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  • 8/11/2019 REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA v. WHITE.doc

    1/11

    Representacin poltica y democracia REPUBLICAN PARTY OF INNE!OTA "# $%ITE

    &

    REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA et al. v. WHITE, CHAIRPERSON, MINNESOTA BOARDOF JUDICIAL STANDARDS, et al.

    certirari t t!e "#ite$ %tate% c"rt & a''eal% &r t!e ei(!t! circ"it

    N. )*+-*. Ar("e$ Marc! -, -))-++Deci$e$ J"#e -/, -))-

    T!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt !a% a$'te$ a ca## & 1"$icial c#$"ct t!at 'r!i2it% a 3ca#$i$ate &r a1"$icial &&ice3 &r0 3a##"#c4i#(5 !i% r !er vie6% # $i%'"te$ le(al r 'litical i%%"e%3 7!erei#a&tera##"#ce cla"%e8. W!ile r"##i#( &r a%%ciate 1"%tice & t!at c"rt, 'etiti#er 9re(r: Wer%al 7a#$t!er%8 &ile$ t!i% %"it %ee;i#( a $eclarati# t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e vilate% t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t a#$ a#i#1"#cti# a(ai#%t it% e#&rce0e#t. T!e Di%trict C"rt (ra#te$ re%'#$e#t &&icial% %"00ar: 1"$(0e#t,a#$ t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it a&&ir0e$.

    Hel$< T!e a##"#ce cla"%e vilate% t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t. P'. =+--.

    7a8 T!e recr$ $e0#%trate% t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e 'r!i2it% a 1"$icial ca#$i$ate &r0 %tati#( !i%vie6% # a#: %'eci&ic ##&a#ci&"l le(al >"e%ti# 6it!i# t!e 'rvi#ce & t!e c"rt &r 6!ic! !e i% r"##i#(,e?ce't i# t!e c#te?t & $i%c"%%i#( 'a%t $eci%i#%++a#$ i# t!e latter c#te?t a% 6ell, i& !e e?'re%%e% t!evie6 t!at !e i% #t 2"#$ 2: %tare $eci%i%. P'. =+@.

    728 T!e a##"#ce cla"%e 2t! 'r!i2it% %'eec! 2a%e$ # it% c#te#t a#$ 2"r$e#% a cate(r: &%'eec! t!at i% at t!e cre & Fir%t A0e#$0e#t &ree$0%++%'eec! a2"t t!e >"ali&icati#% & ca#$i$ate%&r '"2lic &&ice. T!e Ei(!t! Circ"it c#cl"$e$, a#$ t!e 'artie% $ #t $i%'"te, t!at t!e 'r'er te%t t 2ea''lie$ t $eter0i#e t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & %"c! a re%tricti# i% %trict %cr"ti#:, "#$er 6!ic! re%'#$e#t%!ave t!e 2"r$e# t 'rve t!at t!e cla"%e i% 7*8 #arr6l: tailre$, t %erve 7-8 a c0'elli#( %tate i#tere%t.E.(., E" v. Sa# Fra#ci%c C"#t: De0cratic Ce#tral C00., =@ U. S. -*=, ---. T!at c"rt &"#$ t!atre%'#$e#t% !a$ e%ta2li%!e$ t6 i#tere%t% a% %"&&icie#tl: c0'elli#( t 1"%ti&: t!e a##"#ce cla"%e"ivcall:, %tati#( t!at, alt!"(! it !a$ %i(#i&ica#t$"2t% a2"t t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & t!e 'rvi%i#, it 6a% "#a2le t a#%6er !i% >"e%ti# 2eca"%e !e !a$#t %"20itte$ a li%t & t!e a##"#ce0e#t% !e 6i%!e$ t 0a;e.-

    S!rtl: t!erea&ter, Wer%al &ile$ t!i% la6%"it i# Fe$eral Di%trict C"rt a(ai#%t re%'#$e#t%, %ee;i#(,i#ter alia, a $eclarati# t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e vilate% t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t a#$ a# i#1"#cti# a(ai#%tit% e#&rce0e#t. Wer%al alle(e$ t!at !e 6a% &rce$ t re&rai# &r0 a##"#ci#( !i% vie6% # $i%'"te$i%%"e% $"ri#( t!e *@ ca0'ai(#, t t!e 'i#t 6!ere !e $ecli#e$ re%'#%e t >"e%ti#% '"t t !i0 2: t!e're%% a#$ '"2lic, "t & c#cer# t!at !e 0i(!t r"# a&"l & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e. Ot!er 'lai#ti&&% i# t!e%"it, i#cl"$i#( t!e Mi##e%ta Re'"2lica# Part:, alle(e$ t!at, 2eca"%e t!e cla"%e ;e't Wer%al &r0

    a##"#ci#( !i% vie6%, t!e: 6ere "#a2le t lear# t!%e vie6% a#$ %"''rt r ''%e !i% ca#$i$ac:accr$i#(l:. T!e 'artie% &ile$ cr%%+0ti#% &r %"00ar: 1"$(0e#t, a#$ t!e Di%trict C"rt &"#$ i# &avr& re%'#$e#t%, !l$i#( t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e $i$ #t vilate t!e Fir%t A0e#$0e#t. F. S"''. -$

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  • 8/11/2019 REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA v. WHITE.doc

    4/11

    Representacin poltica y democracia REPUBLICAN PARTY OF INNE!OTA "# $%ITE

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    / 7Mi##. *8. Over a $i%%e#t 2: J"$(e Bea0, t!e U#ite$ State% C"rt & A''eal% &r t!e Ei(!t!Circ"it a&&ir0e$. -=/ F. $ @= 7-))*8. We (ra#te$ certirari. = U. S. *)= 7-))*8.

    II

    Be&re c#%i$eri#( t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, 6e 0"%t 2e clear a2"t it% 0ea#i#(.It% te?t %a:% t!at a ca#$i$ate &r 1"$icial &&ice %!all #t 3a##"#ce !i% r !er vie6% # $i%'"te$ le(al r'litical i%%"e%.3 Mi##. C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct, Ca## 7A8787$87i8 7-))-8.

    We ;#6 t!at 3a##"#c4i#(5 . . . vie6%3 # a# i%%"e cver% 0"c! 0re t!a# 'r0i%i#( t $eci$e a#i%%"e a 'artic"lar 6a:. T!e 'r!i2iti# e?te#$% t t!e ca#$i$ate% 0ere %tate0e#t & !i% c"rre#t '%iti#,eve# i& !e $e% #t 2i#$ !i0%el& t 0ai#tai# t!at '%iti# a&ter electi#. All t!e 'artie% a(ree t!i% i% t!eca%e, 2eca"%e t!e Mi##e%ta C$e c#tai#% a %+calle$ 3'le$(e% r 'r0i%e%3 cla"%e, 6!ic! %e'aratel:

    'r!i2it% 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% &r0 0a;i#( 3'le$(e% r 'r0i%e% & c#$"ct i# &&ice t!er t!a# t!e &ait!&"la#$ i0'artial 'er&r0a#ce & t!e $"tie% & t!e &&ice,3 i2i$.++a 'r!i2iti# t!at i% #t c!alle#(e$ !ere a#$# 6!ic! 6e e?'re%% # vie6.

    T!ere are, !6ever, %0e li0itati#% t!at t!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt !a% 'lace$ "'# t!e %c'e& t!e a##"#ce cla"%e t!at are #t 7t '"t it 'litel:8 i00e$iatel: a''are#t &r0 it% te?t. T!e %tate0e#t%t!at &r0e$ t!e 2a%i% & t!e c0'lai#t a(ai#%t Wer%al i# * i#cl"$e$ critici%0 & 'a%t $eci%i#% & t!eMi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt. O#e 'iece & ca0'ai(# literat"re %tate$ t!at 34t5!e Mi##e%ta S"'re0e C"rt!a% i%%"e$ $eci%i#% 6!ic! are 0ar;e$ 2: t!eir $i%re(ar$ &r t!e Le(i%lat"re a#$ a lac; & c00#

    %e#%e.3 A''. /. It 6e#t # t criticie a $eci%i# e?cl"$i#( &r0 evi$e#ce c#&e%%i#% 2: cri0i#al$e&e#$a#t% t!at 6ere #t ta'e+recr$e$, a%;i#( 34%5!"l$ 6e c#cl"$e t!at 2eca"%e t!e S"'re0e C"rt$e% #t tr"%t 'lice, it all6% c#&e%%e$ cri0i#al% t ( &ree3 I2i$. It criticie$ a $eci%i# %tri;i#( $6# a%tate la6 re%tricti#( 6el&are 2e#e&it%, a%%erti#( t!at 34i5t% t!e Le(i%lat"re 6!ic! %!"l$ %et "r %'e#$i#('licie%.3 I2i$. A#$ it criticie$ a $eci%i# re>"iri#( '"2lic &i#a#ci#( & a2rti#% &r 'r 60e# a%3"#'rece$e#te$3 a#$ a 3'r+a2rti# %ta#ce.3 I$., at @. Alt!"(! #e 6"l$ t!i#; t!at all & t!e%e%tate0e#t% t"c!e$ # $i%'"te$ le(al r 'litical i%%"e%, t!e: $i$ #t 7r at lea%t $ #t #68 &all 6it!i# t!e%c'e & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e. T!e J"$icial Bar$ i%%"e$ a# 'i#i# %tati#( t!at 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% 0a:criticie 'a%t $eci%i#%, a#$ t!e La6:er% Bar$ re&"%e$ t $i%ci'li#e Wer%al &r t!e &re(i#( %tate0e#t%2eca"%e, i# 'art, it t!"(!t t!e: $i$ #t vilate t!e a##"#ce cla"%e. T!e Ei(!t! Circ"it relie$ # t!eJ"$icial Bar$% 'i#i# i# "'!l$i#( t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, -=/ F. $, at @@-, a#$ t!e Mi##e%taS"'re0e C"rt rece#tl: e02race$ t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it% i#ter'retati#, I# re C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct, N. W. -$ 7-))-8.

    T!ere are :et &"rt!er li0itati#% "'# t!e a''are#t 'lai# 0ea#i#( & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e< I# li(!t &t!e c#%tit"ti#al c#cer#%, t!e Di%trict C"rt c#%tr"e$ t!e cla"%e t reac! #l: $i%'"te$ i%%"e% t!at areli;el: t c0e 2e&re t!e ca#$i$ate i& !e i% electe$ 1"$(e. F. S"''. -$, at @. T!e Ei(!t! Circ"itacce'te$ t!i% li0iti#( i#ter'retati# 2: t!e Di%trict C"rt, a#$ i# a$$iti# c#%tr"e$ t!e cla"%e t all6(e#eral $i%c"%%i#% & ca%e la6 a#$ 1"$icial '!il%'!:. -=/ F. $, at @@*+@@-. T!e S"'re0e C"rt &Mi##e%ta a$'te$ t!e%e i#ter'retati#% a% 6ell 6!e# it r$ere$ e#&rce0e#t & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i#accr$a#ce 6it! t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it% 'i#i#. I# re C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct, %"'ra.

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    *

    It %ee0% t "%, !6ever, t!at++li;e t!e te?t & t!e a##"#ce cla"%e it%el&++t!e%e li0itati#% "'# t!e te?t& t!e a##"#ce cla"%e are #t all t!at t!e: a''ear t 2e. Fir%t, re%'#$e#t% ac;#6le$(e$ at ralar("0e#t t!at %tate0e#t% critical & 'a%t 1"$icial $eci%i#% are #t 'er0i%%i2le i& t!e ca#$i$ate al% %tate%t!at !e i% a(ai#%t %tare $eci%i%. Tr. & Oral Ar(. +=.= T!"%, ca#$i$ate% 0"%t c!%e 2et6ee# %tati#(t!eir vie6% critical & 'a%t $eci%i#% a#$ %tati#( t!eir vie6% i# ''%iti# t %tare $eci%i%. Or, t l; at it

    0re c#cretel:, t!e: 0a: %tate t!eir vie6 t!at 'rir $eci%i#% 6ere err#e"% #l: i& t!e: $ #t a%%ertt!at t!e:, i& electe$, !ave a#: '6er t eli0i#ate err#e"% $eci%i#%. Sec#$, li0iti#( t!e %c'e & t!ecla"%e t i%%"e% li;el: t c0e 2e&re a c"rt i% #t 0"c! & a li0itati# at all. O#e 6"l$ !ar$l: e?'ectt!e 3$i%'"te$ le(al r 'litical i%%"e%3 rai%e$ i# t!e c"r%e & a %tate 1"$icial electi# t i#cl"$e %"c!0atter% a% 6!et!er t!e Fe$eral 9ver#0e#t %!"l$ e#$ t!e e02ar( & C"2a. K"ite 2vi"%l:, t!e: 6ill2e t!%e le(al r 'litical $i%'"te% t!at are t!e 'r'er 7r 2: 'a%t $eci%i#% !ave 2ee# 0a$e t!ei0'r'er8 2"%i#e%% & t!e %tate c"rt%. A#$ 6it!i# t!at releva#t cate(r:, 34t5!ere i% al0%t # le(al r'litical i%%"e t!at i% "#li;el: t c0e 2e&re a 1"$(e & a# A0erica# c"rt, %tate r &e$eral, & (e#eral1"ri%$icti#.3 B"c;le: v. Illi#i% J"$icial I#>"ir: B$., / F. -$ --=, -- 7CA/ *8. T!ir$, c#%tr"i#( t!ecla"%e t all6 3(e#eral3 $i%c"%%i#% & ca%e la6 a#$ 1"$icial '!il%'!: t"r#% "t t 2e & little !el' i# a#electi# ca0'ai(#. At ral ar("0e#t, re%'#$e#t% (ave, a% a# e?a0'le & t!i% e?ce'ti#, t!at aca#$i$ate i% &ree t a%%ert t!at !e i% a 3 %trict c#%tr"cti#i%t. 3 Tr. & Oral Ar(. -. B"t t!at, li;e 0%t t!er'!il%'!ical (e#eralitie%, !a% little 0ea#i#(&"l c#te#t &r t!e electrate "#le%% it i% e?e0'li&ie$ 2:a''licati# t a 'artic"lar i%%"e & c#%tr"cti# li;el: t c0e 2e&re a c"rt++&r e?a0'le, 6!et!er a'artic"lar %tat"te r"#% a&"l & a#: 'rvi%i# & t!e C#%tit"ti#. Re%'#$e#t% c#ce$e$ t!at t!ea##"#ce cla"%e 6"l$ 'r!i2it t!e ca#$i$ate &r0 e?e0'li&:i#( !i% '!il%'!: i# t!i% &a%!i#. I$., at =.Wit!"t %"c! a''licati# t real+li&e i%%"e%, all ca#$i$ate% ca# clai0 t 2e 3%trict c#%tr"cti#i%t%3 6it!e>"al 7a#$ "#!el'&"l8 'la"%i2ilit:.

    I# a#: eve#t, it i% clear t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e 'r!i2it% a 1"$icial ca#$i$ate &r0 %tati#( !i% vie6%

    # a#: %'eci&ic ##&a#ci&"l le(al >"e%ti# 6it!i# t!e 'rvi#ce & t!e c"rt &r 6!ic! !e i% r"##i#(, e?ce'ti# t!e c#te?t & $i%c"%%i#( 'a%t $eci%i#%++a#$ i# t!e latter c#te?t a% 6ell, i& !e e?'re%%e% t!e vie6 t!at!e i% #t 2"#$ 2: %tare $eci%i%.

    Re%'#$e#t% c#te#$ t!at t!i% %till leave% 'le#t: & t'ic% &r $i%c"%%i# # t!e ca0'ai(# trail. T!e%ei#cl"$e a ca#$i$ate% 3c!aracter,3 3e$"cati#,3 36r; !a2it%,3 a#$ 3!6 4!e5 6"l$ !a#$le a$0i#i%trative$"tie% i& electe$.3 Brie& &r Re%'#$e#t% +. I#$ee$, t!e J"$icial Bar$ !a% 'ri#te$ a li%t &'rea''rve$ >"e%ti#% 6!ic! 1"$icial ca#$i$ate% are all6e$ t a#%6er. T!e%e i#cl"$e !6 t!eca#$i$ate &eel% a2"t ca0era% i# t!e c"rtr0, !6 !e 6"l$ ( a2"t re$"ci#( t!e ca%ela$, !6 t!e

    c%t% & 1"$icial a$0i#i%trati# ca# 2e re$"ce$, a#$ !6 !e 'r'%e% t e#%"re t!at 0i#ritie% a#$60e# are treate$ 0re &airl: 2: t!e c"rt %:%te0. Mi##e%ta State Bar A%%ciati# J"$icial Electi#%Ta%; Frce Re'rt Rec00e#$ati#%, A''. C 7J"#e *, */8, re'ri#te$ at A''. /+*). W!et!er t!i%li%t & 'rea''rve$ %"21ect%, a#$ t!er t'ic% #t 'r!i2ite$ 2: t!e a##"#ce cla"%e, a$e>"atel: &"l&ill t!eFir%t A0e#$0e#t% ("ara#tee & &ree$0 & %'eec! i% t!e >"e%ti# t 6!ic! 6e #6 t"r#.

    III

    A% t!e C"rt & A''eal% rec(#ie$, t!e a##"#ce cla"%e 2t! 'r!i2it% %'eec! # t!e 2a%i% & it%

    c#te#t a#$ 2"r$e#% a cate(r: & %'eec! t!at i% 3at t!e cre & "r Fir%t A0e#$0e#t &ree$0%3++%'eec!a2"t t!e >"ali&icati#% & ca#$i$ate% &r '"2lic &&ice. -=/ F. $, at @*, @. T!e C"rt & A''eal%c#cl"$e$ t!at t!e 'r'er te%t t 2e a''lie$ t $eter0i#e t!e c#%tit"ti#alit: & %"c! a re%tricti# i% 6!at

    USA

  • 8/11/2019 REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA v. WHITE.doc

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    +

    "r ca%e% !ave calle$ %trict %cr"ti#:, i$., at @= t!e 'artie% $ #t $i%'"te t!at t!i% i% crrect. U#$er t!e%trict+%cr"ti#: te%t, re%'#$e#t% !ave t!e 2"r$e# t 'rve t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i% 7*8 #arr6l:tailre$, t %erve 7-8 a c0'elli#( %tate i#tere%t. E.(., E" v. Sa# Fra#ci%c C"#t: De0cratic Ce#tralC00., =@ U. S. -*=, --- 7*@8. I# r$er &r re%'#$e#t% t %!6 t!at t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i%#arr6l: tailre$, t!e: 0"%t $e0#%trate t!at it $e% #t 3"##ece%%aril: circ"0%cri24e5 'rtecte$

    e?'re%%i#.3 Br6# v. Hartla(e, = U. S. =, = 7*@-8.

    T!e C"rt & A''eal% c#cl"$e$ t!at re%'#$e#t% !a$ e%ta2li%!e$ t6 i#tere%t% a% %"&&icie#tl:c0'elli#( t 1"%ti&: t!e a##"#ce cla"%e< 're%ervi#( t!e i0'artialit: & t!e %tate 1"$iciar: a#$ 're%ervi#(t!e a''eara#ce & t!e i0'artialit: & t!e %tate 1"$iciar:. -=/ F. $, at @/. Re%'#$e#t% rea%%ert t!e%et6 i#tere%t% 2e&re "%, ar("i#( t!at t!e &ir%t i% c0'elli#( 2eca"%e it 'rtect% t!e $"e 'rce%% ri(!t% &liti(a#t%, a#$ t!at t!e %ec#$ i% c0'elli#( 2eca"%e it 're%erve% '"2lic c#&i$e#ce i# t!e 1"$iciar:.Re%'#$e#t% are rat!er va("e, !6ever, a2"t 6!at t!e: 0ea# 2: 3i0'artialit:.3 I#$ee$, alt!"(! t!eter0 i% "%e$ t!r"(!"t t!e Ei(!t! Circ"it% 'i#i#, t!e 2rie&%, t!e Mi##e%ta C$e & J"$icial C#$"ct,

    a#$ t!e ABA C$e% & J"$icial C#$"ct, ##e & t!e%e %"rce% 2t!er% t $e&i#e it. Clarit: # t!i% 'i#t i%e%%e#tial 2e&re 6e ca# $eci$e 6!et!er i0'artialit: i% i#$ee$ a c0'elli#( %tate i#tere%t, a#$, i& %,6!et!er t!e a##"#ce cla"%e i% #arr6l: tailre$ t ac!ieve it.

    A

    O#e 0ea#i#( & 3i0'artialit:3 i# t!e 1"$icial c#te?t++a#$ & c"r%e it% rt 0ea#i#(++i% t!e lac; & 2ia%&r r a(ai#%t eit!er 'art: t t!e 'rcee$i#(. I0'artialit: i# t!i% %e#%e a%%"re% e>"al a''licati# & t!e la6.T!at i%, it ("ara#tee% a 'art: t!at t!e 1"$(e 6! !ear% !i% ca%e 6ill a''l: t!e la6 t !i0 i# t!e %a0e 6a:

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    B

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    C

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