REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE

JEFFERSONIAN VISION

America: Past and PresentChapter 8

Republican Identities in a New Republic

An age of rapid population growth– 7.2 million in 1810; two million more

than 1800– 20% black slaves– children under 16 the largest single

group

North America in 1800

Westward the Course of Empire

Intense migration to West after 1790 New States

– Kentucky--1792– Tennessee--1796– Ohio--1803

Western regional culture = rootless, optimistic

Jeffersonian Reforms

Priority to cutting federal debt, taxes Federal expenses trimmed by cutting

military Reduction of the army removes

threat to Republican government Competent bureaucrats retained

regardless of party Federalists retire from public life Ambitious Federalists become

Republicans

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana

Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean November 1805

Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirms Jefferson's desire to purchase

The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and

Clark

The Barbary States

Jefferson’s Critics

Dispute over federal court system Conflicts between Republicans Sectional dispute over the slave

trade

Attack on the Judges: Judiciary Act

Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new circuit courts filled with loyal Federalists

1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courts

Federalists charge violation of judges’ Constitutional right of tenure

Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison (1803) rules Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship

Republicans claim victory Chief Justice John Marshall ensures

Federalist influence through judicial review

Attack on the Judges: Impeachments

1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanity

Republicans begin fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary

Jefferson exacerbates fears by seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel Chase

Republican Senate refuses to convict

Politics of Desperation:The Yazoo Controversy

Yazoo controversy – fraudulent land case in Georgia – Jefferson attempts to settle by providing

land to innocent parties– Quids complain settlement condones

fraud Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

– Marshall court upholds Jefferson’s settlement

– court may nullify unconstitutional state laws

Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of

Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks with

Jefferson 1804--Burr seeks Federalist support

in 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s

efforts Burr kills Hamilton in a duel

The Burr Conspiracy

Burr flees West after Hamilton duel Schemes to invade Spanish territory Burr arrested, tried for treason John Marshall acquits on

Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence

Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason as a political tool

A New Administration Goes to War

1808--James Madison elected President

1809--Embargo repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse Act– U.S. will resume trade with England and

France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vessels

Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed promise of British minister

English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that opened trade with England

A New Administration Goes to War (2)

Macon’s Bill Number Two replaces the Non-Intercourse Act

Trade with both England and France reestablished

First nation to respect American rights wins halt of U.S. trade with the other

Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but reneges when trade reopened

The Strange War of 1812:

Early Course Americans unprepared for war

– Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes– New England refuses to support war

effort – United States Army small– state militias inadequate

1813--U.S. wins control of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In Bay

Strange War of 1812:The War’s Conclusion

1814--three-pronged English attack – campaign from Canada to Hudson River

Valley stopped at Lake Champlain– campaign in the Chesapeake results in

burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore

– campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815

Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814

The War of 1812

Hartford Convention: The Demise of the

Federalists Federalists convene December, 1814 Proposed Constitutional changes to

lessen power of South and West Treaty of Ghent, victory of New

Orleans makes Convention appear disloyal

Federalist party never recovers

Treaty of Ghent Ends the War

Most problems left unaddressed Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of

Ghent Americans claim success in a

"second war of independence"

Republican Legacy

Founders begin to pass away in 1820s

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die July 4, 1826

James Madison dies in 1836 – despairs that Declaration’s principles

not yet extended to African Americans