Reproductive Systems

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I

I. Male or Female? Function is to produce and deliver

sperm

A. Testes1.Each of the testes is made up of many

seminiferous tubules What process occurs here?2. Sperm form inside the tubules3. Interstitial cells lie between the

seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone

What is the scrotum and what is its function?

Testes

seminiferous tubules

B. Structure of Sperm Cells

1. A sperm cell has a head containing the haploid nucleus, a mid-piece containing mitochondria, and a tail that is a flagellum.

2. At the tip of the head is the acrosome which contains species specific enzymes.

What do these enzymes do?

C. Vas Deferens (ductus deferens)

1. Carries sperm from testes to ejaculatory duct.

2. It passes through the body wall via the inguinal canal.

What is an inguinal hernia?

What is a vasectomy?

Vas deferens

D. Ejaculatory Duct1. Forces semen into urethraE. Urethra

1. Carries semen through the penis to the outside of the body.

2. Special valve prevents urine from entering the urethra when penis is erect

F. Penis1. Soft tissue that fills

with blood Function?

Ejaculatory DuctUrethra

G. Seminal Vesicles

1. Produces seminal fluid

Seminal Vesicle

H. Prostate Gland1. The prostate gland is a chestnut-shaped

structure that also forms seminal fluids2. Most older men develop prostate problems

Prostate Gland

Internal Organs of the Male System

Urinary bladder

Vas deferensSeminal vesicle

ProstateSpongy urethra

epididymis

teste

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D

E

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II. Male or Female?

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B

Function is to produce eggs (ova) and nourish a developing embryo

A. Ovaries 1. Produce eggs2. Produce estrogens and

progesterone. Ovary

B. Fallopian Tubes 1. Do not connect to

the ovary2. Fimbriae at the

end of the tubes draw egg into tube

3. Egg is pushed along fluid-filled tube by microscopic cilia

4. Fertilization usually occurs in the upper portion of the tube

5. Egg stays in tube a few days before entering the…

C. Uterus1. Site of embryo

implantation and development.

2. Unless pregnancy occurs the inner layer (endometrium) builds up and breaks down ~every 28 days.

Uterus

D. Cervix 1. Lower, narrow portion of uterus2. Site of Pap test

Cervix

E. Vagina 1. Receptacle for the penis2. Birth canal

Vagina

Organs of the Female Reproductive System

III. Menstrual Cycle (in brief)A. Menstrual phase (days 1-5)

1. Sudden drop in progesterone and estrogens stimulate the breakdown of the endometrium

2. 50-150 ml of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells are shed

B. Preovulatory phase (days 6-13)1. The pituitary gland stimulates the

ovaries to produce a mature egg and estrogens

2. Estrogens repair the endometriumC. Ovulation (day 14)

1. The ovary wall ruptures and releases an egg

D. Postovulatory phase (day 15-28)1. After ovulation the ovaries produce

progesterone2. Progesterone has several functions:

a. Maintains the endometriumb. Inhibits ovulationc. Increases fluid retention

Two Options:

1. Egg is NOT fertilizeda. The peak in estrogens and progesterone inhibit

further production of these hormones What happens?

2. Egg is fertilizeda. Growing mass of cells (embryo) produces

human chorionic gonadatropin (HCG)

b. HCG maintains progesterone levels until the placenta begins to produce it

IV. To Conceive or Not to Conceive