reproduction general zoology ls2014 11 february 2011 following hickman et al. 2011 integrated...
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Reproduction
General Zoology LS201411 February 2011
Following Hickman et al. 2011 Integrated Principles of Zoology, 15th ed., McGraw-Hill, NY.
Ch. 7 pp 134-140, 143-144, 149-150
Donald Winslow
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Types of reproduction asexual
binary fission
budding
ameiotic parthenogenesis
sexual
dioecy (separate sexes)
monoecy (hermaphroditism)
meiotic parthenogenesis, haplodiploidy
conjugation
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Generalized sexual lifecyclefemale
male
Ovum sperm(gametes, 1N)
meiosis
2N
fertilization
zygote (2N)
embryo
development
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Figure 07.1
From Hickman et al. 2006 (13th ed.)
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The cost of sexual reproduction
Half of all alleles are thrown away during meiosis!
Males can’t produce eggs, so why have sons?
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From Hickman et al. 2006 (13th ed.)
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The function of sexual
recombination
Increased variability—new combinations of alleles.
Sexual populations better able to adapt to changing environment.
(Group selection)
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Somatic cells and germ line cells
Germ line cells give rise to the gametes.
Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis & oogenesis)
Oogenesis results in 3 polar bodies for each ovum.
Somatic cells give rise to all the tissues of the body.
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Mechanisms of sex determination
Y chromosomes
In humans, presence of Y induces male development.
Ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes
In Drosophila flies, ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes determines whether male or female.
Temperature
In reptiles, temperature of nest often determines sex ratio of hatchlings.
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Levels of maternal physiological
investment Ovipary
Development takes place after female deposits egg.
Ovovivipary
Development takes place within mother’s body, but without nutritional investment from mother.
Vivipary
Development takes place within mother’s body, with nutritional investment from mother.
Example: placental mammals
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Karen Bays in gestation