report on rapid town assessment (a1)

8/7/2019 Report on Rapid Town Assessment (A1)

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2010

EXTENSION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN

KAMPOT DOWNTOWN PROJECT OF UN-HABITATCOMMUNITY-BASED WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITATION PROJECT

Output Under The Cooperation Agreement Between

UN-HABITATAT

and

Kampot Water Supply Utility

Report on

Rapid Town Assessment Containing Primary Data on

Water and Sanitation, Urban Planning Capabilities in

Kampot Town, Broad Cost -Sharing Options, Indicative

Cost-Sharing and Implementation Arrangements (A1)

K A M P O T W A T E R S U P P L Y U T I L I T Y

K A M P O T

C A M B O D I A

B Y

S O R N S O M O L I N E

Mekong Regional Water and Sanitation Program (MEK-WATSAN)


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Contents1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................32. Objective .................................................................................................................................33. Methodology ...........................................................................................................................44. Location and Target Area........................................................................................................7

5. Socio-Economic Context.........................................................................................................85.1. Population.............................................................................................................................85.2. Employment .......................................................................................................................125.3. Household income and expenditure ...................................................................................175.4. Social Structure and Zoning ...............................................................................................215.5. Poverty Spatial Distribution ...............................................................................................23

5.5.1 Poverty Mapping ..........................................................................................................245.5.2 Result of poverty mapping ...........................................................................................26

6. Gender Issue..........................................................................................................................277. Dwelling ................................................................................................................................278. Present Situation of Water Supply in Kampot Downtown ...................................................31

8.1 Health and Sanitation ..........................................................................................................318.2 Water Sources used in the target area covered by the pipe by Kampot Wtare Supply.......338.3 Water sources used in the target area ..................................................................................36

8.3.1 Sources Water for drinking ..........................................................................................378.3.2 Source of water for cooking .........................................................................................388.3.3. Sources of water for bathing .......................................................................................398.3.4 Sources of water for washing .......................................................................................40

9. Willingness to pay for water connection fee.........................................................................4110. Sanitation and Waste Disposal ..............................................................................................43

10.1 Toilet Type ........................................................................................................................4510.2 Disposal of household waste water ...................................................................................45

11. Solid waste management .........................................................................................................45

12. Urban Development Planning ...............................................................................................4612.1 The process of Tuek Chhu district and Kampot Municipality ..........................................46in preparation of development plan...........................................................................................4612.2 District/Municipality development plan............................................................................5012.3 Development plan related to water and sanitation ............................................................52

13. View on future development of water and ............................................................................52sanitation .......................................................................................................................................52

13.1 Commune Development Plan............................................................................................5213.2. Planning for Extension of Water Supply..........................................................................53

14. Broad Cost Sharing Options..................................................................................................5715. Indicative Cost Sharing Options ...........................................................................................5716. Implementation Arrangement ...............................................................................................58

16.1 Survey and Design.............................................................................................................6016.2 Pipe Lay.............................................................................................................................6116.3 Latrine Construction..........................................................................................................6116.4 Initial Environmental Examination ...................................................................................61

Annex 1: Questionnaire Related to Willingness to Pay for Water Connection fee.Annex 2: Poor household resultAnnex 3: Development Plan MatrixAnnex 4: Stakeholders budget cost sharingAnnex 5: Appoint agreement


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1.IntroductionThe primary purpose of the project is to improve water supply and environmental sanitation for

at least 7,500 poor people or 75% of the poor in Kampot Town. The targeted area that was

selected for water supply is: Kampong Bay,Traeuy Kaoh , Kampong Kraeng commune. For

improving the sanitation condition in the Kampot town the project selected five more commune

as Kampong Kandal, Andoung Khmaer, Maekprang, Krang Ampil, Chum Kriel, and Trapaeng

Thum.

The household survey questionnaires identified the general condition of family in the target area

related to water and sanitation include the willingness to pay for water supply. This information

provides the backdrop to one of the fundamental tasks assigned in the Terms of Reference of the

Community and Sanitation specialist. In this mission aim to expand and refine this information

by developing a more comprehensive understanding of household identification and the behavior

of household participants in water supply and sanitation. This is expected to provide a basis,

together with other parallel efforts such as those to strengthen local community, for

recommending project interventions to improve local community's ownership on safe water use

and environmental development. Potential project interventions would include promotes pro-

poor urban water governance, urban water conservation and demand management, integrated

urban environmental sanitation and income generation for the urban poor through community

based water and sanitation services.

2.ObjectiveThe principal objectives of community and sanitation specialist are:

- Conducting a rapid town assessment to determine the status of water and sanitation and

the prevailing urban planning and investment capacities to address those;

- Undertaking an assessment of demand for improved water supply and sanitation through

willingness to pay and affordability surveys;

- Establishing community based financing mechanisms and tariff policies for sustainable

access for the poor to improved water supply and sanitation;

- Extending a community based master plan for solid waste management system and

demonstration of solutions at the community level;

- Implementing a water sanitation and hygiene awareness component based on the

principles of Human Values Based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education and;

Demonstrating approaches for improved Water Conservation and Demand Management.


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3.MethodologyThe rapid assessment was undertaken using intensive analysis of existing relevant socio-

economic condition of each target commune and a combination of qualitative and quantitative

research methods. The counterpart personnel from Kampot Water Supply of the Ministry of

Industry, Mines and Energy were also actively joining with the consultant and Project Working

Group. The study was conducted in two steps:

Step-1: Reviewing Previous Socio-Economic Condition

Previous socio-economic condition report were reviewed and evaluated as to their sufficiency

and suitability for development of commune socio-economic profile. The section below

summary the general characteristics of several major large-scale surveys reviewed by the

consultant in the preparation of this report. A complete list of the references is given in the

appendix of this report. It is important to bear in mind that these surveys have different

characteristics, and scale of information, as they focused on different groups of people in the

country and were designed to fulfill different purposes.

Community Profile System of Cambodian National Statistic 2008: The Census of 2008 provides

the first aggregate numbers on the demographics of the present day Cambodia. This database

serves as a useful tool especially for better understanding the structure of the national labor force.

Useful information at village level on age, sex, relationship, marital status, literacy and education

and housing amenities are obtainable from the Census CD ROM.

Seila Village Databases: Seila Commune Inventory and Village Level Database were developed

for some provinces under the SEILA programs. The database consists of a tool for poverty

ranking computation taking into account several parameters of livelihood indicators and based on

agreed formula developed by the Ministry of Planning in cooperation with UNDP. The database

provides village statistics on housing characteristics, education, health, water and sanitation,

transportation & communication, Agricultural resources, crop production, livestock and fish

farming, local enterprises and employment, housing assets, and community based organizations.

The Commune condition for year 2009: These documents provide the information on local

management and development for nine communes in Kampot downtown. These document were

prepared based on commune database (CDB6) to develop planning and investment of the

commune.


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Step-2: Area Specific Data collection and Surveys

Additional field research was conducted to support the analysis of the existing data and previous

surveys. An area-specific data was collected on general condition of household, poverty

classification, type of resident, income and expenditure, sources of water usage, health and

sanitation, and affordability to pay for water connection etc. of the targeted village to support the

analysis and evaluation key issues of community development and indicators of project benefitsand outcomes. The survey was complementary to the review of the previous surveys in step-1and

to provide the project with sound understanding of the project areas. A combination of

qualitative and quantitative research methods was used in the assessment.

a)- Qualitative Methodology:

The qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews and mixed group

discussions with key informants and stakeholders. The evaluation was made also through field

inspections by consultant and interviewing with local people at different geographical location in

the target commune. The assessment was centralized to the following main items:

- General environmental condition

- Sanitation and Health condition

- Water supply system

- Waste management include solid disposal and waste water

- General local perception on health and sanitation

- Local perception on poverty and vulnerability

- Roles and commitments of Local Government Units in sanitation development

- Household relationship

- Community resources and development key problems

For an analytical purpose, communities in each commune were then classified according to its

geographical location and household characteristics. An aerial photo of 1:25 000 scales was also

used to help visualization of spatial distribution of household characteristics and make a poverty

map. This poverty map is necessary for classify the household and to decide the supply of water

system. The interviewees include

- District governor

- Commune chief and commune council

- Local government Units

- Staff/Chairman of Community Committees

- OI and NGO Representatives

b)- Quantitative Survey:


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The household survey was used in the quantitative study. These household has selected based on

the location of water supply

extension. An aerial photo and

town maps were used to identify

the target village that will provide

the water supply extension.

The survey contains 4 sections

related household characteristics,

occupations, income and

expenditures, sources of water

usage that contained the

information about safe water

service and information about water system connection fee and the options related to

affordability to pay for water connection fee, health and sanitation, (see Annex 1 ). The entire

household in the selected village will be interview.

Table 1.1 provides a description on the survey coverage, sample and census statistics for the

target commune composing the present report. As the water supply extension cover 2 villages in

Kampong Kraeng, 2 villages in Kampong Bay commune and 2 villages in Traeuy Kaoh

Commune, the sample used to survey was conducted all the household that have not access to

Kampot water supply system.

Table 1: Results of the household interviews for water supply

Kampong

Kraeng

Commune

Kampong Bay

Commune

Traeuy Kaoh

Commune

Census Households 1270 1159 986

Total No. Villages 5 2 4

Total No. Villages interviewed 2 2 2

Survey Result

Total beneficiaries Households 390 445 405

Sample Household Interviewed 205 296 325

Household Response Rate 52.5% 66.51% 80.2%


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District Boundary

Commune Boundary

Study Area

0 1 2 3 Km

LEGENDN

EW

S

AREA COVERED BY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

4.Location and Target AreaThe Extension of Water Supply and Sanitation, and Monitoring Achievements towards Reaching

the MDGs in Kampot Town project covers nine communes where six communes i.e. Kampong

Bay, Traeuy Kaoh, Kampong Kandal, Andoung Khmaer, Krang Ampil and Trapaeng Thum

belong to Kampot Municipality and three communes i.e. Kampong Kraeng, Maekprang and

Chum Kriel belong to Toek Chhu district.

The project comprises of two main parts water supply extension and sanitation. The water supply

extension covers only three communes where Kampong Bay and Traeuy Kaoh commune belong

to Kampot Municipality and Kampong Kreang commune belong to Toek Chhue district. The

sanitation covers nine communes. During the kick off meeting with Kampot Water Supply

Authority (KWSA), Department of Potable Water Supply, MIME and the representatives of UN-

HABITAT, we agreed that the study area covers only some parts of the nine communes closed to

the existing and proposed extension water supply pipe lines. Figure 1 shows the study area.


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5.Socio-Economic ContextThere are nine communes/sangkat of the target area located in Kampot down town. These

communes are identified as the urban and peri-urban area. Prevailing socio-economic conditions

within that communes/sangkat are described briefly below.

5.1. Population

Kampot is located in

Southern Cambodia

on the coast of the

Gulf of Thailand. It

borders Kampong

Speu to the North,

Takeo and Vietnam

to the East, the Gulf

of Thailand to the

South and

Sihanoukville and

Koh Kong to the

West. The area of the province is 4873 square kilometers (MAFF www.maff.gov.kh). The

topography of the province is variable, from the coastal region on the southern border, to

extensive lowland paddy fields and areas of lowland/ upland mosaic to the east and lowland/

upland mosaic and upland forested areas to the west. Kampot is classified as a rural province.

The total number of households in Kampot in 2008 was 130 thousand within total population

amount 585, 850 that giving an average household size of 4.5 persons (CPS 2008). The people of

Kampot live in 8 districts composed of 92 communes and 482 villages (CDB 2004). The

population density of the province is 120 persons/km2 compared to an average population

density for Cambodia of 75 persons/km2. The majority of the population is Khmer around 90%

and the other is Islamic.

According to the objective of the project nine communes were selected to implement the water

supply and sanitation. These nine communes consists of 31 villages within 9,961 households of

the total population amount 53,176 persons which 27,561 are women.


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Table 2: List of beneficiary commune from water supply and sanitation

Commune Village Female Male Total Households Persons/HH

Chum Kriel Trapeang Thum 760 721 1481 226 6.55

Chum Kriel Chum Kriel 905 773 1678 330 5.08

Chum Kriel Samraong 484 434 918 174 5.28

Chum Kriel Kampong Kandal 680 568 1248 229 5.45

Kampong Kraeng Makprang 924 873 1797 396 4.54

Kampong Kraeng Andoung Chi Meun 868 887 1755 346 5.07

Kampong Kraeng Prey Tnaot 482 445 927 142 6.53Kampong Kraeng Kampong Kraeng 609 612 1221 248 4.92

Kampong Kraeng kampongkrong 403 360 763 165 4.62

Meakprang Snam Prampir 1479 1546 3025 541 5.59

Meakprang Bat Kbal damrei 272 275 547 95 5.76

Meakprang Mortpeam 618 654 1272 234 5.44

Trapeang Thum Trapeang Chrey 310 351 661 118 5.60

Trapeang Thum Krang 270 304 574 112 5.13

Trapeang Thum Trapeang Thum 276 244 520 141 3.69

Trapeang Thum Svay Thum 332 298 630 137 4.60

Kampong Kandal Sovann Sakor 2203 1933 4136 803 5.15

Kampong Kandal Phum Muoy Ousaphie 1992 1716 3708 672 5.52

Krang Ampil Krang 1431 1341 2772 515 5.38Krang Ampil Svay Thum 1127 829 1956 324 6.04

Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Cheung 2033 1874 3907 680 5.75

Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Tboung 1300 1139 2439 479 5.09

Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang cheung 1310 1124 2434 415 5.87

Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang tboung 1508 1334 2842 527 5.39

Andoung Khmaer Ou Touch 1065 1060 2125 391 5.43

Andoung Khmaer Andoung Khmaer 479 639 1118 257 4.35

Andoung Khmaer Ta Deb 678 664 1342 278 4.83

Traeuy Kaoh Doun Taok 607 547 1154 233 4.95

Traeuy Kaoh Ta Angk 498 475 973 172 5.66

Traeuy Kaoh Boeng Ta Pream 921 917 1838 322 5.71

Traeuy Kaoh Srae 737 678 1415 2595.46

5.1.1 Beneficiaries Village from water supply extension

Kampong Kraeng Commune

The population in the commune is about 1,325 families in 2008 within 6,424 persons. Among

those families there are 390 families that will benefit from the water supply extension.

Table 3: Beneficiaries village from water supply extension in Kampong Kraeng Commune

District Commune Village Number of family

Toek Chhou Kampong Kraeng Prey Thnot 142

Toek Chhou Kampong Kraeng Kampong Kraeng 248

Total 390


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Sangkat Kampong Bay

The population in Sangkat Kampong Bay is amount 1,299 families within 6,376 persons

(Commune database 2008). In this commune already has water supply system in some part, so

there are still 445 families shall be benefited from the extension of water supply system.

Table 4: Beneficiaries village from water supply extension in Kampong Bay Commune

Municipal Commune Village Number of family

Kampot Kampong Bay Kampongbay Cheung 680

Kampot Kampong Bay Kampongbay Tboung 479

Total 1,159

Sangkat Treuy Koah

The population in Sangkat Treuy Koah is about 1,236 families within 6,151 persons (Commune

database 2008). Based on the poverty mapping and master plan of water supply system, there aretwo villages that shall be benefited from the extension of water supply. Those villages are Ta

Ang and Daun Toak.

Table 5: Beneficiaries village from water supply extension in Treuy Koah Commune

Municipal Commune Village Number of family

Kampot Traeuykoah Ta Ang 172

Kampot Traeuykoah Daun Toak 233

Total 405

5.1.2 Beneficiary villages from sanitation

There are nine commune within 23 villages will benefite from sanitation improvement. These

commune and villages show in the table bellow:


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Table 6: List of beneficiary village from sanitation

Commune Village Total

family

Number

interviewed family

Illegal

property

Poverty

Grade1Chum Kriel Trapeang Thum 226 27 0 6

Chum Kriel Chum Kriel 330 22 0 1

Chum Kriel Samraong 174 23 0 3

Kampong Kraeng Prey Tnaot 142 26 0 6

Kampong Kraeng Kampong Kraeng 248 29 5 22

Meakprang Snam Prampir 541 50 1 21

Trapeang Thum Trapeang Chrey 118 30 1 15

Trapeang Thum Krang 112 9 0 4

Trapeang Thum Trapeang Thum 141 13 6 6

Trapeang Thum Svay Thum 137 16 0 10

Kampong Kandal Sovann Sakor 803 29 4 23

Krang Ampil Krang 515 22 0 19

Krang Ampil Svay Thum 324 24 0 16

Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Cheung 680 29 0 17

Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Tboung 479 1 0 1

Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang cheung 415 10 0 6

Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang tboung 527 20 0 20

Andoung Khmaer Ou Touch 391 16 6 7

Andoung Khmaer Andoung Khmaer 257 10 0 3

Andoung Khmaer Ta Deb 278 11 0 6

Traeuy Kaoh Doun Taok 233 61 1 2Traeuy Kaoh Ta Angk 172 38 0 10

Traeuy Kaoh Srae 259 50 0 6


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5.2. Employment

The two sangkat are classified as the urban, Sangkat Treuy Koah and Kampong Bay and the

other one is Kampong Kraeng commune classified as rural area (Commune database 2004).

According to interview with commune/Sangkat Chief we can defined that as following:

Kampong Kraeng Commune:

About 76.89% of total household in

Kampong Kraeng are engaged in

agriculture sector particularly rice

cultivation (74.81%),long time crop

(0.69%) and grow short time

supplementary such as vegetable

corn potatoes, cucumbers,

watermelon and other crop after the

cultivated season (0.23%) and

fishing (1.16%) . 2.70% of

household have their own

handicraft such as small handicraft of food processing, 7.70% of total household work in service

sector and about 12.71% of total household do other work. 4.39% of heads of households are

working as government officials but they usually are engaged in other activities after working

hour in order to complement the low salary. 3.16% of total household are employer in private

sector. Seasonal migration is a common phenomenon with around 2.07 % of total population

have proper job in the out side hometown while 0.99% have no proper job out side the

hometown. The total rate of unemployment from the age of 18 to 60 is around 8.42% total

population.

Source: Commune database 2008

Main Occupation of household

in Kampong Kraeng Commune

76%

3%8%

13%

Agriculture

Handicraft

Service

Other Work


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Table 7: List of handicraft and services in Kampong Kraeng Commune

Type of business Number

Small rice mill 40

Motorbike and bicycle repairing shop 7

Furniture processing shop 1

Small business service (hair cut, massage, karaoke shop) 7

Small Business (food shop, grocery shop..) 33

Guess house 1

Input battery 3

Sangkat Kampong Bay

Sankat Kampong Bay is

located in the central of

Kampot Town. Most of

household have small

business in the market.

About 4.37% of total

household in Kampong

Bay are engaged in

agriculture sector

particularly rice

cultivation (3.41%), long

time crop cultivation

(0.44%),fishing (0.09%),

Animal raising (0.17%), Non-timber forest product collection (0.26%). 1.57% of household have

their own handicraft such as small handicraft of food processing, 14.77% of labor force work in

service sector and about 79.28% occupy in other work such as trader, wholesaler or other

business. 38.11% of heads of households are working as government officials but they usually

are engaged in other activities after working hour in order to complement the low salary. 8.39%

of total household are employer in private sector. Seasonal migration is a common phenomenon

with around 1.90 % of total population having have proper job in the out side hometown while

0.27% have no proper job out side hometown. The total rate of unemployment from the age of

18 to 60 is around 0.95% of total population.


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Table 8: List of handicraft and services in Sangkat Kampong Bay

Type of business Number

Small rice mill 3

Large and medium rice mill 1


Electronic repairing shop 6

Wine processing shop 1


Handicraft 8


Small Business (food shop, grocery shop,) 117

Market 1

Pharmacies 8

Clinic 4

Guess house 8

Restaurant 4

Gasoline station 2

Input battery 3

Main Occupation of household

in Sangkat Kampong Bay

4% 2%15%

79%

Agriculture

Handicraft

ServiceOther Work


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Sangkat Treuy Koah

About 65.90% of total

household in Sangkat

Treuy Koah are engaged

in agriculture sector

particularly ricecultivation (21.51%), long

time crop cultivated

(0.64%), fishing (43.19%)

and animal raising

(0.56%). Around 1.43 %

of household work in

service sector and 32.67%

occupy in other work

such as trader, wholesaler or other business. Around 3.43% of heads of households are working

as government officials but they usually are engaged in other activities after working hour in

order to complement the low salary. 3.98% of total household are employer in private sector.

Seasonal migration is a

common phenomenon

with around 2.62 % of

total population having

have proper job in the out

side hometown while

0.62% have no proper job

out side hometown.

There is no

unemployment in this

Sangkat.


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Table 9: List of handicraft and services in Sangkat Treuy KoahType of business Number

Small rice mill 10

Generator 2


Wine processing shop 2



Small Business (food shop, grocery shop .) 2

Input battery 2

Makprang Commune

About 90% of total household are engaged in agriculture sector particularly rice cultivation

(12%), long time crop cultivated (64%) , short time crop 8% and around 4% live depend on non

forest product. Around 5 % of household work in service sector and 5% occupy in other work

such as trader, wholesaler or other business.

Trapeang Thom Commune

About 62% of total families in this commune are engaged in agriculture sector and about 3%

raising animal. The other family occupy in supplementary work such as wholesaler, handicraft

and palm sugar processing.

Main Occupation of Household

in Treuy Koah

66%

33%

0%1%

Agriculture

Handicraft

ServiceOther Work


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Kampong Kandal Commune

About 35% of total families in this commune occupy in business and wholesaler. This commune

located in the center of Kampot, therefore around 61% occupy in service sector such as

government official, 2% occupy as worker and 2% work in rice field.

Krang Ampil Commune

About 30% of total families in this commune are engaged in agriculture sector and raisinganimal. 20% occupy as government official, 25% are worker and 25% occupy in business and

wholesaler.

Andoung Khmaer

About 57% of total families are engaged in agriculture sector while 30% work in government

sector. There is only 3% are worker and 10% occupy in business and wholesaler.

Chum Kriel Commune

About 77% of total families are engaged in agriculture sector particularly rice cultivation (73%),

fishing (3%) and animal raising (1%). 2% occupy in service sector and 21% occupy in other

work.

5.3. Household income and expenditureBased on the survey, the answer on cash income is not an appropriate way to identify the wealth

condition of the household because most of people do not provide the real information about the

household income. According to the interview the household cash income and expenditure

indicate as following:

Kampong Kraeng Commune

Household monthly income

The household income is an important determinant factor of poverty. The term household

income used in this commune represents the total income of a household collectively generated

by head of household, spouse and other member in the family. The household income varies

greatly according to household occupation and main activities, and can also vary seasonally. It is

also very important to bear in mind in interpretation of the survey results that there is a general

tendency of under reporting household income by the respondents and that may also cause bias

to the analysis results. Intensive probing was used during the survey in order to best estimate thelevel of household income.

The distribution of monthly income of households in Kompong Kreang Commune indicates a

great variation around the mean and a big income difference between the very poor households

(very low income) and very rich households (very high income). The average monthly income is

US$86.


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The lowest monthly income falls down to US$9 per month for very poor households, while the

highest household income can reach up to US$365 per month for rich households. This pattern

suggests a significant income inequality and a big gap between poor households and rich

households. There are about 83 percent of households having a monthly income reported lower

than the average monthly income of the surveyed households.

Monthly income distribution for households in Kampong Kraeng Commune

(Project Survey 2009)

Household monthly expenditure

Regard to the expenditure, the survey reveal that the expenditure for each household remain

larger than income. Household satisfied to answer the expense than the income. The average of

household expenditure in Kampong Kreang is around 181USD per month.

In term of categories of total household expenditure, 26 percent of households fell into the low

expenditure category (total monthly expenditure less than US$100), 60 percent of households -

into medium expenditure category (total monthly expenditure in between US$100 and US$300),

and, 14 percent - into the high expenditure category (total monthly expenditure more than

US$300).

Table 10: Household distribution according to expenditure categories

CategoryPercent ofhouseholds

Low household expenditure (US$300 per month) 14


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Sangkat Kampong Bay


It is difficult to estimate the income in Sangkat Kampong Bay because most of household didn't

want to answer the income. Among 290 household were interviewed, only 28% of household

provided the answer on cash income.

Monthly income distribution for households in Sangkat Kampong Bay


The average cash income is around USD97 per month. The distribution of monthly income of

households in Sangkat Kompong Bay indicates a great variation around the mean and a big

income difference between the very poor households (very low income) and very rich

households (very high income).The lowest monthly income falls down to US$7 per month for

very poor households, while the highest household income can reach up to US$293 per month

for rich households. There are about 65 percent of households having a monthly income reported

lower than the average monthly income of the surveyed households.


The expenditure for each household in Sangkat Kampong Bay is larger than income. Household

satisfied to answer the expense than the income. The average of household expenditure in

Kampong Bay is around 173USD per month.


expenditure category (total monthly expenditure less than US$100), 62 percent of households -

into medium expenditure category (total monthly expenditure in between US$100 and US$300),


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US$300).




Sangkat Treuy Koah


As Sangkat Kampong Bay, most of household don't want to answer on cash income. Among 325

household were interviewed, only 29% of household provided the answer on cash income. The

average cash income is around USD88 per month. The distribution of monthly income of

households in Treuy Koah also indicates a great variation around the mean and a big income

difference between the very poor households (very low income) and very rich households (very

high income).The lowest monthly income falls down to US$5 per month for very poor

households, while the highest household income can reach up to US$1,263 per month for rich

households. There are about 66 percent of households having a monthly income reported lower

than the average monthly income of the surveyed households.

Monthly income distribution for households in Sangkat Treuy Koah



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The expenditure for each household in Sangkat Treuy Koah is larger than income. Household

satisfied to answer the expense than the cash income. The average of household expenditure in

Kampong Bay is around 166USD per month.


expenditure category (total monthly expenditure less than US$100), 62 percent of households -into medium expenditure category (total monthly expenditure in between US$100 and US$300),


US$300).




5.4. Social Structure and Zoning

Household relationship is the most important factor in the development of a sanitation

improvement system at community level. Good relation between neighboring households

provides mutual understanding in sharing common interest, which will be of great help for

community mobilization and development. Experiences had showed that, community with sound

relation between households would be easily motivated to do collective works rather than a

fractal community.

Apart from social structure and cultural inherit; the household relation is also dependent on

education level and living condition. There is notably observed a very good spatial sorting of

livelihood. In general, rich people or dignitaries tend to collectively settle themselves on the

most favorable and expensive land, whereas businessmen, vendors and other middle class people

are housing in the center, closed to the markets or along the main roads or on the land of second

order. Low income or poor people occupy the remaining part, where the land is generally the

most unfavorable and hazardous. This situation is made that the poor are the most vulnerable and

affected targets.


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The town can be divided into 2 big

zones according to its household

characteristics and living condition:

urban and peri-urban. In the urban

area, (like other typical cities, e.g.

Phnom Penh) people are living in theapartment or flats readily equipped

with sewerage systems and sanitation

facilities. This is the highest

population density area like Sangkat

Kampong Bay. The urban population is predominant by the middle class households with

moderately high income and a generally high education level. Because of its location is central to

all business activities, the urban population have always easier access to all kind of public

services.

Although urban people get used with

integrated society, the household

relation is the most complicated. In

some cases, people even do not know

who is living next to their door.

Commune authority seems to have

played very important role in

coordinating resettlement of common

problems or conflicts between

households. However, in some of the cases, the resettlement goes through a private negotiation

among households.

There is a good advantage in the urban society that the sewerage system and sanitation facilities

are in general well integrated and pre-defined by the competent authorities before the house

construction starts. This means that a newly house builder is obligated to integrate its sanitation

facility into the existing framework. This could also imply that integrated sanitation system is a

must for each urban household.


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Contrary to the urban zone, in peri-

urban area, each household has a piece

of land or land plot with and average

front size ranging from 10 to 30

meters. Some part of Sangkat Treuy

Koh and Kompong Kraeng Communeare identified as peri-urban.

Depending on its location comparing

to the main roads, the household

characteristics are different. Two distinctive sub-zones can be described here: the outer sub-zone

and the inner sub-zone. The rich and middle class households in general occupy the outer sub-

zones. The poor households and in most of the cases with low education level, encircled by rich

and middle class households are in general located in the inner sub-zone in low poorly drained

flood plain. This inner sub-zone is characterized by scattered household settlement without well

integrated roads, sewerage and sanitation facilities. The outer sub-zone, although located along

the main roads, the lack of integrated sewerage is also common. There is no interconnected

sanitation system between households. Each household has developed its own independent

sanitation facility, including in most of the cases water supply (using digging well) within the

perimeter of its land property.

In this peri-urban area, the traditional household relation and rural community structure remain

unbroken by economic activities. Household in general knows their neighboring quite well, and

the good relationship goes even as far as 1-2 km away from home. However, this relationship

seems to have been broken between the inner and outer sub-zones. The social unconformity

between the two sub-zones was also reported in some locations. Although, both sub-zones share

common sanitation problems, i.e., lack of integrated system, the outer sub-zone seems to be less

affected thank to its location at relatively higher ground level. The cross subsidy is very unlikely

to be practical between these two sub-zones.

5.5. Poverty Spatial DistributionThe poverty and vulnerability analysis is a primary step in all efforts to assist the poor

communities. Since the main target of the Kampot downtown water supply extension project

focus on the poor communities, the identification and understand of spatial distribution

characteristics of these communities in the context of the targeted commune/sangkat is essential.

It is beyond the scope of this report to do a complete analysis of different poverty dimensions


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and its linkages. The section below is attempting only to identify and locate the poor

communities which should have benefits from the current project.

The definition of the poor is

essential at this stage. A

thorough discussion was alsomade with all stakeholders in

order to find out a common

sense of poverty definition, and

gather all local perception

about the poverty. In order to

be open to the information the

fieldwork would provide, there

was no attempt to predefine a

working definition. However,

all agreed that the identification of the poor has to do with disposable assets and income - not

having enough food or shelter and not being able to pay for ordinary expenses such as those

related to health, sanitation and education. More over, to assess the poverty will require also

choice of livelihood indicators. The basic problem is that very few of the data available to the

present study can be regarded as direct, reliable measures of poverty, in the sense of numbers

and poorness of families living below the poverty line. The indicators chosen for this study are

mainly related to physical assets owned by households who are relatively not poor. Therefore,

the basic assumption made is that the communities which have the smallest proportion of

families able to afford assets such as concrete or brick house, vehicles, televisions, etc. are also

communities which have the largest number of families who are poor.

5.5.1 Poverty Mapping

During the kick off meeting with Kampot provincial Governor, the local authorities including

Deputy provincial Governor, district governors and some commune council have mentioned that

they already conducted poor household identification based on 16 criteria which are defined byMinistry of Planning. The 16 criteria are listed below:

1. This house belongs to you or you rent it from other person.

2. Material used to make roof of the house (interviewer examines and fill up, do not

ask)

3. Material used to make the wall of the house (interviewer examines and fill up, do not

ask)


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4. General condition of the house (interviewer examines and fill up, do not ask)

5. What is the size of your house? (interviewer asks and examines)

6. Household income

6a. What is your major income among the income activities: rice cultivation, vegetable

planting or crop planting, and other activities?

6b. How much area of rice cultivation, vegetable planting or crop planting land? (includeyour own land, rented land and land surround the premise)

6.c What kind of fishing tools do you have?

6.d What are your major income activities?

7. Livestock raising activities

7a. Do you raise pig, goat, cow, buffalo, horse? If yes, how many are they? How many of

them do you exchange raising1 with other people? (for people who live on land)

7b. Do you raise pig? If yes, how many are they? How many of them do you exchange

raising2

with other people? (for people who live on water)

8. Within the last 12 months do you owe someone's rice? If yes, how many month?

9. Household members

9a. How many member does your family have?

9b. How many member of your family that do not have income?

10. How much property do you have? List down

11. How many transportation means do you have? List down

12. Within the last 12 months is there any even happen that make you lose income, face

food shortage, sold your properties, or borrow money from other people?

13. Your members

13a. How many person in your family are 6 years old to 11 years old?

13b. How many of them do not go to school?

13c. What reasons that cause those children do not go to school?

14. Special condition that causes their livelihood goes down?

15. Special condition that causes their livelihood goes up?

15a. Within the last 12 months do you receive any support from your children or your

relations?

1 The exchange raising in here means a person look after live stock (for example a cow) for a someone and whenthat cow gives the first birth then the first baby cow will long to the person who look after the cow, when the cowgives second birth and then the second baby cow will belong to the cow owner.2 The exchange raising in here means a person look after live stock (for example a cow) for a someone and whenthat cow gives the first birth then the first baby cow will long to the person who look after the cow, when the cowgives second birth and then the second baby cow will belong to the cow owner.


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15b. Within the last 12 months, what even that improves your family's livelihood?

16. The interviewer should check, is there any doubtful answer?

Poor households were

classified into two classes: i.e.

poor category 1 and poorcategory 2. The poor

classification were based on

the score ranges of the

questionnaire like score range

from 59 to 68 is poor category

1 and score range from 45 to

58 is poor category 2. Poor

category 1 is the poorest

household; this category is

poorer than poor category 2.

The local authorities proposed this project should not conduct any poor assessment. It was

proposed to use the result of poor assessment of their survey that mean it is better to focus on

poor category 1 and poor category 2 that are in their list of poor households.

Based on their proposal, the kick out meeting has decided to use poor category 1 and poor

category 2 for poverty mapping in this project coverage. According to the field survey the

location of poor category 1 and poor category 2 for poverty mapping.

5.5.2 Result of poverty mapping

According to the survey and waypoints of poor household category 1 and 2 collected from field,

we have observed that:

The condition of poor household category 1- there are four types of poor household category 1

i.e. 1- poor households have not land live on illegal land like road side, river side or public land;

2- poor households have no land but live on other people's land to look after land or farm ofother people; 3- poor households have no land but live with their relation like son or daughter

live with their parents or their auntie or their uncle or the parents live with their son or daughter

etc.; 4- poor households have their own house and land. In general poor households in type 4 live

quite far from the main road and scatter, only foot path they use to reach their houses.

The condition of poor household category 2- most of them have their own house and land. Most

of their house located not less than 100 meter far from the main road or water supply network.


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Based on the distribution of those poor households category 1 and 2, we can see that it is quit

difficult for the project to help those poor people in potable water supply because most of them

located far from the water supply system.

The result of poverty list for each village will be attached with the Annex 2.

6.Gender IssueWomen play an important role in the family such

as prepare food for families, take care of the

children, management of family financial resource.

In Cambodia society women is more responsible

in the family than men especially for housework

including cleaning the house, fetching and boiling

water, cooking and washing. In additional some

women also work outside house to earn the cash

income such as running the small business like weaving, sale agriculture product, food, ect.at

the local market in order to generate substantial cash income of the family. The majority of

sellers in Sangkat Kampong Bay are women. Some women in Sangkat Treuy Koah and

Kampong Kraeng commune have their small business in Kampot town market. Women will

benefit from the extension of Kampot Water Supply Project as they are responsible for fetching

water for cooking and washing. In term of sanitation, women are more venerable than men

because women face the problem of the lack of latrine. So, the availability of appropriate latrines

is most required for the dignity of the women.

7.DwellingThe residence in Kampot down town has divided in six category such as cottage, zinc, wooden

brick, flat and village. People live in the flat in the urban with more density that in the peri-urban

that people live in big land within the house that made of zinc, wooden, brick. However, poor

people live in cottage that build of bamboo/wood, with the roof cover by palm or coconut leaves

while the rich live in the village or dwelling build of brick or luxury wood. The table bellowsare described the type of resident in each commune and target village:

Kampong Kraeng Commun

Kampong Kraeng Commune defined as peri-urban. About 49.31 percent of dwelling has the roof

that builds from zinc or fibro, 35.58 percent build from palm, coconut or grass leaves, 13 percent

is roofing tile. There are five families live in the public land in this commune


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Table 13: Number of residence classified by roof in target village (Commune data 2008)

Type of residence Total in

Commune

Prey Thnot

Village

Kampong

Kraeng Village

Roof build of palm/coconut/grass leaves 438 20 28Roof build of Zinc/Fibro 607 60 184

Roofing tile 160 13 37

Flat with many household 1 1 0

Flat 17 15 1

Village 8 5 3

Type of residence in Kampong Kraeng & Prey Thnot Village (Project survey 2009)

Sangkat Kampong Bay

Sangkat Kampong Bay defined as

the urban area. About 41.20

percent of total dwelling are flat

while 18.28 percent are flat withinmany families, 35.54 percent have

dwelling build from zinc or fibro,

2.75 percent of roofing tile

dwelling and 1.29 percent of

dwelling that have the roof build

from palm/coconut or grass leaves.


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Table 14: Number of residence classified by roof in target village (2008)


Commune

Kampong Bay

Cheung Village

Kampong Bay

Tboung Village

Roof build from palm/coconut/grass

leaves

15 15 0

Roof build from Zinc/Fibro 414 339 75

Roofing tile 32 24 8

Flat with many household 213 57 156

Flat 480 240 240

Village 11 3 8

Type of residence in Kampong Bay Tboung & Prey Kampong Bay Cheung Village

(Project survey 2009)

Sangkat Treuy Koah

Some part of Sangkat Treuy koah defined

as urban and some part still in the peri-

urban area. Around 74.95 percent have

the dwelling that have roof build fromzinc or fibro, 16.90 percent of dwelling

are palm/coconut/grass roof, 5.70 percent

are roofing tile and 2.34 percent are flat.

According to the information from

Sankat authority 156 families live in

public land in 2008.


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Table 15: Number of residence classified by roof in target village (2008)


Commune

Daun Toak

Village

Ta Ang Village

Roof build from palm/coconut/grass

leaves

166 0 6

Roof build from Zinc/Fibro 736 262 159

Roofing tile 56 7 6

Flat 23 0 7

Village 1 0 0

Type of residence in Daun Toak & Ta Angk Village (Project survey 2009)

Krang Ampil commune

This commune defined as peri-urban that 60% of total dwelling have roof made of zinc or fibro,

2.58% have roof made of grass or palm/coconut leaf, 7.24% are tile roof, 26% are flat, 3.44% are

flat with many families in and 0.74% are villages.

Andoung Khmaer commune:

This commune defined as peri-urban that 83.26% of total dwelling have roof made of zinc or

fibro, 7.95% are tile roof, 6.56% have roof made of grass or palm/coconut leaf,1.5% are flat,

0.21 % are flat with many families in and 0.52% are villages.

Chumkriel commune:


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Chumkriel commune is defined as peri-urban. Around 88.84% of total dwelling have roof made

of zinc or fibro, 5.99 % are tile roof, 1.86% have roof made of grass/leaf, 3.1% are flat and

0.21% are flat with many families in.

Kampong Kandal commune

This commune defined as urban area. About 56.66% of total dwelling have roof made of zinc or

fibro, 29.57% are flat, 7.49% are tile roof, 4.25% are flat with many families in and 2.03% arevillages.

Trapeang Thom commune

Trapeang Thom is defined as peri-urban area. About 72.53% of dwelling have roof made of zinc

or fibro, 8.90% are tile roof, 3.29% are grass or leaf roof, 13.54% are flat, 1.35% are flat with

many families in and 0.39% are villages.

Makprang Commune

Makprang commune is defined as peri-urban. About 50% of dwelling have roof made of zinc or

fibro, 44% are grass or leaf roof, 3 % are tile roof, and 3% are flat.

8.Present Situation of Water Supply in KampotDowntown

People live surround Kampot town have used water from many sources like: Rain water, Surface

water like stream and pond, Open well and pumping well, Water venders, Water supply systems.

In general people live in peri-urban areas use rain water during rainy season and surface water

like stream, dug ponds, open wells and pumped wells in dry season. People live in these areas

face critical problems of water shortage in dry season every year. Some of those remote areas

have access roads; they can buy water from water venders. In urban area, people have accessed

to potable water system of Kampot Water Supply (KWS).

8.1 Health and Sanitation

The type of water and sanitation facilities is important determinants of the health status of

household members and particularly of children. Proper hygienic and sanitation practices can

reduce exposure to and the seriousness of major childhood diseases such as diarrhea.

According to the commune status report show that in Kampong Kraeng commune 31.05 percent

are using pipe water. Among those households, 53.6 percent use water line of the private

company that connected from the main pipe of Kampot Water Supply and sell water to

household around 10,000 Riel per cubic meter and other 3.41 percent use water from neighbor


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household. However, 12.87 percent use pump well water, 41.06 have dug well in their dwelling

or plot, 9.09 percent use water from pond, 2.54 percent have the rain stored in their dwelling and

3.39 percent use surface water from rivers, streams or lakes but the water quality is so bad. There

is no waste collection in this commune so people bury the rubbish in their own land. About 86%

of total household have no latrine. The problem is no sewage system.

However, in dry season household drink pipe water around 33.59 percent. Only 4.62 percent

have their own safe water instrument to process the safe water and 49.31 percent drink boiled

water. Household were also asked for the time taken to fetch water. 46.07 percent fetch the water

less than 150 meters from home and 29.58 percent go to fetch water more than 150 meters.

Related to water supply in Sangkat Kampong Bay, there is 93.01 percent use water line fromKampot water supply. Among those, there is 70.89 percent connected from private company,

6.57 percent use water from neighbor household. There is only 6.99 percent use source water

from pond. 93.18 percent fetch water less than 150 meters from home.

Source of Water in Sangkat Kampong Bay

93%

7%

Pipe Water

Pond

Source of Water in Kampong Kraeng Commune

31%

13%41%

9%3% 3%

Pipe Water

Pump well

Dug well

Pond

River, stream, lake

Rain stored


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About 5.68 percent have their own water instrument to process the safe water and 36.98 percent

drink boiled water. There is a company that provides service for solid waste collection but the

service is not good because of the delay and not clear about the collection schedule. This

commune is often flood in the raining season. About 13.72 percent have no latrine.

Some part of Sangkat Treuy Koah is defined as Peri-urban area. The water supply system is

limited in this Sangkat. There have water supply system for the household along the big road.

This water supply system manages by community that support by CWCC. Around 92.35 use

pipe water that 70.46 percent connected from private company with price of water is quite high

4,000 Riel per cubic meter.

About 73.32 percent fetch water more than 150 meter far away from home. 45.02 percent boiled

water for drinking and 0.40 percent have the safe water instrument to produce safe drinking

water. There is no waste collection and sewage system in this commune. People burn the rubbish

in their own land. The sanitation and environment sector not yet establish. About 91.47% of total

household have no latrine.

8.2 Water Sources used in the target area covered by the pipe byKampot Water Supply

At present, the service coverage of KWS covers

Kampot Municipalities and some parts of Teuk

Chhou district. For Kampot Municipality, the

service cover 5 communes where Kampong Kandal

covers 70.04%, Kampong Bay covers 63.68%,

Krang Ampil covers 51.53%, Andoung Khmer

covers 29.91% and Traeuy Kaoh 0.78%. For Teuk

Chhu district, the service cover 4 communes where

Source of Water in sangkat Treuy Koah

93%

3%

1%

3%

0%

Pipe Water

Dug well

Pond

River, stream, lake

Rain stored


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70.0463.68

51.53

29.91

0.78

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

%

Kampong Kandal Kampong Bay Krang Ampil Andoung Khmer Traey Koah

Water Supply Service in Kampot Municipility

2% in Chum Kriel commune, 7.26% in Trapaeng Thum commune, 0.77% in Kampong Kraeng

commune and 12.46% in Meakprang commune. Detail of household connection is shown in

table 15 below:

Table 16: Percentage of connection in Kampot Municipality

Kampot Municipality Household Population Connection Percentage

1. Sangkat Kampong Kandal 1452 7746 1017 70.04

a- Sovann Sakor Village 794 4113 441 55.54

b- Muoy Ousaphie Village 658 3633 576 87.54

2. Sangkat Kampong Bay 1148 6056 731 63.68

a- Kampong Bay Cheung Village 678 3604 380 56.05

b- Kampong Bay Tboung Village 470 2452 351 74.68

3- Sangkat Krang Ampil 914 4735 471 51.53

a- Svay Thum Village 358 1903 160 44.69

b- Krang Village 556 2832 311 55.94

4- Sangkat Andoung Khmaer 1926 10003 576 29.91

a- Tvi Khang Tboung Village 572 3037 281 49.13

b- Tvi Khang Cheung Village 430 2380 206 47.91

c- Andoung Khmaer Village 262 1244 16 6.11

d- Ou Touch Village 374 1915 73 19.52

e- Ta Deb Village 288 1427 0 0.00

5- Sangkat Traeuy Koah 1151 5674 9 0.78

a- Ta Angk Village 171 997 9 5.26

b- Doun Taok Village 295 1317 0 0.00

c- Srae Village 318 1415 0 0.00

d- Buoeng Tapream Village 367 1945 0 0.00

Total Connection in Kampot Municipality 6591 34214 2804 42.54


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Table 17: Percentage of connection in Teuk Chhu District

Teuk Chhu District Household Population Connection Percentage

1. Chum Kriel Commune 983 5212 20 2.03

a- Chum Kriel Village 335 1710 1 0.30

b- Trapeang Thum Village 234 1194 0 0.00

c- Samraong Village 177 922 18 10.17

d- Kampong Kandal Village 237 1386 1 0.42

2. Trapeang Thum Commune 537 2739 39 7.26

a- Trapeang Thum Village 148 764 38 25.68

b- Svay Thum Village 145 665 1 0.69

c- Krang Village 118 605 0 0.00

d- Trapeang Chrey Village 126 705 0 0.00

3. Kampong Kraeng Commune 390 2630 3 0.77

a- Kampong Kraeng Village 248 1564 3 1.21

b- Prey Tnaot Village 142 1066 0 0.00

4. Meakprang Village Commune 626 3130 78 12.46

a- Snam Prampir Village 626 3130 78 12.46

Total Connection in Teuk Chhu District 2536 13711 140 6.62

2.03

7.26

0.77

12.46

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

%

Chum Kriel Trapeang Thum Kampong Kraeng Meak Prang

Water Supply Service in Toeuk Chhu District


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8.3 Water sources used in the target area

The survey result indicated that in

Kampong Kraeng Commune 31.05

percent are using pipe water. Among

those households, 53.6 percent use

water line of the private company thatconnected from the main pipe of

Kampot Water Supply and sell water

to household around 10,000 Riel per

cubic meter and other 3.41 percent

use water from neighbor household. However, 12.87 percent use borehole water, 41.06 have dug

well in their dwelling or plot, 9.09

percent use water from pond, 2.54

percent have the rain stored in theirdwelling and 3.39 percent use

surface water from rivers, streams or

lakes but the water quality is so bad.

Related to water supply in Kampong

Bay, there is 93.01 percent use water

line from Kampot water supply. Among those, there is 70.89 percent connected from private

company, 6.57 percent use water from neighbor household. The ordinary price is around 1,400

Riel per cubic meter but for household that connected from the private company have to pay

4,000 Riel per cubic meter to private company.

The water supply system is limited in Sangkat Treuy Koah. There have water supply system for

the household along the big road. This water

supply system manages by community that

support by CWCC. Around 92.35 use pipe

water that 70.46 percent connected from

private company with price of water is quite

high 4,000 Riel per cubic meter.

In general poor households are more

likely to be affected by the high cost of water

due to the fact that they don't have access to

public pipe line or are not affordable for the connection.


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8.3.1 Sources Water for drinking

The socio-economic survey indicates that the main sources of drinking water in the target

commune/sangkat are mostly cover by pipe water in both dry and raining season. During the dry

season household buy water with the high price around 4,000Riel per cubic meter.

Table 18: Sources of water use for drinking in dry seasonWater SourcesCommune Total

HH

Survey

HH Pipe Pump well Dug well pond Lake/river Rain

Kg. Kraeng 390 52.5% 75.60% 0.48% 5.85% 11.25% 6.82%

Kg. Bay 445 47.9% 96.96% 0.34% 2.36% 0.34%

Treuy Koah 405 80.2% 83.69% 0.30% 2.15% 10.46% 3.40%

Table 19: Sources of water use for drinking in raining season

Water SourcesCommune Total HH Survey HH

Pipe Pump

well

Dug well pond Lake/river Rain

Kg. Kraeng 390 52.5% 49.26% 3.43% 1.95% 45.36%

Kg. Bay 445 47.9% 84.12% 1.69% 14.19%

Treuy Koah 405 80.2% 69.55% 0.92% 7.69% 21.84%

But the percentage of household use pipe water for drinking was felled down during the raining

season because people stored rain water to use instead of pipe water.

In Kampong Kraeng Commune, the sources of drinking water is 75.60 percent used pipe water in

dry season and it decreased to 49.26 percent in raining season when the use of rain water up to

45.36 percent in raining season. The chart below shows the comparison of source of drinking

water that household use in dry and raining season.

Sources of drinking water in Kampong Kraeng

0.485.85

11.256.82

1.95

45.36

75.6

3.43

49.26

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Pipe Pump we ll Dug we ll Lake/r iver Rain

%

Dry season

Rainning Season


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In Kampong Bay, the percentage of household use pipe water for drinking in dry season is

around 97% and it decreased to 84% in raining season.

In Sangkat Treuy Koah about 83.69 percent of household used pipe water in dry season and it

remains 69.55 percent of household use pipe water in raining season.

8.3.2 Source of water for cooking

According to the survey indicated that the sources of water for cooking in each target area are

not much difference from the sources of water used for drinking. The majority people prefer to

use pipe water for cooking in dry season but they save the money by using rain water in stead of

pipe water in raining season. The chart bellow shows the comparison of sources water for

cooking in dry and raining season by each target commune/sangkat.

Sources of drinking water in Treuy Koah

0.3

3.4

21.84

83.69

2.15

10.46

69.55

0.92

7.69

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Pipe

Pumpwell

Dugwell

Lake

/rive

rRa

in

%

Dry season

Rainning Season

Sources of drinking w ater in Kampong Bay

0.000.00 0.000.34 0.342.36

96.96

14.19

1.69

84.12

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Pipe Pump w ell Dug w ell Lake/river Rain

Dry season

Rainning Season


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8.3.3. Sources of water for bathing

The survey also indicates that the majority of people use pipe water for bathing in dry season.

However, they use rain water instead of pipe water in the raining season. The chart bellow show

the comparison of the sources water for bathing

Sources of water for cooking in Treuy Koah

0.3

22.46

0.94

14.15

2.46

82.15

10.76

0.94

65.84

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Pipe Pump well Dug well Lake/river Rain

%

Dry season

Rainning Season

Sources of wa ter for cooking in Kampong Kraeng

0.48

11.25

3.9

49.26

75.6

5.85 6.823.43

43.41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


%

Dry season

Rainning Season

Sources of water for cooking in Kampong Bay

96.28

0.00 3.040.00

15.88

0.340.34 1.690.00

82.43

0

20

40

60

80100

120

Pipe

Pumpwell

Dugwell

Lake

/rive

rRa

in

%

Dry season

Rainning Season


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8.3.4 Sources of water for washing

The sources of water for washing are not difference from the sources water for bathing in each

target area. The percentage of the household that used pipe water is high in dry season but it is

felled down in the raining season because they use rain water instead pipe water. The chart

bellow show the difference of sources water for washing between dry and raining season.

Sources of w ater for bathing in Kampong Kraeng

10.75

20.97

4.9

54.14

65.36

1.950.97

28.29

11.7

0.970

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


%

Dry season

Rainning Season

Sources of w ater for bathing in Treuy Koah

80.3

0.33.7

15.4

0.3

41.53

1.84

13.25

43.38

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


%

Dry season

Rainning Season

Sources of w ater for bathing in Kampong Bay

0.004.05 0.680.00

39.53

94.93

0.34 2.360.34

57.77

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Dry season

Rainning Seas on


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9.Willingness to pay for water connection fee

According the socio-economic survey show the reason why household do not uses the

pipe water as the following chart:

Sources of wa ter for w ashing in Kampong Kraeng

11.7

22.95

4.9

5762.92

0.97 1.46

22.45

1

14.65

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


%

Dry season

Rainning Season

Sources of water for washing in Treuy Koah

79

0.35 3.38

44.61

0.35

16.9215.38

1.55

38.46

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Pipe Pump well Dug w ell Lake/river Rain

%

Dry season

Rainning Season

Sources of water for washing in Kampong Bay

94.93

0.00 0.34 0.680.00

42.91

4.05

53.72

3.040.340

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Dry season

Rainning Season


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Related to the question if family want to connect the water from Kampot water supply or not,

about 94 percent of household in Kampong Kraeng want to connect, 95 percent of household in

Kampong Bay provide positive idea on the water connection and 95 percent of household in

Treuy Koah also want to connect from Kampot water supply. The majority of the household

about 94 percent in all the target area agree on the price of the water 1,400 riel per cubic meter.

The chat below show the percentage of household agree/disagree on the current water price

(1,400 Riel/cubic meter)

The percentage of household agree/disagree on the price 1,400 riel per cubic meter

However, it was difficult to deal up with the connection fee. The current cost of total connection

is around 474,600 Riel (113 USD). Related to this cost, 78 percent of household in Kampong

Kraeng agree to pay while 80 percent of household in Kampong Bay are also agreed to pay too

but it around 69 percent of household in Treuy Koah agree to pay on that cost.

523 33 4

94 94 94

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Agreed Disagreed No Answer

%

Kampong Kraeng

Kampong Bay

Treuy Koah


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The percentage of household agreed/disagreed on connection fee.

10. Sanitation and Waste DisposalThe type of water and sanitation facilities is important determinants of the health status of

household members and particularly of children. Proper hygienic and sanitation practices can

reduce exposure to and the seriousness of major childhood diseases such as diarrhea.

According to the survey, the

numbers of household that

have no latrine are very high

in each commune. 70.85% of

household in Chum Kriel

commune have no private

toilet, among those 96%

defecate in the field and 2%

used their neighboring toilet.

86.29 of household in

Kampong Kraeng commune

have no latrine, 96% defecate in the field and 4% defecate in the water.

78

19

4

80

17

3

69

28

3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Agreed Disagreed No Answer

%

Kampong Kraeng

Kampong Bay

Treuy Koah


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The percentage of household have no

toilet is 57% in Meakprang while

98% of those people defecate in the

field. 55.37% of household in

Trapeang Thum have no toilet while

93% defecate in the field, 3% use inpublic, 4% use neighboring toilet. In

Kampong Kandal the percentage of

household has no private toilet is

about 2.90 %. This Sangkat located in the middle of the town, 29% amount that household

defecate in the field, 7% use public latrine, 25% use neighboring toilet and 29% defecate in the

water. 38.44% of household in Krang Ampil have no toilet, 59% of those household defecate in

the field while 39% use neighboring toilet. Only 13.72% of household in Kampong Bay have no

latrine, 65% defecate in the field, 26% use neighboring toilet. About 46.48% have no latrine in

Andoung Khmer, 73% defecate in the field, 9% use public latrine, 12% use neighboring toilet

and 4% defecate into the water. Around 91.47% of household in Traeuy Koah have no private

toilet and 100% of those people defecate in the field.

Sources: Commune data 2008


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10.1 Toilet Type

The survey indicated that types of latrine that household used in the target area are: public

latrine, pit latrine, dig & bury, pour flash, septic tank, latrine connected to sewage, some

household use neighbor latrine and other latrine.

Regarding to the questionnaire asked about the type of latrine that household want to build in

Chum Kriel, about 35% prefer septic tank, 4% want to build septic tank. In Kampong Kraeng,65% prefer pit latrine while 3% prefer septic tank. In Makprang, 78% prefer pit latrine, 16%

prefer septic tank and 6% prefer dry latrine. In Trapeang Thom, 65% prefer pit latrine while 15%

prefer septic tank. In Kampong Kandal, among household that have no latrine, 96% prefer pit

latrine and 4% prefer septic tank. In Krang Ampil, 100% of household than have no latrine

prefer to build pit latrine. 68% of household in Kampong Bay prefer to build pit latrine while

16% prefer septic tank. In Andoung Khmer, 51 % prefer pit latrine, 16% prefer to build septic

tank and 28% prefer dry latrine. 68% of household in Treuy Koah prefer pit latrine, 9% prefer

septic tank while 16% prefer dry latrine.

10.2 Disposal of household waste water

According to the interview with Commune Council, there is no sewage system in Kampong

Kraeng Commune. The problem is the commune will be flooded in raining season because no

out let for the waste water. In Kampong Bay, there have sewage system along the paved road and

the waste water out let to Kampong Bay River. However, there is no sewage system in Treuy

Koah. The sewage system covered along the big road in Angdoung Khmer commune. This

sewage is constructing by commune fund and the contribution fund from household who live

along this road. In trapeang Thom commune faced problem with lack of sewage system because

it has only 100 meter of sewage system along National Road No. 3 and it caused flood during the

raining season. The sewage system in Chum Kriel is not existed; it has only small sewage along

the road that also caused flooded when it is raining. The sewage system in Krang Ampil

commune are old and some are broken that caused flooded during raining season. Kampong

Kandal have no problem with sewage system. The sewage system covered along National Road

and mostly along small road in Kampong Kandal. This sewage is drained to the canal.

11. Solid waste managementThe solid waste service covers in Kampong Bay. However there is no service of solid waste in

Kampong Kraeng and Treuy Koh. People burn the rubbish in their own land. In Krang Ampil the

solid waste collection service is not good because of the delay and not clear on collection

schedule. There is no solid waste collection service in Makprang commune. The big problem is


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the reassurance and some stores near the waterfall throw out the rubbish bag into water or in

public land. The waste collection service in Angdong Khmer commune is also poor because they

dont collect rubbish on time and the service covered only along the National road. In Trapeang

Thum, the waste collection service covered only along the big road but people live along the

small road burry their rubbish. There is no waste collection for household in Chum Kriel

commune but the service conduct in the market area. In Kampong Kandal commune, thecollection service are available along the National Road otherwise there is no collection service

along the small road.

The present solid waste collection was legally granted to a company named Kim Saophorn but in

actual condition the solid waste in Kampot Town was collected by two agencies where Kim

Saophorn company provide the solid waste collection service focus on household solid waste and

solid waste of some markets and another agencies is Kampot market tax collector who collects

only solid waste of Kampot market.

Kim Saophorn company said that they collect solid waste every day for area along main roads

and for small roads they collect solid waste once for every 3 days but in actual situation, the

company collect solid waste did not follow what they have mentioned especially areas in small

roads, some time the solid waste collection service was extended to once a week (complain of

local people and authorities).

The solid waste collection service provided by Kim Saophorn company are being under

operating with 3 trucks with 5 tones capacity in operation, 7 street sweepers, 4 solid waste

collectors, 4 staff work in office, 6 drivers and one chief operator.

12.Urban Development Planning

12.1 The process of Tuek Chhu district and Kampot Municipality

in preparation of development plan

At present Kampot Municipality is the same as Toek Chhu district do not have their own

development plan because all development plans were prepared in the process of bottom up that

means all development plans were prepared by commune council under the coordination of

provincial office local administration (POLA).

12.1.1 Institution responsible in preparing the development plans


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They organize consultation meetings, under the support of POLA in mobilizing, with local

villagers and local NGOs to discus on their issues in the village and raise solutions for those

issues and the development plan will be developed base on those solutions.

b) Reviewing process

After preparing the commune development plan, the commune council has to send all

development plans to district. At the district office, they have DTDC to review all communedevelopment plans and provide advises or comments to those development plans.

c) Compiling process

After DTDC has reviewed all those development plans, they send them to DDC to compile all

commune development plans.

d) Integrating process

With the support of provincial executive committee, they have organized a workshop to integrate

all commune development plans with the participation of all relevant departments, NGOs and

development agencies. The workshop is very important because it provides opportunity for all

relevant departments, NGOs and development agencies to support some of those development

plans and the remaining development plans will be prioritized and submitted to central

government to support. The below diagram illustrates the process of preparing development

plans for Toek Chhu district and Kampot Municipality.


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Commune councilprepares

commune/Sangkatdevelopment plans

Support from ProvincialOffice for Local

Administration (Pola)

All commune/Sangkat developmentplans will be sent to district technical

development committee to review(TDC)

All reviewed development plans willbe compiled by district development

committee (DDC)

All compiled development plans willbe integrated at district office under

the technical support from

The integrated development plans aresent to National Level (Ministry of

Planning)

Support fromprovincial

executivecommittee

The integrated development plans aresent to provincial development

department through Ex-com

FLOW CHART OF COMMUNE DEVELOPMENT PLANS PREPARATION PROCESS


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Beside the above mentioned process, it is special for Kampot Municipality because all provincial

departments and provincial administration office are located in Kampot Municipality, so there

are many development plans have been prepared individually according to their mandates and

responsibility and the process and tools use for preparing the development plans are also

different.

12.1.3 Tool used for preparing the development plan

There are two levels in preparing urban plans or development plans in Kampot Municipality. The

development plans prepared by commune councils are based on sketching or drawing on large or

A4 size papers. There is no computer or advance software at commune level and on the other

hand, the human resource at commune level is very limited. It is different for Technical Line

Departments, most of them have advance tool and digital data for preparing development plan

like computers, software for in stand GIS software, AutoCAD, Land Development and digital

data like ortho-photo, satellite images etc.

12.2 District/Municipality development planAs it is already mentioned above that District/Municipality does not have their own development

plan, what they have is the development plans prepared by commune councils. The commune

development plans contain two important sectors: infrastructure investment and capacity

building. The infrastructure investment focuses on construction of rural roads, sewages, canals,

wells, ponds and latrines, and capacity building focuses on training and awareness raising on

health, sanitation, agriculture, environmental and natural resource management. The detail

development plans are attached in Annex 3.

For Kampot Municipality does have an urban plan which is prepared by Provincial Department

of Land Management, Urban Planning, Cadastral and Construction in cooperation with GTZ.

This urban plan does not get approve from the Provincial Governor yet. The urban plan shows

the extension areas of the

report on rapid town assessment (a1)

Documents