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PIIM IS A RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY AT THE NEW SCHOOL
© 2015 PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPING AND PARSONS INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING
68 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10011
THE PARSONS INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING
212 229 6825piim.newschool.edu
KEYWORDS Actor-network theory, data visualization, interpretant, semiotics, social network visualization
ABSTRACT This paper deals with the sense of represent-ing both a new domain as Digital Humanities and its community. Based on a case study, where a set of visualizations was used to represent the community attending the international Digital Humanities conference of 2014 in Lausanne, Switzerland, the meaning of representing a community is investigated in the light of the theories of three acknowledged authors, namely Charles Sanders Peirce for his notion of the interpretant, Ludwig Wittgenstein for his insights on the use of language, and finally Bruno Latour for his ideas of representing politics.
There results a proposal to designing and interpreting social network visualizations in a more thoughtful way, while remaining aware of the relation between objects in the real world and their visualizations. As this type of work pertains to a wider scope, we propose bringing a theoretical framework to a young domain such as data visualization.
In Valcamonica, a valley close to Brescia in the north of Italy, there is the largest number of prehistoric petroglyphs in the world. Here, UNESCO identified about 140,000 different drawings. But the actual number is likely twice as much because some of them are still covered by vegetation. All these incisions date back to different ages: Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, Copper Age, etc., until the Middle Age. This corresponds to a long period, about six or eight millenniums, where people have used this kind of visual communication.
Historical information has been deduced from these drawings: people living in that area practiced agriculture, fought to protect their community, hunted wild animals, and prayed according to their religious beliefs. For thousands of years, people living there represented their world through visualization.
Today the scientific community refers to this practice as Information Design. Robert Jacobson, one of the pioneers in this field, defines Information Design as the discipline whose “purpose is the systematic arrange-ment and use of communication carriers, channels, and tokens to increase the understanding of those participating in a specific conversation or discourse”. The conceptualization of this domain was first introduced in the 1970s and became official with the publication of the Information Design Journal in 1979. However, important thinkers such as Charles Joseph Minard, John Snow, Florence Nightingale and Otto Neurath previ-ously carried out some significant works in this field.
In recent years, other areas of study entered Informa-tion Design with different denominations. One of these is Data Visualization, a recent domain that explores how digital data can be portrayed. Now “Data Visualization” as a term is in wide-spread use all over the world; it is common to come across writings, courses, and web sites related to this domain: FlowingData is one of them, a web magazine whose payoff is “Data Visualization, Infographics and Statistics”.
This article expands on the notion that it can be reductive to only speak about visualization. In the past, people who lived in Valcamonica were not simply drawing what they saw; rather they used images to represent their community and their lives. What they drew was not just a sign, they also implied a behavior
Representing the Digital Humanities Community: Unveiling The Social Network Visualization of an International ConferenceDARIO RODIGHIERO
Figure 1: The network visualization based on authors and keywords derived from publications.
REPRESENTING THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES COMMUNITY:UNVEILING THE SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALIZATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEDARIO RODIGHIERO
PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPINGVOLUME VII ISSUE 2, SPRING 2015[PAGE 2]
© 2015 PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPING AND PARSONS INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING
beyond that sign. Illustrations are meaningful because they represent something important to the community; consequently, it is fundamental that those who observe them also detect the object indicated so as to hear the voice of the community who drew the sign. To investigate this theme, the argument should be built by investigating the relationship between visualization and representation, as can be shown by a practical example of design; the brand image of DH2014, the Digital Humanities conference that took place at the EPFL and UNIL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The idea was to represent the Digital Humanities (DH) domain as a pattern that could be beautiful and ductile, which would allow it to be used as a brand image for producing posters, covers, banners, etc. The DHLAB, laboratory in Digital Humanities at EPFL, one of the organizers of the conference, accomplished this task by using the conference data set—in particular the submission information. By analyzing this data it was possible to create a network visualization based on authors and keywords derived from the metadata found in all papers and posters accepted for the conference. All the keywords of each document were linked, as well as all authors of each document. Then, the authors and keywords of each document were linked. The three sets of links were merged to form a unique network that provided a representation of the DH community’s complexity.
Subsequently the original network was split in two networks: the first representing the authors, the second the keywords. The purpose was to simplify the visualization in order to make it more comprehensible.
This network represents all authors attending the conference who had entered at least one submission. The authors in the middle of the network are the most linked, both due to their co-authoring and to common keywords. In fact, this is not just a network showing who published with whom, but also a network displaying authors with shared keywords or, in other words, who worked on the same theme.
The force-directed graph, arranged by combining ForceAtlas 2 and Fruchterman–Reingold algorithms, makes identification of author clusters easy. Due to these algorithms, the spatial disposition doesn’t have a disposition based on coordinates, rather its relevance is in terms of proximity; the closer two authors are, the more documents or interests they share.
The social network of authors was printed and placed in front of the conference’s entrance. Due to its large size this visualization, reified in a carpet, gave participants a clear invitation to exploration. As shown in the photo-graph, authors were attempting to locate themselves on the map. What soon became a game was a perfect mix between entertainment and examination; each person followed their personal path within the social network.
Figure 2: Conference authors represented by co-authoring and shared keywords.
Figure 3: The authors network visualisation materialized in a red carpet, placed just in front of the conference entrance.
REPRESENTING THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES COMMUNITY:UNVEILING THE SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALIZATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEDARIO RODIGHIERO
PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPINGVOLUME VII ISSUE 2, SPRING 2015[PAGE 3]
© 2015 PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPING AND PARSONS INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING
Such a search generally led them first to spotting authors that were well known to them, then to finding their own colleagues, and finally themselves. Finding one’s own name was a kind of success that triggered different behaviors, which were often shared on social networks as Twitter. Among the actions identified there were: a) a portrait when authors asked to have a picture taken of them, b) a postcard in case they found a friend or close colleague and sent them a message, c) an
invitation to play the game when they invited other people to find themselves, or d) a selfie.
This active interaction with the carpet was not mere engagement, since any form of data visualization can only be considered successful when it creates comprehension and knowledge among its viewers. Complex data visualizations require time to be understood; the aspects of entertainment, the exceptionality of the media, and social interaction involved at the 2014 Digital Humanities Conference made the process of understanding easier. Interaction with the carpet was not a solitary experience; it was a collective one where authors improved their comprehension of a form of describing a collective domain—the representation of Digital Humanities.
The network of keywords is probably the most interesting one. As the Digital Humanities community shows uncertainty in defining their very domain, this visualization is intended as a representation of the documents presented at the conference, of the authors attending the conference, of the conference itself, and, last but not least—of the domain of Digital Humanities.
The edges signify that two keywords are used in the same document, while the lines thickness is given accordingly to the occurrence of the connection. This thickness increases the depth of the layers—about twelve measures are used in the current network—thereby enhancing the reading with a sense of depth and highlight-ing the most used connections.Figure 4: Conference keywords represented in a network.
Figure 5: The authors network displayed without and with labels.
A. Charles Muller
Aaron Louis Plasek
Aaron Mathew Mauro
Aaron Plasek
Aaron Quigley
Adam Farquhar
Adi Hajj-Ahmad
Adiel Ben-Shalom
Adrian Leemann
Agiatis Benardou
Ainsley Sutherland
Aja Teehan
Akihiro Kawase
Alaa Abi Haidar
Alastair Dunning
Alberto Campagnolo
Aleksandra Pawliczek
Alessandro Marchetti
Aletta Leipold
Alex GilAlex Hawker
Alex Kinnaman
Alexander Christie
Alexander Czmiel
Alexander Meyer
Alexander O'Connor
Alexandra Trachsel
Alexandre Wenger
Alexei Lavrentiev
Alexey Maslov
Ali Fenlon
Alice Keller
Alice Rio
Alicia Peaker
Alison Booth
Alistair Baron
Allen E Tullos
Allen Riddell
Alwyn Davidson
Amelia Sanz
Amir Zeldes
Amnon Ta-Shma
Amy Earhart
Amy Papaelias
Ana María Guzmán
Anabel Quan-Haase
Anas Fahad Khan
Anastasia Bonch-Osmolovskaya
Andrae Muys
André Gießler
André Kilchenmann
Andrea Mazzei
Andrea Thomer
Andreas Henrich
Andreas van Cranenburgh
Andreas Wassmer
Andrew Goldstone
Andrew Hankinson
Andrew Hardie
Andrew Kahn
Andrew MacDonald
Andy Bevan
Angel David Nieves
Angela Jordan
Angelika Storrer
Angelo Mario Del Grosso
Anita Law
Anke Lüdeling
Ann Gow
Anna Bohn
Anna Pytlowany
Annelen Brunner
Annette Geßner
Annette Hautli-Janisz
Anouk Lang
Anshul Gupta
Anthony Durity
Anton Raymund duPlessis
Antonio Cruces-Rodríguez
Antonio Lamarra
Apostolos Antonacopoulos
Arianna Ciula
Asanobu Kitamoto
Ashanka Kumari
Ashley Clarkson
Aurélien Berra
Ayaka Uesaka
Ayush Shrestha
Barbara Bordalejo
Bastian Entrup
Bauman Syd
Beate Hofmann
Beatrice Alex
Ben Miller
Ben Vershbow
Benjamin Bohl
Benjamin Eliot Klein
Benjamin J. Doyle
Bernard Hours
Beth Plale
Bethany Anderson
Bethany Nowviskie
Boris Capitanu
Boris Orekhov
Brent Nelson
Brenton Sullivan
Brett Barney
Brian Aitken
Brian Croxall
Brian Greenspan
Brian Johnsrud
Brian Norberg
Brian Pytlik Zillig
Bronwyn Coate
Bruce Herbert
Bryan Tarpley
Burak Pak
C. M. Sperberg-McQueen
C.J. Rupp
Çar Çöltekin
Caitlin Christian-Lamb
Caleb Derven
Carine Lallemand
Carl Stahmer
Carlo Meghini
Carlos Pallan
Carmen Klaussner
Carmen McCue
Caro Pinto
Carola Westermeier
Carolin Odebrecht
Carolina Ferrer
Caroline Sporleder
Caroline T. Schroeder
Carrie C. Heitman
Carson Logan
Caterina Bernardini
Cécile Armand
Chandler Warren
Chao-lin Liu
Charles Crowther
Charles van den Heuvel
Charlotte Butez
Charlotte Tupman
Cheng-Wei Lin
Chia-Hsuan Chung
Chiara Bonacchi
Chiara Di Pietro
Chiara Pasini
Chong-U Lim
Chris Alen Sula
Chris Bourg
Chris Donaldson
Chris Forstall
Chris Mellish
Christian Kay
Christian Pölitz
Christian Rohrdantz
Christian Stein
Christian Wittern
Christof Schöch
Christoph Draxler
Christopher Long
Christopher Ohge
Christopher Prom
Christopher W. Forstall
Chun-Wen Chen
Ciula Arianna
Claire Clivaz
Claire Wallace
Claire Warwick
Claire-Charlotte Butez
Clara I. Martínez
Clarisse Bardiot
Claudia Niederée
Claudia Savina Bianchini
Claus Huitfeldt
Clémence Andréys
Clemens Neudecker
Clifford E. Wulfman
Clovis Gladstone
Colin Arrowsmith
Colleen Fallaw
Constance Crompton
Corina Koolen
Costis Dallas
Courtney Lawton
Craig Goodere
Craig Macnamara
Craig Willis
Cristina Vertan
Croce Vincenzo
Cyril Bornet
D. Fox Harrell
Daniel A. Keim
Daniel Alves
Daniel Edward John Pett
Daniel Gatica-Perez
Daniel James Powell
Daniel O'Donnell
Daniel Paul O'Donnell
Daniel Pett
Daren Mueller
Dauvit Broun
David Beel
David Bouvier
David Brown
David Hoover
David L. Hoover
David McClure
David Michael Brown
David Mimno
David Robey
David Smith
David Tcheng
Dean Rehberger
Deb Verhoeven
Debora Marques de Matos
Deborah Van der Plaat
Deirdre Quinn
Demmy Verbeke
Dennis Zielke
Desiree Dighton
Desiree Gonzalez
Devon Elliott
Diane Katherine Jakacki
Diego Magro
Djamel Ferhod
Dominic Forest
Dominic Kao
Donna Gabaccia
Dorji Wangchuk
Dorothy Carr Porter
Dotty J Dye
Doug Emery
Doug Oard
Doug Reside
Douglas Boyd
Drayton Callen Benner
Dustin Elias Grue
Dustin Smith
Dylan Nagel
Eden Shalom Erez
Edgar Roman Rangel
Edith Gwendolyn Nally
Edward Slingerland
Elena Gonzalez-Blanco
Elena González-Blanco
Elena Pierazzo
Elijah Meeks
Elika Ortega
Elisabeth Steiner
Elise Walther
Eliza Papaki
Elizabeth Cornell
Elizabeth Grumbach
Elizabeth Hopwood
Elizabeth Losh
Elizabeth M Grumbach
Elizabeth M Lorang
Elizabeth Maddock Dillon
Elke Teich
Elli Mylonas
Ellysa Stern Cahoy
Elton Barker
Elton T. E. Barker
Elvira Locuratolo
Emily Franzini
Emmanuel Chateau
Erhard Hinrichs
Eric Poitras
Eric Rochester
Erik Champion
Erik Harloff
Ernesto Peña
Ernesto Priani
Ernesto Priani Saisó
Ernesto Priego
Evanthia Dimara
Ève Paquette-Bigras
Evelyn Gius
Everardo Reyes-Garcia
Fabio Ciotti
Fabio Vitali
Fabrizio Borgia
Federico Boschetti
Felix Lange
Florentina Armaselu
Fotis Jannidis
Francesca Tomasi
Francesco Beretta
Francesco Nucci
Franciska de Jong
Frank Binder
Frank Queens
Fraser Dallachy
Fred Tappenden
Frédéric Allemand
Frédéric Kaplan
Frederik Baumgardt
Frederik Elwert
Fredrik Palm
Gabriel Bodard
Gabriele Rossi Rognoni
Gabrielle Kirilloff
Gary Priestnall
Gaurav Kejriwal
Gavin Bannerman
Gemma Webster
Geoff Roeder
Geoffrey Rockwell
Geoffroy Noel
Geoffroy Noël
Georg Vogeler
George Kuriakose ThiruvathukalGerlinde Schneider
Gertjan Filarski
Ghislain Sillaume
Giancarlo Buomprisco
Giuseppe Celano
Glenn Roe
Grace Thomas
Graham Alexander Sack
Grant Wythoff
Gregory R. Crane
Greta Franzini
Guan-tao Jin
Gunter Vasold
Hannah Kermes
Hanno Biber
Harvey Quamen
Hayco de Jong
Heather Zwicker
Heike Neuroth
Henning Lobin
Henriette Partzsch
Herman Teule
Hieke Huistra
Hugh A G Houghton
Hugh Cayless
Hugh Craig
Hui Su
Ian Gregory
Ian Milligan
Ian R. Johnson
Ibrahim Almajai
Ichiro Fujinaga
Idan Dershowitz
Ines Schiller
Ingrid Hove
Ingrida Vosylit
Iris Sun
Isabel Galina
Isabel Galina Russell
Isabel Micheel
Isolde Teufel
Ivan Subotic
Izabella Pluta
J.D. Porter
Jaap Verheul
Jacob Dahl
Jacob Eisenstein
Jacob Heil
Jacqueline Hettel
Jakub Benes
James Baker
James Chartrand
James Christopher O'Sullivan
James Creel
James Cummings
James Egan
James Gawley
James Joel Coltrain
James O'Sullivan
James Wehrwein
James William Baker
Jamie Folsom
Jamie Norrish
Jan Christoph Meister
Jan Rybicki
Jane Hunter
Janet Thomas Simons
Janette Seuffert
Janina Gosseye
Janina Jacke
Jannik Strötgen
Jasminko Novak
Jason Lipshin
Javier de la Rosa
Javier Garcia Moron
Javiera Atenas
Jean Anderson
Jean Ann Bauer
Jean-Gabriel Ganascia
Jean-Marc Leblanc
Jean-Marc Odobez
Jean-Paul Fourmentraux
Jean-Philippe Goldman
Jennifer Guiliano
Jennifer Olive
Jennifer Windsor
Jennifer Wolfe
Jenny Kirsten Ataoguz
Jentery Sayers
Jeremy Boggs
Jérôme Jacquin
Jesse Stommel
Jia-Ming Day
Jieh Hsiang
Jill Belli
Jim Clifford
Jim McGrath
Jimmy Lin
Joachim Berger
Joan Fragasy Troyano
Joan Fragaszy Troyano
Joanna Elizabeth Swafford
Jody Perkins
Joe Bailey
Joerg Wettlaufer
Johan Verbeke
Johanna Drucker
Johannes Thomann
John Bradley
John Christopher Theibault
John Edward Simpson
John Franch
John Joseph Montague
John Keating
John Lynch
John Macarthur
John Nerbonne
John Noecker Jr
John Resig
John Seberger
John Simpson
Jon Cawthorne
Jonathan Blumtritt
Jonathan Pearce Reeve
Jonny Sensenbaugh
Jörg Ritter
Joris Job Van Zundert
José Francisco Barrón
Jose Luis Moreno
José Pino-Díaz
Joseph Lunde
Joshgun Sirajzade
Juan Luis Suárez
Juan Luis Súarez
Jui-sung Yang
Julia Flanders
Julia Kenny
Julia Ritter
Julianne Nyhan
Julie Beth Napolin
Julie Gonnering Lein
Jürgen Knauth
Justin Schell
Justin Tackett
Justin Tonra
Jyi-Shane Liu
Kaisa Kulasalu
Kari Kraus
Karin Gross
Karina van Dalen-Oskam
Karl Grossner
Katarzyna Bazarnik
Katayoun TorabiKatharina Holzinger
Katharina Lorenz
Katharine Coles
Katharine Faith Lawrence
Katharine Louise Kelland
Katherine Bode
Katherine Mary Faull
Kathleen Smith
Kathrin Nühlen
Kathryn Tanigawa
Kathryn Tomasek
Katrina Fenlon
Keisuke Koguchi
Keith Maycock
Kelly McElroy
Kelsey Rubin-Detlev
Kemman Max
Kenro Aihara
Kerri Grimaldi
Kerstin BischoffKerstin Brückweh
Kevin Bradley Kee
Kim Johanna Jautze
Kim Martin
Kimberly Ann Tedrow
King Davis
Kirk Quinsland
Kiyonori Nagasaki
Koichi Yasuoka
Konnor Clark
Kristina Fink
Kurt E Fendt
Kurt Fendt
Lars Wieneke
Laura C Mandell
Laura Dimmit
Laura Eidem
Laura Estill
Laura Mandell
Laura Miller
Laura Molloy
Lauren F. Klein
Lauren Tilton
Laurent Bolli
Laurent Pugin
Laurent Romary
Leen-Kiat Soh
Leif Isaksen
Leo Havemann
Leo Konstantelos
Lev Manovich
Levente Seláf
Liam Andrew
Lídia Oliveira
lihua Chen
Lior Wolf
Lisa Rhody
Lisa Spiro
Loredana Versienti
Lorena Regattieri
Loretta Auvil
Lorna Hughes
Luciano Frizzera
Luis Meneses
Luise Borek
Lukas Georgieff
Lukas Rosenthaler
Lynne Siemens
Maarten Hoogerwerf
Maayan Zhitomirsky-Geffet
Maciej Eder
Makoto Ohura
Manfred Thaller
Mara R Wade
Marc Alexander
Marc Melenhorst
Marc Wilhelm Küster
Marc-Antoine Nuessli
Marcello Vitali Rosati
Marco Antonio Godinez
Marco Petris
Marco Tagliasacchi
Marcus Pöckelmann
Mareike Hoeckendorff
Mari Sarv
María Carmen Marín Pina
Maria Clara Paixão de Sousa
Maria De Marsico
María Dolores Martos
María Dolores Martos Pérez
María Gimena Del Río
María Isabel Hidalgo Urbaneja
Maria Kraxenberger
Marie Giltner Saldaña
Marie Pérès
Marie-José Kolly
Marilena Lazzaro
Marilyn Deegan
Marion Lamé
Mark Algee-Hewitt
Mark Andrew Algee-Hewitt
Mark Depauw
Mark Finlayson
Mark Fisher
Mark Wolff
Marras Cristina
Marten Düring
Martijn Kleppe
Martin Andert
Martin Fechner
Martin Sievers
Martin Unold
Martin Wynne
Martina Semlak
Mary Caton Lingold
Maryam Foradi
Masahiro Hori
Masahiro Shimoda
Masakatsu Murakami
Matilda Watson
Mats Ulrik Malm
Matteo Romanello
Matthew Aaron Munson
Matthew Bouchard
Matthew Christy
Matthew Gilchrist
Matthew Gold
Matthew Hammond
Matthew Handelman
Matthew J Christy
Matthew Jockers
Matthew Munson
Maura Ives
Maureen Engel
Maurizio Lana
Max Kemman
Meagan Wilson
Megan Sellmer
Megan Senseney
Mélanie Fournier
Meredith Martin
Mia Ridge
Michael Alan Cade-Stewart
Michael B. Toth
Michael Beißwenger
Michael Brundin
Michael Eberle-Sinatra
Michael Lee Widner
Michael Muthukrishna
Michael Rocchio
Michael Sperberg-Mcqueen
Michael Stolz
Michela Tardella
Michiel Thijssen
Miguel Vieira
Mikal Brotnov Eckstrom
Mike Heffernan
Mike Kestemont
Milena Radzikowska
Milica Knezevi
Min Wu
Minao Kukita
Miriah Meyer
Miriam Butt
Mirjam Blümm
Mirko Tavoni
Mitchell Paul Ogden
Miyuki Nishio
Monica Berti
Monica Brown
Monika Salzbrunn
Montserrat Prats Lopez
Myung-Ja Han
Nachum Dershowitz
Nadine Phillips Adelaar
Nadja Radtke
Nam Khanh Tran
Nandita Dutta
Naoki Yamazaki
Natalia Caldas
Natalia Ermolaev
Natalie M Houston
Nataša Bulatovi
Natsumi Yamashita
Nella Porqueddu
Nephelie Chatzidiakou
Nicholas John Hayward
Nicholas Thély
Nicholas van Orden
Nicolas E. Gold
Niels-Oliver Walkowski
Nieves Baranda Leturio
Nikolai Grube
Nikolaos Arvanitopoulos Darginis
Nikolaos Beer
Nina McCurdy
Noah Bubenhofer
Noah Gene Peterson
Nuno Freire
Nuria Rodríguez-Ortega
Oliver Streiter
Olliver Dyens
Orla Murphy
Orna Almogi
Osamu Imahayashi
Ouafae Nahli
Owain Roberts
Øyvind Eide
Pablo Gervas
Padmini Ray Murray
Padraic Stack
Panos Constantopoulos
Paola Andriani
Pat Galloway
Patrice Lopez
Patricia Murrieta-Flores
Patrick Juola
Patrick Sahle
Pau de Soto
Paul Caton
Paul Hjartarson
Paul Matthew Gooding
Paul McCann
Paul Molitor
Paul Rayson
Paul Spence
Penny Johnston
Peter Anthony Stokes
Peter Birke
Peter Boot
Peter Fankhauser
Peter Fornaro
Peter Leonard
Peter M. Broadwell
Peter Organisciak
Peter R. Fornaro
Peter Schirmbacher
Petr Pridal
Piero Fraternali
Pierre Vernus
Purdom Lindblad
Qing-feng Liu
Quinn Dombrowski
R. Douglas Emery
Rachael Hamilton
Rachel Schnepper
Rachele Sprugnoli
Radu Suciu
Rafael Alvarado
Rafael Bailón-Moreno
Raffaele Masotti
Rainer Simon
Rebecca Ankenbrand
Rebecca Barr
Rebecca Rouse
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Ricardo L. Punzalan Punzalan
Richard Furuta
RIchard Lawrence Edwards
Robert C.H. Sweeny
Robert Carvais
Robert Kolatzek
Robert Morrissey
Roberto Rosselli Del Turco
Robyn Sullivan
Roeland Ordelman
Rolf Fredheim
Ronald Dekker
Roni Shweka
Roopika Risam
Rory Solomon
Roxanne Shirazi
Rudolf Gschwind
Ruth Knechtel
Ryan Chartier
Ryan Heuser
Ryan Olivieri
Sabine Süsstrunk
Sally Chambers
Samantha Rayner
Samia Pedraça
Sander Wubben
Sara B. Sikes
Sara Schulthess
Sara Tonelli
Sarah Potvin
Satoshi Inoue
Sayan Bhattacharyya
Scott Bailey
Scott Brian Reed
Scott Kleinman
Scott Piao
Séamus Lawless
Sebastian Rahtz
Sebastian Sulger
Segolene Tarte
Sergej Zerr
Séverine Gedzelman
Shawn Day
Shay Rojansky
Sibylle Söring
Silvia Gutierrez
Silvio Peroni
Simon Fuller
Simon Ganahl
Simon Mahony
Simon Mastrangelo
Simon Rowberry
Simona Stoyanova
Simone Kronenwett
Sinai Rusinek
Smiljana Antonijevic
Stan Ruecker
Stef Scagliola
Stefan Andreas Keller
Stefan Buedenbender
Stefan Dumont
Stefan Funk
Stefan Jänicke
Stefan Schmunk
Stefan Sinclair
Stéfan Sinclair
Stefanie Dipper
Stella Dee
Stéphane Couture
Stephane Marchand-Maillet
Stephanie Westcott
Stephen Downie
Steven Krauwer
Steven L. MacCall
Stewart Brookes
Stuart Dunn
Su-Chu Hsu
Susan Brown
Susan Perdue
Susan Schreibman
Susanne Fertmann
Susumu Hayashi
Suzan van Dijk
Sven Wortmann
Syd Bauman
Sylvain Boschetto
Sylwia Kösser
Taizo Yamada
Takafumi Suzuki
Takako Hashimoto
Tanya Clement
Tanya Llewellyn
Tara Andrews
Taro Ichimura
Taylor Arnold
Ted Underwood
Teresa Dobson
The INKE Team
Thomas Bartz
Thomas Bögel
Thomas Burch
Thomas CrombezThomas Keegan
Thomas Krause
Thomas Lombardi
Thomas Padilla
Thomas Selig
Thomas Zastrow
Thorsten Trippel
Tiemen Cocquyt
Tim Krones
Timothy Cole
Timothy Compeau
Timothy De Paepe
Timothy Duguid
Timothy R. Tangherlini
Timothy W. Cole
Tina Bögel
Tobias Gradl
Tobias Ott
Tobias Schweizer
Toby Nicolas Burrows
Todd Samuelson
Toine Pieters
Toma Tasovac
Tomás Ó Murchú
Tomer Hasid
Tomohiko Morioka
Tomoji Tabata
Toniesha Taylor
Tony Borries
Toru Tomabechi
Toshinobu Ogiso
Tracy Popp
Travis Brown
Trevor Borg
Trevor Muñoz
Ubbo Veentjer
Unmil Karadkar
Uta Hinrichs
Valentin Gold
Valentina Bartalesi
Valentine CharlesValeria Vitale
Valerie C. Burton
Vania Baldi
Vinayak Das Gupta
Vinodh Rajan
Vivian Lewis
Vivien Friedrich
Volker Dellwo
Walter J. Scheirer
Walter Scholger
Wayne Graham
Wei-Yun Chiu
Wen-huei Cheng
Wen-Hung Liao
Wendy Anderson
Wendy Kurtz
Whitney Trettien
Wiebke Wiede
Wilhelm Ott
Will Dean
Willeke Wendrich
William J. Turkel
Wolfgang Lukas
Worthy Martin
Wyn Kelley
Xavier Gradoux
Xuemao Wang
Yaacov Choueka
Yannick Rochat
Ylva Schwinghammer
Ynon Wygoda
Yoann Goudin
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A. Charles Muller
Aaron Louis Plasek
Aaron Mathew Mauro
Aaron Plasek
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Adam Farquhar
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Çar Çöltekin
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Ciula Arianna
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Elizabeth M Grumbach
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Gaurav Kejriwal
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Gemma Webster
Geoff Roeder
Geoffrey Rockwell
Geoffroy Noel
Geoffroy Noël
Georg Vogeler
George Kuriakose ThiruvathukalGerlinde Schneider
Gertjan Filarski
Ghislain Sillaume
Giancarlo Buomprisco
Giuseppe Celano
Glenn Roe
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Grant Wythoff
Gregory R. Crane
Greta Franzini
Guan-tao Jin
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Kurt E Fendt
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Leen-Kiat Soh
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lihua Chen
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REPRESENTING THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES COMMUNITY:UNVEILING THE SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALIZATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEDARIO RODIGHIERO
PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPINGVOLUME VII ISSUE 2, SPRING 2015[PAGE 4]
© 2015 PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPING AND PARSONS INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING
Peirce used to refer to the signifying element in different ways: sign, representamen or representation. Contrary to the meaning of the word “sign,” “representation” bears a wider sense: while “sign” just refers to a visual element, “representation” encloses the sign and the object together.
Applying the Signs Theory to Information Design could be inspiring. Thanks to that theory, the authors’ network of DH2014 can be interpreted in two ways: by assuming the network node is the sign, and the label—the nominal data associated to the node—is a sign extension, the object could consequently be 1) the author, whose interpretant is his written document, or 2) the document, whose interpretant is the author who wrote that document. By assuming the interpretant as the determinant of the sign/object relation, both versions are appropriate: 1) in the first case the document describes the relation between the node and the author, and 2) in the second case the author is the key to understanding that relation; by assert-ing his fatherhood, he takes on the responsibility to be associated with a certain scientific document. The act of authoring denotes the relationship sign/object.Both choices are reasonable, but by considering the keywords’ network we will obtain further insights that will help identifying the right interpretation.
The interest of a second attempt rests in the meaning of keywords. In this visualization, nodes represent keywords, accurate words chosen by their respective authors appearing as the documents’ metadata. The nodes
Charles Sanders Peirce has been a prolific mathemati-cal logician and founder of American pragmatism. Peirce, with Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles W. Morris, was one of the most prominent theorists in Semiotics, and is famous for his contributions to the Sign’s Theory, an approach based on the dyadic relationship between sign and object where the sign is something that can be inter-preted, and the object is the target of the sign meaning. If a reader looks at the word “dog” in a book, automatically he transforms the word in the concept of dog that is, what is the word meaning in that context. In this example the sign is the word “dog” and the object is the concept of the dog, precisely the meaning of “dog” for the reader—that should be the common comprehension of the word dog.
Peirce, during his life, wrote a lot of definitions regard-ing Sign’s Theory, such as the following: “I define a sign as anything which is so determined by something else, called its Object, and so determines an effect upon a person, which effect I call its interpretant, that the later is thereby mediately determined by the former.”
Different from the others, according to Pierce, the theory of signs is not just based on a dyadic relationship formed by signs and objects, but also on the interpretant, a fundamental point of his approach which introduces an interpretation between the object and the sign. In the above example, the interpretant is the person read -ing the word “dog.” Consequently the basic structure becomes a triple, which comprises the sign, the object, and the interpretant.
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Online tools
Bible Visualization
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Text variant graphs
Textual Criticism
Computational Analysis
R
STYLEMETRICS
Willa Cather
Computational philology
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Information visualization
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Semantic Network
Tang and Song dynasties
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Physical landscape model
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Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival State
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EpiDoc
Computational models
Historical Persons
Linguistic annotation
Markup
Document editing
Ethics
Hmong
OCR
Exploratory data analysis
Gender
Program development
Race
Cultural critique
Cultural gap
Economic gap
Global Outlook::Digital Humanities
Digital geography
Events
Network-building
OWL
Economic history
RDF
Computer modeling
Corpus
Art historical edition
Artists notebooks
Association processes
Genetic editionsSemantic annotation
Semantics
Cinema
Data linking
Audience
Castle of Perseverance
History of Science
Cultural Preservation
Digital access
Curriculum
Digitisation
Ancient Egypt
Architecture
Critical database
Digital mapping
Digitizing
Narrative
Textual zoomXML-TEI
Digital preservation
Evidential value
Scientific archives
Sociology of science
Japanese novels
Perspectives
Random forests
Digital Preservation
Electronic Literature
Diversity
Software development
Digital heuristic
Interpretation
James Joyce
Latin literature
Literary Genre
Literary history
Logistic Regression
Validation
Building
Cluster Analysis
Coding
Community outreach
Digital art history
History of Art
History of Digital Art
Institutional criticism
Drama
Early modern studies
Knowledge Engineering
Network analysis
Cloud
Encoding
Hate speech
Lexical cohesion
Systemic functional linguistics
Text
Dehumanisation
Geoparsing
Fuzzy data
Object relational database
Etymology
Linguistics
Magazines
Named entities
Intelligent search
Medieval documents
Theology
Curriculum development
Digital curation
Editing
Greek
Collaborative
Critical editions
Europeana
Incompleteness
Metadata correction
Open Source
American studies
Geospatial
Early New High German
Hyphenation
Lemmatization
Syllabification
Transactions
Facial recognition
Image matching
Multimodal
NYPL
Dance
Ensemble
English
Form
Meter
Novels
Knowledge extraction
Stéphane Mallarmé
Classification
Folklore
Discourse analysisEncyclopédie
Russian media
Digital palaeography
Image annotation
Handwriting
Palaeography
Posthumous works
Quantitative analysis
Scripts
Writing system
Relational database
Religion
E-texts
Idioms
International Collaboration
Lexicon
DickensDissemination of DH
Computatonal methods
Corpora
Geographical text analysis
Geography
Description
Fiction
Information extraction
Methodology
Archival theory
Derrida
Communication
NeatlineReception study
Metadata standards
Entity linking Face recognition
Facial attractiveness
Graph Database
Interdisciplinarity
International community
Scholarly primitives
Terminology
Literary canonNaive literature
Curation
Data analysis
Depictions of race
Face perception
Beauty
Casta painting
Computer mediated communication
Corpus-based linguistics
Data Mining
Hackers Communities
Computational Models of Narrative
Formalism and Structuralism”
Active authentication
Computer security
Psychological profiling
Psychometrics
Image analysis
Journalism
Grants
Indexing
Media archaeology
Semantic tagging
DispositifDocumentary
Literary Fiction
Mapping
Making
Sacred
Transliteration
Minimal computing
Modernism
Reusability
Program Design
Re-Skilling and Training
Social justice
Theory
Usability
Digital work environment
Print edition
Data criticism
Historical GIS
Formal data modelling
Historiography
Design Empowerment
Participation
Digital historical atlas
Digital History
Location
Maps
Search
Narratology
Speech
Thought Writing representation
Russia
TEI XML
Speech processing
Newspaper verse
Maya hieroglyphics
Platform
Social networking
Easter 1916
TEI Encoding
Novelistic genres
Site-specificity
Virtual reality
Vocation
Natural language processing
Qualitative data
Secondary analysis
Co-occurrence
Historical Languages
User experience
Data sharing
Spatial
Happiness
Positive psychology
Quantified self
Sentiment Analysis
Tombstones
Documentation
Taiwan
Scholarship
Preservation
Web archiving
GLAMInstitutions
Spatial analysis
Critical thinking
Instruction
Manuscript studies
Human-machine Interaction
History of the book
Library catalog data
Digital collation
Image Processing
Old French
Fluid text theory
Latent information
Library science
Textual transmission
Process dataProcess management
Pastiche
Stephen Ramsay
Virginia Woolf
Digital Research Infrastructure
EHRI
Europeana Cloud
Impact
NeDiMAH
Open
Pathway
Research
Revenue model
Storage
Research Data and Technical Infrastructure
Teaching and research
Versioning
Virtual research environments
Audiovisual material
Content-based image retrieval
Early Geospatial Documents
Linked Open Data
Digital edition
Digital publishing
Parliamentary debates
Radio bulletins
Natural lighting effects
Church decoration
Medieval
Media history
Project design
Breaking
Critical Analysis
Digital scholarship
Organizational capacityScholarly communication
Stop words
User needs
Workflow
Islamic
Middle East
Localization
Pattern recognition
Metrics
MySQL
Repertoire
Verse
Neostructuralism
Peer-reviewing
Venice
Maritime routes
Metainformation
MOOC
Peer-grading
Grading Historical databases
Droit
Teaching
Prosody
Digital Scholarly Communication
Journal
Museums
Open Peer Review
Philosophy
Plato
Cultural artefacts
India
Urban simulation
Computer Vision
Image Search
Literary interpretation
Speculative humanities
Deformance
Saints
MIT
RecommendationsEdition
Music
Typeface
Serendipity
Tool design
Local studies
History of philosophy
Knowledge organization
Reasoning
Semantic processing
Distributed computing
Experimental literature
Elegy
Phonemes
Post-structuralism
Key word in context
KWICSearch results
Oulipo
Potential criticism
Queneau Syntax
Standards
Digital archiving
Enriched publication
User Requirements
Orphaned worksTeaching methods
Longitudinal study
Physical and digital environmentsReading
Literary Canon
Scale
Social networks
Software-development
Research data
Spatial history
Dispositif hybride
Formation supérieure
Oralité
TIC
Digital Maps
Visualization
Multiplicity
Text analysis
Corpus studies
Morphological analysisOld Japanese
TEI
Non-profits
XML
Definition
Model
Graphical editor
Graphical User Interface
Students
Transcription
Digging into data
Human rights data analysis
Rhythm
Text mining
Enlightenment studies
Topic modeling
Agent Based Modeling
Artificial IntelligenceCognitive science
Cultural Evolution
Faculty-student collaboration
Identity
Rolling Delta
Assessment Canon
Centers
Comparing editions
Book history
Computational
Data exploration
Design
Co-op
Institutional support
Enjambment
Poetics
Genre classification
Humanistic
Infographics
Interface
Bible
Cairo Genizah
Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test
Inexact Quotations
Jigsaw puzzlesJoins
Manuscripts
Muslims websites
Naïve Bayes
Orthography
Sparse features
Tibetan texts
Named entity recognition
Play
Unsupervised machine learning
Word disambiguation
Content archive
Social media
Ekphrasis
Mallet
Poetry
Programming
Beslan
Chechnya
Genre
Machine LearningStylometry
HBCU
Pedagogy
Online
Reconstruction
Sources
Undergraduate
Information infrastructure Sound
Accounting documents
Digital scholarly edition
Licensing
French DramaLinked Data
Arabic
Papyrology
Medieval legal charters
Prosopography
Android
Computer vision
Multimodal data
Newspapers
Historical thinking
Multimedia
Anthropology
Archaeology
Assignment design
Crowdsourcing
Antiquity
Coptic
Buddhism
Egypt
Chick lit
Literature
Augmented reality
Programs
TheatreConferencing
Education
Historical financial records
MigrationRepresentation
Video
Analytics
Big data
Archiving
Barcode
Best Practices
Christian Arabic literature
Content
Infrastructure
Analysis
API
3D
Annotation
Document
Modeling
E-books
Provenance
Reception
Transcultural approach
Unhyphenation
Unsyllabification
Verifiable
Web service
Computational narrative
Data visualization
Omeka
Outreach
Page images
Post-processing
Graphs
Letters
Open linked data
Software
Data curation
Scholarly editing
Pre-processing
PrecomputationScholarly edition
Social edition
Computational stylistics
Flann O'Brien
Data
Humanities Data Center
Resources
Sustainability
Historical texts
History of science
Semantic web
3D modeling
Archaeoastronomy
Actor–network theory
Analysis of associated words
Archival Research
Critical theory
Association rules
Data mining
Absence
Collaboration
Caribbean studies
Lab
Journals
Open access
Creation
Digital
Framework
Kiln
Project Management
Publishing
AgencyAlt-ac
Data curation education
Data Modelling
Ancestral Nation/Fatherland
Digital Humanities
Cultural
Networks
Ajax
Archives
3D visualization
Archaeological reconstruction
Community heritage
Cultural Heritage
Born digital material
Digital Archives
Digital humanities data curation
Institutional structures
European Integration Studies
Legal documents
Text encoding
Text interpretation
Algorithmic criticism
Authorship Attribution
Ancient Greek
Close reading
Algorithms
Art
Correcting text
Diagnosis
Desktop fabrication
Forensics
Geospatial humanitiesGlobal DH
Humanities research habits
Information discovery
Libraries
Locative media
Bibliography
Early modern europe
Ethnography
Local
Literary studies
Oral history
Algorithmic analysis
Distant reading
Architectural history
GIS
Photography
Statistical analysis
Argumentativity
Deliberation
Community DiscourseCultural studies
DH pedagogy
Electronic provision IPR
Epigraphy
Historical sciences
New TestamentOpen data
Crosswalks
Data Federation
Generic SearchInformation Retrieval
Hackathon
Interoperability
Language processing tools
Language resources
Database management
Database modelling
Burst detection
Corpus linguistics
Dataspaces
Historical linguistics
Conceptual modelling
Graph structure
Language
Metaphor
Author right
Copyright
Classroom
Digital pedagogy
ARIADNE
DARIAH
Interface design
User studies
American literature
Bibliometrics
Crowdfunding
History
Digital tools
Discovery
Integration
Tool
Anonymous
Attribution
Cather
Correspondence
Arthur Schnitzler
Content Management System
Editorial Workflow
European History
Gephi
Metadata
Automated annotation
Database
Avant-garde
Corpus research
Book viewers
Digital collections
Dialogue
Digital infrastructures Digital methods
Digital research methods
Community building
DH Centers
Interdisciplinary collaboration
Long-term access
Digital cultural heritage
Empowerment
Long-term preservation
Ontology
Best practices
Case study
Guidelines
Online tools
Bible Visualization
Graph Layout Design
Text variant graphs
Textual Criticism
Computational Analysis
R
STYLEMETRICS
Willa Cather
Computational philology
Crítica Textual
Hiperedição
Philology Writers Archive
Digitial Humanities Visualization
Information visualization
Media visualization
Text Files
Extralinguistic Signification
K-Rad
Mobile communication
GeoreferencingLocative Media
Webapp
Medical humanities
Online curation
Textual scholarship
Modern manuscripts
Trajectories
Musical Instruments
Real-time GuidanceSpatial Relations
Round Table Discussion
Source Analysis
Woodcut print
Web Archiving
ASCII
Character SubstitutionConvergence
Digital museum
HTML5
Genetic criticism
Hybrid edition
History of MusicMuseum Guide
Interdisciplinary Discussion
Medieval Studies
Swiss German dialects
Users' voice profile
Animated art
Computer Animation
Virtual reconstructions
Interactive Installation
Matsu
Women's writing
XBRL
Low Countries
Theatre history
Physical collation
Student Scholarship
Document images
Knowledge Representation
Semantic Network
Tang and Song dynasties
Zotero
Saikaku Ihara
LIWC
Physical landscape model
Workset Creation
XSLT
Scène
Tenure and promotion
Phylogenetic analysis
Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival State
Text modeling
Tree structure
Crowdsourcing data
Mobile App
Motion sensor
WebProtégé
Tagged corpus
Text representation
Tool development
Word-class system
Persons
Sign Language
Informatics
Notation
Ergonomics
Représentation des connaissances
Restitution archéologique
Texométre
Historical Thesaurus of English
History of english
Lexical overlap Lexicology
Semantic change
Medieval manuscripts
Palimpsests
Virtual laboratories
Digital Resources
Web Logs
Fellowship
Methods
Digital Dante Alighieri Encyclopedia
Digital Libraries
Text network analysis
Text summarisation
Tradition orale
Intellectual history
Leishu
Obsolescence
Openness
Spanish literature
Customization
Paratexts
Toponyms
Single-page application
SPA
SkillsTraining
Typesetting
Text collation
TXSTEP
Visual culture
Woodblock
Cultural transfer
Identity formation
Newspaper repositories
Public discourse
Public media
Semantic text mining
TexcavatorUnited States
Scansion
Interactive indexing
Story labeling
Marginalia
Melville
Authorship problem
Japanese early modern literatures
World history
Style
Sound archive
SpokenWeb
XVIII century art
Spanish America
Spanish and Portuguese
SylvaDB
Symmetry
IRC Conversations
Software Design
Lexicography
Support verb constructions
Clustering
Literary appreciation
Multimodal composition
Website
Silk Road
Interpretation of mapsNon-textual source
Web 2.0
Undergraduate education
3D printing
Laser scanning
Semantic Drift
Transformation
Web application
Spatial humanities
Writing
German
Jewish
Quotes
Rosenzweig
Work
MARC
Renaissance studies
Emblem
HathiTrust
Web framework
NER
WissKI
Redes científicas
Sistemas de Conocimiento
Social culture and knowledge
Text Mining
Humanism
Projet
Workforce development
Recherche
Robotique
Digital cultural empowerment
Digital multi-text editions
Sibling/CompatriotSovereignty
Textual
Visual
Public Scholarship
Videogames
Handwritten text
Image markup
Resource sharing
Tool building
Tacit knowledge
Thesauri
Pragmatic modelling
Theoria cum Praxis
Memory
Shakespeare
Voice
Comparable corpora
Historical documents
Cultural institution
Historical research
PlaceTemporal modelingTime
Timelines
CIDOC
DH Community
Globalisation
Multilingual
Historical corpora
Repository
Chinese Studies
MeCab
Language technology
Research infrastructure
Collaborative platform
E-learning
Digital prosopography
EpiDoc
Computational models
Historical Persons
Linguistic annotation
Markup
Document editing
Ethics
Hmong
OCR
Exploratory data analysis
Gender
Program development
Race
Cultural critique
Cultural gap
Economic gap
Global Outlook::Digital Humanities
Digital geography
Events
Network-building
OWL
Economic history
RDF
Computer modeling
Corpus
Art historical edition
Artists notebooks
Association processes
Genetic editionsSemantic annotation
Semantics
Cinema
Data linking
Audience
Castle of Perseverance
History of Science
Cultural Preservation
Digital access
Curriculum
Digitisation
Ancient Egypt
Architecture
Critical database
Digital mapping
Digitizing
Narrative
Textual zoomXML-TEI
Digital preservation
Evidential value
Scientific archives
Sociology of science
Japanese novels
Perspectives
Random forests
Digital Preservation
Electronic Literature
Diversity
Software development
Digital heuristic
Interpretation
James Joyce
Latin literature
Literary Genre
Literary history
Logistic Regression
Validation
Building
Cluster Analysis
Coding
Community outreach
Digital art history
History of Art
History of Digital Art
Institutional criticism
Drama
Early modern studies
Knowledge Engineering
Network analysis
Cloud
Encoding
Hate speech
Lexical cohesion
Systemic functional linguistics
Text
Dehumanisation
Geoparsing
Fuzzy data
Object relational database
Etymology
Linguistics
Magazines
Named entities
Intelligent search
Medieval documents
Theology
Curriculum development
Digital curation
Editing
Greek
Collaborative
Critical editions
Europeana
Incompleteness
Metadata correction
Open Source
American studies
Geospatial
Early New High German
Hyphenation
Lemmatization
Syllabification
Transactions
Facial recognition
Image matching
Multimodal
NYPL
Dance
Ensemble
English
Form
Meter
Novels
Knowledge extraction
Stéphane Mallarmé
Classification
Folklore
Discourse analysisEncyclopédie
Russian media
Digital palaeography
Image annotation
Handwriting
Palaeography
Posthumous works
Quantitative analysis
Scripts
Writing system
Relational database
Religion
E-texts
Idioms
International Collaboration
Lexicon
DickensDissemination of DH
Computatonal methods
Corpora
Geographical text analysis
Geography
Description
Fiction
Information extraction
Methodology
Archival theory
Derrida
Communication
NeatlineReception study
Metadata standards
Entity linking Face recognition
Facial attractiveness
Graph Database
Interdisciplinarity
International community
Scholarly primitives
Terminology
Literary canonNaive literature
Curation
Data analysis
Depictions of race
Face perception
Beauty
Casta painting
Computer mediated communication
Corpus-based linguistics
Data Mining
Hackers Communities
Computational Models of Narrative
Formalism and Structuralism”
Active authentication
Computer security
Psychological profiling
Psychometrics
Image analysis
Journalism
Grants
Indexing
Media archaeology
Semantic tagging
DispositifDocumentary
Literary Fiction
Mapping
Making
Sacred
Transliteration
Minimal computing
Modernism
Reusability
Program Design
Re-Skilling and Training
Social justice
Theory
Usability
Digital work environment
Print edition
Data criticism
Historical GIS
Formal data modelling
Historiography
Design Empowerment
Participation
Digital historical atlas
Digital History
Location
Maps
Search
Narratology
Speech
Thought Writing representation
Russia
TEI XML
Speech processing
Newspaper verse
Maya hieroglyphics
Platform
Social networking
Easter 1916
TEI Encoding
Novelistic genres
Site-specificity
Virtual reality
Vocation
Natural language processing
Qualitative data
Secondary analysis
Co-occurrence
Historical Languages
User experience
Data sharing
Spatial
Happiness
Positive psychology
Quantified self
Sentiment Analysis
Tombstones
Documentation
Taiwan
Scholarship
Preservation
Web archiving
GLAMInstitutions
Spatial analysis
Critical thinking
Instruction
Manuscript studies
Human-machine Interaction
History of the book
Library catalog data
Digital collation
Image Processing
Old French
Fluid text theory
Latent information
Library science
Textual transmission
Process dataProcess management
Pastiche
Stephen Ramsay
Virginia Woolf
Digital Research Infrastructure
EHRI
Europeana Cloud
Impact
NeDiMAH
Open
Pathway
Research
Revenue model
Storage
Research Data and Technical Infrastructure
Teaching and research
Versioning
Virtual research environments
Audiovisual material
Content-based image retrieval
Early Geospatial Documents
Linked Open Data
Digital edition
Digital publishing
Parliamentary debates
Radio bulletins
Natural lighting effects
Church decoration
Medieval
Media history
Project design
Breaking
Critical Analysis
Digital scholarship
Organizational capacityScholarly communication
Stop words
User needs
Workflow
Islamic
Middle East
Localization
Pattern recognition
Metrics
MySQL
Repertoire
Verse
Neostructuralism
Peer-reviewing
Venice
Maritime routes
Metainformation
MOOC
Peer-grading
Grading Historical databases
Droit
Teaching
Prosody
Digital Scholarly Communication
Journal
Museums
Open Peer Review
Philosophy
Plato
Cultural artefacts
India
Urban simulation
Computer Vision
Image Search
Literary interpretation
Speculative humanities
Deformance
Saints
MIT
RecommendationsEdition
Music
Typeface
Serendipity
Tool design
Local studies
History of philosophy
Knowledge organization
Reasoning
Semantic processing
Distributed computing
Experimental literature
Elegy
Phonemes
Post-structuralism
Key word in context
KWICSearch results
Oulipo
Potential criticism
Queneau Syntax
Standards
Digital archiving
Enriched publication
User Requirements
Orphaned worksTeaching methods
Longitudinal study
Physical and digital environmentsReading
Literary Canon
Scale
Social networks
Software-development
Research data
Spatial history
Dispositif hybride
Formation supérieure
Oralité
TIC
Digital Maps
Visualization
Multiplicity
Text analysis
Corpus studies
Morphological analysisOld Japanese
TEI
Non-profits
XML
Definition
Model
Graphical editor
Graphical User Interface
Students
Transcription
Digging into data
Human rights data analysis
Rhythm
Text mining
Enlightenment studies
Topic modeling
Agent Based Modeling
Artificial IntelligenceCognitive science
Cultural Evolution
Faculty-student collaboration
Identity
Rolling Delta
Assessment Canon
Centers
Comparing editions
Book history
Computational
Data exploration
Design
Co-op
Institutional support
Enjambment
Poetics
Genre classification
Humanistic
Infographics
Interface
Bible
Cairo Genizah
Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test
Inexact Quotations
Jigsaw puzzlesJoins
Manuscripts
Muslims websites
Naïve Bayes
Orthography
Sparse features
Tibetan texts
Named entity recognition
Play
Unsupervised machine learning
Word disambiguation
Content archive
Social media
Ekphrasis
Mallet
Poetry
Programming
Beslan
Chechnya
Genre
Machine LearningStylometry
HBCU
Pedagogy
Online
Reconstruction
Sources
Undergraduate
Information infrastructure Sound
Accounting documents
Digital scholarly edition
Licensing
French DramaLinked Data
Arabic
Papyrology
Medieval legal charters
Prosopography
Android
Computer vision
Multimodal data
Newspapers
Historical thinking
Multimedia
Anthropology
Archaeology
Assignment design
Crowdsourcing
Antiquity
Coptic
Buddhism
Egypt
Chick lit
Literature
Augmented reality
Programs
TheatreConferencing
Education
Historical financial records
MigrationRepresentation
Video
Analytics
Big data
Archiving
Barcode
Best Practices
Christian Arabic literature
Content
Infrastructure
Analysis
API
3D
Annotation
Document
Modeling
E-books
Provenance
Reception
Transcultural approach
Unhyphenation
Unsyllabification
Verifiable
Web service
Computational narrative
Data visualization
Omeka
Outreach
Page images
Post-processing
Graphs
Letters
Open linked data
Software
Data curation
Scholarly editing
Pre-processing
PrecomputationScholarly edition
Social edition
Computational stylistics
Flann O'Brien
Data
Humanities Data Center
Resources
Sustainability
Historical texts
History of science
Semantic web
3D modeling
Archaeoastronomy
Actor–network theory
Analysis of associated words
Archival Research
Critical theory
Association rules
Data mining
Absence
Collaboration
Caribbean studies
Lab
Journals
Open access
Creation
Digital
Framework
Kiln
Project Management
Publishing
AgencyAlt-ac
Data curation education
Data Modelling
Ancestral Nation/Fatherland
Digital Humanities
Cultural
Networks
Ajax
Archives
3D visualization
Archaeological reconstruction
Community heritage
Cultural Heritage
Born digital material
Digital Archives
Digital humanities data curation
Institutional structures
European Integration Studies
Legal documents
Text encoding
Text interpretation
Algorithmic criticism
Authorship Attribution
Ancient Greek
Close reading
Algorithms
Art
Correcting text
Diagnosis
Desktop fabrication
Forensics
Geospatial humanitiesGlobal DH
Humanities research habits
Information discovery
Libraries
Locative media
Bibliography
Early modern europe
Ethnography
Local
Literary studies
Oral history
Algorithmic analysis
Distant reading
Architectural history
GIS
Photography
Statistical analysis
Argumentativity
Deliberation
Community DiscourseCultural studies
DH pedagogy
Electronic provision IPR
Epigraphy
Historical sciences
New TestamentOpen data
Crosswalks
Data Federation
Generic SearchInformation Retrieval
Hackathon
Interoperability
Language processing tools
Language resources
Database management
Database modelling
Burst detection
Corpus linguistics
Dataspaces
Historical linguistics
Conceptual modelling
Graph structure
Language
Metaphor
Author right
Copyright
Classroom
Digital pedagogy
ARIADNE
DARIAH
Interface design
User studies
American literature
Bibliometrics
Crowdfunding
History
Digital tools
Discovery
Integration
Tool
Anonymous
Attribution
Cather
Correspondence
Arthur Schnitzler
Content Management System
Editorial Workflow
European History
Gephi
Metadata
Automated annotation
Database
Avant-garde
Corpus research
Book viewers
Digital collections
Dialogue
Digital infrastructures Digital methods
Digital research methods
Community building
DH Centers
Interdisciplinary collaboration
Long-term access
Digital cultural heritage
Empowerment
Long-term preservation
Ontology
Figure 6: The keywords network displayed without and with labels.
REPRESENTING THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES COMMUNITY:UNVEILING THE SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALIZATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEDARIO RODIGHIERO
PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPINGVOLUME VII ISSUE 2, SPRING 2015[PAGE 5]
© 2015 PARSONS JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION MAPPING AND PARSONS INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION MAPPING
are extended with nominal data, exactly as it was done for the authors’ network. In this case, there are three possible ways in which it is plausible to apply Peirce’s thought: 1) the object is the meaning of the keyword and the inter-pretant is the document, or 2) the object is the use of the term and the interpretant is the document—as an object authored by the writer—or 3) the object is the document and the interpretant is the meaning given by the author.
Evaluating the best interpretant is not an easy task, but the thinking of Ludwig Wittgenstein could be helpful to pursue the scope. Wittgenstein said: “For a large class of cases of the employment of the word meaning—though not for all—this way can be explained in this way: the meaning of a word is its use in the language.” This state-ment suggests that scientific publications embody the specialists’ language. In Philosophical Investigations where this statement has been extracted, Wittgenstein doesn’t quote Peirce and, to be honest, Wittgenstein has never quoted Peirce in any document. However, Charles Sanders Peirce was such a prominent person, that everybody could agree on the point that Wittgenstein must have read Peirce. If considering the statement by Wittgenstein through the eyes of Peirce, “the meaning of the word is its use in the language” appears to be incred-ibly close to what Peirce defined as the interpretant. If he was to shift his attention to the visualization, Wittgenstein would have interpreted the keywords network in this way: a) the sign is the node with the nominal data, b) the object is the meaning of the word and c) the interpretant is what makes the relation sign/object understandable to the community: the use of the language indicates the meaning of a certain word, or simply the document intended as a medium of communication.
Considering this meditation on the Signs Theory, we can claim that data visualizations sometimes reveal a deeper meaning. Behind the visual apparatus, there is a projection that connects the visual part to something represented—a projection from signs to objects. Visual-ization has a reductive meaning when something is represented. In the DH2014 visualizations, the authors and keywords networks are specific representations of the Digital Humanities community in a particular moment. Behind the visual display, there is a real network composed of people and themes of research. The connec-tion between their representation and the community’s words is provided in the conference documents and the language used by professionals to describe their work.
In “From Realpolitik to Dingpolitik,” the first text in “Making Things Public”, Bruno Latour discusses the way
of doing politics, but what is useful to the argumentation is how politics and the topics of interest in politics are represented in public spaces.
Latour describes his interpretation of the “object-oriented democracy” by bringing together two different meanings of the word representation: the first “designates the ways to gather the legitimate people around some issues;” the second “represents what is the object of concern to the eyes and ears of those who have been followed.” It is possible to compare politics with a confer-ence. For the DH2014 conference, one representation is given by all authors attending the meeting, which is the definition of Digital Humanities as a discipline.
If the comparison politicians/authors is explicit, the representation of the DH definition deserves a clarifica-tion: as Digital Humanities is quite a new domain, it is controversial to represent it, because of its diversity. As opposed to an authors network, the keywords network produces a special result, which is to assemble all of the documents’ keywords into a lexical representation of the domain. This representation, albeit highly unstable in time, is a steady image of the DH community in the summer of 2014.
In the conference context, the object of interest is the definition of the community itself, a definition that was represented by means of a data visualization based on keywords. These keywords—the signs—are extended to the meaning of the words—the objects—whose understanding is given in the documents written by authors—the interpretants; this triple confers the visualization the authority of a representation.
Since the assembly is composed of the same authors who contributed to the conference, the keywords representation could be viewed as a loop, but it is not a loop reflecting the thoughts of each participant—the definition arises from the documents as a sum of voices, one for each author, and the object of concern is not a sum, rather it is a whole where each voice has the same dignity. Thus, an author, whose voice is part of the chorus, could disagree with a definition to which he has contributed.
To conclude, Latour asks, “How to represent, and through which medium, the sites where the people meet to discuss their matter of concern?” The answer is data visualization. As discussed, sometimes data visualizations could be better defined as visual representation because of what they represent. In the example of DH2014, data visualizations are designated as a representation of a community, of a definition, and of the central topic
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of interest to be discussed at a meeting, and which can be criticized and modified following to the forces that drive the domain of Digital Humanities.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Meirelles, I., 2013. Design for Information. Rockport Publishers.
Purchase, H.C., Andrienko, N., Jankun-Kelly, T.J., Ward, M., 2008. Theoretical Foundations of Information Visualization, in: Kerren, A., Stasko, J.T., Fekete, J.-D., North, C. (Eds.), Information Visualization. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 46–64.
Rodighiero, D., 2014. Digital Humanities 2014: representing a controverted definition. Presented at the IC Research Day 2014, Lausanne. doi:10.13140/2.1.1420.1289
Wittgenstein, L., 2003. Philosophical investigations: the German text, with a revised English translation, 3rd ed. ed. Blackwell Pub, Malden, MA.
BIOGRAPHY
Dario Rodighiero is PhD candidate at the Doctoral School of EPFL, attending the Doctoral Program Architecture and Sciences of the Cities. He is employed as designer at the College of Humanities in the DHLAB where his supervisor, Frédéric Kaplan, is director. Previously Dario joined the European Commission and the team of AIME, headed by Bruno Latour, at the médialab of Sciences Po. He created the brand design for the CHI2013 conference in Paris and for the DH2014 conference in Lausanne.