reporting greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping data needs and other challenges in...

Reporting Greenhouse Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Gas Emissions from

International ShippingInternational Shipping

Data needs and other Data needs and other challenges in GHG emission challenges in GHG emission

control regimescontrol regimes

StructureStructure

► Introduction.Introduction.►How ocean transport maybe integrated How ocean transport maybe integrated

in the post 2012 greenhouse gas regime.in the post 2012 greenhouse gas regime.►Data needs under select schemes.Data needs under select schemes.►Data availability in the world of shipping.Data availability in the world of shipping.►The non-data challenges under each The non-data challenges under each

schemescheme►Conclusion.Conclusion.

Stefan SeumConsultingStefan SeumConsulting

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National and Sectoral Allocation National and Sectoral Allocation are the Two Principle Pathwaysare the Two Principle Pathways

► The determination of national greenhouse The determination of national greenhouse gas shares from international ocean shippinggas shares from international ocean shipping Finding acceptable methods of national allocation Finding acceptable methods of national allocation

has proven difficulthas proven difficult Allocation based on import freight a potential Allocation based on import freight a potential

optionoption

► The sectoral allocation optionThe sectoral allocation option For example distribution based on ship activityFor example distribution based on ship activity The pegging of a performance-based requirement The pegging of a performance-based requirement

to the freight itselfto the freight itself


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One Example is the National One Example is the National Allocation based on Ship Route Allocation based on Ship Route ► Example Ship Activity:Example Ship Activity:

Emissions are allocated to the countries where Emissions are allocated to the countries where the ship originates or lands.the ship originates or lands.

Ship-based emissions monitoring is Ship-based emissions monitoring is implemented, for example in form of fuel implemented, for example in form of fuel consumption monitoring, the greenhouse gas consumption monitoring, the greenhouse gas index or similar reporting schemes. index or similar reporting schemes.

The greenhouse gas burden per distance sailed The greenhouse gas burden per distance sailed can then be allocated to the national inventories can then be allocated to the national inventories of the states of origin and destination of the ship. of the states of origin and destination of the ship.


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More Feasible are Ship-based or More Feasible are Ship-based or Freight-based Sectoral OptionsFreight-based Sectoral Options

►Example: Sectoral Responsibility based on Example: Sectoral Responsibility based on Ship Activity as a Cap and Trade SystemShip Activity as a Cap and Trade System Establish a base-year global COEstablish a base-year global CO22 balance from balance from

shippingshipping Distribute CODistribute CO22 certificates for trading year [kg certificates for trading year [kg

COCO22]] Every ship operator acquires certificates to Every ship operator acquires certificates to

cover their activity in trading yearcover their activity in trading year Monitoring by Port States upon landing of Monitoring by Port States upon landing of

shipsships


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Fuel consumption data and port Fuel consumption data and port of call lists are readily availableof call lists are readily available►Commercial vessels monitor their fuel Commercial vessels monitor their fuel

consumptionconsumption Through mechanical or electronic Through mechanical or electronic

flow metersflow meters By regularly monitoring calibration tanksBy regularly monitoring calibration tanks Bunker delivery notes may serve as Bunker delivery notes may serve as

verificationverification►National security agencies demand port National security agencies demand port

of call lists and other ship information of call lists and other ship information upon vessel arrivalupon vessel arrival

US ship arrivalUS ship arrival


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The Challenges of National The Challenges of National Allocation are of Political, not Allocation are of Political, not

Technical Nature. Technical Nature. ►Examples ship route, ownership, flag etc:Examples ship route, ownership, flag etc:

Global fuel consumption – through bunker Global fuel consumption – through bunker delivery notes or a reporting schemedelivery notes or a reporting scheme

►The boundary setting and allocation to The boundary setting and allocation to national inventories nearly impossiblenational inventories nearly impossible Residency of ship owner is known, but may Residency of ship owner is known, but may

shift to non-participating statesshift to non-participating states Port of calls could be asked for, but who Port of calls could be asked for, but who

takes what share of the total emissions?takes what share of the total emissions?


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Ship Data are Readily AvailableShip Data are Readily Available

►Vessel data may be retrieved from Vessel data may be retrieved from various sources:various sources: Ship log-books (fuel consumption, port of Ship log-books (fuel consumption, port of

calls, distances and cargo etc.)calls, distances and cargo etc.) Pre-arrival documentsPre-arrival documents Automated information systems (AIS) Automated information systems (AIS)

spatial data could be used – in some spatial data could be used – in some regionsregions

►The Greenhouse Gas Index currently The Greenhouse Gas Index currently under testing is an excellent method to under testing is an excellent method to bring all data togetherbring all data together


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The GHG Index is a Good Tool The GHG Index is a Good Tool for Integrating Shipping post for Integrating Shipping post

20122012► REAL fuel consumption, REAL distances sailed REAL fuel consumption, REAL distances sailed

and REAL cargo loaded: and REAL cargo loaded: Characterizes EACH ship (time average)Characterizes EACH ship (time average)

Transport indexTransport index * * activityactivity = emissions = emissions

COCO22 [t/km] [t/km] * * km/yearkm/year = year emissions = year emissions

COCO22 [t/t [t/tcargocargo-km]-km] * * km/y * tkm/y * tcargocargo/y/y = year emissions = year emissions

► UNCLOS Port State Control to monitor and UNCLOS Port State Control to monitor and report ship performance to UNFCCC systemreport ship performance to UNFCCC system


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The GHG Index is a Good Tool The GHG Index is a Good Tool for Integrating Shipping post for Integrating Shipping post

20122012► REAL fuel consumption, REAL distances REAL fuel consumption, REAL distances

sailed and REAL cargo loaded: sailed and REAL cargo loaded: Characterizes EACH ship (time average)Characterizes EACH ship (time average)

Ship Emissions Calculator2.xlsShip Emissions Calculator2.xls

Transport indexTransport index * * activityactivity = emissions = emissionsCOCO22 [t/km] [t/km] * * km/voyagekm/voyage = voyage emissions = voyage emissions

COCO22 [t/t [t/tcargocargo-km]-km] * * km/v * tkm/v * tcargocargo/v/v = voyage = voyage emissionemission

► UNCLOS Port State Control to monitor and UNCLOS Port State Control to monitor and report ship performance to UNFCCC systemreport ship performance to UNFCCC system


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Details of the GHG Index Proofs Details of the GHG Index Proofs its Suitabilityits Suitability

► Goal of the GHG Index is to assist the IMO in Goal of the GHG Index is to assist the IMO in achieving the achieving the "limitation or reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from "limitation or reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from shipping"shipping". Basis of the proposal is each individual ship and the . Basis of the proposal is each individual ship and the fuel consumption per transport work. fuel consumption per transport work. "For existing ships, the "For existing ships, the CO2 index should represent an average value of the energy CO2 index should represent an average value of the energy efficiency of the ship efficiency of the ship operation over a period of one-year (six operation over a period of one-year (six month for newly build ships)”. month for newly build ships)”.

► The GHG Index in its draft guideline therefore provides a ship-The GHG Index in its draft guideline therefore provides a ship-based index of performance that is based index of performance that is "intended (…) as guidance "intended (…) as guidance on monitoring of the efficiency of ship operations".on monitoring of the efficiency of ship operations". The GHG The GHG Index could deliver the following data :Index could deliver the following data : Amount of fuel consumed over 12 or 6 months.Amount of fuel consumed over 12 or 6 months. Distance sailed for the last months but also for the last voyages.Distance sailed for the last months but also for the last voyages. Cargo loaded in tons or other cargo units for the past months but also for Cargo loaded in tons or other cargo units for the past months but also for

the last voyages.the last voyages. Transport efficiency in units of [kg CO2/t-mile] or other cargo unit Transport efficiency in units of [kg CO2/t-mile] or other cargo unit

normalizations.normalizations.

(IMO 2005, MEPC 53/WP 11, Annex 1)(IMO 2005, MEPC 53/WP 11, Annex 1)


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Freeing Inter-Developing Freeing Inter-Developing Country Traffic would Capture Country Traffic would Capture

~80% of the Global Ship ~80% of the Global Ship EmissionsEmissions

Unloaded freight in 2004 (UNCTAD 2005) and calculated CO2 burden sharing according to the example above

DMEC = Developed Market Economy Countries; DC = Developing Countries

Unloaded freight DMEC DC hereby: Africa Americas Asia in percent 58.9 % 30.5 % 3.1 % 5.6 % 21.3 % in million Euro 353 183 18,6 33,6 128

Data NeedsData Needs

►National AllocationNational Allocation Residency or flagResidency or flag Origin & destinationOrigin & destination

► Sectoral AllocationSectoral Allocation Based on ship Based on ship

activityactivity

Freight origin & dest.Freight origin & dest. Based on target Based on target

efficiency valuesefficiency values

► Bunker Fuel Bunker Fuel ConsumptionConsumption Information on shipsInformation on ships Port of callsPort of calls

► Consumption & Consumption & EfficiencyEfficiency Ship fuel consumption and Ship fuel consumption and

distances saileddistances sailed Customs dataCustoms data Consumption, distances Consumption, distances

and cargo-based efficiencyand cargo-based efficiency


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Customs formalities can provide Customs formalities can provide all data, but challenges existall data, but challenges exist

► Customs import/export data delivers all Customs import/export data delivers all necessary freight data:necessary freight data: Owner and RecipientOwner and Recipient Countries of origin and destinationCountries of origin and destination Raw and net weight of goods etc.Raw and net weight of goods etc.

► Trade statistics do not measure the physical Trade statistics do not measure the physical flow of goodsflow of goods Trade statistics measure the “value” rather than Trade statistics measure the “value” rather than

the “weight” of goodsthe “weight” of goods However, freight transport emissions more However, freight transport emissions more

closely correlate with weight than with valueclosely correlate with weight than with value


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Source: Jean-Paul Rodrique; Comtois, C; Slack, B (2006) The Geography of Transportation Systems.Online access: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/index.html


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Ocean Shipping can be Successfully Ocean Shipping can be Successfully Included if International Institutions Included if International Institutions

use their Distinct Characters and use their Distinct Characters and StrengthsStrengths

► The IMO is the technical organization to The IMO is the technical organization to establish onboard reporting methodologies for establish onboard reporting methodologies for all shipsall ships The IMO can insure that ship operators have only one The IMO can insure that ship operators have only one

single format to follow, for example the GHG Index.single format to follow, for example the GHG Index.► The UNFCCC as an organization of nations or The UNFCCC as an organization of nations or

another international entity are better suited another international entity are better suited and more flexible in setting emission limits.and more flexible in setting emission limits.

► UNCLOS gives States the necessary legal UNCLOS gives States the necessary legal authority to set such limits and reporting authority to set such limits and reporting requirements.requirements.


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ConclusionConclusion

► From an industry perspective, the inclusion of From an industry perspective, the inclusion of ocean transport into Kyoto and its related data ocean transport into Kyoto and its related data requirements does not need to raise industry requirements does not need to raise industry resistance, if all ships were treated equally.resistance, if all ships were treated equally.

► Cost for compliance is marginal and secondary Cost for compliance is marginal and secondary in a sectoral approach based in ship activity.in a sectoral approach based in ship activity.

► Conflicts arise more likely on a political level. Conflicts arise more likely on a political level. ► It is thus important to draft a reasonable It is thus important to draft a reasonable

approach and sort out the institutional and approach and sort out the institutional and political responsibilities.political responsibilities.


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Thank you for your Thank you for your timetime

International Environmental ConsultantInternational Environmental ConsultantOakland, US – Kingston, CA – Berlin, DEOakland, US – Kingston, CA – Berlin, DE

[email protected]@comcast.net


Source: Le Monde Diplomatique; Atlas der Globalisierung 2003 Stefan Seum

ConsultingStefan SeumConsulting

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reporting greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping data needs and other challenges in...

Documents

ship operator

greenhouse gas index

greenhouse gas burden

greenhouse gas regime

sectoral allocation

fuel consumption data

example distribution

performancebased requirement