COMPILED BY :

Diya Sarkar

Tulika Basak

Ruchi Kumari

Shuvra Shekhar Roy

Shuchishloka Chakraborty

(SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

KIIT UNIVERSITY – BHUBANESWAR)

“Agriculture is the BACKBONE of India”

Period Growth in Total GDP

Growth in Agriculture & Allied Sector GDP

2007-08 9.3 5.8

2008-09 6.7 0.1

2009-10 8.6 0.8

2010-11 9.3 7.9

2011-12 6.2 3.6

2012-13 5.0 1.8

Growth in Total GDP & that in the GDP of agriculture &allied sectors at 2004-05 prices (in percent)

Year GCF GDP GCF as a % of GDP

2005-06 86604 594487 14.6

2006-07 92057 619190 14.9

2007-08 105741 655080 16.1

2008-09 127127 655689 19.4

2009-10 133162 660987 20.1

2010-11 131224 713477 18.4

2011-12 146578 739495 19.8

(Rs. In Crore)

India’s Yield < Other countries’ yield India’s paddy yield/hectare is less than

Bangladesh , Myanmar and Egypt

Total Factor Productivity for Rice

INDIA CHINA

2% p.a 6% p.a

Agricultural growth is a concern for policy makers and some 2/3rd of Indians

depend on RURAL employment for living

Lack of water

Drought

Flood

CROP FAILURES

CHALLENGES

Traditional and Environmental Issues

Economic and Infrastructural instability

Jeopardization of environment and economy

Poor seed quality

Poorly maintained irrigation

Lack of good extension services

Lack of organised retail and competing buyers

10-20% of the consumer capita is provided to the Indian farmers whereas farmers of developed

countries get

64-81%

Scientific issues

Logistic crunch

Increase in cost

Price risk Uncertainty

OVER REGULATION

OF AGRICULTURE

ILLITERACY SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS SLOW PROGRESS in implementing land reforms inadequate and inefficient FINANCE INCONSISTENCY of Government policy DEBT

Average size of land holding is less than 2 hectare

Subject to fragmentation

Land holdings are overmanned, thus resulting in disguised employment and low productivity

Large subsidies are hampering productivity and enhancing investment

OVER USE of aquifers

Ground water DEPLETION

Irrigation infrastructure DETERIORATING

INCREASE in subsidized electrical power

Farmers depend on MONSOON for irrigation

INSUFFICIENT water allocation

FARMER SUICIDES

Clamshells

Aglime

Hydrogel

Vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhiza

Legumes

JEOPARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY Restoration Techniques

Sawdust, Wood chips, composted leaves, Cotton seed meal, peat moss

Acidity Hardwood ash, crushed marble, crushed oyster shells, Agricultural lime

Alkalinity

Household, Livestock, Industrial waste water

Collected in Closed Reactors (Anaerobic conditions, pH, Temperature are maintained)

Molasses (waste products) from sugarcane industries collected & added(dry molasses MANTHAN –ED into powder form) Specific bacterial cultures( S.oneidiensis) are added , molasses contain sucrose which act as a nutritive medium for bacterial strains (under anaerobic conditions, bacteria will consume molasses using the waste materials as the electron acceptors which will hence get degraded) Downstream processing: Extraction of the treated wastewater after separation of biomass Water channelized to various irrigated lands through canals

Appointment of ag-lawyers, agricultural

infrastructure officials &

economists by RURAL

MANAGEMENT SECTOR

Trainer -People from

social science

background

Selection Criteria & Training Methodology Rural Youth Researchers

Selection Criteria

Minimum 10+2 qualification

Language skill to connect with common people, selected from near by agricultural institutes and research panels

Training Impart basic English/Hindi language skills, educating them about social ethics, help molding them into compassionate minds to consider the farmer’s problems as their own

Developing demonstration and explanatory skills for simplified and efficient understanding

Potential Interest

Employment generating self-confidence and creating a purposeful motive

Execution of feasible research ideas in practical field

Saw dust/Coco Peat + whey enhance the productivity of land

• Annual

production of 1.2 million tones of chhanna in India

• Generates approx. 8 million tones of whey as a by-product

• Dumped as waste in water sources causing eutrophication

Nutrient lb. per 100 gal of whey

Nitrogen(N) 1.22

Phosphorus(P) 0.40

Potassium(K) 1.46

Calcium(C) 0.29

Magnesium(M) 0.05

Sodium(Na) 0.42

Chlorine(Cl) 1.00

NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS of whey proves it beneficiary to use as a carrier material for microorganisms.

•Preferable Microorganisms used: Rhizobum, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, Cyanobacterium

Whey leaches PO4-3 from rocks PLANTS Good adhesion properties The solution of whey and water should be sprinkled on the ground and not over the foliage WHEY pH = 4.0 - 6.1

•In whey, C:N=20:1 -> allows slow delivery of N2

•Whey : Water = 1:1 should be used, as excess causes environmental degradation and depletion of nutrients

CARRIER MATERIALS COCO PEAT –

Porous and doesn’t get

overwatered easily

pH range (5.5-6.5) matches with that

of whey

Microbes can easily adhere to

the carrier material and

utilize the nutrients of whey

Compressed coco peat is aerated by

the addition of liquid whey that makes it moist

Azospirillum Rs 40/kg

Phosphobacteria Rs 40/kg

Rhizobium Rs 40/kg

Azotobacter Rs 40/kg

VAM Rs 30/kg

EXPENDITURE

Capital Investment Operational cost

Total estimate for starting a biofertilizer production unit with the capacity of 150 metric tonnes/annum

Building including cost of Site

Equipment & Apparatus

Administrative expenses

Miscellaneous expenses

Interest on loan and depreciation

Travelling expenses

Working capital

Staff salary

Labor Electricity

(in lakhs)

12.00 41.00 10.00 2.04 2.50

0.70 0.50 0.50

0.50

0.26

Total (Variable cost) – Actual Initial Investment – Total Investment –

17.00

70.00 50.00

Cost of Biofertilizers

RURAL

MANAGE-

MENT

SECTOR

PANCHAYAT

AGRICULTURAL INFRASTUCTURE

OFFICIALS

AG LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS

ECONOMISTS

WILLING FARMERS

RESEARCHERS AT AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTES

RURAL YOUTH POPULATION Forming backbone of the framework and educating the

farmers

Sowing seeds of advanced methods to reap a lucrative production and yield

Farmers giving way to new techniques for better harvest

Planning the budget and finance of introducing the technical and scientific reforms

Exercising laws to safeguard the economic and social gains of farmers and for proper land acquisition

For proper allotment of irrigation, machinery, seeds, fertilizers, storage and transport facilities

Bridging the gap between local farmers and people aimed at extending facilities and generating a proper know how of agriculture among them

Responsible for allocation of resources and appointment of people at various levels

STRUCTURE

Working of the model organization towards a common problem faced by most of the farmers:

HYV Seeds & use of GM Crops:

Problems faced: Solutions:

New technologies lock farmers into buying costly seeds while encouraging resistant weeds and insects and not delivering the promised yields, thereby, increasing the use of weed killers.

• Government schemes for first time seed users

supplemented with other supplies, wise implementation enabled by Rural Youth Population(RYP) helped by the researchers

•Rural credits are required for the purchase of inputs which lands the small farmers into debts and loss of farm land, thereby, increasing the economic rift between poor and rich farmers.

•Formation of cooperatives to combine small land-holdings for effective application of new techniques under the supervision of infrastructural officials, equal distribution of profit and resolution any land dispute as under the ag lawyers

•Use of HYV seeds by rich farmers results in augmented yield and dropping market prices which risks the survival of small farmers.

•Solution 1 is applicable here to prevent farmers from the vagaries of market instability

•Change-resistant farmers have high risk of failure and lack dexterity to apply new techniques, believe in traditional practices

•generating encouragement and awareness by the RYP and WILLING FARMERS, gaining confidence from the practical demonstration of new techniques

•Traditional farmers view GM crops as unnatural and do not believe in manipulating nature.

•Nullifying any adverse impacts intended at nature by explanations given by knowledgeable RYPs

Poses the risk of making the land anaerobic if

application rates exceed 10,000gal/acre.

Cannot be applied where the risk of groundwater or

surface water contamination is high.

Delay in planting for one week or more after

application.

CHALLENGES TO PROPOSED SOLUTIONS: Possible difficulties in functioning of the organization:

Conceptual risks of using whey as a biofertilizer component:

Difficulties in proper funding from government due to the pre-existing

but yet non-functional solutions

Curbing black market and middlemen activities at infrastructure distribution

stage to abide by the egalitarian concept of the organization.

Farmers face problems in forming a cooperative that involves the

partnership of different castes.

The major question that crops up is that who will be the principal

beneficiaries and what obligations they have to compensate the losers.

APPENDIX

REFERENCE ORGANIC FARMING :: Biofertilizers Technology - www.agritech.tnau.ac.in

Black Strap Molasses Fertilizer | Agriculture Solutions - www.agriculturesolutions.ca NATIONAL RURAL LIVLIHOOD MISSION – A CASE STUDY.pptx Government of India, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture agricoop.nic.ina