republican party of minnesota v. white.doc

8/11/2019 REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA v. WHITE.doc

1/11

Representacin poltica y democracia REPUBLICAN PARTY OF INNE!OTA "# $%ITE

&

REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA et al. v. WHITE, CHAIRPERSON, MINNESOTA BOARDOF JUDICIAL STANDARDS, et al.

certirari t t!e "#ite$ %tate% c"rt & a''eal% &r t!e ei(!t! circ"it

N. )*+-*. Ar("e$ Marc! -, -))-++Deci$e$ J"#e -/, -))-

T!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt !a% a$'te$ a ca## & 1"$icial c#$"ct t!at 'r!i2it% a 3ca#$i$ate &r a1"$icial &&ice3 &r0 3a##"#c4i#(5 !i% r !er vie6% # $i%'"te$ le(al r 'litical i%%"e%3 7!erei#a&tera##"#ce cla"%e8. W!ile r"##i#( &r a%%ciate 1"%tice & t!at c"rt, 'etiti#er 9re(r: Wer%al 7a#$t!er%8 &ile$ t!i% %"it %ee;i#( a $eclarati# t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e vilate% t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t a#$ a#i#1"#cti# a(ai#%t it% e#&rce0e#t. T!e Di%trict C"rt (ra#te$ re%'#$e#t &&icial% %"00ar: 1"$(0e#t,a#$ t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it a&&ir0e$.

Hel$< T!e a##"#ce cla"%e vilate% t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t. P'. =+--.

7a8 T!e recr$ $e0#%trate% t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e 'r!i2it% a 1"$icial ca#$i$ate &r0 %tati#( !i%vie6% # a#: %'eci&ic ##&a#ci&"l le(al >"e%ti# 6it!i# t!e 'rvi#ce & t!e c"rt &r 6!ic! !e i% r"##i#(,e?ce't i# t!e c#te?t & $i%c"%%i#( 'a%t $eci%i#%++a#$ i# t!e latter c#te?t a% 6ell, i& !e e?'re%%e% t!evie6 t!at !e i% #t 2"#$ 2: %tare $eci%i%. P'. =+@.

728 T!e a##"#ce cla"%e 2t! 'r!i2it% %'eec! 2a%e$ # it% c#te#t a#$ 2"r$e#% a cate(r: &%'eec! t!at i% at t!e cre & Fir%t A0e#$0e#t &ree$0%++%'eec! a2"t t!e >"ali&icati#% & ca#$i$ate%&r '"2lic &&ice. T!e Ei(!t! Circ"it c#cl"$e$, a#$ t!e 'artie% $ #t $i%'"te, t!at t!e 'r'er te%t t 2ea''lie$ t $eter0i#e t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & %"c! a re%tricti# i% %trict %cr"ti#:, "#$er 6!ic! re%'#$e#t%!ave t!e 2"r$e# t 'rve t!at t!e cla"%e i% 7*8 #arr6l: tailre$, t %erve 7-8 a c0'elli#( %tate i#tere%t.E.(., E" v. Sa# Fra#ci%c C"#t: De0cratic Ce#tral C00., =@ U. S. -*=, ---. T!at c"rt &"#$ t!atre%'#$e#t% !a$ e%ta2li%!e$ t6 i#tere%t% a% %"&&icie#tl: c0'elli#( t 1"%ti&: t!e a##"#ce cla"%e"ivcall:, %tati#( t!at, alt!"(! it !a$ %i(#i&ica#t$"2t% a2"t t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & t!e 'rvi%i#, it 6a% "#a2le t a#%6er !i% >"e%ti# 2eca"%e !e !a$#t %"20itte$ a li%t & t!e a##"#ce0e#t% !e 6i%!e$ t 0a;e.-

S!rtl: t!erea&ter, Wer%al &ile$ t!i% la6%"it i# Fe$eral Di%trict C"rt a(ai#%t re%'#$e#t%, %ee;i#(,i#ter alia, a $eclarati# t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e vilate% t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t a#$ a# i#1"#cti# a(ai#%tit% e#&rce0e#t. Wer%al alle(e$ t!at !e 6a% &rce$ t re&rai# &r0 a##"#ci#( !i% vie6% # $i%'"te$i%%"e% $"ri#( t!e *@ ca0'ai(#, t t!e 'i#t 6!ere !e $ecli#e$ re%'#%e t >"e%ti#% '"t t !i0 2: t!e're%% a#$ '"2lic, "t & c#cer# t!at !e 0i(!t r"# a&"l & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e. Ot!er 'lai#ti&&% i# t!e%"it, i#cl"$i#( t!e Mi##e%ta Re'"2lica# Part:, alle(e$ t!at, 2eca"%e t!e cla"%e ;e't Wer%al &r0

a##"#ci#( !i% vie6%, t!e: 6ere "#a2le t lear# t!%e vie6% a#$ %"''rt r ''%e !i% ca#$i$ac:accr$i#(l:. T!e 'artie% &ile$ cr%%+0ti#% &r %"00ar: 1"$(0e#t, a#$ t!e Di%trict C"rt &"#$ i# &avr& re%'#$e#t%, !l$i#( t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e $i$ #t vilate t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t. F. S"''. -$

USA


4/11


)

/ 7Mi##. *8. Over a $i%%e#t 2: J"$(e Bea0, t!e U#ite$ State% C"rt & A''eal% &r t!e Ei(!t!Circ"it a&&ir0e$. -=/ F. $ @= 7-))*8. We (ra#te$ certirari. = U. S. *)= 7-))*8.

II

Be&re c#%i$eri#( t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, 6e 0"%t 2e clear a2"t it% 0ea#i#(.It% te?t %a:% t!at a ca#$i$ate &r 1"$icial &&ice %!all #t 3a##"#ce !i% r !er vie6% # $i%'"te$ le(al r'litical i%%"e%.3 Mi##. C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct, Ca## 7A8787$87i8 7-))-8.

We ;#6 t!at 3a##"#c4i#(5 . . . vie6%3 # a# i%%"e cver% 0"c! 0re t!a# 'r0i%i#( t $eci$e a#i%%"e a 'artic"lar 6a:. T!e 'r!i2iti# e?te#$% t t!e ca#$i$ate% 0ere %tate0e#t & !i% c"rre#t '%iti#,eve# i& !e $e% #t 2i#$ !i0%el& t 0ai#tai# t!at '%iti# a&ter electi#. All t!e 'artie% a(ree t!i% i% t!eca%e, 2eca"%e t!e Mi##e%ta C$e c#tai#% a %+calle$ 3'le$(e% r 'r0i%e%3 cla"%e, 6!ic! %e'aratel:

'r!i2it% 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% &r0 0a;i#( 3'le$(e% r 'r0i%e% & c#$"ct i# &&ice t!er t!a# t!e &ait!&"la#$ i0'artial 'er&r0a#ce & t!e $"tie% & t!e &&ice,3 i2i$.++a 'r!i2iti# t!at i% #t c!alle#(e$ !ere a#$# 6!ic! 6e e?'re%% # vie6.

T!ere are, !6ever, %0e li0itati#% t!at t!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt !a% 'lace$ "'# t!e %c'e& t!e a##"#ce cla"%e t!at are #t 7t '"t it 'litel:8 i00e$iatel: a''are#t &r0 it% te?t. T!e %tate0e#t%t!at &r0e$ t!e 2a%i% & t!e c0'lai#t a(ai#%t Wer%al i# * i#cl"$e$ critici%0 & 'a%t $eci%i#% & t!eMi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt. O#e 'iece & ca0'ai(# literat"re %tate$ t!at 34t5!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt!a% i%%"e$ $eci%i#% 6!ic! are 0ar;e$ 2: t!eir $i%re(ar$ &r t!e Le(i%lat"re a#$ a lac; & c00#

%e#%e.3 A''. /. It 6e#t # t criticie a $eci%i# e?cl"$i#( &r0 evi$e#ce c#&e%%i#% 2: cri0i#al$e&e#$a#t% t!at 6ere #t ta'e+recr$e$, a%;i#( 34%5!"l$ 6e c#cl"$e t!at 2eca"%e t!e S"'re0e C"rt$e% #t tr"%t 'lice, it all6% c#&e%%e$ cri0i#al% t ( &ree3 I2i$. It criticie$ a $eci%i# %tri;i#( $6# a%tate la6 re%tricti#( 6el&are 2e#e&it%, a%%erti#( t!at 34i5t% t!e Le(i%lat"re 6!ic! %!"l$ %et "r %'e#$i#('licie%.3 I2i$. A#$ it criticie$ a $eci%i# re>"iri#( '"2lic &i#a#ci#( & a2rti#% &r 'r 60e# a%3"#'rece$e#te$3 a#$ a 3'r+a2rti# %ta#ce.3 I$., at @. Alt!"(! #e 6"l$ t!i#; t!at all & t!e%e%tate0e#t% t"c!e$ # $i%'"te$ le(al r 'litical i%%"e%, t!e: $i$ #t 7r at lea%t $ #t #68 &all 6it!i# t!e%c'e & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e. T!e J"$icial Bar$ i%%"e$ a# 'i#i# %tati#( t!at 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% 0a:criticie 'a%t $eci%i#%, a#$ t!e La6:er% Bar$ re&"%e$ t $i%ci'li#e Wer%al &r t!e &re(i#( %tate0e#t%2eca"%e, i# 'art, it t!"(!t t!e: $i$ #t vilate t!e a##"#ce cla"%e. T!e Ei(!t! Circ"it relie$ # t!eJ"$icial Bar$% 'i#i# i# "'!l$i#( t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, -=/ F. $, at @@-, a#$ t!e Mi##e%taS"'re0e C"rt rece#tl: e02race$ t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it% i#ter'retati#, I# re C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct, N. W. -$ 7-))-8.

T!ere are :et &"rt!er li0itati#% "'# t!e a''are#t 'lai# 0ea#i#( & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e< I# li(!t &t!e c#%tit"ti#al c#cer#%, t!e Di%trict C"rt c#%tr"e$ t!e cla"%e t reac! #l: $i%'"te$ i%%"e% t!at areli;el: t c0e 2e&re t!e ca#$i$ate i& !e i% electe$ 1"$(e. F. S"''. -$, at @. T!e Ei(!t! Circ"itacce'te$ t!i% li0iti#( i#ter'retati# 2: t!e Di%trict C"rt, a#$ i# a$$iti# c#%tr"e$ t!e cla"%e t all6(e#eral $i%c"%%i#% & ca%e la6 a#$ 1"$icial '!il%'!:. -=/ F. $, at @@*+@@-. T!e S"'re0e C"rt &Mi##e%ta a$'te$ t!e%e i#ter'retati#% a% 6ell 6!e# it r$ere$ e#&rce0e#t & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i#accr$a#ce 6it! t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it% 'i#i#. I# re C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct, %"'ra.

USA


5/11


*

It %ee0% t "%, !6ever, t!at++li;e t!e te?t & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e it%el&++t!e%e li0itati#% "'# t!e te?t& t!e a##"#ce cla"%e are #t all t!at t!e: a''ear t 2e. Fir%t, re%'#$e#t% ac;#6le$(e$ at ralar("0e#t t!at %tate0e#t% critical & 'a%t 1"$icial $eci%i#% are #t 'er0i%%i2le i& t!e ca#$i$ate al% %tate%t!at !e i% a(ai#%t %tare $eci%i%. Tr. & Oral Ar(. +=.= T!"%, ca#$i$ate% 0"%t c!%e 2et6ee# %tati#(t!eir vie6% critical & 'a%t $eci%i#% a#$ %tati#( t!eir vie6% i# ''%iti# t %tare $eci%i%. Or, t l; at it

0re c#cretel:, t!e: 0a: %tate t!eir vie6 t!at 'rir $eci%i#% 6ere err#e"% #l: i& t!e: $ #t a%%ertt!at t!e:, i& electe$, !ave a#: '6er t eli0i#ate err#e"% $eci%i#%. Sec#$, li0iti#( t!e %c'e & t!ecla"%e t i%%"e% li;el: t c0e 2e&re a c"rt i% #t 0"c! & a li0itati# at all. O#e 6"l$ !ar$l: e?'ectt!e 3$i%'"te$ le(al r 'litical i%%"e%3 rai%e$ i# t!e c"r%e & a %tate 1"$icial electi# t i#cl"$e %"c!0atter% a% 6!et!er t!e Fe$eral 9ver#0e#t %!"l$ e#$ t!e e02ar( & C"2a. K"ite 2vi"%l:, t!e: 6ill2e t!%e le(al r 'litical $i%'"te% t!at are t!e 'r'er 7r 2: 'a%t $eci%i#% !ave 2ee# 0a$e t!ei0'r'er8 2"%i#e%% & t!e %tate c"rt%. A#$ 6it!i# t!at releva#t cate(r:, 34t5!ere i% al0%t # le(al r'litical i%%"e t!at i% "#li;el: t c0e 2e&re a 1"$(e & a# A0erica# c"rt, %tate r &e$eral, & (e#eral1"ri%$icti#.3 B"c;le: v. Illi#i% J"$icial I#>"ir: B$., / F. -$ --=, -- 7CA/ *8. T!ir$, c#%tr"i#( t!ecla"%e t all6 3(e#eral3 $i%c"%%i#% & ca%e la6 a#$ 1"$icial '!il%'!: t"r#% "t t 2e & little !el' i# a#electi# ca0'ai(#. At ral ar("0e#t, re%'#$e#t% (ave, a% a# e?a0'le & t!i% e?ce'ti#, t!at aca#$i$ate i% &ree t a%%ert t!at !e i% a 3 %trict c#%tr"cti#i%t. 3 Tr. & Oral Ar(. -. B"t t!at, li;e 0%t t!er'!il%'!ical (e#eralitie%, !a% little 0ea#i#(&"l c#te#t &r t!e electrate "#le%% it i% e?e0'li&ie$ 2:a''licati# t a 'artic"lar i%%"e & c#%tr"cti# li;el: t c0e 2e&re a c"rt++&r e?a0'le, 6!et!er a'artic"lar %tat"te r"#% a&"l & a#: 'rvi%i# & t!e C#%tit"ti#. Re%'#$e#t% c#ce$e$ t!at t!ea##"#ce cla"%e 6"l$ 'r!i2it t!e ca#$i$ate &r0 e?e0'li&:i#( !i% '!il%'!: i# t!i% &a%!i#. I$., at =.Wit!"t %"c! a''licati# t real+li&e i%%"e%, all ca#$i$ate% ca# clai0 t 2e 3%trict c#%tr"cti#i%t%3 6it!e>"al 7a#$ "#!el'&"l8 'la"%i2ilit:.

I# a#: eve#t, it i% clear t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e 'r!i2it% a 1"$icial ca#$i$ate &r0 %tati#( !i% vie6%

# a#: %'eci&ic ##&a#ci&"l le(al >"e%ti# 6it!i# t!e 'rvi#ce & t!e c"rt &r 6!ic! !e i% r"##i#(, e?ce'ti# t!e c#te?t & $i%c"%%i#( 'a%t $eci%i#%++a#$ i# t!e latter c#te?t a% 6ell, i& !e e?'re%%e% t!e vie6 t!at!e i% #t 2"#$ 2: %tare $eci%i%.

Re%'#$e#t% c#te#$ t!at t!i% %till leave% 'le#t: & t'ic% &r $i%c"%%i# # t!e ca0'ai(# trail. T!e%ei#cl"$e a ca#$i$ate% 3c!aracter,3 3e$"cati#,3 36r; !a2it%,3 a#$ 3!6 4!e5 6"l$ !a#$le a$0i#i%trative$"tie% i& electe$.3 Brie& &r Re%'#$e#t% +. I#$ee$, t!e J"$icial Bar$ !a% 'ri#te$ a li%t &'rea''rve$ >"e%ti#% 6!ic! 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% are all6e$ t a#%6er. T!e%e i#cl"$e !6 t!eca#$i$ate &eel% a2"t ca0era% i# t!e c"rtr0, !6 !e 6"l$ ( a2"t re$"ci#( t!e ca%ela$, !6 t!e

c%t% & 1"$icial a$0i#i%trati# ca# 2e re$"ce$, a#$ !6 !e 'r'%e% t e#%"re t!at 0i#ritie% a#$60e# are treate$ 0re &airl: 2: t!e c"rt %:%te0. Mi##e%ta State Bar A%%ciati# J"$icial Electi#%Ta%; Frce Re'rt Rec00e#$ati#%, A''. C 7J"#e *, */8, re'ri#te$ at A''. /+*). W!et!er t!i%li%t & 'rea''rve$ %"21ect%, a#$ t!er t'ic% #t 'r!i2ite$ 2: t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, a$e>"atel: &"l&ill t!eFir%t A0e#$0e#t% ("ara#tee & &ree$0 & %'eec! i% t!e >"e%ti# t 6!ic! 6e #6 t"r#.

III

A% t!e C"rt & A''eal% rec(#ie$, t!e a##"#ce cla"%e 2t! 'r!i2it% %'eec! # t!e 2a%i% & it%

c#te#t a#$ 2"r$e#% a cate(r: & %'eec! t!at i% 3at t!e cre & "r Fir%t A0e#$0e#t &ree$0%3++%'eec!a2"t t!e >"ali&icati#% & ca#$i$ate% &r '"2lic &&ice. -=/ F. $, at @*, @. T!e C"rt & A''eal%c#cl"$e$ t!at t!e 'r'er te%t t 2e a''lie$ t $eter0i#e t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & %"c! a re%tricti# i% 6!at

USA


6/11


+

"r ca%e% !ave calle$ %trict %cr"ti#:, i$., at @= t!e 'artie% $ #t $i%'"te t!at t!i% i% crrect. U#$er t!e%trict+%cr"ti#: te%t, re%'#$e#t% !ave t!e 2"r$e# t 'rve t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i% 7*8 #arr6l:tailre$, t %erve 7-8 a c0'elli#( %tate i#tere%t. E.(., E" v. Sa# Fra#ci%c C"#t: De0cratic Ce#tralC00., =@ U. S. -*=, --- 7*@8. I# r$er &r re%'#$e#t% t %!6 t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i%#arr6l: tailre$, t!e: 0"%t $e0#%trate t!at it $e% #t 3"##ece%%aril: circ"0%cri24e5 'rtecte$

e?'re%%i#.3 Br6# v. Hartla(e, = U. S. =, = 7*@-8.

T!e C"rt & A''eal% c#cl"$e$ t!at re%'#$e#t% !a$ e%ta2li%!e$ t6 i#tere%t% a% %"&&icie#tl:c0'elli#( t 1"%ti&: t!e a##"#ce cla"%e< 're%ervi#( t!e i0'artialit: & t!e %tate 1"$iciar: a#$ 're%ervi#(t!e a''eara#ce & t!e i0'artialit: & t!e %tate 1"$iciar:. -=/ F. $, at @/. Re%'#$e#t% rea%%ert t!e%et6 i#tere%t% 2e&re "%, ar("i#( t!at t!e &ir%t i% c0'elli#( 2eca"%e it 'rtect% t!e $"e 'rce%% ri(!t% &liti(a#t%, a#$ t!at t!e %ec#$ i% c0'elli#( 2eca"%e it 're%erve% '"2lic c#&i$e#ce i# t!e 1"$iciar:.Re%'#$e#t% are rat!er va("e, !6ever, a2"t 6!at t!e: 0ea# 2: 3i0'artialit:.3 I#$ee$, alt!"(! t!eter0 i% "%e$ t!r"(!"t t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it% 'i#i#, t!e 2rie&%, t!e Mi##e%ta C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct,

a#$ t!e ABA C$e% & J"$icial C#$"ct, ##e & t!e%e %"rce% 2t!er% t $e&i#e it. Clarit: # t!i% 'i#t i%e%%e#tial 2e&re 6e ca# $eci$e 6!et!er i0'artialit: i% i#$ee$ a c0'elli#( %tate i#tere%t, a#$, i& %,6!et!er t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i% #arr6l: tailre$ t ac!ieve it.

A

O#e 0ea#i#( & 3i0'artialit:3 i# t!e 1"$icial c#te?t++a#$ & c"r%e it% rt 0ea#i#(++i% t!e lac; & 2ia%&r r a(ai#%t eit!er 'art: t t!e 'rcee$i#(. I0'artialit: i# t!i% %e#%e a%%"re% e>"al a''licati# & t!e la6.T!at i%, it ("ara#tee% a 'art: t!at t!e 1"$(e 6! !ear% !i% ca%e 6ill a''l: t!e la6 t !i0 i# t!e %a0e 6a:

!e a''lie% it t a#: t!er 'art:. T!i% i% t!e tra$iti#al %e#%e i# 6!ic! t!e ter0 i% "%e$. See We2%ter% Ne6I#ter#ati#al Dicti#ar: *-=/ 7-$ e$. *)8 7$e&i#i#( 3i0'artial3 a% 34#5t 'artial e%'., #t &avri#( #e0re t!a# a#t!er treati#( all ali;e "#2ia%e$ e>"ita2le &air 1"%t38. It i% al% t!e %e#%e i# 6!ic! it i% "%e$i# t!e ca%e% cite$ 2: re%'#$e#t% a#$ a0ici &r t!e 'r'%iti# t!at a# i0'artial 1"$(e i% e%%e#tial t $"e'rce%%. T"0e: v. O!i, -/ U. S. *), -, *+= 7*-/8 71"$(e vilate$ $"e 'rce%% 2: %itti#( i# aca%e i# 6!ic! it 6"l$ 2e i# !i% &i#a#cial i#tere%t t &i#$ a(ai#%t #e & t!e 'artie%8 Aet#a Li&e I#%. C. v.Lavie, =/ U. S. @*, @--+@- 7*@8 7%a0e8 War$ v. M#reville, =) U. S. /, @+- 7*/-8 7%a0e8J!#%# v. Mi%%i%%i''i, =) U. S. -*-, -*+-* 7*/*8 7'er c"ria08 71"$(e vilate$ $"e 'rce%% 2: %itti#(i# a ca%e i# 6!ic! #e & t!e 'artie% 6a% a 'revi"%l: %"cce%%&"l liti(a#t a(ai#%t !i08 Brac: v. 9ra0le:,-) U. S. @, ) 7*/8 76"l$ vilate $"e 'rce%% i& a 1"$(e 6a% $i%'%e$ t r"le a(ai#%t $e&e#$a#t%6! $i$ #t 2ri2e !i0 i# r$er t cver "' t!e &act t!at !e re("larl: r"le$ i# &avr & $e&e#$a#t% 6! $i$

2ri2e !i08 I# re M"rc!i%#, = U. S. *, */+* 7*8 71"$(e vilate$ $"e 'rce%%2: %itti#( i# t!e cri0i#al trial & $e&e#$a#t 6!0 !e !a$ i#$icte$8.

We t!i#; it 'lai# t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i% #t #arr6l: tailre$ t %erve i0'artialit: 7r t!ea''eara#ce & i0'artialit:8 i# t!i% %e#%e. I#$ee$, t!e cla"%e i% 2arel: tailre$ t %erve t!at i#tere%t at all,i#a%0"c! a% it $e% #t re%trict %'eec! &r r a(ai#%t 'artic"lar 'artie%, 2"t rat!er %'eec! &r r a(ai#%t'artic"lar i%%"e%. T 2e %"re, 6!e# a ca%e ari%e% t!at t"r#% # a le(al i%%"e # 6!ic! t!e 1"$(e 7a% aca#$i$ate8 !a$ ta;e# a 'artic"lar %ta#$, t!e 'art: ta;i#( t!e ''%ite %ta#$ i% li;el: t l%e. B"t #t2eca"%e & a#: 2ia% a(ai#%t t!at 'art:, r &avriti%0 t6ar$ t!e t!er 'art:. A#: 'art: ta;i#( t!at '%iti#

i% 1"%t a% li;el: t l%e. T!e 1"$(e i% a''l:i#( t!e la6 7a% !e %ee% it8 eve#!a#$e$l:./

B

USA


7/11


,

It i% 'er!a'% '%%i2le t "%e t!e ter0 3i0'artialit:3 i# t!e 1"$icial c#te?t 7t!"(! t!i% i% certai#l: #t ac00# "%a(e8 t 0ea# lac; & 'rec#ce'ti# i# &avr & r a(ai#%t a 'artic"lar le(al vie6. T!i% %rt &i0'artialit: 6"l$ 2e c#cer#e$, #t 6it! ("ara#teei#( liti(a#t% e>"al a''licati# & t!e la6, 2"t rat!er

6it! ("ara#teei#( t!e0 a# e>"al c!a#ce t 'er%"a$e t!e c"rt # t!e le(al 'i#t% i# t!eir ca%e.I0'artialit: i# t!i% %e#%e 0a: 6ell 2e a# i#tere%t %erve$ 2: t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, 2"t it i% #t a c0'elli#(%tate i#tere%t, a% %trict %cr"ti#: re>"ire%. A 1"$(e% lac; & 're$i%'%iti# re(ar$i#( t!e releva#t le(ali%%"e% i# a ca%e !a% #ever 2ee# t!"(!t a #ece%%ar: c0'#e#t & e>"al 1"%tice, a#$ 6it! ($ rea%#.Fr #e t!i#(, it i% virt"all: i0'%%i2le t &i#$ a 1"$(e 6! $e% #t !ave 'rec#ce'ti#% a2"t t!e la6.A% t!e#+J"%tice Re!#>"i%t 2%erve$ & "r 6# C"rt< 3Si#ce 0%t J"%tice% c0e t t!i% 2e#c! #earlier t!a# t!eir 0i$$le :ear%, it 6"l$ 2e "#"%"al i& t!e: !a$ #t 2: t!at ti0e &r0"late$ at lea%t %0ete#tative #ti#% t!at 6"l$ i#&l"e#ce t!e0 i# t!eir i#ter'retati# & t!e %6ee'i#( cla"%e% & t!eC#%tit"ti# a#$ t!eir i#teracti# 6it! #e a#t!er. It 6"l$ 2e #t 0erel: "#"%"al, 2"t e?trar$i#ar:, i&t!e: !a$ #t at lea%t (ive# 'i#i#% a% t c#%tit"ti#al i%%"e% i# t!eir 'revi"% le(al career%.3 Lair$ v.Tat"0, =) U. S. @-=, @ 7*/-8 70e0ra#$"0 'i#i#8. I#$ee$, eve# i& it 6ere '%%i2le t %elect1"$(e% 6! $i$ #t !ave 'rec#ceive$ vie6% # le(al i%%"e%, it 6"l$ !ar$l: 2e $e%ira2le t $ %. 3Pr&t!at a J"%tice% 0i#$ at t!e ti0e !e 1i#e$ t!e C"rt 6a% a c0'lete ta2"la ra%a i# t!e area &c#%tit"ti#al a$1"$icati# 6"l$ 2e evi$e#ce & lac; & >"ali&icati#, #t lac; & 2ia%.3 I2i$. T!e Mi##e%taC#%tit"ti# '%itivel: &r2i$% t!e %electi# t c"rt% & (e#eral 1"ri%$icti# & 1"$(e% 6! are i0'artial i#t!e %e#%e & !avi#( # vie6% # t!e la6. Mi##. C#%t., Art. I, G 73J"$(e% & t!e %"'re0e c"rt, t!ec"rt & a''eal% a#$ t!e $i%trict c"rt %!all 2e lear#e$ i# t!e la638. A#$ %i#ce avi$i#( 1"$icial'rec#ce'ti#% # le(al i%%"e% i% #eit!er '%%i2le #r $e%ira2le, 'rete#$i#( t!er6i%e 2: atte0'ti#( t're%erve t!e 3a''eara#ce3 & t!at t:'e & i0'artialit: ca# !ar$l: 2e a c0'elli#( %tate i#tere%t eit!er.

C

A t!ir$ '%%i2le 0ea#i#( & 3i0'artialit:3 7a(ai# #t a c00# #e8 0i(!t 2e $e%cri2e$ a%'e#0i#$e$#e%%. T!i% >"alit: i# a 1"$(e $e0a#$%, #t t!at !e !ave # 'rec#ce'ti#% # le(al i%%"e%,2"t t!at !e 2e 6illi#( t c#%i$er vie6% t!at ''%e !i% 'rec#ce'ti#%, a#$ re0ai# 'e# t 'er%"a%i#,6!e# t!e i%%"e% ari%e i# a 'e#$i#( ca%e. T!i% %rt & i0'artialit: %ee;% t ("ara#tee eac! liti(a#t, #t a#e>"al c!a#ce t 6i# t!e le(al 'i#t% i# t!e ca%e, 2"t at lea%t %0e c!a#ce & $i#( %. It 0a: 6ell 2e t!ati0'artialit: i# t!i% %e#%e, a#$ t!e a''eara#ce & it, are $e%ira2le i# t!e 1"$iciar:, 2"t 6e #ee$ #t '"r%"et!at i#>"ir:, %i#ce 6e $ #t 2elieve t!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt a$'te$ t!e a##"#ce cla"%e &r t!at'"r'%e.

Re%'#$e#t% ar("e t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e %erve% t!e i#tere%t i# 'e#0i#$e$#e%%, r at lea%t i#t!e a''eara#ce & 'e#0i#$e$#e%%, 2eca"%e it relieve% a 1"$(e &r0 're%%"re t r"le a certai# 6a: i#r$er t 0ai#tai# c#%i%te#c: 6it! %tate0e#t% t!e 1"$(e !a% 'revi"%l: 0a$e. T!e 'r2le0 i%, !6ever,t!at %tate0e#t% i# electi# ca0'ai(#% are %"c! a# i#&i#ite%i0al 'rti# & t!e '"2lic c00it0e#t% t le(al'%iti#% t!at 1"$(e% 7r 1"$(e%+t+2e8 "#$erta;e, t!at t!i% 21ect & t!e 'r!i2iti# i% i0'la"%i2le. Be&ret!e: arrive # t!e 2e#c! 76!et!er 2: electi# r t!er6i%e8 1"$(e% !ave &te# c00itte$ t!e0%elve% #le(al i%%"e% t!at t!e: 0"%t later r"le "'#. See, e.(., Lair$, %"'ra, at @*+@ 7$e%cri2i#( J"%tice Blac;%'artici'ati# i# %everal ca%e% c#%tr"i#( a#$ $eci$i#( t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & t!e Fair La2r Sta#$ar$%

Act, eve# t!"(! a% a Se#atr !e !a$ 2ee# #e & it% 'ri#ci'al a"t!r% a#$ C!ie& J"%tice H"(!e%%a"t!r%!i' & t!e 'i#i# verr"li#( A$;i#% v. C!il$re#% H%'ital & D. C., -* U. S. - 7*-8, a ca%e!e !a$ criticie$ i# a 2; 6ritte# 2e&re !i% a''i#t0e#t t t!e C"rt8. Mre c00# %till i% a 1"$(e%

USA


8/11


-

c#&r#ti#( a le(al i%%"e # 6!ic! !e !a% e?'re%%e$ a# 'i#i# 6!ile # t!e 2e#c!. M%t &re>"e#tl:, &c"r%e, t!at 'rir e?'re%%i# 6ill !ave cc"rre$ i# r"li#( # a# earlier ca%e. B"t 1"$(e% &te# %tate t!eirvie6% # $i%'"te$ le(al i%%"e% "t%i$e t!e c#te?t & a$1"$icati#++i# cla%%e% t!at t!e: c#$"ct, a#$ i#2;% a#$ %'eec!e%. Li;e t!e ABA C$e% & J"$icial C#$"ct, t!e Mi##e%ta C$e #t #l: 'er0it% 2"te#c"ra(e% t!i%. See Mi##. C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct, Ca## =7B8 7-))-8 73A 1"$(e 0a: 6rite, lect"re,

teac!, %'ea; a#$ 'artici'ate i# t!er e?tra+1"$icial activitie% c#cer#i#( t!e la6 ...38 Mi##. C$e &J"$icial C#$"ct, Ca## =7B8, C00e#t. 7-))-8 73T t!e e?te#t t!at ti0e 'er0it%, a 1"$(e i% e#c"ra(e$t $ % ...38. T!at i% >"ite i#c0'ati2le 6it! t!e #ti# t!at t!e #ee$ &r 'e#0i#$e$#e%% 7r &r t!ea''eara#ce & 'e#0i#$e$#e%%8 lie% 2e!i#$ t!e 'r!i2iti# at i%%"e !ere.

T!e %!rt & t!e 0atter i% t!i%< I# Mi##e%ta, a ca#$i$ate &r 1"$icial &&ice 0a: #t %a: 3I t!i#; it i%c#%tit"ti#al &r t!e le(i%lat"re t 'r!i2it %a0e+%e? 0arria(e%.3 He 0a: %a: t!e ver: %a0e t!i#(,!6ever, "' "#til t!e ver: $a: 2e&re !e $eclare% !i0%el& a ca#$i$ate, a#$ 0a: %a: it re'eate$l: 7"#tilliti(ati# i% 'e#$i#(8 a&ter !e i% electe$. A% a 0ea#% & '"r%"i#( t!e 21ective & 'e#+0i#$e$#e%% t!at

re%'#$e#t% #6 artic"late, t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i% % 6e&"ll: "#$eri#cl"%ive a% t re#$er 2elie& i# t!at'"r'%e a c!alle#(e t t!e cre$"l"%. See Cit: & La$"e v. 9ille, *- U. S. =, -+ 7*=8 7#ti#( t!at"#$eri#cl"%ive#e%% 3$i0i#i%!4e%5 t!e cre$i2ilit: & t!e (ver#0e#t% rati#ale &r re%tricti#( %'eec!38Flri$a Star v. B. J. F., =* U. S. -=, =*+=- 7*@8 7Scalia, J., c#c"rri#( i# 1"$(0e#t8 734A5 la6 ca##t2e re(ar$e$ a% 'rtecti#( a# i#tere%t & t!e !i(!e%t r$er, a#$ t!"% a% 1"%ti&:i#( a re%tricti# "'# tr"t!&"l%'eec!, 6!e# it leave% a''recia2le $a0a(e t t!at %"''%e$l: vital i#tere%t "#'r!i2ite$3 7i#ter#al>"tati# 0ar;% a#$ citati# 0itte$88.

J"%tice Steve#% a%%ert% t!at %tate0e#t% 0a$e i# a# electi# ca0'ai(# '%e a %'ecial t!reat t'e#0i#$e$#e%% 2eca"%e t!e ca#$i$ate, 6!e# electe$ 1"$(e, 6ill !ave a 'artic"lar rel"cta#ce tc#tra$ict t!e0. P%t, at +. T!at 0i(!t 2e 'la"%i2le, 'er!a'%, 6it! re(ar$ t ca0'ai(# 'r0i%e%. Aca#$i$ate 6! %a:% 3I& electe$, I 6ill vte t "'!l$ t!e le(i%lat"re% '6er t 'r!i2it %a0e+%e?0arria(e%3 6ill '%itivel: 2e 2rea;i#( !i% 6r$ i& !e $e% #t $ % 7alt!"(! #e 6"l$ 2e #a ve #t trec(#ie t!at ca0'ai(# 'r0i%e% are++2: l#( $e0cratic tra$iti#++t!e lea%t 2i#$i#( &r0 & !"0a#c00it0e#t8. B"t, a% #te$ earlier, t!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt !a% a$'te$ a %e'arate 'r!i2iti# #ca0'ai(# 3'le$(e% r 'r0i%e%,3 6!ic! i% #t c!alle#(e$ !ere. T!e 'r'%iti# t!at 1"$(e% &eel%i(#i&ica#tl: (reater c0'"l%i#, r a''ear t &eel %i(#i&ica#tl: (reater c0'"l%i#, t 0ai#tai#c#%i%te#c: 6it! ##'r0i%%r: %tate0e#t% 0a$e $"ri#( a 1"$icial ca0'ai(# t!a# 6it! %"c! %tate0e#t%0a$e 2e&re r a&ter t!e ca0'ai(# i% #t %el&+evi$e#tl: tr"e. It %ee0% t "% >"ite li;el:, i# &act, t!at i#0a#: ca%e% t!e ''%ite i% tr"e. We $"2t, &r e?a0'le, t!at a 0ere %tate0e#t & '%iti# e#"#ciate$

$"ri#( t!e 'e#$e#c: & a# electi# 6ill 2e re(ar$e$ 2: a 1"$(e a% 0re 2i#$i#(++r a% 0re li;el: t%"21ect !i0 t ''"lar $i%&avr i& rec#%i$ere$++t!a# a care&"ll: c#%i$ere$ !l$i#( t!at t!e 1"$(e %et&rt! i# a# earlier 'i#i# $e#:i#( %0e i#$ivi$"al% clai0 t 1"%tice. I# a#: eve#t, it %"&&ice% t %a: t!atre%'#$e#t% !ave #t carrie$ t!e 2"r$e# i0'%e$ 2: "r %trict+%cr"ti#: te%t t e%ta2li%! t!i% 'r'%iti#7t!at ca0'ai(# %tate0e#t% are "#i>"el: $e%tr"ctive & 'e#0i#$e$#e%%8 # 6!ic! t!e vali$it: & t!ea##"#ce cla"%e re%t%. See, e.(., La#$0ar; C00"#icati#%, I#c. v. ir(i#ia, = U. S. @-, @=* 7*/@87re1ecti#( %'eec! re%tricti# %"21ect t %trict %cr"ti#: 6!ere t!e State 3&&ere$ little 0re t!a# a%%erti#a#$ c#1ect"re t %"''rt it% clai0 t!at 6it!"t cri0i#al %a#cti#% t!e 21ective% & t!e %tat"tr: %c!e0e6"l$ 2e %eri"%l: "#$er0i#e$38 U#ite$ State% v. Pla:2: E#tertai#0e#t 9r"', I#c., - U. S. @),@*+@- 7-)))8 7%a0e8.@

USA


9/11


.

Mrever, t!e #ti# t!at t!e %'ecial c#te?t & electi#eeri#( 1"%ti&ie% a# a2ri$(0e#t & t!e ri(!t t%'ea; "t # $i%'"te$ i%%"e% %et% "r Fir%t A0e#$0e#t 1"ri%'r"$e#ce # it% !ea$. 34D5e2ate # t!e>"ali&icati#% & ca#$i$ate%3 i% 3at t!e cre & "r electral 'rce%% a#$ & t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t&ree$0%,3 #t at t!e e$(e%. E", =@ U. S., at ---+-- 7i#ter#al >"tati# 0ar;% 0itte$8. 3T!e rle t!atelecte$ &&icial% 'la: i# "r %ciet: 0a;e% it all t!e 0re i0'erative t!at t!e: 2e all6e$ &reel: t e?'re%%

t!e0%elve% # 0atter% & c"rre#t '"2lic i0'rta#ce.3 W$ v. 9er(ia, /) U. S. /, 7*-8. 3It i%%i0'l: #t t!e &"#cti# & (ver#0e#t t %elect 6!ic! i%%"e% are 6rt! $i%c"%%i#( r $e2ati#( i# t!ec"r%e & a 'litical ca0'ai(#.3 Br6#, = U. S., at ) 7i#ter#al >"tati# 0ar;% 0itte$8. We !ave#ever all6e$ t!e (ver#0e#t t 'r!i2it ca#$i$ate% &r0 c00"#icati#( releva#t i#&r0ati# t vter%$"ri#( a# electi#.

J"%tice 9i#%2"r( 6"l$ $ %++a#$ 0"c! & !er $i%%e#t c#&ir0% rat!er t!a# re&"te% "r c#cl"%i#t!at t!e '"r'%e 2e!i#$ t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i% #t 'e#0i#$e$#e%% i# t!e 1"$iciar:, 2"t t!e"#$er0i#i#( & 1"$icial electi#%. S!e c#te#$% t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e 0"%t 2e c#%tit"ti#al 2eca"%e

$"e 'rce%% 6"l$ 2e $e#ie$ i& a# electe$ 1"$(e %at i# a ca%e i#vlvi#( a# i%%"e # 6!ic! !e !a$'revi"%l: a##"#ce$ !i% vie6. P%t, at *=+*, *@+*. S!e reac!e% t!i% c#cl"%i# 2eca"%e, %!e %a:%,%"c! a 1"$(e 6"l$ !ave a 3$irect, 'er%#al, %"2%ta#tial, a#$ 'ec"#iar: i#tere%t3 i# r"li#( c#%i%te#tl:6it! !i% 'revi"%l: a##"#ce$ vie6, i# r$er t re$"ce t!e ri%; t!at !e 6ill 2e 3vte$ && t!e 2e#c! a#$t!ere2: l%e 4!i%5 %alar: a#$ e0l"0e#t%,3 '%t, at *=+* 7i#ter#al >"tati# 0ar;% a#$ alterati#%0itte$8. B"t electe$ 1"$(e%++re(ar$le%% & 6!et!er t!e: !ave a##"#ce$ a#: vie6% 2e&re!a#$++al6a:%&ace t!e 're%%"re & a# electrate 6! 0i(!t $i%a(ree 6it! t!eir r"li#(% a#$ t!ere&re vte t!e0 && t!e2e#c!. S"rel: t!e 1"$(e 6! &ree% Ti0t!: Mcei(! 'lace% !i% 12 0"c! 0re at ri%; t!a# t!e 1"$(e 6!7!rrr & !rrr%8 rec#%i$er% !i% 'revi"%l: a##"#ce$ vie6 # a $i%'"te$ le(al i%%"e. S i&, a% J"%tice9i#%2"r( clai0%, it vilate% $"e 'rce%% &r a 1"$(e t %it i# a ca%e i# 6!ic! r"li#( #e 6a: rat!er t!a#a#t!er i#crea%e% !i% 'r%'ect% &r reelecti#, t!e#++>"ite %i0'l:++t!e 'ractice & electi#( 1"$(e% i% it%el& a

vilati# & $"e 'rce%%. It i% #t $i&&ic"lt t "#$er%ta#$ !6 #e 6it! t!e%e vie6% 6"l$ a''rve t!eelecti#+#"lli&:i#( e&&ect & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e. T!e: are #t, !6ever, t!e vie6% re&lecte$ i# t!e D"ePrce%% Cla"%e & t!e F"rtee#t! A0e#$0e#t, 6!ic! !a% ce?i%te$ 6it! t!e electi# & 1"$(e% ever%i#ce it 6a% a$'te$, %ee i#&ra, at *+-).

J"%tice 9i#%2"r( $evte% t!e re%t & !er $i%%e#t t attac;i#( ar("0e#t% 6e $ #t 0a;e. Fre?a0'le, $e%'ite t!e #"02er & 'a(e% %!e $e$icate% t $i%'rvi#( t!i% 'r'%iti#, '%t, at *+, 6e#eit!er a%%ert #r i0'l: t!at t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t re>"ire% ca0'ai(#% &r 1"$icial &&ice t %"#$ t!e%a0e a% t!%e &r le(i%lative &&ice.*) W!at 6e $ a%%ert, a#$ 6!at J"%tice 9i#%2"r( i(#re%, i% t!at,

eve# i& t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t all6% (reater re("lati# & 1"$icial electi# ca0'ai(#% t!a# le(i%lativeelecti# ca0'ai(#%, t!e a##"#ce cla"%e %till &ail% %trict %cr"ti#: 2eca"%e it i% 6e&"ll: "#$eri#cl"%ive,'r!i2iti#( a##"#ce0e#t% 2: 1"$(e% 7a#$ 6"l$+2e 1"$(e%8 #l: at certai# ti0e% a#$ i# certai# &r0%.We rel: # t!e ca%e% i#vlvi#( %'eec! $"ri#( electi#%, %"'ra, at *, #l: t 0a;e t!e 2vi"% 'i#t t!att!i% "#$eri#cl"%ive#e%% ca##t 2e e?'lai#e$ 2: re%rt t t!e #ti# t!at t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t 'rvi$e%le%% 'rtecti# $"ri#( a# electi# ca0'ai(# t!a# at t!er ti0e%.**

B"t i# a#: ca%e, J"%tice 9i#%2"r( (reatl: e?a((erate% t!e $i&&ere#ce 2et6ee# 1"$icial a#$ le(i%lativeelecti#%. S!e a%%ert% t!at 3t!e rati#ale "#$erl:i#( "#c#%trai#e$ %'eec! i# electi#% &r 'litical &&ice++

t!at re're%e#tative (ver#0e#t $e'e#$% # t!e '"2lic% a2ilit: t c!%e a(e#t% 6! 6ill act at it%2e!e%t++$e% #t carr: ver t ca0'ai(#% &r t!e 2e#c!.3 P%t, at =. T!i% c0'lete %e'arati# & t!e1"$iciar: &r0 t!e e#ter'ri%e & 3re're%e#tative (ver#0e#t3 0i(!t !ave %0e tr"t! i# t!%e c"#trie%

USA


10/11


&/

6!ere 1"$(e% #eit!er 0a;e la6 t!e0%elve% #r %et a%i$e t!e la6% e#acte$ 2: t!e le(i%lat"re. It i% #t atr"e 'ict"re & t!e A0erica# %:%te0. Nt #l: $ %tate+c"rt 1"$(e% '%%e%% t!e '6er t 30a;e3c00# la6, 2"t t!e: !ave t!e i00e#%e '6er t %!a'e t!e State% c#%tit"ti#% a% 6ell. See, e.(.,Ba;er v. State, */) t. *=, /== A. -$ @= 7*8. W!ic! i% 'reci%el: 6!: t!e electi# & %tate 1"$(e%2eca0e ''"lar.*-

I

T %"%tai# t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it relie$ !eavil: # t!e &act t!at a 'erva%ive 'ractice& 'r!i2iti#( 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% &r0 $i%c"%%i#( $i%'"te$ le(al a#$ 'litical i%%"e% $evel'e$ $"ri#( t!ela%t !al& & t!e -)t! ce#t"r:. -=/ F. $, at @/+@@). It i% tr"e t!at a 3"#iver%al a#$ l#(+e%ta2li%!e$3tra$iti# & 'r!i2iti#( certai# c#$"ct create% 3a %tr#( 're%"0'ti#3 t!at t!e 'r!i2iti# i% c#%tit"ti#al"arter & t!e -)t! ce#t"r:. I#$ee$, 1"$icial electi#% 6ere (e#erall: 'arti%a# $"ri#( t!i% 'eri$,t!e 0ve0e#t t6ar$ ##'arti%a# 1"$icial electi#% #t eve# 2e(i##i#( "#til t!e *@/)%. I$., at */+*//M. C0i%;: P. Patter%#, T!e J"$iciar:++Selecti#, C0'e#%ati#, Et!ic%, a#$ Di%ci'li#e =, / 7*@/8.T!"%, #t #l: 6ere 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% 7i#cl"$i#( 1"$(e%8 $i%c"%%i#( $i%'"te$ le(al a#$ 'litical i%%"e%# t!e ca0'ai(# trail, 2"t t!e: 6ere t"ti#( 'art: a&&iliati#% a#$ a#(li#( &r 'art: #0i#ati#% all t!e6!ile.

T!e &ir%t c$e re("lati#( 1"$icial c#$"ct 6a% a$'te$ 2: t!e ABA i# *-=. =@ ABA Re'rt% /= 7*-87re'rt & C!ie& J"%tice Ta&t8 P. McFa$$e#, Electi#( J"%tice< T!e La6 a#$ Et!ic% & J"$icial Ca0'ai(#%@ 7*)8. It c#tai#e$ a 'rvi%i# a;i# t t!e a##"#ce cla"%e< 3A ca#$i$ate &r 1"$icial '%iti# ...%!"l$ #t a##"#ce i# a$va#ce !i% c#cl"%i#% & la6 # $i%'"te$ i%%"e% t %ec"re cla%% %"''rt ... .3ABA Ca## & J"$icial Et!ic% ) 7*-=8. T!e State% 6ere %l6 t a$'t t!e ca##%, !6ever. 3B: t!ee#$ & Wrl$ War II, t!e ca##% ... 6ere 2i#$i#( 2: t!e 2ar a%%ciati#% r %"'re0e c"rt% & #l: eleve#%tate%.3 J. Mace#ie, T!e A''eara#ce & J"%tice ** 7*/=8. Eve# t$a:, alt!"(! a 0a1rit: & State%!ave a$'te$ eit!er t!e a##"#ce cla"%e r it% *) ABA %"cce%%r, a$'ti# i% #t "#a#i0"%. O& t!e* State% t!at %elect %0e r all & t!eir a''ellate a#$ (e#eral+1"ri%$icti# 1"$(e% 2: electi#, %eeA0erica# J"$icat"re Sciet:, J"$icial Selecti# i# t!e State%< A''ellate a#$ 9e#eral J"ri%$icti# C"rt%7A'r. -))-8, = !ave a$'te$ # ca#$i$ate+%'eec! re%tricti# c0'ara2le t t!e a##"#ce cla"%e,* a#$* 'r!i2it% #l: t!e $i%c"%%i# & 3'e#$i#( liti(ati#.3*= T!i% 'ractice, relativel: #e6 t 1"$icial electi#%a#$ %till #t "#iver%all: a$'te$, $e% #t c0'are 6ell 6it! t!e tra$iti#% $ee0e$ 6rt!: & "r atte#ti#i# 'rir ca%e%. E.(., B"r%# v. Free0a#, )= U. S. **, -)+-) 7*-8 7cre$iti#( tra$iti# & 'r!i2iti#(

%'eec! ar"#$ 'lli#( 'lace% t!at 2e(a# 6it! t!e ver: a$'ti# & t!e %ecret 2allt i# t!e late *t!ce#t"r:, a#$ i# 6!ic! ever: State 'artici'ate$8 i$., at -*=+-* 7Scalia, J., c#c"rri#( i# 1"$(0e#t8

USA


11/11


&&

7%a0e8 McI#t:re, %"'ra, at /+// 7Scalia, J., $i%%e#ti#(8 7cre$iti#( tra$iti# & 'r!i2iti#( a##:0"%electi# literat"re, 6!ic! a(ai# 2e(a# i# *@) a#$ 6a% "#iver%all: a$'te$8.

T!ere i% a# 2vi"% te#%i# 2et6ee# t!e article & Mi##e%ta% ''"larl: a''rve$ C#%tit"ti# 6!ic!'rvi$e% t!at 1"$(e% %!all 2e electe$, a#$ t!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt% a##"#ce cla"%e 6!ic!'lace% 0%t %"21ect% & i#tere%t t t!e vter% && li0it%. 7T!e ca#$i$ate+%'eec! re%tricti#% & all t!e t!erState% t!at !ave t!e0 are al% t!e 'r$"ct & 1"$icial &iat.* 8 T!e $i%'arit: i% 'er!a'% "#%"r'ri%i#(, %i#cet!e ABA, 6!ic! ri(i#ate$ t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, !a% l#( 2ee# a# ''#e#t & 1"$icial electi#%. SeeABA M$el C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct Ca## 7C87-8, C00e#t 7-)))8 734M5erit %electi# & 1"$(e% i% a're&era2le 0a##er i# 6!ic! t %elect t!e 1"$iciar:38 A# I#$e'e#$e#t J"$iciar:< Re'rt & t!e ABAC00i%%i# # Se'arati# & P6er% a#$ J"$icial I#$e'e#$e#ce 7*/8 73T!e A0erica# BarA%%ciati# %tr#(l: e#$r%e% t!e 0erit %electi# & 1"$(e%, a% ''%e$ t t!eir electi# ... . Five ti0e%

2et6ee# A"("%t */- a#$ A"("%t *@= t!e H"%e & Dele(ate% !a% a''rve$ rec00e#$ati#% %tati#(t!e 're&ere#ce &r 0erit %electi# a#$ e#c"ra(i#( 2ar a%%ciati#% i# 1"ri%$icti#% 6!ere 1"$(e% areelecte$ ... t 6r; &r t!e a$'ti# & 0erit %electi# a#$ rete#ti#38. T!at ''%iti# 0a: 2e 6ell ta;e# 7itcertai#l: !a$ t!e %"''rt & t!e F"#$er% & t!e Fe$eral 9ver#0e#t8, 2"t t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t $e% #t'er0it it t ac!ieve it% (al 2: leavi#( t!e 'ri#ci'le & electi#% i# 'lace 6!ile 'reve#ti#( ca#$i$ate% &r0$i%c"%%i#( 6!at t!e electi#% are a2"t. 34T5!e (reater '6er t $i%'e#%e 6it! electi#% alt(et!er $e%#t i#cl"$e t!e le%%er '6er t c#$"ct electi#% "#$er c#$iti#% & %tate+i0'%e$ vter i(#ra#ce. I&t!e State c!%e% t ta' t!e e#er(: a#$ t!e le(iti0ii#( '6er & t!e $e0cratic 'rce%%, it 0"%t accr$t!e 'artici'a#t% i# t!at 'rce%% ... t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t ri(!t% t!at attac! t t!eir rle%.3 Re##e v. 9ear:,)* U. S. *-, = 7**8 7Mar%!all, J., $i%%e#ti#(8 accr$, Me:er v. 9ra#t, =@ U. S. =*=, =-=+=-7*@@8 7re1ecti#( ar("0e#t t!at t!e (reater '6er t e#$ vter i#itiative% i#cl"$e% t!e le%%er '6er t'r!i2it 'ai$ 'etiti#+ circ"latr%8.

T!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt% ca## & 1"$icial c#$"ct 'r!i2iti#( ca#$i$ate% &r 1"$icial electi#&r0 a##"#ci#( t!eir vie6% # $i%'"te$ le(al a#$ 'litical i%%"e% vilate% t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t.Accr$i#(l:, 6e rever%e t!e (ra#t & %"00ar: 1"$(0e#t t re%'#$e#t% a#$ re0a#$ t!e ca%e &r'rcee$i#(% c#%i%te#t 6it! t!i% 'i#i#.It i% % r$ere$.

USA

republican party of minnesota v. white.doc

Documents