel cell stacks. J

Power Sources, 214, 227-238 (2012)

308. Vinod M. Janardhanan and Olaf Deutschmann, Modeling diffusion limitation

in solid-oxide fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta, 56, 9775-9782 (2011)

189

309. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan, SreenivasJayanti, Steffen Tischer

and Olaf Deutschmann, Micro-kinetic modeling of NH3 decomposition on Ni

and its application to solid-oxide fuel cells. Chem. Eng. Sci., 66, 5184-5191

(2011)

310. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan, RanjitBauri, SreenivasJayanti and

Olaf Deutschmann, A Detailed Kinetic Model for Biogas Steam Reforming

on Ni and Catalyst Deactivation due to Sulfur Poisoning. Appl. Catal. A.,

471, 118-125 (2014)

311. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan*, Ranjit Bauri, and

SreenivasJayanti, Deactivation and Regeneration of Ni Catalyst During

Steam Reforming of Model Biogas: An experimental investigation. Int. J.

Hydrogen. Energy, 39, 297-304 (2014)

312. Vinod M. Janardhanan*, SrinivasAppari, SreenivasJayanti and Olaf

Deutschmann, Numerical study of on-board fuel reforming in a catalytic

plate reactor for solid-oxide fuel cells. Chem. Eng. Sci., 66, 490-498 (2011)

3) Other Fuel Cells

CSIR

1. Neelakandan, S, Kanagaraj, P, Sabarathinam, RM, Muthumeenal, A,

Nagendran, A,SPEES/PEI-based highly selective polymer electrolyte

membranes for DMFC application, J. Solid State

Electrochem.19(2015)1755-1764

2. Shinde, DB, Dhavale, VM, Kurungot, S, Pillai, VK, Electrochemical

preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and their size-

dependent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction, Bull. Mat.

Sci.38(2015)435-442

3. Selvakumar, K, Kumar, SMS, Thangamuthu, R, Ganesan, K, Murugan, P,

Rajput, P, Jha, SN, Bhattacharyya, D,Physiochemical Investigation of

Shape-Designed MnO2 Nanostructures and Their Influence on Oxygen

Reduction Reaction Activity in Alkaline Solution, J. Phys. Chem.

C119(2015)6604-6618

4. Krishnaraj, RN, Berchmans, S, Pal, P,The three-compartment microbial fuel

cell: a new sustainable approach to bioelectricity generation from

lignocellulosic biomass, Cellulose22(2015)655-662

5. Anantharaj, S, Nithiyanantham, U, Ede, SR, Ayyappan, E, Kundu, S,pi-

stacking intercalation and reductant assisted stabilization of osmium

organosol for catalysis and SERS applications, RSC Adv.5(2015)11850-

11860

190

6. Sehlakumar, K, Kumar, SMS, Thangamuthu, R, Kruthika, G, Murugan, P,

Development of shape-engineered alpha-MnO2 materials as bi-functional

catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction in

alkaline medium, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy39(2014)21024-21036

7. Ghatak, K, Sengupta, T, Krishnamurty, S, Pal, S, Computational

investigation on the catalytic activity of Rh-6 and Rh4Ru2 clusters towards

methanol activation, Theor. Chem. Acc.134(2014)

8. Kumar, MK, Jha, NS, Mohan, S, Jha, SK,Reduced graphene oxide-

supported nickel oxide catalyst with improved CO tolerance for formic acid

electrooxidation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy39(2014)12572-12577

9. Krishnaraj, RN, Berchmans, S, Pal, P,Symbiosis of photosynthetic

microorganisms with nonphotosynthetic ones for the conversion of cellulosic

mass into electrical energy and pigments, Cellulose21(2014)2349-2355

10. Balaji, SS, Usha, A, Giridhar, VV,Borohydride electro-oxidation by Ag-

doped lanthanum chromites, J. Chem. Sci.126(2014)617-626

11. Kumar, AVN, Harish, S, Joseph, J,New route for synthesis of

electrocatalytic Ni(OH)(2) modified electrodes-electrooxidation of

borohydride as probe reaction, Bull. Mat. Sci.37(2014)635-641

12. Ganesh, PA, Jeyakumar, D,One pot aqueous synthesis of nanoporous

Au85Pt15 material with surface bound Pt islands: an efficient methanol

tolerant ORR catalyst, Nanoscale6(2014)13012-13021

13. Krishnaraj, RN, Chandran, S, Pal, P, Berchmans, S,Molecular Modeling and

Assessing the Catalytic Activity of Glucose Dehydrogenase of

Gluconobacter suboxydans with a New Approach for Power Generation in a

Microbial Fuel Cell, Curr. Bioinform.9(2014)327-330

14. K. Hari Gopi,S. Gouse Peera, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, 3-

methyltrimethylammonium poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based

anion exchange membrane for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells,

Bulletin of Materials Science 37 (2014) 877-881.

15. K. Hari Gopi, S. Gouse Peera, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani,

Preparation and characterization of quaternary ammonium functionalized

poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) as anion exchange membrane for

alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy 39 (2014) 2659-2668.

16. Gutru Rambabu, S.D. Bhat, Simultaneous tuning of methanol crossover and

ionic conductivity of sPEEK membrane electrolyte by incorporation of PSSA

functionalized MWCNTs: A comparative study in DMFCs, Chemical

Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 517-525.

191

17. S. Sasikala, S. Meenakshi, S.D. Bhat, A.K. Sahu, Functionalized Bentonite

clay-sPEEK based composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells,

Electrochimica Acta 135 (2014) 232-241.

18. S. Meenakshi, A. Manokaran, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S.

Pitchumani, Impact of mesoporous and microporous materials on

performance of Nafion and SPEEK polymer electrolytes: A comparative

study of DEFCs, Fuel Cells 14 (2014) 842 – 852.

19. S. Meenakshi, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani Carbon supported Pt–

Sn/SnO2 anode catalyst for direct ethanol fuel cells, RSC Advances 4

(2014) 44386-44393.

20. Krishnaraj, RN, Karthikeyan, R, Berchmans, S, Chandran, S, Pal,

P,Functionalization of electrochemically deposited chitosan films with

alginate and Prussian blue for enhanced performance of microbial fuel cells,

Electrochim. Acta 112(2013)465-472

21. Bhuvaneswari, A, Navanietha Krishnaraj, R, Berchmans, S, Metamorphosis

of pathogen to electrigen at the electrode/electrolyte interface: Direct

electron transfer of Staphylococcus aureus leading to superior

electrocatalytic activity, Electrochem. Commun. 34(2013)25-28

22. Jeyabharathi, C, Hodnik, N, Baldizzone, C, Meier, JC, Heggen, M, Phani,

KLN, Bele, M, Zorko, M, Hocevar, S, Mayrhofer, KJJ,Time Evolution of the

Stability and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of PtCu/C Nanoparticles,

ChemCatChem 5(2013)2627-2635

23. Vijayakumar, R, Ramkumar, T, Maheswari, S, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani,

S,Current and clamping pressure distribution studies on the scale up issues

in direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta90 (2013)274-282

24. Nishanth, KG, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Carbon-supported Pt

encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction

electro-catalyst, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38(2013)612-619

25. Peera, SG, Meenakshi, S, Gopi, KH, Bhat, SD, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani,

S,Impact on the ionic channels of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) due to

the incorporation of polyphosphazene: a case study in direct methanol fuel

cells, RSC Adv.3(2013)14048-14056

26. Unni, SM, Pillai, VK, Kurungot, S,3-Dimensionally self-assembled single

crystalline platinum nanostructures on few-layer graphene as an efficient

oxygen reduction electrocatalyst, RSC Adv.3(2013)6913-6921

27. Ilayaraja, N, Prabu, N, Lakshminarasimhan, N, Murugan, P, Jeyakumar,

D,Au-Pt graded nano-alloy formation and its manifestation in small organics

oxidation reaction, J. Mater. Chem. A1(2013)4048-4056

192

28. S. Meenakshi, A.K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A.K.

Shukla, Mesostructured-aluminosilicate-Nafion hybrid membranes for direct

methanol fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta 89 (2013) 35-44.

29. Nishanth, K.G. and Sridhar, P. and Pitchumani, S. Carbon-supported Pt

encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction

electro-catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38 (2013) 612-

619.

30. R. Vijayakumar, T. Ramkumar, S. Maheswari, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani,

Current and clamping pressure distribution studies on the scale up issues in

direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 90, 274–282.

31. S. Gouse Peera, S. Meenakshi, K. Hari Gopi, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S.

Pitchumani, Impact on the ionic channels of sulfonated poly(ether ether

ketone) due to the incorporation of polyphosphazene: a case study in direct

methanol fuel cells, RSC Advances 3 (2013) 14048-14056.

32. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Modified

sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) based mixed matrix membranes for

direct methanol fuel cells, Fuel Cells 13 (2013) 851-861.

33. Harish, S, Baranton, S, Coutanceau, C, Joseph, J,Microwave assisted

polyol method for the preparation of Pt/C, Ru/C and PtRu/C nanoparticles

and its application in electrooxidation of methanol, J. Power

Sources214(2012)33-39

34. Jeyabharathi, C, Venkateshkumar, P, Rao, MS, Mathiyarasu, J, Phani,

KLN,Nitrogen-doped carbon black as methanol tolerant electrocatalyst for

oxygen reduction reaction in direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim.

Acta74(2012)171-175

35. Rao, CRK, Polyelectrolyte-aided synthesis of gold and platinum

nanoparticles: Implications in electrocatalysis and sensing, J. Appl. Polym.

Sci.124(2012)4765-4771

36. Vijayakumar, R, Rajkumar, M, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Effect of anode

and cathode flow field depths on the performance of liquid feed direct

methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), J. Appl. Electrochem.42(2012)319-324

37. Maheswari, S, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Carbon-Supported Silver as

Cathode Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel

Cells, Electrocatalysis3(2012)13-21

38. Nishanth, KG, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Shukla, AK,Durable Transition-

Metal-Carbide-Supported Pt-Ru Anodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells,

Fuel Cells 12(2012)146-152

39. Karthikeyan, R, Uskaikar, HP, Berchmans, S, Electrochemically Prepared

Manganese Oxide as A Cathode Material For A Microbial Fuel Cell, anal.

Lett. 45(2012)1645-1657

193

40. Priya, S, Berchmans, S, CuO Microspheres Modified Glassy Carbon

Electrodes as Sensor Materials and Fuel Cell Catalysts, J. Electrochem.

Soc. 159(2012)F73-F80

41. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A. K.

Shukla, Chitosan Polyvinyl Alcohol-Sulfonated Polyethersulfone Mixed-

Matrix Membranes as Methanol-Barrier Electrolytes for DMFCs, Journal of

Applied Polymer Science 124 (2012) E73-E82.

42. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, S. Alwin, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani,

Natural and Synthetic solid polymer hybrid dual network membranes as

electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells, Journal of Solid State

Electrochemistry 16 (2012) 1709-1721.

43. S. Maheswari, S. Karthikeyan, P. Murugan, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani,

Carbon-supported Pd–Co as cathode catalyst for APEMFCs and validation

by DFT, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012,14, 9683-9695.

44. A. K. Sahu, S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. Shahid, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani,

A.K. Shukla, Meso-structured Silica-Nafion hybrid membranes for direct

methanol fuel cells, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 159 (2012)

F702-10.

45. S. Maheswari, P Sridhar and S Pitchumani, Carbon supported Silver as

cathode electrocatalyst for alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells,

Electrocatalysis, 3 (2012) 13-21.

46. K G Nishanth, P Sridhar, S Pitchumani and A K Shukla, Durable transition-

metal-carbide-supported-Pt-Ru anodes for DMFCs, Fuel Cells, 12 (2012)

146-152.

47. Rajavel Vijayakumar, Murugesan Rajkumar, Parthasarathi Sridhar,

Sethuraman Pitchumani, Effect of anode and cathode flow field depths on

the performance of liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), Journal

of Applied Electrochemistry, 2012, 42, 319-324.

IITs / Universities

48. Verma, A. and S. Basu “Feasibility study of a simple unitized regenerative

fuel cell” J. Power Sources 135 62-65 (2004)

49. A. Verma, A. K. Jha and S. Basu “Evaluation of an alkaline fuel cell for

multi- fuel system” ASME J Fuel Cell Science & Technology, 2, 234-237

(2005)

50. Verma, A., A. K. Jha, S. Basu “Manganese oxide as a cathode catalyst in

flowing alkaline electrolyte direct alcohol or sodium borohydride fuel cell” J.

Power Sources 141 30-34 (2005

51. Verma, A., and Basu, S., ‘Direct use of alcohols and sodium boro hydride

as fuel in an alkaline fuel cell' J. Power Sources 145, 282-285 (2005)

194

52. A. Verma and S. Basu, ‘Power from hydrogen via fuel cell technology’

Chemical Weekly, July, 177-181 (2005)

53. Verma, A., Sharma, A., and S. Basu, ‘Electro-oxidation study of methanol

and ethanol in alkaline medium in a fuel cell’ Ind. Chem Engr. 49(4) 330-

340 (2007)

54. Verma, A, and S. Basu, ‘Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical

Modeling of A Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell’, J. Power Sources, 168(1), 200-210,

(2007)

55. Verma A., and Basu, S., Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multiple Liquid Fuels:

Anode Electrode Studies, J. Power Sources, 174, 180-185 (2007)

56. Pramanik, H., and Basu, S., A Study on Process Parameters of Direct

Ethanol Fuel Cell, Can J. Chem Eng., 85(5), 781-785 (2007)

57. Phirani, J., and S. Basu, ‘Analyses of fuel utilization in micro-fluidic fuel cell’

J Power Sources, 175, 261-265 (2008)

58. Pramanik, H., Basu, S., Wragg, A.A., Studies on operating parameters and

cyclic voltammetry of a direct ethanol fuel cell, J Appl. Electrochem., 38(9)

1321-1328 (2008)

59. Basu, S., A. Agarwal, H Pramanik, ‘Improvement in performance of a direct

ethanol fuel cell: effect of sulfuric acid and Ni-mesh’ Electrochem. Comm.

10, 1254 - 1257 (2008)

60. Biswas, S, P Sambu, S. Basu, Influence of pore former and PTFE in

performance of direct ethanol fuel cell'. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng. 4, 3-7 (2008)

61. Gaurav, D., A. Verma, D. Sharma and S. Basu, Development direct alcohol

alkaline fuel cell stack, Fuel Cell, 10(4) 591-596 (2010)

62. Pramanik, H., S. Basu, ‘Modeling and experimental validation of

overpotentials of a direct ethanol fuel cell’ Chem. Eng Process, 49(7) 635-

642 (2010)

63. D. Basu, S. Basu,’ A Study on Direct Glucose and Fructose Alkaline Fuel

Cell, Electrochim Acta, 55, 5575-5579 (2010

64. Awasthi, A., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Dynamic modeling and simulation of a

proton exchange membrane electrolyzer for hydrogen production’ Intl J

Hydrogen Energy, 36(22) 14779-14786 (2011)

65. Basu, D., S. Basu, ‘Synthesis and Characterization of PtAu/C catalyst for

Glucose Electro-oxidation for the application in direct glucose fuel cell’, Intl J

Hydrogen Energy,36 (22) 14923-14929 (2011)

66. Xu W., Tayal, J., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Nano-crystalline RuxSn1-xO2powder

catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane

Water Electrolyser (PEMWE)’ Intl J Hydrogen Energy 36 (22) 14796-14804

(2011)

195

67. Tayal, J., B. Rawat, S. Basu, Bi-metallic and tri-metallic Pt-Sn/C, Pt-Ir/C, Pt-

Ir-Sn/C catalysts for electro-oxidation of ethanol in direct ethanol fuel cell’

Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 36 (22) 14884-14897 (2011)

68. D. Basu, S. Basu, Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Platinum

Based Bi-metallic Catalysts in Direct Glucose Alkaline Fuel Cell’,

Electrochim Acta, 56 6106-6113 (2011); Erratum in Electrochimica Acta 56

(2011) 7758

69. Chokalingam, R., S. Basu, ‘Impedance Spectroscopy studies of Gd-CeO2-

(LiNa)CO3 nano-composites electrolyte for low temperature SOFC

applications Intl J Hydrogen Energy, 36 (22) 14977-14983 (2011)

70. H. Pramanik, S. Basu, Cyclic Voltammetry of Oxygen Reduction

Reaction Using Pt-based Electrocatalysts on a Nafion-bonded Carbon

Electrode for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Indian Chemical Engineer, 53(3),

124-135, (2011)

71. Wu X, Scott K, Basu S. Performance of a high temperature polymer

electrolyte membrane water electrolyser. J Power Sources 196: 8918– 8924

(2011)

72. Tayal, J., Rawat, B., S. Basu, Effect of Addition of Rhenium to Pt-based

Anode Catalysts in Electro-oxidation of Ethanol in Direct Ethanol PEM Fuel

Cell, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 37(5), 4597-4605 (2012)

73. Basu, D., S. Basu,‘Performance studies of Pd-Pt and Pt-Pd-Au catalyst for

electro-oxidation of glucose in direct glucose fuel cell’, Intl J Hydrogen

Energy, 37(5) 4678-4684 (2012)

74. J. Goel, S. Basu, ‘Pt-Re-Sn as metal catalysts for electro-oxidation of

ethanol in direct ethanol fuel cell’, Fuel Cells Science & Technology 2012 –

A Grove Fuel Cell Event, Energy Procedia 28, 66-77, (2012)

75. D. Basu, S. Sood, S. Basu, ‘Comparison of Performance of Direct Glucose

Alkaline and Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Pt-Au/C and Pt-Bi/C

Anode Catalysts’, Chem Eng J. 228 867–870 (2013)

76. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, A. Verma Graphene and Functionalized Graphene

Supported Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC, Fuel Cell 13 (3) 355–363 (2013)

77. R. Pathak, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Verification

of Direct Glucose Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Electrochim Acta

113 (15) 42-53 (2013)

78. Vinod Kumar Puthiyapura, Sivakumar Pasupathi, Suddhasatwa Basu, Xu

Wu, Huaneng Su, N. Varagunapandiyan, Bruno Pollet, Keith Scott,

RuxNb1-xO2catalyst for the oxygen evolution reactionin proton exchange

membrane water electrolysers, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 38 8605-8616

(2013)

196

79. Varagunapandiyan Natarajan, Suddhasatwa Basu and Keith Scott, Effect of

treatment temperature on the performance of RuO2 anode electrocatalyst

for high temperature proton exchange membrane water electrolysers, Intl J.

Hydrogen Energy 38(36) 16623–16630 (2013)

80. D. Basu, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling of Overpotentials of Direct

Glucose Alkaline Fuel Cell and Experimental Validation, J Solid State

Electrochemisrty, 17(11) 2927-2938 (2013)

81. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Effect of support materials on the

performance of direct ethanol fuel cell anode catalyst, Intl J. Hydrogen

Energy 39, 15956-15966 (2014)

82. Gurpraeet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Carbon Deposition Behavior

on Cu-Co/CeO2-YSZ Anodes for Direct Butane Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fuel

Cells, 14(6), 1006–1013 (2014)

83. Aseem Sharma and Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Transient Behaviour of

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Degradation Using Percolation Theory, Ind

Eng Chem Res 53 (51), 19690–19694 (2014)

84. B. B. Patil and S. Basu, Synthesis and Characterization of PdO-NiO-SDC

Nano-Powder by Glycine-Nitrate Combustion Synthesis for Anode of IT-

SOFC, Energy Procedia, 54, 669-679 (2014)

85. S. Badwal, S. Giddey, A. Kulkarni, J. Goel, S. Basu, Direct Ethanol Fuel

Cells for Transport and Stationary Applications – A Comprehensive Review,

Applied Energy, 45, 80-103 (2015)

86. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental

Validation of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy in press,

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.082

87. D. Gaurava, A. Verma, D.K. Sharma, and S. Basu, “Preliminary Studies on

Development of Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell Stack”, Fuel Cells, 10

(2010) 591-596).

88. L. Barbora, R. Singh, N. Shroti, and A. Verma, “Synthesis and

Characterization of Neodymium Oxide Modified Nafion Membrane for Direct

Alcohol Fuel Cell”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 122, 211-216.

89. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, R. Singh, K. Scott, and A. Verma, “A Novel

Composite Nafion Membrane for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells”, Journal of

Membrane Science, 2009, 326, 721-726.

90. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, and A. Verma, "Synthesis and Ex-situ

Characterization of Nafion/TiO2 Composite Membranes for Direct Ethanol

Fuel Cell", Macromolecular Symposia, 2009, 277, 177-189.

91. J. Pandey, M. M. Seepana, A. Shukla, Zirconium phosphate based proton

conducting membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications, Int. J.

Hydrogen Energy, in press

197

92. J. Pandey, F. Q. Mir, A. Shukla, Performance of PVDF supported silica

immobilized phosphotungstic acid membrane (Si-PWA/PVDF) in direct

methanol fuel cell with, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39 (2014)17306-17313.

93. J. Pandey, F. Q. Mir, A. Shukla, Synthesis of silica immobilized

phosphotungstic acid (Si-PWA)-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite ion-

exchange membrane for direct methanol fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,

39 (2014) 9437-9481.

94. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, PVDF supported silica immobilized phosphotungstic

acid membrane for DMFC application, Solid State Ionics, 262 (2014) 811-

814.

95. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, Synthesis and characterization of PVDF supported

silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid (Si-PWA) ion exchange membrane,

Matl. Lett, 100 (2013) 292-295.

96. N. Kumari, Nishant Sinha, M. Ali Haider, S. Basu, “CO2 Reduction

toMethanol on CeO2 (110) Surface: a Density Functional Theory

Study,ElectrochimicaActa

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.153,2015

97. Manthiram, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Sarkar, A.; Muraliganth, T. Nanostructured

Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and

Conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 2008, 1 (6), 621–638.

98. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Low Cost Pd–W Nanoalloy

Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells. J. Mater.

Chem.2008, 19 (1), 159–165.

99. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis and Characterization

of Nanostructured Pd−Mo Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

in Fuel Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112 (31), 12037–12043.

100. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Pt-Encapsulated Pd−Co

Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel

Cells. Langmuir 2009, 26 (4), 2894–2903.

101. Sarkar, A.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis of Pt@Cu Core−Shell Nanoparticles by

Galvanic Displacement of Cu by Pt4+ Ions and Their Application as

Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells. J. Phys.

Chem. C2010, 114 (10), 4725–4732.

102. Sarkar, A.; Vadivel Murugan, A.; Manthiram, A. Rapid Microwave-Assisted

Solvothermal Synthesis of Methanol Tolerant Pt–Pd–Co Nanoalloy

Electrocatalysts. Fuel Cells 2010, 10 (3), 375–383.

103. Zhao, J.; Sarkar, A.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd-Ni

Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel

Cells.Electrochimica Acta 2010, 55 (5), 1756–1765.

198

104. Sarkar, A.; Zhu, X.; Nakanishi, H.; Kerr, J. B.; Cairns, E. J. Investigation into

Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction on Platinum in Tetraethylammonium

Hydroxide and Effect of Addition of Imidazole and 1,2,4-Triazole. J.

Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159 (10), F628–F634.

105. Sarkar, A.; Kerr, J. B.; Cairns, E. J. Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

Behavior of Selectively Deposited Platinum Atoms on Gold Nanoparticles.

ChemPhysChem 2013, 14 (10), 2132–2142.

106. JM Sonawane, E Marsili, P C Ghosh(2014), “Treatment of domestic and

distillery wastewater in high surface microbial fuel cells” International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, 21819-21827

107. H. Dohle, J. Mergel, P.C. Ghosh, (2007) “DMFC at low airflow operation:

study of parasitic hydrogen generation” Electrochimica Acta Vol. 52 Issue

19 pp. 6060–6067

108. P. C. Ghosh, T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel and D. Stolten,

(2006) „Analysis of single PEM fuel cell performances based on current

density distribution measurement” J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology Vol.

3 No. 3 pp. 351-357

109. P. C. Ghosh, T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel and D. Stolten,

(2006) „In-situ approach for current distribution measurement in fuel cells”,

J. Power Sources, Vol. 154 No. 1 pp. 184-191

110. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh, B. Bera, R. Devivaraprasad and M. Neergat, Role of

surface oxygenated-species and adsorbed hydrogen in the oxygen

reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism and product selectivity on Pd-based

catalysts, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,2015, DOI:

10.1039/c5cp00692a.

111. R. K. Singh, R. Devivaraprasad,T. Kar, A. Chakraborty and M. Neergat,

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of oxygen reduction reaction

(ORR) in a rotating disk electrode configuration: effect of ionomer content

and carbon support, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162, F489–

F498, 2015.

112. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh and M. Neergat, Effect of heat-treatment on Pd-based

alloy catalysts in enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity,

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 712, 223–229, 2014.

113. R. Devivaraprasad,R. Rahul, N. Naresh, T. Kar, R. K. Singh and M.

Neergat, Oxygen reduction reaction and peroxide generation on shape-

controlled and polycrystalline platinum nanoparticles in acidic and alkaline

electrolytes, Langmuir, 30, 8995–9006, 2014.

114. R. K. Singh, R. Rahul and M. Neergat, Stability issues in Pd-based

catalysts: the role of surface Pt in improving the stability and oxygen

199

reduction reaction (ORR) activity, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15,

13044–13051, 2013.

115. M. Neergat and R. Rahul, Unsupported Cu-Pt core-shell nanoparticles:

oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst with better activity and reduced

precious metal content.Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 159, F234–

F241, 2012.

116. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. K. Singh, Oxygen reduction reaction and

peroxide generation on Ir, Rh, and their selenides – a comparison with Pt

and RuSe, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 158, B1060–B1066,

2011.

117. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. Rahul, Carbon-supported Pd–Fe

electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and their methanol

tolerance, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 658, 25–32, 2011.

118. Effect of Co+2/BH4- ratio in the synthesis of Co-B catalysts on sodium

borohydride hydrolysis.Joydev Manna, Binayak Roy, Manvendra Vashistha,

and Pratibha SharmaInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014)

406-413.

119. Zeolite supported cobalt catalysts for sodium borohydride hydrolysis. Joydev

Manna, Binayak Roy, Pratibha Sharma, Applied Mechanics and Materials,

490-491(2014) 213-217

120. Kinetic Analysis and Modelling of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia

Borane, Aneesh C. Gangal and Pratibha Sharma International Journal of

Chemical Kinetics, 45 (2013) 452-461

121. Effect of Zeolites on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane. Aneesh

C. Gangal, Raju Edla, Kartik Iyer, Rajesh Biniwale, Manavendra Vashistha,

and Pratibha Sharma International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

37(2012)3712-3718.

122. Graphene/Nickel Nanofiber Hybrids for Catalytic and Microbial Fuel Cell

Applications by B. Kartick, S. K. Srivastava, and Amreesh Chandra Journal

of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, (in press) (2015)

123. Need for optimizing catalyst loading for achieving affordable microbial fuel

cells by Inderjeet Singh and Amreesh Chandra Bioresource

Technology, 142, 77-81 (2013)

124. MnO2 Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalyst in Fuel Cells by Jatin Khera,

Arvinder Singh, Satish K. Mandal, and Amreesh Chandra Advanced

Science, Engineering and Medicine, 5, 1-6 (2013)

125. Microbial Fuel Cells: Recent Trends by J. Khera and Amreesh

ChandraProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A:

Physical Sciences, 82, 31-41 (2012)

200

126. Varanasi J L, Roy S, Pandit S, Das D, Improvement of energy recovery

from cellobiose by thermophillic dark fermentative hydrogen production

followed by microbial fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,

40: 8311-8321, 2015.

127. Veerubhotla Ramya, Bandopadhyay Aditya, Das Debabrata and

Chakraborty Suman, Instant power generation from an air-breathing paper

and pencil based bacterial bio-fuel cell, Lab on a Chip, 15; 2580-2583,

2015.

128. Sinha Pallavi, Roy Shantonu, Das Debabrata, Role of formate hydrogen

lyase complex in hydrogen production in facultative anaerobes,International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.076)

129. Roy Shantonu, Banerjee Debopam, Dutta Mainak, Das Debabrata,

Metabolically redirected biohydrogen pathway integrated with

biomethanation for improved gaseous energy recovery, Fuel, 2015 (DOI:

10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.060)

130. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Bera K, Pradhan D, and Das D, Application of PVA-

PDDA polymer electrolyte composite anion exchange membrane separator

for improved bioelectricity production in a single chambered microbial fuel

cell, Chemical Engineering Journal, 257: 138-147, 2014.

131. Basak N, Jana AK and Das D, Optimization of molecular hydrogen

production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in the annular

photobioreactor using response surface methodology, International Journal

of Hydrogen Energy 39: 11889-11901, 2014.

132. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Pradhan D, and Das D, Improvement of power

generation using Shewanella putrefaciens mediated bioanode in a single

chambered Microbial Fuel Cell: Effect of different anodic operating

conditions, Bioresource Technology 166: 451-457, 2014.

133. Das D* and Laksmi Narasu M. Forward of International Conference on

Advances in Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA

2012), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39: 7467, 2014.

134. Ghadge A, Pandit A, Das D and Ghangrkar M M, Performance of Air

Cathode Earthen Pot Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Wastewater

Treatment with Bioelectricity Generation, International Journal of

Environmental Technology and Management, 17: 143-153, 2014.

135. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Improvement of hydrogen production

by thermophilic isolate Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum IIT

BT-ST1, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7541-7552, 2014.

136. Mishra P and Das D, Biohydrogen production from Enterobacter

cloacae IIT-BT 08 using distillery effluent, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy, 39: 7496-7507, 2014.

201

137. Pandit A, Patel V, Ghangrkar M M and Das D, Wastewater as anolyte for

bioelectricity generation in graphite granule anode single chambered

microbial fuel cell: effect of current collector, International Journal of

Environmental Technology and Management, 17: 252-267, 2014.

138. Pandit S, Balachandar G and Das D. Improvement of energy recovery from

cane molasses by dark fermentation followed by microbial fuel

cells, Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 8: 43-54, 2014.

139. Khilaro S, Pandit S, Das D and Pradhan D. Manganese

cobaltite/polypyrrole nanocomposite-based air-cathode for sustainable

power generation in the single-chambered microbial fuel cells , Biosensors

and Bioelectronics, 54:534-540, 2014.

140. Roy S, Kumar K, Ghosh S and Das D. Thermophilic biohydrogen production

using pretreated algal biomass as substrate, Biomass and Bioenergy,

61:157-166, 2014.

141. Nayak BK, Roy S and Das D, Biohydrogen production from algal biomass

(Anabaena sp. PCC 7120) cultivated in airlift photobioreactor, International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7553-7560, 2014.

142. Basak N, Jana AK, Das D and Saikia D. Photofermentative molecular

biohydrogen production by purple-non-sulfur (PNS) bacteria in various

modes: the present progress and future perspective, International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy, 39: 6853-6871, 2014.

143. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Continuous thermophilic biohydrogen

production in packed bed reactor, Applied Energy, 136: 51-58, 2014.

144. Khanna N and Das D, Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation, WIREs

Energy Environ 2013, 2: 401–421

145. Kumar K, Roy S and Das D. Continuous mode of carbon dioxide

sequestration by C. sorokiniana and subsequent use of its biomass for

hydrogen production by E. cloacae IIT-BT, Bioresource Technology, 145:

116-122, 2013.

146. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D and Pradhan D. Graphene

supported α-MnO2 nanotubes as cathode catalyst for improved power

generation and wastewater treatment in single-chambered microbial fuel

cells, Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 3, 7902-7911, 2013.

147. Das D*. International Conference on Algal Biorefinery: A potential source of

food, feed, biochemicals, biofuels and biofertilizers (ICAB

2013), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 5410-7, 2013.

148. Laksmi Narasu M, Himabindu V, Das D*. International Conference on

Advances in Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA

2012), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, 6010-2, 2013.

202

149. Borse P and Das D, Advance Workshop Report on Evaluation of Hydrogen

Producing Technologies for Industry Relevant Application, ARCI,

Hyderabad, India, 8-9 February 2013, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy 38, 11470-11471, 2013.

150. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Pradhan D and Das D. Graphene

Oxide-Impregnated PVA−STA Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

Separator for Power Generation in a Single-Chambered Microbial Fuel

Cell, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52 (33): 11597–606 ,

2013.

151. Khanna N. Ghosh AK, Huntemann M, Deshpande S, Han J, Chen A,

Kyrpides N, Mavrommatis K, Szeto E, Markowitz V, Ivanova N, Pagani I,

Pati A, Pitluck S, Nolan M, Woyke T, Teshima H, Chertkov O, Daligault H,

Davenport K, Gu W, Munk C, Zhang X, Bruce D, Detter C, Xu Y, Quintana

B, Reitenga K, Kunde Y, Green L, Erkkila T, Han C, Brambilla E-M, Lang E,

Klenk H-P, Goodwin L, Chain P, Das D. Complete genome sequence of

Enterobacter sp. IIT-BT 08: A potential microbial strain for high rate

hydrogen production, Stand. Genomic Sci. 9: 359-369, 2013.

152. Pandit S, Ghosh, S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D. Performance of an anion

exchange membrane in association with cathodic parameters in a dual

chamber microbial fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,

37:7383-7392, 2012.

153. Khanna N, Kumar K, Todi S, Das D, Characteristics of cured and wild trains

of Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 for the improvement of

biohydrogenproduction, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy,37:11666-11676, 2012.

Pandit S, Nayak B, Das D, Microbial Carbon capture cell using cynobacteria

for simultaneous power generation,carbon dioxide sequestration and waste

water treatment, Bioresource Technology, 107:97-102, 2012.

154. Roy S and Das D, Improvement of hydrogen production with thermophilic

mixed culture from rice spent wash of distillery industry, International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37:15867-15874, 2012.

155. Ghosh S, Joy S, Das D. Multiple parameters optimization for maximization

of hydrogen production using defined microbial consortia, Indian Journal of

Biotechnology, 10:196-201, 2011.

156. Khanna N, Kotay SM, Gilbert JJ, Das D. Improvement of biohydrogen

production by Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 under regulated pH, Journal

of Biotechnology, 152:9-15, 2011.

157. Pandit S, Sengupta A, Kale S, Das D. Performance of electron acceptor in

catholyte of a two-chambered microbial fuel cell using anion exchange

membrane, Bioresource Technology, 102;2736-2744, 2011.

203

158. Gilbert JJ, Ray S, Das D. Hydrogen Production Using Rhodobacter

sphaeroides (O.U.001)In A Flat Panel Rocking

Photobioreactor,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36;3434-3441,

2011.

159. Nath K, Das D. Modeling and optimization of fermentative hydrogen

production, Bioresource Technology, 102;8569-8581, 2011.

160. Khanna N,Nag Dasgupta C,Mishra P, Das D, Homologous over expression

of [FeFe] hydrogenase in Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 to enhance

hydrogen gas production from cheese whey, International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy, 36;15573-15582, 2011.

161. Kotay SM, Das D. Microbial hydrogen production from sewage sludge

bioaugmented with a constructed microbial consortium, International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35;10653-10659, 2010

162. Dasgupta CN, Gilbert JJ, Lindblad P, Heidorn T, Borgvang SA, Skjanes K,

Das D, Recent trends on the development of photobiological processes and

photobioreactors for the improvement of hydrogen production, International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35;10218-38, 2010

163. D Das, Biohydrogen Production Technology, the present Senario, Akshay

Urja, Vol.-3, Issue-5, April 2010

164. D Das, Microbial Fuel Cell- A Promising Green Energy Production

Technology from WasteWater, Akshay Urja, Vol.-3, Issue-6, June 2010

165. Das Debabrata*. Advances in biohydrogen production processes: An

approach towards commercialization, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy, 34:7349-57, 2009.

166. Basak Nitai*, Das Debabrata, Photofermentative hydrogen production using

purple-non-sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001in an annular

photobioreactor: A case study, Biomass and Bioenergy, 33:911-919, 2009.

167. Blackburn JM, Liang Y, Das D. Biohydrogen from Complex Carbohydrate

Wastes as Feedstocks-Cellulose degraders from a unique series

enrichment, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7428-34, 2009.

168. Pandey A, Sinha P, Kotay SM, Das D. Isolation and evaluation of a high H2-

producing lab isolate from cow dung, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy, 34:7483-8, 2009.

169. Mohan Y, Das D. Effect of ionic strength, cation exchanger and inoculum

age on the performance of Microbial Fuel Cells, International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy, 34:7542-6, 2009.

170. Dutta T, Das AK, Das D. Purification and characterization of [Fe]-

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171. Kotay SM, Das D. Novel dark fermentation involving bioaugmentation with

constructed bacterial consortium for enhanced biohydrogen production from

pretreated sewage sludge, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,

34:7489-96, 2009.

172. Nath K, Das D*. Effect of light intensity and initial pH during hydrogen

production by an integrated dark and photofermentation process,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7497-501, 2009.

173. Das D*, Veziroglu TN. Advances in biological hydrogen production

processes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:6046-57, 2008.

174. Nath K, Muthukumar M, Kumar A, Das D*. Kinetics of two-stage

fermentation process for the production of hydrogen. International Journal

of Hydrogen Energy, 33:1195-1203, 2008.

175. Das D*, Khanna N, Veziroglu TN. Recent developments in biological

hydrogen production processes, Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering

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176. Mohan Y, S. Manoj Muthu Kumar, Das D*. Electricity generation using

microbial fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:423-426,

2008.

177. Kotay SM, Das D*. Biohydrogen as a renewable energy resource -

prospects and potentials, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:258-

263, 2008.

178. Das D, International workshop on biohydrogen production technology

(IWBT 2008), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 2627-2628,

2008.

179. Synthesis, characterization, electronic structure and photocatalytic activity

of nitrogen doped TiO2 catalyst, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan, R.P.Viswanath

and C S Gopinath, Chemistry of Materials, 17 (25) 6349-6353 (2005).

180. Magnesium and magnesium alloy hydrides, P.Selvam, B.Viswanathan,

C.S.Swamy and V.Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen energy,

11(3), 169-192 (1986).

181. Alternate synthetic strategy for the preparation of CdS nanoparticles and its

exploitation for water splitting, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan and

R.P.Viswanath, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (7), 891-898

(2006).

182. Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for Pt–Alternate anodes

for fuel cell applications, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, UV Varadaraju,

Electrochemistry Communications 7 (9), 905-912 (2005).

183. Carbon nanotubes generated from template carbonization of polyphenyl

acetylene as the support for electrooxidation of methanol, B Rajesh, K

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RavindranathanThampi, JM Bonard, N Xanthopoulos, The Journal of

Physical Chemistry B 107 (12), 2701-2708 (2003).

184. Pt–WO 3 supported on carbon nanotubes as possible anodes for direct

methanol fuel cells, B Rajesh, V Karthik, S Karthikeyan, KR Thampi, JM

Bonard, Fuel 81 (17), 2177-2190 (2003).

185. Synthesis and characterization of composite membranes based on α-

zirconium phosphate and silicotungstic acid, M Helen, B Viswanathan, SS

Murthy, Journal of membrane Science 292 (1), 98-105(2007).

186. Tungsten trioxide nanorods as supports for platinum in methanol oxidation,

J Rajeswari, B Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Materials Chemistry and

Physics 106 (2), 168-174(2007).

187. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of Ti-incorporated

tungsten trioxides as platinum support for methanol oxidation, V Raghuveer,

B Viswanathan, Journal of power sources 144 (1), 1-10(2005).

188. Catalytic activity of platinum/tungsten oxide nanorod electrodes towards

electro-oxidation of methanol, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, Journal of

Power Sources 175 (2), 789-793(2008)

189. ORR Activity and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Performance of Carbon-

Supported Pt− M (M= Fe, Co, and Cr) Alloys Prepared by Polyol Reduction

Method, C Venkateswara Rao, B Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical

Chemistry C 113 (43), 18907-18913(2009).

190. Hydrogen storage in boron substituted carbon nanotubes, M Sankaran, B

Viswanathan, Carbon 45 (8), 1628-1635 (2007)

191. Dehydriding behaviour of LiAlH4—the catalytic role of carbon nanofibres,

LH Kumar, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International Journal of Hydrogen

Energy 33 (1), 366-373(2008).

192. Monodispersed platinum nanoparticle supported carbon electrodes for

hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane

fuel cells, CV Rao, B Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C

114 (18), 8661-8667(2010).

193. Fabrication and properties of hybrid membranes based on salts of

heteropolyacid, zirconium phosphate and polyvinyl alcohol, M Helen, B

Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of power sources 163 (1), 433-439(2006)

194. Studies on the thermal characteristics of hydrides of Mg, Mg 2 Ni, Mg 2 Cu

and Mg 2 Ni 1− x M x (M= Fe, Co, Cu or Zn; 0<×< 1) alloys,PSelvam, B

Viswanathan, CS Swamy, V Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen

energy 13 (2), 87-94 (1988).

195. Pt particles supported on conducting polymeric nanocones as electro-

catalysts for methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, AJ

McEvoy, N Xanthopoulos,Journal of power sources 133 (2), 155-161(2004).

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196. Can La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 be used as anodes for direct methanol fuel cells?V

Raghuveer, B Viswanathan, Fuel 81 (17), 2191-2197(2002).

197. Conducting polymeric nanotubules as high performance methanol oxidation

catalyst support, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N

Xanthopoulos, Chemical Communications, 2022-2023 (2003).

198. Nanostructured conducting polyaniline tubules as catalyst support for Pt

particles for possible fuel cell applications, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM

Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N Xanthopoulos, Electrochemical and solid-state

letters 7 (11), A404-A407(2004).

199. Hydrogen absorption by Mg 2 Ni prepared by polyol reduction, LH Kumar, B

Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 461 (1), 72-

76(2008).

200. Boron substituted carbon nanotubes — How appropriate are they for

hydrogen storage?M Sankaran, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (1), 393-403(2008).

201. Facile hydrogen evolution reaction on WO3 nanorods, J Rajeswari, PS

Kishore, B Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Nanoscale Research Letters 2

(10), 496-503(2007).

202. Carbon supported Pd–Co–Mo alloy as an alternative to Pt for oxygen

reduction in direct ethanol fuel cells, CV Rao, B Viswanathan,

ElectrochimicaActa 55 (8), 3002-3007(2010)

203. Pt supported on polyaniline-V 2 O 5 nanocomposite as the electrode

material for methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, N

Xanthapolous, HJ Mathieu, Electrochemical and solid-state letters 5 (12),

E71-E74(2002)

204. Is Nafion the only choice?, B Viswanathan, M Helen, Bulletin of the

catalysis Society of India 6, 50-66(2007).

205. Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited Ni–Pd alloy electrodes

for methanol oxidation, K. Suresh Kumar, PrathapHaridoss, S.K. Seshadri,

Surface & Coatings Technology 202 (2008) 1764–1770.

206. Effect of cyclic compression on structure and property of Gas diffusion layer

used in PEM Fuel cells. Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35(2010) 11107-11118.

207. Differences in structure and property of carbon paper and carbon cloth

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208. Effect of Electrochemical aging on the interaction between Gas Diffusion

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209. Effect of GDL compression on pressure drop and pressure distribution in

PEM flow field. Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 36(2011) 14823 – 14828

210. Enhanced mechanical and electrochemical durability of multistage PTFE

treated gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, John

Felix Kumar R, Vijay Radhakrishnan, and PrathapHaridoss, International

Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012) 10830 – 10835.

211. A. Datta, A. Mondal, J. Datta, Tuning of Platinum nano-particles by Au

coverage in their binary alloy for direct ethanol fuel cell: Controlled

synthesis, electrode kinetics and mechanistic interpretation, J. Power

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212. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Energy efficient role of Ni/NiO in PdNi nano catalyst used

in alkaline DEFC, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 3237

213. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Significant role of surface activation on Pd enriched Pt

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Temperature effect, product analysis & theoretical computations, Int. J.

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214. Dutta, J. Datta, Outstanding catalyst performance of PdAuNi nano particles

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215. J. Datta, A. Dutta, M. Biswas, Enhancement of functional properties of PtPd

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216. J. Datta,A. Dutta, and S. Mukherjee; The Beneficial Role of The Co-metals

Pd and Au in the Carbon Supported PtPdAu Catalyst Towards Promoting

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217. J. Datta, S. Singh,Kinetic investigations and Product analysis for optimizing

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218. A. Dutta, S. Sinha Mahapatra and J. Datta, High performance PtPdAu

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Int. J. Hydrogen Energy –36 (2011) 14898.

219. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, S. Mukherjee and M. Mukherjee , Search

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220. S. Sinha Mahapatra, A. Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature dependence on

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221. S.S. Mahapatra, A Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature effect on the kinetics of

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222. S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, J. Datta, Temperature effect on the electrode

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223. S. Singh, J. Datta, Size control of Pt nanoparticles with stabilizing agent for

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224. S. Sen Gupta , S. Singh, J. Datta, Promoting role of unalloyed Sn in PtSn

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physics, 116 (2009) 223-228.

225. J. Datta*, S. Singh, S. Das, N.R. Bandyopadhyay,A comprehensive study

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226. J. Datta and S. Sengupta, A comparative study on ethanol oxidation

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227. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta and N.R. Bandyopadhyay, Carbon-Supported

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228. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, Electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation on novel

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229. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, An invesigation in to the electro-oxidation of

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Euporean patent: EP 2201636B1 (2013).

6. Parthasarathy, R. Kannan, K. Sreekumar and K. Vijayamohanan, An

improved process for enhancing the performance of PEM-FC using plant

harmones, India Patent No-NCL Discl. INV 2008/24, Patent Seal Date-

2008.

7. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla,

Process for the preparation of sol-gel modified alternative Nafion-Silica

composite membrane useful for polymer electrolyte fuel cell, US Patent

Pub. No.: US 2012/0141915A1, June 7, 2012, US Patent App. 11/940,203,

2007.

8. K. Vijayamohanan, R.Kannan and B.A. Kakade, An improved composite

membrane based on Nafion for PEM-FC applications, Patent No-NCL Discl.

INV 2007/07, Patent Seal Date-2007

9. G. Arabale, M. Kulkarni, S.P. Vernekar and Vijayamohanan, An improved

process for the preparation of high surface area carbon useful for fuel cells

and ultracapacitors, US Patent No-2005/0221981, Patent Seal Date-2005.

10. Ulhas Kharul, Sreekumar Kurungot, Harshal Choudhari, Vinaya Ghodke;

ABPBI copolymer membranes for HT-PEMFC application; Disclosure No.

2013-INV-0036.

11. U.K. Kharul, B.P. Mule, D. Bhagat; ABPBI based hollow fiber membranes;

Indian Patent No.INV-2012-58.

214

12. U.K. Kharul, H.R. Lohokare; Solvent resistant ultrafiltration (UF) membranes

based on ABPBI; Indian Patent No. 434/DEL/2010; PCT Application No.

WO 2011/104602 A1.

13. Indian patent on “ A process for making conducting carbon composite

electrode suitable for fuel cell applications” Dr. R. B. Mathur, Dr. T. L.

Dhami, Ms. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, Dr. A. K. Gupta, Dr. J. Rangarajan,

Dr. R. K. Sharma, Dr. C. P. Sharma. Patent No. IN200700395-I1 (Filed on

14.02.2007).

14. Indian patent on “A process for the preparation of low-density multi-

component graphite composite bipolar plates”, R. B. Mathur, S.R. Dhakate,

S. Sharma & T.L. Dhami. Patent No. 766/DEL/2010.

15. A novel strategy to enhance the performance of polymer electrolyte

membrane fuel cells using plant hormones and their derivatives. Meera

Parthasarathy, Ramaiyyan Kannan, Sreekumar Kurungot, Vijayamohanan

K. Pillai, Applied, NCL Ref. No. INV 2008/24.

16. Carbon nanotubes based nafion composite membranes for fuel cell

electrolyte applications, Kunjukrishna P. Vijayamohanan, Ramaiyan

Kannan, Bhalchandra A. Kakade, NCL/INV/2007-07.

17. A Polymeric hybrid membrane, A.K. Shukla, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar,

S.D. Bhat, A. Manokaran, and A.K. Sahu, WO 2009/110001 A1.

18. Proton conducting polymer electrolyte membrane useful in polymer

electrolyte fuel cells, A.K. Shukla, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A.K. Sahu

and G. Selvarani, WO 2009/027993 A1.

19. Process for the preparation of sol-gel modified alternative Nafion-Silica

composite membrane useful for polymer electrolyte fuel cell, A. K. Sahu, G.

Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K Shukla, US 2012/0141915

A1, June 7, 2012.

20. An improved process for the fabrication of ultracapacitor electrodes using

activated lamp black carbon, M. Dandekar, G. Arbale, S. P. Vernekar and

K. Vijaymohanan, US Pat Appl. 0251 NF (2004).

21. An improved process for the preparation of high surface area carbon useful

for fuel cells and ultracapacitor applications, US/0221981 A 1D (2005).

22. Resuable transition metal complex catalyst useful for the preparation of high

pure quality 3,3’-diaminobenzidine and its analogues and process thereof,

R. K. Shukla, L. Emmanuvel, C. Rameshkumar, S. Gurunath, A. Sudalai, S.

Kulkarni and S. Sivaram, US Patent 7,999,112 B2 (2011).

23. Catalytic process for the production of 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, S. Bavikar, A.

Maner, Chidambaram, Ramesh Kumar, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, US Pat.

6,979,749 (2005).

215

24. Process for the preparation of high quality 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, A. Maner,

S. Bavikar, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, US Pat. 6,835,854 (2004).

25. Process for the preparation of high quality 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, A. Maner,

S. Bavikar, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, EP 1 727 781 B1 (2009)

26. A novel catalytic process for the production of 3,3’, 4, 4’-tetraminobiphenyl,

S. Bavikar, A. Maner, R. K. Chidambaram, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, EP 1

730 102 B1 (2010).

27. An improved catalyst for steam reforming of olefin containing hydrocarbons

and bio-ethanol, NCL Disclosure INV 2003/72.

28. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi,Ramya

Krishnan, “ High temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with

exfoliated graphite based bipolar plates “Patent application no. 494

/DEL/2014 dated 20.02.2014

29. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Balaji Rengarajan, Ramya

Krishnan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, L.Babu, R.Vasudevan, T.P.Sarangan and

R.Parthasarathy “Exfoliated graphite separator based electrolyzer for

hydrogen generation “Patent application no. 3073/DEL/2013 dated

17.10.2013

30. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi,

Krishnadass Jayakumar , Kalyanarangan Balaji , “An improved test control

system useful for fuel cell stack monitoring and controlling “ , Patent Appln.

No. 269/DEL/2013 dated 31.03.2013, complete specification filed on

12.1.2007

31. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, and

Kayarkatte Narayan Manoj Krishna , “A method of preparation of supported

platinum nano particle catalyst in tubular flow reactor via polyol process

“Patent application no. 1512 /DEL/2013 dated 12.5.2013

32. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Balaji Rengarajan, Ramya

Krishnan and Natarajan Rajalakshmi, “ A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

(PEM) cell and a method of producing hydrogen from aqueous organic

solutions in pulse current mode “Patent application no. 3313/DEL/2012

Dated 29/10/2012

33. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi

Viswanath Sasank , “ Fuel cell system with oxygen enrichment system

using magnet , Patent application no. 2985/DEL/2012Dated 25/09/2012


Ranganathan Vasudevan, Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan,

“Electronically and ionically conducting multilayer fuel cell electrode and a

method for making the same” Indian Patent Application No.

2198/DEL/2012 dated 17.7.2012

216

35. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi

Viswanath Sasank , Sundara Ramaprabhu, Tessy Theres Baby ,

“Enhanced Thermal Management System for Fuel Cell Applications using

Nanofluid Coolant “ Indian Patent Application No. 1745/DEL/2012 dated

07.06.2012

36. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi

Viswanath Sasank, “A Device for, and a Method of, Cooling fuel cells “-

Patent Appln. No. 1409/DEL/2012 Date : 8.5.2012

37. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Guruviah

Velayutham, Lakshmanan Babu, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam

Parthasarathy Sarangan, Radhakrishnana Parthasarathy , An Improved gas

and coolant flow filed plate for use in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel

Cells “( PEMFC) - Patent Appln. No. 1449/DEL/2010 Date : 22.6.2010


Subramaniam Pandiyan , Ranganathan Vasudevan , Lakshmanan Babu,

Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, Radhakrishnana Parthasarathy , An

improved gas flow field plate for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel

cells (PEMFC)" , Patent Application No .: 2339/DEL/2008, dated

13/10/2008.

39. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Guruviah Velayutham,Natarajan

Rajalakshmi, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy

Sarangan, An Improved catalyst ink useful for preparing gas diffusion

electrode and an improved PEM fuel cell ; Patent application No.

680/DEL/2008 filed on 18.3.2008

40. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Guruviah

Velayutham, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy

Sarangan, “Improved Electrode membrane assembly and a method of

making the assembly “ ; Patent application No. 631/DEL/2008 filed on

13.3.2008

41. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Ramya Krishnan , Jindam

Sreenivas , Srinivasan Narasimhan , Shanmugam Kumar , “An Improved

Method for the Generation of Hydrogen from Metal-Hydrogen Compound “ -

Patent Appln. No. 1106/DEL/2007 Date : 23.5.2007

42. Natarajan Rajalakshmi and Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, An

improved fuel cell having enhanced performance”, Patent Appln. No.

606/DEL/2007 dt. 21.3.2007

43. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Ramya Krishnan, Jindam

Sreenivas, A hydrophilic membrane based humidifier useful for fuel cells””,

Patent Appln. No. 95/DEL/2007 dated

217

44. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Tata

Narasinga Rao, “An improved process for preparing nano tungsten carbide

powder useful for fuel cells “, Patent Appln. No. 81/DEL/2007 dated

12.1.2007


Krishnadass Jayakumar , Kalyanarangan Balaji , “An improved test control

system useful for fuel cell stack monitoring and controlling “ , Patent Appln.

No. 1989/DEL/2006 , complete specification filed on 12.1.2007

46. Arun Tangirala, Vasu Gollangi , B Viswanathan and K S Dhathathreyan , “ A

method of and an apparatus for the continuous humidification of hydrogen

delivered to fuel cells”, Indian Patent No. 247547 dated 22.4.11 ( Appln.No.

670/CHE/2007)

47. Electrochromic material based on Misch metal substituted alloy hydrides

Appl No. No:668/CHE/2007 dated 30.7.2007( with IIT-M)

48. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Ramya Krishnan, “An improved

hydrophilic membrane useful for humidification of gases in fuel cell and a

process for its preparation “, Patent appln. No. 1207/DEL/2006


Subramaniam Pandiyan , “An improved process for the preparation of

exfoliated graphite separator plates useful in fuel cells, the plates prepared

by the process and a fuel cell incorporating the said plates,” Patent No.

1206/DEL/2006

50. E. Hari Babu and Shailendra Sharma, A method of producing non-

conducting exfoliated graphite based gaskets for PEM fuel cells,

1718/Kol/2008, Under examination.

51. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar

Kanungo, Blank plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778

Under examination.

52. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar

Kanungo, Half plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application) 229718

granted.


Kanungo, Bipolar plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717

granted.


Kanungo, Integrated plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719

Under examination.

55. E. Hari Babu and Shailendra Sharma, A method of producing non-

conducting exfoliated graphite based gaskets for PEM fuel cells,

1718/Kol/2008, Under examination

218

56. Shailendra Sharma, E. Haribabu, Amrish Gupta and Deepak Kumar

Kanungo, A fuel cell bipolar plates for improved water management and to

achieve more 9uniform current density in polymer electrolyte membrane

(PEM) fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Granted

57. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar

Kanungo, Blank plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778.

Granted.


Kanungo, Half plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229718,

Granted.


Kanungo, Bipolar plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717,

Granted.


Kanungo, Integrated plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719,

Under examination.

61. Vasu Gollangi, Eradala Hari Babu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Method of

preheating of reactants in Low/High temperature proton exchange

membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack using an integrated plate, 204/Kol/2012,

Under examination.

62. Eradala Hari Babu, Vasu Gollangi & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Test set-up for

performance evaluation of a single cell PEMFC & PAFC, 202/KOL/2012,

Under examination.

63. Vasu Gollangi, E Haribabu, Dnyndev Arjun & M Ramesh Pawar, An

improved fuel cell stack system operably connected to an internal gas

preheating device to improve performance of proton exchange membrane

fuel cells and high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells,

909/Kol/2013, Under examination.

64. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun & Deepak Kumar

Kanungo, Pre-heating plate for PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel

cells (Design Appl.), 255776, Granted

65. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun, Eradala Haribabu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar,

Humidification of gases in PEM fuel cell stacks with integrated modular

membrane humidifier, 140/Kol/2015, Under process

66. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi & Dnyndev Arjun, Cutting die for low

and high temperature PEM Fuel Cells (Design Appl.), 267771, under

examination

67. B. Karmakar, R.N. Basu, A. Tarafder, N. Sasmal and M. Garai, Thermally

cyclable glass sealant composition for intermediate temperature solid oxide

219

fuel cell and process thereof (CSIR Ref. No. 0278NF2014, dated 28-10-

2014)

68. R.N. Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay, S. Das, P.K. Das, T. Dey and A. Das

Sharma, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack and Process Thereof (CSIR Ref. No.

0017NF2015, dated 27-01-2015)

69. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A high

temperature operable inorganic sealants composition sealable at lower

temperature and a process thereof, (Patent Application No. 454/DEL/09;

Date of Filing: 09.03.2009)

70. A Das Sharma, Saswati Ghosh, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Process for the

production of lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose source

(Patent Application No. 773/DEL/2006 filing date : 22/03/2006).

71. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, S. Senthil Kumar and H.S. Maiti, A Process of

Making Anode-supported Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (Patent Application

No.: 2583/DEL/06 dated 04/12/2006).

72. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A Process for

making glass-based sealants for high temperature operating

electrochemical devices (CSIR No.: NF-149/07 dated of communication:

August 7, 2007).

73. S.K. Pratihar, R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, A Process for

Preparing Nickel Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (Ni-YSZ) Cermet (Patent

Application No. 306/DEL/01, filing date: 19/03/2001, Patent No.: 219634

(sealed on 12/05/2008)

74. A. Chakraborty, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, A process for the Preparation of

Ultrafine Powders of a Single Phase Multielement Oxide (Patent Application

No. 263/DEL/97 dated January 30, 1997. Patent No.: 197238 (sealed on 4th

August 2006).

75. R.N. Basu, Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das

Sharma, Planar Anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Using Functional Anode

and A Process Thereof, Indian patent, File No.: 1954/DEL/2010, Date: 17-

08-2010

76. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, J. Mukhopadhyay & H.S. Maiti,

“A process for the continuous production of sinteractive lanthanum chromite

based oxides”, 1214/DEL/04, 30.06.2004

77. A. Mumar, P. Sujatha Devi & H.S. Maiti, “A process for making lanthanum

chromite dense products in air at low temperature particularly suitable for

application in solid oxide fuel cells”, 1222/DEL/04 30.06.2004

78. A. Das Sharma, S. Ghosh, R.N. Basu & H.S. Maiti, “A process for the

production of lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose

chromium source”, 773/DEL/06, 22.03.2006

220

79. “A Continuous process for the production of ethanol from starchy materials”

(Indian Patent No. 188562)

80. “A process for biological production of hydrogen”. (India Patent No.

212605)

81. Earthen material based cathode separator assembly for scalable

bioelectrochemical system. : submitted (Ref: Patent Application

No.805/KOL/2013).

82. Development of cost effective membrane cathode assembly for a single

chambered microbial fuel cell. (Ref: Patent Application No.1302/KOL/2013).

83. A system for simultaneous treatment of wastewater and wastegas using a

microbial carbon capture cell reactor (Ref: Patent Application No.

0471/KOL/2015)

84. Continuous humidification of H2 gas in a bubble humidifier using external /

stack cooling water recirculation (IP No. 670CHE2007).

85. Sreenivas Jayanti, Abhijit P Deshpande, Prathap Haridoss and V Suresh

Patnaikuni “Fuel cell with enhanced cross-flow serpentine flow fields” (IP

No: 2479/ CHE/2010) application filed on 27th Aug 2010.

86. Sreenivas Jayanti, G. Purnima, Autothermal, dual reformer concept for

efficient generation of hydrogen generation for high temperature PEM fuel

cells, Provisional Patent application no 6331/CHE/2014 filed on 16 Dec

2014.

87. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites

on Carbon Paper' Indian Patent Application: 5188/CHE/2012.

88. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites o

n Carbon Nanotubes' Indian Patent Application: 4807/CHE/2012.

89. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrite'

Indian Patent Application: 3632/CHE/2012.

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