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Representation Learning by Learning to Count Presented by: Muhammad Tayyab 1

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Page 1: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Representation Learning by Learning to CountPresented by: Muhammad Tayyab

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Page 2: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Background

★ Supervised representation learning

Feature Extraction Classifier Dog

Object classificationObject detectionSemantic segmentation

2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmaXDb9akEI

Page 3: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Background

★ Supervised representation learning

Feature Extraction Classifier Dog

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Require human annotation● Costly● Error prone● Time consuming

Page 4: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Background

★ Self-supervised representation learning

Feature Extraction Pseudo task Solve task

Doesn’t require human annotation● Cheap● Scalable

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Page 5: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Good representations

Background

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Representation hyperspace

Page 6: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Background

★ Representation learning

Dog

6http://cv-tricks.com/cnn/understand-resnet-alexnet-vgg-inception/

Page 7: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Background

★ Representation learning

Dog

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Page 8: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Background

★ Representation learning

Cat

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Page 9: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Idea: Sum of predicted patchwise feature count should be similar to the image feature count

Similarity based on counting

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Page 10: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Formulation:○ Downsampling operator D.○ Tiling operator Tj.

Learning to Count

★ Loss

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Page 11: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Learning to Count

★ Least effort bias○ Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero.

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★ Solution?○ Contrastive loss○ Learn features useful for discrimination.

Page 12: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Learning to Count

Contrastive loss:

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Page 13: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Observation

Experiments

Average response of trained network on the ImageNet validation set13

Page 14: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

★ Transfer Learning

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Cat

Classification

Cat

Detection Segmentation

http://cs231n.stanford.edu/slides/2017/cs231n_2017_lecture11.pdf

Page 15: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Transfer Learning

Experiments

Evaluation of transfer learning on PASCAL15

Page 16: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Transfer Learning

Experiments

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ImageNet classification with a linear classifier

Page 17: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

★ Places data set○ By MIT○ 10,624,928 Images○ 434 Classes

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Page 18: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

○ 434 Classes

Experiments

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Page 19: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

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Places classification with a linear classifier

★ Transfer Learning

Page 20: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Ablation studies

Experiments

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Page 21: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Ablation studies

Experiments

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As an error metric, we use the first term in the loss function normalized by the average of the norm of the feature vector. More precisely, the error when the network is trained with the i-th downsampling style and tested on the j-th one is

Page 22: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Ablation studies

Experiments

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Learning the downsampling style

Page 23: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

★ Counting

Experiments

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Image croppings of increasing size. The number of visual primitives should increase going from left to right

Counting evaluation on ImageNet

Page 24: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

24Examples of activating/ignored images for ImageNet test set

Least Activating Im

agesMos

t Act

ivat

ing

Imag

es

Page 25: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

25Examples of activating/ignored images for COCO test set

Least Activating Im

agesMos

t Act

ivat

ing

Imag

es

Page 26: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

26Nearest neighbor retrievals for ImageNet

Query Images Matches

Page 27: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

27Nearest neighbor retrievals for COCO

Query Images Matches

Page 28: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

28Blocks of the 8 most activating images for 4 neurons for ImageNet

Neu

ron

1N

euro

n 3

Neuron 4

Neuron 2

Page 29: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Experiments

29Blocks of the 8 most activating images for 4 neurons for COCO

Neu

ron

1N

euro

n 3

Neuron 4

Neuron 2

Page 30: Representation Learning by Learning to Count - UCF CRCV · 2019-03-26 · Learning to Count ★Least effort bias Easy to satisfy loss if network always outputs zero. 11 ★Solution?

Thank you!

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