report plc

7/28/2019 Report PLC

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A Project Report On PLC (Programable

Logic Controller)

INDEX1. Introduction1. What is PLC?2. Why use PLC?3. applications of PLC

2. Plc components1. Overview2. Specifications of the PLC3. Micrologix 1500 system4. RSLogix 500

3. Ladder logic fundamentals

1. Programming language of PLC

1. Electrical ladder diagram

1. Ladder logic instructions2. Variable voltage variable frequency drive

1. Introduction

1. Advantages of using VVVF drive

1. Details of VVVF drive

1. PROGRAM MODE

1. Process automation1. Introduction2. Description of model3. Motion Control using PLC4. Temperature measurement5. Speed Control of Motor using VVVF Drive

6. Conveyor System2. Entrepreneurship3. Bibliography4. Appendix a5. Appendix b

Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar,summer training report and lot more.NOTE:-This work is copyright to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1 WHAT IS PLC?A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an electronic device that controls machinesand processes. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and execute specific

functions that include ON/OFF control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic and datahandling.PLCs development began in 1968 in response to the request from hydromantic divisionof general motors. At the time, gm frequently spent days or weeks replacing inflexiblerelay-based control systems whenever it changed car models or made line modifications.To reduce the high cost of rewiring, gms control specifications called for a solidstate system that had the flexibility of a computer yet could be programmed andmaintained by plant engineers and technicians. It also had to withstand the dirty air,vibration, electrical noise, humidity and temperature extremes found in the industrialenvironment.The first PLCs were installed in 1969 and quickly became a success. Functioning as relay

replacements; even the early PLCs were more reliable than relay-based systems, largelydue to the ruggedness of their solid-state components compared with the moving parts inelectrochemical relays. PLCs provided material, installation; troubleshooting and labourcost savings by reducing wiring and associated wiring errors. They took up less spacethan the counters, timers and other control components they replaced. And their ability tobe reprogrammed dramatically increased flexibility when changing control schemes.Perhaps the biggest key to industrys acceptance of the PLCs was based on the ladderdiagrams and electrical symbols commonly used by electricians. Most plant personnelwere already trained in ladder logic, and they easily adopted it for PLCs. In fact, ladderlogic still plays an integral role in programming and troubleshooting; even though moreadvanced programming languages have been developed.1.2 WHY USE PLCs?During the 1970s and early 80s, many engineers, manufacturing managers and controlsystem designers spent considerable time debating this issue, trying to evaluate costeffectiveness.Today, one generally accepted rule is that PLCs become economically viable in controlsystem that requires three to four or more relays. Given that micro PLCs cost only a fewhundred dollars, coupled with the emphasis manufacturers place on productivity andquality, the cost debate becomes also immaterial. In addition of cost savings, PLCsprovide many value added benefits:1.2.1 RELIABILITYOnce a program has been written and debugged. It can be easily transferred anddownload to other PLCs. This reduces programming time, minimizes debugging, andincreases reliability. With all the logic existing in the PLCs memory, there is no chanceof making a logic wiring error. The only wiring required is for power and inputs andoutputs.1.2.2 FLEXIBILITYProgram modifications can be made with just a few key strokes. Advanced functionsPLCs can perform a wide variety of control tasks, from a single, repetitive action tocomplex data manipulation. Standardizing on PLCs opens many doors for designers, and



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simplifies the job for maintenance department personnel.1.2.3 COMMUNICATIONSCommunicating with operator interfaces, other PLCs or computers facilities datacollection and information exchange.1.2.4 SPEED

Some automated machines process thousands of items per minute and objects spend onlya fraction of a second in front of a sensor, hence many automation applications requirethe PLCs quick response capability.1.2.5 DIAGNOSTICSThe troubleshooting capability of programming devices and the diagnostics resident inthe PLCs allow users to easily trace and correct software and hardware problems.1.3 APPLICATIONS OF PLC

No matter what the application, the use of PLCs helps increase competitiveness. Processusing PLCs include: packaging, bottling and canning, material handling, machining,power generation building control systems, automated assembly, paint lines, and watertreatment. PLCs are applied in variety of industries including food and beverages,

automotive, chemical, plastics, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals and metals. Virtually anyapplication that requires electrical control can use PLCs.

2. PLC COMPONENTS2.1 OVERVIEWThe main components of PLCs are as follows:

1. Inputs2. Outputs3. CPU4. Memory for program and data storage5. Programming device

CentralProcessingUnitProgramming / Communication DeviceMemoryProgram DataPower SupplyOutput CircuitsCRInput CircuitsOptical Isolation

1. Operator interfaces

2.1.1 INPUTSThe input screw terminals on a PLC from the interface by which field devices areconnected to the PLC. Inputs include the items such as tool buttons, thumbwheels, limitswitches, selector switches, proximity sensors and photoelectric sensors. These are all



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discrete devices that provide an ON/OFF status to the PLC. While larger PLCs candirectly accept analog values (variable voltage or current signals). Such as fromtemperature or pressure sensors, micro PLCs do not typically possess this capability.The electrical signals that field devices send to the PLC are typically unfiltered 120v a.c.or 24v D.C. The inputs circuitry on PLC takes this field voltage and conditions . It

too is usable by the PLC. Conditioning is necessary because the internal components ofPLC operate on 5v D.C. and this minimizes the possibility if damage by shielding themfrom voltage spikes. To electrically isolate internal components from the input terminals,PLCs employ an optical isolator, which uses light to couple signals from one electricaldevice to another.2.1.2 OUTPUTSConnectors tot the o/p terminals of the PLC are devices such as solenoids, relays,contractors, motor starters, indicator lights, valve and alarms. Output circuits operate in amanner similar to i/p circuits: signals from the CPU pass through an isolation barrierbefore energizing o/p circuits.PLC use a variety of o/p circuits to energies their o/p terminals: relays, transistors and

triac. Relays are for either ac or dc power. Traditional PLC, electromagnetic relaytypically handle current up to a few amps. Relays can better withstand voltagespikes, and they have an air gap between their contacts, which eliminates thepossibility of current leakage. However they are comparatively slow and subjectto wear overtime.

Transistors switch dc power are silent and have no moving parts to wear outtransistors are fast and can reduce response time, but only carry loads of 0.5ampsor less. Special types of transistors, such as FET (field effect transistors) canhandle more power, typically up to 1amp.

Triac strictly switch ac power. Like transistors triac o/p are silent, have no moving partsto wear, are fast and carry loads of 0.5 amps or less. USING INPUT AND OUTPUT

This section discusses the various aspects of input and output features of the micrologix1500 controller. the controller comes with a certain amount of embedded I/O, which isphysically located on the base unit. The controller also allows for adding expansion I/O.This section discusses the following I/O functions:

Embedded I/O I/O configuration Expansion I/O

EMBEDDED I/O

All embedded I/O is automatically configured to factory default settings and does notrequire setup. If you need to change the input filters for any DC input controller (1764-24BWA, 1764-28BXB), open RS Logix 1500.

1. Open the controller folder.2. Open the I/O configuration folder



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3. Open slot (MICROLOGIX 1500)4. Select the I/O configuration tab.

1. You can change the filter settings for any of the input groups and configure thelatching inputs from the screen.

I/O CONFIGURATION

CONTOLLER INPUT OUTPUTQUANTITY TYPE QUANTITY TYPE1764-24BWA 12 24V DC 12 RELAY1764-24AWA 12 120 V AC 12 RELAY

1764-28BXB 16 24V DC 126RELAY,6FET

DC embedded I/O can be configured for a number of special function that can be used inyour application these are selectable I/N filters, high speed counting, event interrupts,

latching I/N and high speed O/P. EXPANSION I/O

If the application requires more I/O then the controller provides, the user can attach up toeight additional I/O modules. Compact I/O is used to provide discrete inputs and outputsand in the future specialty modules. The number of compact I/O that can be attached tothe MICROLOGIX 1500 is dependent on the amount of current required by the I/Omodules.2.1.3 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT- CPUThe CPU made up of a microprocessor and a memory system, forms the primarycomponent of the PLC. The CPU reads the inputs, executes logics as dictated by the

application program, performs calculations and controls the output.PLC users works with two areas of the CPU: program files and data files. Program filesstores the user application program, subordinate files and the error files. Data files storedata associated with the program such as input, counter/timer preset and accumulates thevalves. Together, these two areas are called application memo0ry or user memory.Also the CPU carries an executing program or a system memory that directs andperforms operation activities such as executing the user program and co-ordination scans and output updates. The user cannot access system memory, which isprogrammed by the manufacturer.2.1. 4 DATA, MEMORY AND ADDRESSINGMemory is a physical space, data is and information stored in that space. The CPUoperates just like a computer; it manipulates data using binary digits, or bits. Thus the

data is a patter of electrical charges that represents the numerical values. CPU processesthe stored data in 16 bit groups also known as words.Each word of data has a specific physical location in the CPU called an address or aregister. When assigned address to input in a program, note that address is related to theterminal where input and output are connected.2.1.5 PROGRAMMING DEVICE OPERATING CYCLEComponent of the PLC system, come into play during the operating cycle, which consist



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of series of operation performed sequentially and repeatedly.Major elements of operating cycle are:

INPUT SCAN

During the input scan, the PLC examine the external input devices for a voltage present

or absent i.e. an OFF or ON condition. The status of input is temporarily stored in aninput image memory file. PROGRAM SCAN

During the program scan PLC scans the instructions in the ladder logic program. Theresultant status of the output is written to the output image memory file.

OUTPUT SCAN

It is based on the data in the output image file. The PLC energizes or de-energizes itsoutput circuits, controlling external devices.

2.1.6 OPERATOR INTERFACESIn order to convey information about machine status the front panel of a micro PLC has aseries of indicator lights. For example, power, run, faults etc. To communicate with PLCi.e. is to enter data or monitor and control machine status. The new generation ofelectronic operator interfaces devices is used now a day. These are not programmingdevices but graphic or alphanumeric displays and control panel. These interfaces canoutput data and display messages about machine status in descriptive text. They can alsobe used for data input. These interfaces decrease need for operator training on machineoperation and reduce system component and installation cost. These productscommunicate with the PLC through an RS 232 communication port.2.2SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PLC2.2.1 MICROLOGIX 1500 1764-24BWA

Description 1764-BWANumber of I/O 12 Inputs; 12 OutputsLine Power 85 to 265V a.c.Power supply inrush 120V ac= 25A for 8 ms; 240V ac= 40A for 4 msUser power output 24V dc at 400 mA, 400 micro fared max.Input circuit type 24V dc, sink/sourceOutput circuit type RelayOperating Temperature +0 degree cent. to +55 degree cent.Storage Temperature -40 degree cent. to +85 degree cent.2.2.2 ANALOG INPUT MODULE (1769-IF4)

Analog normal operating ranges Voltage: +/-10Vd.c, 0to 10V d.c, 0to5V d.c, 1 to 5 V d.c.Current: 0to20mA, 4to 20mANumber of inputs 4 Differential or single endedRated working voltage 50V a.c. / 50Vd.cCommon mode voltage range +/- 10V max. per channel

Input impedanceVoltage terminal: 220killo-ohm (typical) Current terminal250 ohm



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2.2.3 ANALOG OUTPUT MODULE (1769-OF2)Number of outputs To single endedMaximum inductive load (current outputs) 0.1MhMaximum capacitive load (voltage outputs) 1micro -farad

1. DIGITAL INPUT MODULE-1769-IQ16

Voltage category 24Vd.c (sink/source)

Operating voltage range10to30Vd.c at 30 deg. Cent. 10 to 26.4Vd.c at60 deg. Cent.

Off state voltage (Max.) 5Vd.cNumber of inputs 16Off state current max. 1.5mAOn state voltage min. 10Vd.cOn state current min. 2.0mANominal impedance 3killo-ohm

2.2.5 DIGITAL OUTPUT MODULE (1769-OW8)Voltage category A.C/D.C normally open relayOperating voltage range 5 to 265V a.c. and 5 to 125V d.c.Number of outputs 8Off state leakage max. 0 mAOn state current min. 10mA at 5Vd.cContinuous current per common (max.) 8AmpContinuous current per module (max) 16Amp2.3 MICROLOGIX 1500 SYSTEM The PLC used in our lab is purchased by Allen-BradelTM. The name of the product is MicroLogix 1500. Allen-Bradley TM alsoprovides the software by which one can interact with the PLC the name of software is RSLogix 500. This software is installed on the computer by which PLC is connectedthrough series port (RS.2).the information about the Software and PLC available on thewebsite of the Allen-BradelTM is as follows:In a perfect world you would always know what's behind the next door. In the world ofautomation, the MicroLogix 1500 controller can help you open up new possibilities andget you to where you want to go with ease.This dynamic controller is a more powerful and expandable addition to the MicroLogixfamily:

Application flexibility and versatility with Compact I/O means a small footprintand expansion to over 100 I/O points.

Large onboard non-volatile memory Real Time Clock (RTC) capabilities allow time scheduling of control Program portability allows user programs to be uploaded, downloaded and

transported via Memory Modules Built in PID capabilities Data Access Tool for data monitoring and adjustment Eight Latching (pulse catch) inputs Four event interrupts



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Performance

Approximate scan time for a typical 1K user program (includes timers, counters,etc.): 1 millisecond

Simple bit instruction execution: 0.7 microseconds

2 millisecond selectable timed interrupt (STI) 1 millisecond timers Two 20 kHz high-speed counters each with eight modes of operation (up, down,

up/down, quadrature, etc.) Two 20 kHz high-speed outputs (PTO or PWM with acceleration/deceleration

profiles) Rugged tongue-and-groove package design, to provide strength and system

reliability May be expanded to include up to 16 Compact I/O modules

Base Units continue to support up to eight modules (within the power budget ofthe base unit) with additional expansion through expansion cables and a number

of expansion power supplies.

Optional Features

Data Access Tool (DAT) plug-in device Memory Module Real Time Clock (RTC) Module Combination Memory & RTC Module Expansion I/O modules for discrete and analog applications with a comprehensive

selection of electrical configurations

2.4 RSLogix 500 The RSLogix family of ladder logic programming packages helpsyou maximize performance, save project development time, and improve productivity.This family of products has been developed to operate on Microsofts Windowsoperating systems. Supporting the Allen-Bradley SLC 500 and MicroLogixfamilies of processors, RSLogix 500 was the first PLC programming software tooffer unbeatable productivity with an industry-leading user interface. RSLogix 5supports the Allen- Bradley PLC-5 family of programmable controllers. RSLogix5000 provides support for the Logix5000s Highly Integrated Motionfunctionality. RSLogix offers reliable communications, powerful functionality, andsuperior diagnostics.These RSLogix products share:

Flexible, easy-to-use editors Common look-and-feel Diagnostics and troubleshooting tools Powerful, time-saving features and functionality

RSLogix programming packages are compatible with programs created with RockwellSoftwares DOS based programming packages for the PLC-5 or SLC 500 andMicroLogix families of processors, making program maintenance across hardwareFinal Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar,summer training report and lot more.NOTE:-This work is copyright to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.


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platforms convenient and easy.INTEROPERABILITY

Rockwell Software provides you with the most powerful and completes programmingproducts available today in the RSLogix family. The interoperability between RSLogixand Rockwell Softwares HMI package, RSView32, and communication package,

RSLinx, positions RSLogix as the ultimate programming solution. With the RockwellSoftware family of products, you have the ability to share your database with RSView32.You can create schematic drawings of your system directly from your RSLogix projectusing RSWire, automatically tune PID loops with RSTune, trend criticalapplication parameters with RSTrend, or test and debug your ladder logic programsusing RSLogix Emulate 5 or RSLogix Emulate 500.

3. LADDER LOGIC FUNDAMENTALS3.1 Programming Language of PLC Aprogram is a user developed series of instructions or commands that direct the PLC toexecute actions. A programming language provides rules for combining the instructions

so that they produce the desired actions.The most commonly used language for programming PLCs is ladder logic. In fact, morePLC programs are written in ladder logic than any other language. The ladder logicprogramming language is an adaptation of an electrical relay wiring diagram, also knownas a ladder diagram. Because ladder logic is a graphical system of symbols and termseven those not familiar with electrical relay wiring diagrams can easily learn it.Other control languages occasionally used to program PLCs include BASIC, C andBoolean. These computer languages facilities programs that require complex instructionsand calculations too cumbersome to implement with a ladder logic program. However,micro PLCs that can be programmed with BASIC and C are not widely available.The instructions used to program most micro PLCs are based on a combination ofBoolean, ladder logic and mnemonic expressions. A mnemonic expression is a simpleand easy to remember term which represents a complex or lengthy instruction. Forexample, TON stands for timer on. Different PLCs use slightly different instructions, and these can be found by consulting the users manual.3.2 ElectricalLadder Diagrams Ladder logic programs evolved from electrical ladders diagrams,which represent how electrical current flows through devices to complete an electriccircuit. These diagrams show the interconnection between electrical devices in an easy-to-read graphical format that guides the electrician when wiring.An electrical diagram consists of two vertical bus lines, or power lines, with currentflowing from the left bus to the right bus. Each electrical circuit in the diagram isconsidered a rung. Every rung has two key components: it contains at least one devicethat is controlled, and it contains the condition(s) that control the device, such as powerfrom the bus or a contact from a field device.A rung is said to have electrical continuity when current flows uninterrupted from left toright across the rung (i.e. all contacts are closed). If continuity exists, then the circuit iscomplete and the device controlled by the rung turns on. If continuity does not exist, thedevice stays off.A PLC ladder logic program closely resembles an electrical ladder diagram. On anelectrical diagram, the symbols represent real world devices and how they are wired. A



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PLC program uses similar symbols, but they represent ladder logic instructions for theapplication. A ladder logic program exists only in the PLCs software- it is not theactual power bus or the flow of current through circuits. Another difference is that in anelectrical diagram. Devices are described as being open or closed (Off or on). In a ladderlogic program, instructions are either True or False (however, the terms are often used

interchangeably).Each rung in a ladder logic program must contain at least one control instruction (output)and usually contains one or more condition instructions (inputs). Condition instructionsare programmed to the left of the control instruction. Examples of condition instructionsinclude signals from connected input devices, contacts associated with outputs, andsignals from timers and counters.Auxiliary holding contactM1RungPB1stopPB2start

MotorL1L2Programmed on the right side of the rung, a control instruction is the operation orfunction that is activated/de-activated by the logic of the rung. Examples of controlinstructions include output energize (turn on the PLCs output circuitry to activate afield device) and instructions internal to the PLC, such as bit commands, timers, countersand math commands.The control instructions are energized or de-energized based on the status of thecondition instructions in the rung. The PLC does this by examining a rung for logicalcontinuity (i.e. all condition instructions are evaluated as True). If logical continuityexists, the PLC energizes the control instruction. If logical continuity does not exist, thenthe PLC maintains the controlpb1stoppb2startAuxiliary holding contactm11motorL1L1RungElectrical continuity3.3 LADDER LOGIC INSTRUCTIONSThe most frequently used instructions in a PLC ladder logic program are normally openinstruction, normally closed instruction, output energize instruction, these instructions arerepresented as symbols placed on the rungs of the program.3.3.1 NORMALLY OPEN INSTRUCTION



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A normally open instructions examines a PLC memory location for an ON condition (i.e.,it checks to se if the bit element at the instructions address is ON.For example, a NO push button (pb1) is wired to input terminal I/3 is scanned, thatinstruction is seen as true and the PLC energizes output O/4 during its output scan.When PB1 is released, the OFF status is written to address I/3, the no instruction is now

false and the rung lacks logically continuity. During the PLCs output scan, O/4 will bede-energized.Input terminal on plc I/3I/3TrueOutput terminal on plcStatus of output ONNormally open instructionOutput terminal on plcStatus of output ONI/3

O/4TrueFalseFalseNormally open instructionInput deviceInput terminal on plcO/43.3.2 NORMALLY CLOSED INSTRUCTION:A normally closed instruction examines the PLC memory for an OFF condition (i.e., itchecks to se if the bit element at the instructions address is OFF or 0). If the PLCdetects an OFF condition, the instruction is true and has logical continuity.For example, a NO pushbutton (PB1) is wired to input terminal I/4 is programmed as aD.C. instruction.When PB1 is not pressed (OFF) that OFF status is written to input image memorylocation I/O during the PLCs input scan. When the rung containing the D.C. instructionwith address I/O is scanned, that instruction is seen as true (not ON) and the PLCenergizes output O/5 during the output scan.When PB1 is pressed, the ON status is written to address I/4 the D.C. instruction is nowfalse and the rung lacks logical continuity. During the PLCs output scan, output O/5 willbe de-energized.Output terminal on plcTrueTrueNormally closed instructionInput terminal on plc I/3Normally closed instructionInput terminal on plc I/3I/3O/4



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Output terminal on plcFalseFalseI/3O/4

3.3.3 OUTPUT ENERGIZE INSTRUCTIONControlled by the condition instructions that precede it on a rung, the output energizeinstruction (OTE) turns on a bit element in the output image file when rung conditionsare true. Output energize is the ladder logic equivalent of a relay coil on an electricaldiagram.When logical continuity exists on a rung, the on condition (binary 1) is written to thelocation in memory associated with the output energize instruction. If the address is thatof an external output device, the PLC energizes the output during the output scan. Whenthe rung is False, the PLC de-energizes the output. The output energizes instructioncontrols real world devices (solenoid valves, motors, lights, etc.) or internal bit elements.Higher Level Instructions

While relay logic is suitable for simple On/Off sensing and control, many applicationsrequire more powerful instructions. To allow this, enhanced ladder language commandshave been developed. These instructions deal with numerical data beyond simple 1s or 0sby manipulating data in bytes or words. Examples of higher level instructions includecounters, timers, sequencers, math, comparison and other operations that N.O., N.C., andOTE instructions cannot perform.To keep the implementation of these operations simple, higher-level instructions areusually represented in ladder logic programming as function blocks. Function blocks areliterally programmed as blocks on the rung of a ladder program. Depending on theiroperation, higher level instructions can be either condition instructions (e.g. comparisoninstructions) or control instructions (e.g. timer or counter instructions).3.3.4 COMBINING INSTRUCTIONSTwo fundamental logic operations- AND and OR- provide the rules for governing howinstructions are combined.AND LogicCondition instructions programmed in series are the ladder diagram equivalent of ANDlogic. For example, picture a metal stamping operation where the machine activates onlyif the operator simultaneously pushes both a left-hand start button (X) AND a right handstart button (Y).The output of an AND equation will be True only if all conditions in series are True. Ifany condition is False, then the rung does not have logical continuity and the output willbe off.OR LogicCondition instructions programmed in parallel are the ladder diagram equivalent of theOR operation. For example, imagine a conveyor that has two run switches, one located ateach end. The conveyor could be configured to start if an operator pressed a start buttonat one end (X) OR the other (Y)The output of an OR equation will be True if any condition in parallel is True. If allconditions are False, then the rung does not have logical continuity and the output will beFalse.



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Branch OperationsThe function of a branch is to allow both condition and control instructions to beprogrammed in parallel in a single rung.

Condition instructions programmed in parallel are the equivalent of an ORoperation.

Control instructions programmed in parallel are the equivalent of an

3.3.5 PROGRAM EXECUTION Before reading how the PLC executes a ladder logicprogram, re-reading, Operating Cycle may be helpful.The PLC solves each rung sequentially from top to bottom of the program. Even if theoutput of the current rung (e.g., rung 5) affects a previous rung (e.g., rung 2), the PLCdoes not go back to solve the earlier rung until the next program scan. For the output ofone rung to affect an instruction in another rung in the same scan, it must have a lowerrung number than the rung it is to affect. That is, the controlling rung must beprogrammed before the controlled rung.While rungs are often ordered to show a sequence of events- the top most rung is the

first event and so on- this is done purely for organizational convenience. In both electricaldiagrams and ladder logic programs, rung order does not necessarily dictate the sequenceof operation. Remember, the status of the condition instructions of each rung dictates thesequence in which outputs are controlled. 3.3.5 INSTRUCTION SET PLC has a verybig instruction set which is similar to microprocessors instruction set we havestudied in 8085.Categorized Instructions are as follows:

1. Compare Instructions2. Math Instructions3. Relay Type Instructions4. Timer and Counter Instructions

5. Sequence Instructions6. PID Control7. Bit Shift FIFO and LIFO Instructions

Different types of instruction used in PLC which empowers it are as follows:

XIO (Examine if closed or Normally opened )

This instruction (also called "examine on" or "normally opened") functions as an input orstorage bit.If the corresponding memory bit is a "1" (on), this instruction will allow rung continuityand outputs will be energized.

XIO (Examine if Open or Normally closed )

This instruction (also called "examine off" or "normally closed") functions as an input orstorage bit.If the corresponding memory bit is a "1" (on), this instruction will not allow rungcontinuity and outputs on its rung will be de-energized (Note other factors may affectrung continuity).If the corresponding memory bit is a "0" (off), this instruction will assume its normal



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status and allow rung continuity and outputs on the rung will be energized (Again, otherfactors can influence rung continuity).If used as an input bit, its status should correspond to the status of real world inputdevices tied to the input image table by the identical addresses.

OTE [Output Energize]

This instruction sets the specified bit when rung continuity is achieved (rung goes true).Under normal operating conditions, if the set bit corresponds to an output device, theoutput device will be energized when the rung goes true.If you are using a 5/02, 5/03, 5/04, 5/05 or MicroLogix processor, you can use indexedaddresses. If you are using a 5/03 OS302, a 5/04 OS401, or a 5/05 processor, you can useindirect addresses.Output addresses are specified to the bit level.

TON [Timer On-Delay]

Use the TON instruction to turn an output on or off after the timer has been on for a

preset time interval. This output instruction begins timing (at either one second or onehundredth of a second intervals) when its rung goes "true." It waits the specified amountof time (as set in the PRESET), keeps track of the accumulated intervals which haveoccurred (ACCUM), and sets the DN (done) bit when the ACCUM (accumulated) timeequals the PRESET time.As long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjusts its accumulated value (ACC)each evaluation until it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is resetwhen rung conditions go false, regardless of whether the timer has timed out.

TOF [Timer Off Delay]

Use the TOF instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been off for a preset

time interval. This output instruction begins timing (at either one second or onehundredth of a second intervals) when its rung goes "false." It waits the specified amountof time (as set in the PRESET), keeps track of the accumulated intervals which haveoccurred (ACCUM), and resets the DN (done) bit when the ACCUM (accumulated) timeequals the PRESET time.The Accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go true regardless of whether thetimer has timed out.

RTO [Retentive Timer On-Delay]

An RTO function the same as a TON with the exception that once it has begun timing, itholds its count of time even if the rung goes false, a fault occurs, the mode changes from

REM Run or REM Test to REM Program, or power is lost. When rung continuity returns(rung goes true again), the RTO begins timing from the accumulated time which was heldwhen rung continuity was lost. By retaining its accumulated value, retentive timersmeasure the cumulative period during which rung conditions are true.

EQU [Equal]

This input instruction is true when Source A = Source B.The EQU instruction compares two user specified values. If the values are equal, it



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allows rung continuity. The rung goes true and the output is energized (provided no otherforces affect the rung's status).Entering ParametersSource A must be a word address.Source B can be a word address or program constant.

NEQ [Not Equal]

Use the NEQ instruction to test whether two values are not equal. If Source A and SourceB are not equal, the instruction is logically true. If the two values are equal, theinstruction is logically false.

LES [Less Than]

This conditional input instruction tests whether one value (Source A) is less than another(Source B). If the value at Source A is less than the value at Source B, the instruction islogically true. If the value at Source A is greater than or equal to the value at Source B,the instruction is logically false.

Entering ParametersEnter a word address for Source A. Enter a constant or a word address for Source B.Signed integers are stored in twos complement form.

LEQ [Less Than or Equal]

This conditional input instruction tests whether one value (source A) is less than or equalto another (source B). If the value at source A is less than or equal to the value at sourceB, the instruction is logically true. If the value at source A is greater than the value atsource B, the instruction is logically false.

Entering Parameters

Enter a word address for source A. Enter a constant or a word address for source B.Signed integers are stored in twos complement form. GRT [Greater Than]

This input instruction compares two user specified values. If the value stored in Source Ais greater than the value stored in Source B, it allows rung continuity. The rung will go"true" and the output will be energized (provided no other instructions affect the rung'sstatus). If the value at Source A is less than or equal to the value at Source B, theinstruction is logically false.Entering ParametersYou must enter a word address for Source A. You can enter a program constant or a word

address for Source B. Signed integers are stored in twos complementary form. GEQ [Greater Than or Equal To]

This input instruction compares two user specified values. If the value stored in Source Ais greater than or equal to the value stored in Source B, it allows rung continuity. Therung will go true and the output will be energized (provided no other instructions affectthe rung's status). If the value at Source A is less than the value at Source B, theinstruction is logically false.



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OR [Inclusive OR Operation]

When rung conditions are true, Sources A and B of the OR instruction are OR bit by bitand stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses or constants;however, both sources cannot be a constant. You can enter a constant or a word address

for either Source parameter. The destination must be a word address. NOT [Logical Not Operation]

When rung conditions are true, the source of the NOT instruction is NOT bit by bit a ndstored in the destination.The source and destination must be word addresses.If you are using a 5/02, 5/03, 5/04, 5/05 or MicroLogix processor, you can use indexedaddresses for the source or destination parameters. If you are using a 5/03 OS302, a 5/04OS401, or a 5/05 processor, you can use indirect addresses for the source or destinationparameters.

NOT Truth Table

Source Destination0 11 0

XOR [Exclusive OR Operation]

When rung conditions are true, Sources A and B of the XOR instruction are ExclusiveOared bit by bit and stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either wordaddresses or constants; however, both sources cannot be a constant. Floating point valuesmust be within the range of [-102943.7, +102943.7].

AND [Logical AND Operation]

When rung conditions are true, sources A and B of this output instruction are AND bit bybit and stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses orconstants; however, both sources cannot be a constant. The processor you are using youmay use indexed or indirect addressing in this instruction.

4. VARIABLE VOLTAGE VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE 4.1 IntroductionOne of the major factors needed for the automation in industries is the speed control ofthe motor without compensating on the efficiency and economy of the operation.The earliest and simplest method of the motor control was manual control, which wasaccomplished by plain knife switches, rotary switches, starting and speed control

rheostats pushbuttons and controller. Since then many changes has come across in themethod of control of motors and with the advancement made in the field of powerelectronics the easy control of A.C. motors has become possible, to a great extent andusage of A.C. motors in industries has increased owing to its light-weight,inexpensive, low maintenance, compared to D.C. motors. Most common device used forthis purpose is the power converters, inverters, and A.C. voltage controllers.The latest trend in the industries to control the A.C. motors is to use a variable voltagevariable frequency drive or variable speed controllers. They can control the frequency,Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar,summer training report and lot more.NOTE:-This work is copyright to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.


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voltage, and/or current to meet the drive requirement. Thus they can control the speed,direction of rotation of motor, its acceleration and deceleration time and as well as implyvarious modes of braking according to the requirementThe Allen-Bradley company (U.S.A.) Company has introduced 160SSC (smart speedcontroller) series B, for this purpose and besides this other models are too available,

according to the requirement and voltage/current ratings.4.2 Advantages of using VVVFdrive or SSC 1. Reduceenergyusages and operating costReducing the speed of a centrifugal pump/fan load drastically reduces powerconsumption. Both SSC controller models offer the speed control to accomplish this. Inaddition the large reduction in starting current can save utility demand charges.2. Reduces system NoiseAdjustment of PWM switching frequency (up to 8 kHz) provides quite motor operationand controllers to solutions for electromagnetic noise problem.3. Prolong equipment: Adjustable acceleration and deceleration time provides inherentsoft starting and stopping. This is further enhanced by the controllers programmables curve adjustment. This means a huge reduction in starting currents and

elimination of excessive starting torques.4. Eliminate electromechanical controls-Reduce system costSSC controller allows the user to control the process without the need for:

Reversing starters Reduced voltage starters Multi speed starters Multi speed motor

5. Integral dynamic braking transistorThe SSC controller has an additional transistor built in for applications that require extrabraking torque. The dynamic brake resister module connects directly to the

controllers terminals to provide up to 300% braking torque.Braking torque depends up on controller rating and motor.6. Compact designAttaches directly to front of controller replacing keypad or Ready/fault panel andsaves valuable panel space.7. Quick installationsReduces installation time by allowing the user to configure node address via the network.8. Electronic motor over load protectionSSC does not require an over load relay for the operation of one motor. Thus saves theextra cost and panel space of installing a separate over load relay.9. Multiple specific speeds

Can be made available for manufacturing and material handling e.g. conveyors,packaging, winders, mixers, trolleys and for commercial applications examples laundrymachines, automatic doors, automatic car washes, dock levellers. (In case of preset speedmodule)10. Follows analog signalIt can be used in many applications that take advantage of the adjustability and simplecontrol that comes from an analog signal. Example:

1. Fans and pumps- Refrigeration, paint booths, exhaust, HVAC, metering.



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2. Machine tools- Lathes, milling machines, drill presses, saws,woodworking, grinders.

4.3 Details of VVVF Drive The A.B. 160 SSC series B comes in two different modelsi.e. analog signal follower and preset speed module. The major difference lying between

them is that by using preset speed controller module, we can fix 8 different speeds for themotor by changing the preset frequency by programming it.It has an option of program keypad module, through which we can change the parameterrequired for the control of motor.The SSC (smart speed controller) is a compact motor speed controller for use on three-phase induction and synchronous A.C. motors. It is microprocessor controlled and fullyprogrammable for a variety of applications.

1phaseinput50/60

Hz

3phaseinput50/60

Hz

Outputratings

Input ratingsDynamicbraking torque(%)

PowerDissipationWatt

Coolingmethod

KW HP O/P AmpsOperatingVoltage range

KVAWithoutexternalresistor

Withexternalresistor

160s-AA02

160-AA02

.37 1/2 2.3 180-265 1.1 100 300 20 Convection

Control Inputs (analog signal follower model only)Analog input (4 to 20 mA) Input impedance 250 ohmAnalog input (-10 to +10V DC) Input impedance 100k ohmExternal speed potentiometer 1k ohm to 10 k ohm, watt minimumProgram keypad module

Features:The program keypad module is located on the front panel of the controller. It features thefollowing:# Five key on the module for display or programming controller parameter# Three keys for control inputs to the controller# Directional LEDs# six digit, seven segment LED displayFour digits, seven segments LED display this four digit display the parameter value orfault code numberTwo digit, seven segment LED display These two digit display the active parameternumber for both display and program parameter, which are designated as P## throughout

this manual.Escape key- It allows you to toggle between the display mode and program mode. Whenin program mode, this key also disables the editing of parameter value.Select key It is not only used while in program mode. It enables the editing of aparameter values. When you press this key the program mode indicator flashes.Up/down arrow keys - Are used to scroll through a list of parameters, or increase anddecrease the parameter values. Press and hold either key to increase scrolling speed.



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Enter key When pressed, while in programming mode causes the current valuedisplayed to be entered into memory. When you press this key the program modeindicator remains on, but stops fleshing.Starts Key - Initiates a start command when the controller is programmed for localstart/stop control. (When P46- (input mode) is set to 2 ).

Stop key- Initiates the motor to coast , ramp or D.C. brake to stop

the motor depending on the setting of P 34 [stop mode].Reverse key Pressing it causes the motor to ramp down to zero hertz and then rampup to its set speed in the opposite direction.Directional LEDs to indicate the direction of rotation counter clockwise andclockwise LEDs.The counter clockwise Led eliminates constantly when the motor rotates in reversedirection.The clockwise LED eliminates constantly when the motor rotates in forward direction.Four-digit parameter display these four digits display the parameter value or faultcode number.

Display modeThe controller always powers up in the display mode. While in this mode you may viewall read only controller parameters, but not modify them.4.4 PROGRAM MODE

You enter the program mode by pressing the escape key (ESC). While in program mode,you can edit any programmable controllers parameters.Display and Program Parameters DescriptionsDisplay Parameters

ParameterParametername

Description Units

1Output

frequency

0.0 to 240

Hz0.1 Hz

2Outputvoltage

0 to max.Voltage

1 volt

3Outputcurrent

0 to 2 timescontrollerrated outputcurrent

.01 amps

4Outputpower

0 to 2 timescontrollerrated outputpower

.01 KW

5 Bus voltage0 to 410v for230vcontrollers

1 volt

6Frequencycommand

0.0 to 240Hz

0.1 Hz

7 Last fault Retains faultfor trouble

Numericvalue



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shooting

8Heat sinktemperature

0 to 150degree cent

1degreecent.

9Controller

status

Running,forward,

accelerating,decelerating

Binary

number

10Controllertype

Used byAllen-Bradleyfield servicepersonal

Numericvalue

11Controlversion

Display firmwire version

Numericvalue

12 Input status

Displays thestatus of

start, stop,and reversediscreteinputs

Binarynumber

13Powerfactor angle

0.00 to 90degrees

.01degrees

14Memoryprobedisplay

Used byAllen-Bradleyfield servicepersonnel

Numericvalue

15Presetstatus

Displays thestatus ofspeeddiscreteinputs

Binarynumber

Program parameters

ParameterParameterName

DescriptionFactoryDefault

30Acceltime 1

0.1 to 600sec.

10

31 Deceltime 1 0.1 to 600sec. 10

32Min.Frequency

0 to240 Hz 0

33Max.Frequency

0 to240 Hz 60

34 Stop mode Three Ramp



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selection

settings 1)Ramp2) Coast3) D.C.injection

braking35

Basefrequency

10 to 240Hz

60

36BaseVoltage

20 to 230 Vfor 230Vcontrollers

230

42Motorover loadcurrent

20 to 200%ofcontrollerratedcurrent

115%

46Inputmode

Foursettings-keypad,2wire,3wire,momentaryrun fwd/runreverse

3 wire

47

Output

configure

Ninedifferentsettings for

a variety ofcontrollerconditions

0

54 Clear fault Resets fault 0

56Resetdefault

Resetscontrollerto factorydefaultsettings

0

57Program

lock

Protectsuserssettings

0

59Frequencyselect

Selectssource offrequency(internal orexternal)

External



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5. PROCESS AUTOMATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Digital computers were first applied to the industrial process control in late 1950s toautomate the processes like to control temperature, pressure, flow etc. The use ofcomputer increased and dedicated microcontrollers were then used. One of the most

ingenious devices ever devised to advance the field of industrial automation is theProgrammable Logic Controller. Broadly, the PLC performs tasks like - acquisition ofprocess data, processing of collected data, plant hardware monitoring, system checkanddiagnosis, and generates control actions.Industrial automation is being done in nearly every type of industry. Underlying most ofthis automation of big process is much more mundane tasks: turning equipment (pumps,conveyor belts etc.) on or off; opening and closing of valves; checking sensors to becertain they are working; sensing alarms when monitored signals go out of range etc.These logical functions can be implemented by PLCsIn this project we are demonstrating some of the industrial process control with the helpof programmable logic controller. Such processes which we are controlling have

applications in domains of electroplating, painting electro reforming, drying, heating,drying and any such type of industrial processes The processes which are demonstratingin this project are:

1. Lowering and raising a job2. Moving job laterally.3. Synchronizing the opening and closing of tank with lowering and rising of job.4. Controlling start/stop and speed of conveyer motor using VVVF drive.5. Counting of job using proximity switch.6. Synchronizing finished job placement on conveyer belt.7. Measurement of temperature using thermocouple.8. Displaying of temperature on digital indicator.

5.2 DESCRIPTION OF MODEL

To demonstrate the above objectives we have constructed a model, the details of whichare given systematically below. In this model we are using following items:S.NO ITEM SPECIFICATION QUANTITY1 Container Tin(19 height,28cm diameter) 12 DC gear motor 24 volts separately excited with permanent magnet 23 Pulley and Gear 2,14 Relay( 8 terminals) 24 volts 2

Diagram of the model5.2.1 CONTAINER

We have used a tin circular container of 30 centimeter diameter and forty five centimeterheight for containing the useful liquid or device for the desired purpose .The lead ofcontainer is open one forth only. A sliding lead is riveted to main lead which meshes withgear of motor.5.2.2 DC GEAR MOTORWe used a 24 volt DC motor for the desired operation.D.C motor can rotate in both thedirection by changing the polarity. We used gear motor because of smooth operation andhigh torque. One motor is synchronized with the cap of container as well as job piece andFinal Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar,summer training report and lot more.NOTE:-This work is copyright to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.


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second motor rotates with the arm of the model.5.2.3 PULLEY AND GEARGear is used to mesh with the cap of container. It opens and closes the container cap.Pulley is used to wrap the rope of the job piece. Both are mounted on same shaft. Thediameter of pulley is 3.5 cm which transmit power to another pulley of diameter of 1cm

and increase the number of revolution per minute. Another pulley of 3.5 cm diameter ismounted on same shaft on which rope is mounted. The pitch circle diameter of gear is 4.5cm which open and close the lid.5.2.4 RELAYWe used 24 volts relay for reversing the direction of motor, having six terminals forreversing the direction of motor and two terminals for energizing the coil. The centreterminals is used to input supply and outer four terminal is cross connected and output istaken from their. when coil is energies then polarity is reverse and coil is deaneries thenits output of same polarity.5.2.5 WOODEN STRUCTUREWe used shisham wood for the structure which gives the desired construction of the

model. A flat base is used to put the container and proper standing of model5.2.6 ROPEWe use nylon thread for the carrying of job. It is rolling on the 3.5 diameter pulley.OUTPUTS GIVEN OUT FROM PLCOUTPUT ADDRESS

Motor 1 O:2/6Motor 2 O:2/5Relay 1 O:2/7Relay 2 O:2/4Digital controller O:4/0Temperature hi alarm O:0/11

VVVF drive O:2/1INPUTS GIVEN TO PLCINPUT ADDRESS

To control the starting of operation I:0/0Accept I:1/1Test I:1/3Proximity sensor I/P I:1/7Emergency switch I:1/05.3 MOTION CONTROL USING PLCObjectTo lower and raise a job in a container by means pulley and motor and place the

job on the conveyor belt using an arm control.Basic Idea

The basic idea behind this program is to control the direction of rotation of the motor.The placement of the motor should also be such that the transmission of mechanicalpower to the pulley can be done using belt drive. The job then can be raised or lowerlogically through the PLC.ImplementationIn this project we are controlling a typical industrial processes by the PLC in this projectFinal Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar,summer training report and lot more.NOTE:-This work is copyright to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.


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we are controlling our model with the help of DC gear motors. The step of operation asfollow:STEP 1

We put job on the arm and arm motor start rotation for 2.48sec. & rest above thecontainer for starting the operation to be perform on the job.

STEP 2Motor1 rotate in anti-clock wise direction with the help of relay 1 for 10.4sec. Thecontainer will open & job moves into the container.STEP 3The motor -1 rotates clock wise without relay for 10.42sec. The container will close andthe job will comes out.STEP 4

Arm motor rotates in anti clockwise direction with out relay for 2.9sec & the arm goesover the conveyer belt and drop the job on it.STEP 5

Arm motor rotate clock wise for 5.3sec and bring arm to its initial position.

After that the next cycle starts after 4.5sec.OPERATION:-In this process we have used the timer instruction for performing the operation for thespecified duration. In all we have used 9 timers T4:1-T4:9.The output of timer T4:2 goesto T4:1 whose output comes back to T4:2 for initializing the whole process after 43sec.T4:3 timers are used for the pause of 2.48 sec. After that T4:4 timers are used for rotatingthe motor 1 for 10.42sec with relay. T4:5 are used for pause of 5sec for completing theprocess to be done on the job.T4:6 are used for closing the lid of container. It takes10.42sec.T4:7 are used for rotation of the arm motor for 2.9sec.T4:8 are used for thepause of 2.3sec.T4:9 are used to bring the arm in its initial position for 5.35sec.This cycleis repeated sequentially and continuously for desired number of times.5.4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTObjectTo sense the temperature of any particular device and simulation for thecondition of fault occurrence in the device.

Basic Idea

The basic idea behind this program is to basically indicate the temperature of any devicethrough the digital indicator and to sense the temperature value for the faulty conditionand to stop the process automatically so that the fault can be removed and then againrestart the process.ImplementationTo implement the above program we have a temperature sensor which senses thetemperature of particular device and sends it to the CPU through the RTD converter andthe CPU calibrate it and gives the output to the digital indicator so that the temperature ofthat device can be measured. In case of any faulty condition the CPU which iscontinuously sensing the temperature and giving the output senses the high temperatureand stops the process and activates an indicator which is a flasher so that it can be knownthat which fault has occurred in the process. And the process remains stop until the faultis accepted and removed.OperationIn the given program at rung 0 the input scaling of the temperature is done so that the



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reading of the temperature from the RTD converter goes to the CPU and at the very nextrung the reading is calibrated according to the scale so gives the output at the digitalindicator.If the temperature increases more than the prescaled value the function GRT will give thehigh output to the flasher (O: 0/11). This flasher is used in the series of every output for

suddenly stop the operation.The above conditions remain as it is until the temperature remains below the presettablelimit. It has preset value one so its done bit goes high in first increment and whichstops the blinking of LED and glow it constantly. and the process is going onNow to again restart the whole process the fault has to be removed and the temperatureshould become to its desired value.We have used a thermocouple for measuring of temperature that will convert in thedigital signal and indicated on the temperature indicator.5.5 SPEED CONTROL OF MOTOR USING VVVF DRIVEObject To control the speed of a motor by the help of variable voltage and variablefrequency drive controlled by the PLC.

Basic IdeaThe basic phenomenon to control the speed of any motor is to control its input voltage orto control its frequency and this job is performed by the VVVF drive.ImplementationTo implement this program as ladder logic firstly its scaling has to be done so that it mayrun with the desired speed given in the computer. To scale any output or input the SCP(Scale w/parameters) instruction is used.OperationWhen the control switch TG#1 which is addressed at I:0/0 is switched on which gives theoutput to the VVVF drive and the motor connected to the this drive starts running. Thereis also an emergency stop button which can be pressed in case of any emergencyoccurred while the process is running.In the SCP (Scale w/parameter) instruction the scaling is done to control the speed ofmotor the input given to it is the percentage value of the scaled values. And what evermay be the input is given in the SCP instruction the speed of the motor becomes high andlow according to it.5.6 CONVEYOR SYSTEM

ObjectTo implement the conveyor system on a VVVF controlled motor and to count thenumber of the pieces passing through the conveyor.

Basic IdeaThe basic idea behind this program is to count any number of pieces passing through theconveyor belts which are sensed by the proximity switch.Implementation

To implement this program the proximity switch is placed to the suitable distance fromthe conveyor belt. When any piece passes through the proximity sensor it gives a highpulse which is fed to the PLC and the counter placed in the program counts the number ofpieces moving on it up to the preset value given to the counter.OperationWhen the motor is started by the switch TG#1 the conveyor starts to move in forward



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direction along with the pieces kept on it. The proximity switch inputs to the PLC when itsenses any ferrous material passing through it at the address I:1/7 which increments thecounter C5:0 by one and also glows a RED LED addressed at O:0/0 as per the count.After one count of the counter C5:0 the another counter C5:1 is incremented by one andsince its preset value is one so its done bit goes high in one increment and thus it stop the

motor and also activates a timer T4:0 associated with it which counts for the given timeperiod and then resets the counter C5:1 and thus motor is again started. Thus the delay ofdesired time period can be obtained with the help of this timer after each count so thatany operation can be performed to the job counted by the proximity switch and after thatoperation the motor automatically restarts.When the counter C5:0 counts 10 pieces the RED LED glows which is addressed atO:0/3. And after it counts 20 pieces another LED glows next the above LED and the verynext to this glows after 30 count and similarly the LED addressed at O:0/8 glows after 40pieces.After the done bit of counter C5:0 goes high a RED LED addressed at O:0/10 glows andthe counter stops counting the pieces.

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY1. User Manual, Allen BradleyTM Micro Logix 1500 Programmable Controller2. User Manual, Allen BradleyTM 160 SSC Variable Speed Controller3. Allen BradleyTMs URL http://www.ab.com/plclogic/4. Rockwell Automations URL www.rockwellautomation.com5. MicroMentor, Allen BradleyTM, Rockwell International Company

8.APPENDIX AINSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION1. XIC Examines a bit for an ON condition2. XIO Examines a bit for an OFF condition3. OTE Turn ON or OFF a bit(non-retentive)4. OTL Latch a bit ON (retentive)5. OTU Unlatch a bit OFF (retentive)6. OSR Detects an OFF to ON transition [It sets a bit for false to true (one scan)]7. OSF It sets a bit for true to false (one scan)8. TON Delay turning ON an output on a true rung9. TOF Delay turning OFF an output on a false rung10. RTO Delay turning on an output from a true rung. The accumulator is retentive.11. CTU Count Up12. CTD Count Down13. RES Reset the RTO and counters ACC and status bits (not used with TOF

timers)14. EQU Test whether two values are equal (=)15. NEQ Test whether one value is not equal to a second value.16. GRT Test whether one value is greater than a second value.

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17. GEQ Test whether one value is greater than or equal to a second value.18. LEQ Test whether one value is less than or equal to second value.19. MEQ Test portions of two values to see whether they are equal.20. LIM Test whether one value is within the range of two other values.21. ADD Add two values.

22. SUB Subtract two values.23. MUL Multiply two values.24. DIV Divide one value by another.25. NEG Change the sign of the source value and place it in the destination.26. CLR Set all bits of a word to zero.27. SCL Scale a value.28. SCP Scale value to a range determined by creating a linear relationship.29. SQR Find the square root of a value.30. DCD Decodes a 14-bit value (0 to15), turning ON the corresponding bit in the 16-

bit

destination1. ENC Encodes a 16-bit source to a 4-bit value. Searches the source from thelowest to

the highest bit, and looks for the first set bit. The corresponding bit position iswritten to the destination as an integer.

1. FRD Converts the BCD source value to an integer and stores, in the destination.2. TOD Converts the integer source value to BCD format and stores it in the

destination.3. AND Performs an AND operation4. OR Performs an inclusive OR operation

5. XOR Performs an exclusive OR operation6. NOT Performs a NOT operation7. MOV Move the source value to the destination.8. MVM Move data from a source location to a selected portion of the destination.9. COP Copy a range of data from one file location to another.10. FLL Load a file with a program constant of a value from an element address.11. BSL Load and unload data into a bit array one at a time.12. BSR. Load and unload data into a bit array one at a time.13. FFL Load words into a file and unload them in the same order (first in, first out).14. FFU Load words into a file and unload them in the same order (first in, first out).15. LFL Load words into a file and unload them in reverse order (last In, last Out)16. LFU Load words into a file and unload them in reverse order (last In, last Out)17. SQC Compare 16-bit data with stored data.18. SQO Transfer 16-bit data to word addresses19. SQL Load 16-bit data into a file.20. JMP Jump forward/backward to a corresponding label instruction.21. LBL Jump forward/backward to a corresponding label instruction.22. JSR Jump to a designated subroutine and return.23. SBR Jump to a designated subroutine and return.



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24. RET Jump to a designated subroutine and return.25. SUS Debug or diagnose your user program.26. TND Abort current ladder scan27. END End a program or subroutine28. MCR. Enable or inhibit a master control zone in your ladder program.

29. IIM Update data prior to the normal input scan30. IOM Update outputs prior to the normal output scan.31. REF Interrupt the program scans to execute the input/output scan

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