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206 Research Project Report Program for Asia-Japan Research Development, Asia-Japan Research Institute April 2017 – March 2020 Research and Development on the Digital Museum of Asian Historical Cultural Heritage Based on Big Data Acquired by Scanning Real Objects Satoshi TANAKA* 1. Background and Significance of this Research Recently, digital archiving technologies of cultural heritage objects have been developing rapidly. Therefore, efforts are being made to digitally preserve cultural heritage objects for posterity in many countries worldwide. For 3D cultural heritage objects such as temple buildings, the recent rapid development of 3D scanning (laser scanning and photogrammetry) has enabled their precise measurement. 2D cultural heritage objects such as paintings and textiles can be quickly recorded digitally via high-resolution photographing. The first big project of digitally archiving a historical temple building in Southeast Asia was conducted for Angkor Wat (Cambodia) in the year 2005. The project was conducted by a group from the University of Tokyo led by Prof. Katsushi Ikeuchi. Recently, in 2015, Ikeuchi’s group also made high-quality digital archives of the Bas-reliefs in Angkor Wat. Their project mainly focused on creating digital files, and their utilization of researchers and the general public has not been pursued sufficiently. In this research project, we conduct digital archiving of Indonesian cultural heritage objects. Additionally, we aim at creating high-quality 2D/3D images and visual content based on the archived data. We also develop new visualization methods that are required to create the images and visual content. Our research project focuses on Indonesian cultural heritage objects. This research activity is a part of the collaborative project between Ritsumeikan University and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), which is entitled “Research on Digital Archives of Indonesian Cultural Heritages: Collaboration between the Research Center for Regional Resources (P2SDR), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), and the Art Research Center (ARC), Ritsumeikan University”. It should also be mentioned that this collaboration is the continuation of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), concluded in May 2017, between P2SDR-LIPI and ARC. The duration of the collaboration is from August 1, 2018, to July 31, 2021. The project is also supported by Nara National Research Institute for * Professor, College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University Email: [email protected] ©Asia-Japan Research Institute of Ritsumeikan University: Journal of the Asia-Japan Research Institute of Ritsumeikan University, 2020. PRINT ISSN 2435-0184 ONLINE ISSN 2435-0192, Vol.2, pp.206-216.

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Page 1: Research and Development on the Digital Museum of Asian

Journal of the Asia-Japan Research Institute of Ritsumeikan University Volume 2 • October 2020

206

Research Project ReportProgram for Asia-Japan Research Development, Asia-Japan Research Institute

April 2017 – March 2020

Research and Development on the Digital Museum of Asian Historical Cultural Heritage Based on Big Data Acquired

by Scanning Real Objects

Satoshi TANAKA*

1. Background and Significance of this Research

Recently, digital archiving technologies of cultural heritage objects have been developing rapidly. Therefore, efforts are being made to digitally preserve cultural heritage objects for posterity in many countries worldwide. For 3D cultural heritage objects such as temple buildings, the recent rapid development of 3D scanning (laser scanning and photogrammetry) has enabled their precise measurement. 2D cultural heritage objects such as paintings and textiles can be quickly recorded digitally via high-resolution photographing.

The first big project of digitally archiving a historical temple building in Southeast Asia was conducted for Angkor Wat (Cambodia) in the year 2005. The project was conducted by a group from the University of Tokyo led by Prof. Katsushi Ikeuchi. Recently, in 2015, Ikeuchi’s group also made high-quality digital archives of the Bas-reliefs in Angkor Wat. Their project mainly focused on creating digital files, and their utilization of researchers and the general public has not been pursued sufficiently. In this research project, we conduct digital archiving of Indonesian cultural heritage objects. Additionally, we aim at creating high-quality 2D/3D images and visual content based on the archived data. We also develop new visualization methods that are required to create the images and visual content.

Our research project focuses on Indonesian cultural heritage objects. This research activity is a part of the collaborative project between Ritsumeikan University and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), which is entitled “Research on Digital Archives of Indonesian Cultural Heritages: Collaboration between the Research Center for Regional Resources (P2SDR), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), and the Art Research Center (ARC), Ritsumeikan University”. It should also be mentioned that this collaboration is the continuation of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), concluded in May 2017, between P2SDR-LIPI and ARC. The duration of the collaboration is from August 1, 2018, to July 31, 2021. The project is also supported by Nara National Research Institute for

* Professor, College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University Email: [email protected]

©Asia-Japan Research Institute of Ritsumeikan University:Journal of the Asia-Japan Research Institute of Ritsumeikan University, 2020.PRINT ISSN 2435-0184 ONLINE ISSN 2435-0192, Vol.2, pp.206-216.

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Cultural Properties (Nabunken), Japan, based on the agreement between Nabunken and ARC.

2. Objectives

The targets of our research project are: (1) Borobudur Temple in Yogyakarta and (2) collections of the National Museum of Indonesia in Jakarta. We create digitally archived data for these targets. We also pursue the generation of high-quality 2D/3D digital images based on the archived digital data. New technologies for high-quality 3D visualization are also developed. In carrying out the project, our experiences at ARC on digital archiving and visualization of the Gion Festival (Kyoto, Japan, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage), are being maximally utilized.

Regarding the research of Borobudur Temple, we execute precise 3D scanning and high-quality 3D imaging of the temple building and the relief panels carved on the stone walls. The 3D scanning is conducted by using photogrammetry, which is a rapidly developing 3D scanning technology using digital cameras. We also develop visualization methods as well as their implemented software applications for quick and high-quality visualization of the 3D scanned data. Digital data acquired by 3D scanning forms large-scale 3D point clouds consisting of more than tens of millions of 3D points. The significance of these visualization methods is providing ways to quickly and beautifully visualize this new type of data, which have not been previously treated in traditional archeology. The acquired 3D scanned data and the developed software applications are shared with the Borobudur Conservation Office, which manages the conservation of Borobudur temple. It is expected that the digital data and the software applications will significantly contribute to the analysis of Borobudur Temple for researchers as well as its publication for the general public.

Regarding the project of the National Museum of Indonesia, we first plan the technology transfer of 2D/3D digital archiving from our group to the museum staff. The collaboration starts with lectures and tutorials of the 2D/3D archiving. In future collaboration, the 2D archiving will be executed for batik and ancient documents. The 3D archiving is executed for the Buddhism/Hinduism statues and many other tangible cultural properties owned by the museum.

3. Actual Activities

The summary of our research activity for the project is listed in chronological order below. Achievements through the described activities are also explained in “Results and Perspectives.”

November 2017Satoshi Tanaka, Akira Maeda, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, and Tanaka’s graduate students visited

Yogyakarta. We visited the two UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites, Borobudur Temple and the Prambanan Temples. We conducted the following activities:

1. Discussion on the 3D scanning of Borobudur Temple and the Prambanan Temples.2. Discussion on constructing a database system of cultural properties preserved by the Borobudur

Conservation Office.3. Preliminary photogrammetric scanning of the Karmawibhangga relief at the ground level of

Borobudur Temple.4. Trial visualization of the laser-scanned data of Borobudur Temple owned by the Borobudur

Conservation Office.

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March 2018Satoshi Tanaka and Liang Li visited the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and discussed

with the staff about future international collaboration. Then Tanaka and Li attended the international conference “the 9th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation (ICGRC) & AJI from Ritsumeikan University” held in Malang, and gave a keynote talk (Tanaka) and an invited talk (Li) [9,10].

August 2018Satoshi Tanaka, Akira Maeda, Keiko Suzuki, and Hiroshi Yamaguchi visited Jakarta and

Yogyakarta. The details of their research activities are as follows:1. Visit to the National Museum of Indonesia and research meetings with the staff of the museum,

especially on digital archiving of the old commercial records (books) and Batik preserved by the museum (Jakarta).

2. Invited lectures at the National Museum of Indonesia by Satoshi Tanaka and Akira Maeda (Jakarta) [7,8].

3. Tutorials on digital archiving of cultural properties by Hiroshi Yamaguchi and Keiko Suzuki at the National Museum of Indonesia (Jakarta).

4. Visit to the Textile Museum (Jakarta).5. Photographing of Borobudur Temple and discussion on constructing a database system of

cultural properties preserved by Borobudur Conservation Office (Yogyakarta).6. Visit to the Yogyakarta Batik Museum and discussion with the staff of the museum

(Yogyakarta).

November 20181. Satoshi Tanaka and Hiroshi Yamaguchi visited Jakarta. They obtained official permission for the

photogrammetry of Borobudur Temple. They also made discussions with LIPI staff for future collaboration.

2. Jiao Pan (Tanaka’s graduate student) and Liang Li attended the 16th Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage (EG GCH 2018) held in Vienna and presented a paper on 3D reconstruction of Karmawibhangga relief [6].

May 2019Satoshi Tanaka and Kyoko Hasegawa visited the Borobudur Conservation Office and had

technical discussions with the staff. We arranged for selected members of the Borobudur Conservation Office visit Ritsumeikan University (Japan) to have collaboration meetings within the year 2019.

July 2019Marsis Sutopo (the former director of the Borobudur Conservation Office), Isni Wahyuningsih (a

researcher of the Borobudur Conservation Office), and Fadjar I. Thufail (LIPI) visited Ritsumeikan University to have collaboration meetings. We agreed to start actual 3D scanning (photogrammetry) of Borobudur Temple from the next year.

October 20191. Satoshi Tanaka, Liang Li, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, and Jiao Pan (Tanaka’s graduate student) visited

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the Borobudur Temple and had a technical meeting on the policy of 3D scanning of the temple. Preliminary 3D scanning (photogrammetry) was made for the ground level of the temple. We also agreed that further 3D scanning will be carried out by outsourcing to the technical staff of the Borobudur Conservation Office. Japanese members will also join the outsourced 3D scanning activity as much as possible to communicate with them to fulfill our technical requirements.

2. Jiao Pan (graduate student), Liang Li, Kyoko Hasegawa, and Satoshi Tanaka attended the Asia Simulation Conference 2019 held in Singapore and presented a paper on 3D reconstruction of the Karmawibhangga relief [3].

December 2019Fadjar I. Thufail visited Yogyakarta for fieldwork to find out a strategy for putting our research

achievements to good use for the local society. For example, he visited community centers and asked them to display our high-quality 3D visualization for the local people.

January 20201. Liang Li and Hiroshi Yamaguchi visited Borobudur Temple. Real 3D scanning of the project

started from the 1st level of the temple. The staff of the Borobudur Conservation Office continued the scanning activity for an extra few weeks. The acquired data will be transferred to Japanese members within the year 2020.

2. Fadjar I. Thufail continued the fieldwork.

March 2020We planned to invite Mr. Sugeng Riyanto, who is the director of the Yogyakarta Archaeology

Office, to Japan. Although his visit has been canceled due to the COVID-19 calamity, we are continuing our e-mail discussion for a new collaboration with the Yogyakarta Archaeology Office about digital archiving of the Liyangan Site, which is the city heritage discovered in Yogyakarta recently.

4. Results and Perspectives

1) Determination of the 3D Scanning PolicyAs the first step of the project, we investigated the best strategy for executing 3D scanning of

Borobudur Temple. There are two methods of 3D scanning for 3D cultural heritage objects, “laser scanning” and “photogrammetry.” For Borobudur Temple, we decided to adopt the latter for the following three reasons: (1) It is easy to execute in the small spaces of narrow ambulatories of the temple. (2) It requires only digital cameras and does not require high-cost devices such as a laser scanner. (3) 3D point clouds that record the archived target can be easily generated by using a software application that implements SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion and Multi-View Stereo).

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Figure 1 shows an example of raw data of the photo images (left) and the created 3D data, that is, 3D point cloud (right). The digital camera we use for the photogrammetry is RICOH GR3 (see Figure 2).

2) Results of Photogrammetry of Borobudur ReliefsBorobudur Temple has 1,460 culturally important

reliefs on its stone walls. Regarding the research of B o r o b u d u r Te m p l e , w e m a d e h i g h - q u a l i t y photogrammetric scanning of the visible parts of Karmawibhangga relief at the ground level. We also created a 3D model based on the acquired data. A part of the current result is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 (top) is drawn by using 200 million 3D points obtained by the photogrammetry, and Figure 3 (bottom) contains 15 million 3D points. The created 3D model enables us to observe the same relief in various ways. Figure 4 is the result of emphasizing the shading effect to improve the vividness, and Figure 5 is the result of extracting the outlines of the human characters drawn in the relief.

Fig. 1: Photogrammetry (SfM-MVS)

Fig. 2: Camera for our photogrammetry (RICOH GR3)http://www.ricoh-imaging.co.jp/english/products/gr-3/

Fig. 4: Emphasis of the shading effect

Fig. 3: 3D model of the Karmawibhangga relief created from 3Dphotogrammetry data

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Figure 6 shows our preliminary result of the 3D reconstruction of a hidden panel of the Karmawibhangga relief from a 2D photo image. The deep learning method of recent AI technology is used for the 3D reconstruction. This achievement was published at prestigious international conferences [3, 6]. The reconstructed relief can be merged with the photogrammetrically scanned temple building to create an integrated visible 3D model.

3) Collaboration with the National Museum of IndonesiaThe international collaboration related to the National Museum of Indonesia (Jakarta) started in

August of 2018 when Ritsumeikan University members gave lectures and tutorials on digital archiving technology, including photogrammetry (see Figure 7).

Then, in November of 2018, the Ritsumeikan University members discussed with the museum staff about our future possible collaboration on digital archiving of Indonesian cultural heritage. Some test photogrammetry results of the collections of the museum were presented to the museum staff. After the discussion, several e-mail discussions have been made with the help of the research coordination by LIPI (Dr. Fadjar Thufail).

At present, collaboration with the museum is suspended due to the circumstances of the museum. We are seeking for a possibility to restart the collaboration.

5) Other Collaboration and FieldworkSatoshi Tanaka and Hiroshi Yamaguchi also visited Gadjah Mada University, which is one of the

most prestigious national universities in Indonesia, and gave tutorial talks on our digital archiving activities in Indonesia (see Figure 8). We also learned a lot about archeology researches in Indonesia from the university staff. In addition, we visited the Cultural Heritage Management Office of Semarang city and learned their digital archiving activities of city landscapes (see Figure 9). We could also give advice based on our experiences.

Fig. 5: Extraction of outlines

Fig. 6: 3D reconstruction result of an invisible panel of the Karmawibhangga relief: monocular photo patch (left) , depth prediction map (middle), and the reconstructed result (right).

Fig. 7: Tutorial of photogrammetry at the National Museum of Indonesia

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6) Development of a High-Quality 3D Visualization MethodWe developed a high-quality transparent visualization method suitable for large-scale 3D scanned

point clouds [1, 2, 4, 5]. We call the method “stochastic point-based rendering (SPBR),” which is based on a novel stochastic algorithm. SPBR enables us to clearly observe the deep interior of laser-scanned 3D objects with the correct feeling of depth. The high quality of SPBR originates from the effect of “stochastic noise transparentization,” which is an effect to make the measurement noise transparent and invisible in the created images. We mathematically proved that this effect also makes the created transparent images coincide with the results of the conventional methods based on the alpha blending, which is time-consuming and impractical for large-scale laser-scanned point clouds. We also proved the effectiveness of SPBR by applying it to cultural heritage objects as well as forests, factories, and modern buildings. For all the cases, the method works quite well, realizing clear and correct 3D see-through imaging of the laser-scanned objects.

Figure 10 demonstrates the effect of noise transparentization. In Figure 10 (left), we show raw data of a 3D scanned forest, which includes much measurement noise. By using the same raw data, SPBR with the noise transparentization effect can create a clear image where the noise is diminished (see Figure 10). Figure 11 shows the see-through visualization created by SPBR, where the reconstructed hidden Karmawibhangga relief is merged with the 3D scanned data. In the image, the hidden relief is made visible by the see-through imaging of SPBR.

It should be noted that we can also utilize SPBR to opaque (non-transparent) visualization by

Fig. 10: Stochastic noise transparentization effect. The left image shows the original 3D scanned data with measurement noise. In the right image, which is created by SPBR, the noise diminishes by the effect of noise transparentization.

Fig. 8: Tutorial at Gadjah Mada University Fig. 9: Meeting at the Cultural Heritage Management Office of Semarang city

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properly assigning a sufficiently large opacity to visualized objects. This strategy is useful for visualizing, for example, the complex fine structure of Borobudur Temple.

7) Other AchievementsAn academic paper that proposes the noise transparentization effect was accepted by the top

international journal in the field of remote sensing, ISPRS Journal (impact factor: 7.319, H5 index: 77) [1]. This paper is co-authored by members of Ritsumeikan University and the Indonesian collaborators in this international research collaboration. The contents of the paper were also presented in Tanaka’s keynote speech in a famous international conference in the field of virtual reality [2].

The research proposal of applying SPBR to visualizing Indonesian 3D cultural heritage objects is accepted as a project of a Japanese governmental fund, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Kakenhi), in the category of Fostering Joint International Research (B) for the first time at Ritsumeikan University. The details of the fund are described in the final part of this report.

8) Summary of the Achievements and Future PerspectiveOur digitally archived data of the Borobudur reliefs are proved to be very precise and high-

quality, and their resolution is superior to that obtained by the Borobudur staff previously. The data have already been supplied to the Borobudur Conservation Office. We believe that data of high quality are beneficial for researchers and staff of the office. The data are also available for our researches on developing technologies to visualize cultural heritage objects as demonstrated in the above.

The digital data of the reconstructed Borobudur relief will contribute to our development of the “Integrated VR system of Borobudur Temple.” By this system, we can virtually observe all parts of the temple, including the hidden parts behind the stone walls and the foundation under the temple. Construction of the system was agreed in the meeting held in Japan in July 2019, when Borobudur staff visited Ritsumeikan University, Japan. The system, which will also be linked to an appropriate database, is beneficial for Indonesian researchers and the Indonesian general public who are interested in studying Borobudur Temple.

In our research activities, the Japanese members visited many famous cultural sites in Indonesia such as Borobudur Temple, Gadjar Mada University, Semarang city, and the National Museum of Indonesia. At all these places, we could have excellent discussions on the digital archiving of Indonesian cultural heritage objects. We have been able to have fruitful information exchanges with

Fig. 11: Merging and see-through imaging of the 3D scanned data and the invisible relief panel reconstructed from a 2D photo image.

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Indonesian archeologists. We learned a lot about Indonesian cultural heritage objects, and we believe we could also give them beneficial information on digital-archiving technology.

So far, we have not found any problem with researches themselves. However, we hope to increase the number of meetings between Indonesian and Japanese collaborators. One possible way is to introduce a remote conferencing system using the Internet. Another way is to invite Indonesian researchers to Japan every year. We will try to establish better ways to move this collaborative research forward.

5. Project Members and Roles

Name (Institute) RolesSatoshi Tanaka(Ritsumeikan University)

Project leader, coordination of the international research collaboration, and development of visualization methods for 3D scanned data of cultural heritage objects

Keiko Suzuki(Ritsumeikan University)

Project sub-leader, digital archiving and other researches related to Indonesian Batik

Akira Maeda(Ritsumeikan University)

Development of database systems of Indonesian cultural properties

Kozaburo Hachimura(Ritsumeikan University)

Technical guidance on digital archiving of cultural properties

Hiromi Tanaka(Ritsumeikan University)

Technical guidance on visualization and VR (virtual reality) based on digitally archived data of cultural properties

Hideo Miyachi(Tokyo City University)

Development of VR (virtual reality) methods for digitally archived data of 3D cultural heritage objects

Takahiro Nishibayashi(Ritsumeikan University)

Archaeological study based on the digitally archived data of Indonesian cultural properties

Rui Xu(Dalian University of Technology)

Technical guidance on deep learning technology for 3D reconstruction of the Karmawibhangga relief

Kyoko Hasegawa(Ritsumeikan University)

Development of visualization methods for 3D scanned data of cultural heritage objects

Liang Li (Ritsumeikan University)

3D reconstruction of the Karmawibhangga relief from 2D photo images

Batjargal Biligsaikhan(Ritsumeikan University)

Development of database systems of Indonesian cultural properties

Hiroshi Yamaguchi(Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties)

Coordination of 3D scanning of Indonesian 3D cultural heritage objects

Yuting Song(Ritsumeikan University)

Development of database systems of Indonesian cultural properties

Fadjar I. Thufail(Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI))

Coordination of the international research collaboration, archaeological study based on the digitally archived data of Indonesian cultural properties

Firman Budianto(Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI))

Coordination of the international research collaboration, archaeological study based on the digitally archived data of Indonesian cultural properties

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6. Selected List of Publications

1) Tomomasa Uchida, Kyoko Hasegawa, Liang Li, Motoaki Adachi, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Fadjar I. Thufail, Sugeng Riyanto, Atsushi Okamoto, Satoshi Tanaka, "Noise-robust transparent visualization of large-scale point clouds acquired by laser scanning," ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 161, pp.124-134, March 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.004

2) Satoshi Tanaka, "High-Quality & Transparent Visualization of Large-Scale Point Clouds Acquired by 3D Scanning", CYBERWORLDS 2019, Kyoto, October 2-4 (October 2), 2019. (Keynote)

3) Jiao Pan, Liang Li, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Kyoko Hasegawa, Fadjar I. Thufail, Bramantara and Satoshi Tanaka, "3D Transparent Visualization of Relief-type Cultural Heritage Assets based on Depth Reconstruction of Old Monocular Photos", 19th Asia Simulation Conference (AsiaSim2019), Singapore, October 30 - November 1 (October 31), 2019. CCIS, Volume 1094, pp 187-198, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1078-6_16

4) Weite Li, Kenya Shigeta, Kyoko Hasegawa, Liang Li, Keiji Yano, Motoaki Adachi, Satoshi Tanaka, "Transparent Collision Visualization of Point Clouds Acquired by Laser Scanning," ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 8, no. 9, 425, September 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ijgi8090425

5) Liang Li, Kyoko Hasegawa, Itaru Nii, and Satoshi Tanaka, "Fused Transparent Visualization of Point Cloud Data and Background Photographic Image for Tangible Cultural Heritage Assets," ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 8, no. 8, 343, July 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ijgi8080343

6) Jiao Pan, Liang Li, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Kyoko Hasegawa, Fadjar I. Thufail, Bramantara, and Satoshi Tanaka, "3D Reconstruction and Transparent Visualization of Indonesian Cultural Heritage from a Single Image", Proc. The 16th EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage (EG GCH 2018), Vienna, Austria, pp. 207-210, November 12-15, 2018

7) Satoshi Tanaka, "Digital Technology in the Management of Cultural Heritage", TOR Seminar and Workshop, National Museum of Indonesia, August 13, 2018. (Invited Talk)

8) Akira Maeda, " Management of Digital Database of Cultural Heritage", TOR Seminar and Workshop, National Museum of Indonesia, August 13, 2018. (Invited Talk)

9) Satoshi Tanaka, Liang Li, Kyoko Hasegawa, "Digital Archiving of 3D Cultural Heritages in Japan and Indonesia", the 9th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation (ICGRC) & AJI from Ritsumeikan University, Ijen Suites Hotel Resort & Convention, Malang, March 7-8, (March 7) 2018. (Keynote)

10) Liang Li, Kozaburo Hachimura, and Satoshi Tanaka,"Virtual Yamahoko Parade: A Virtual Tour of a Traditional Japanese Festival", the 9th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation (ICGRC) & AJI from Ritsumeikan University, Ijen Suites Hotel Resort & Convention, Malang, March 7-8, (March 7) 2018. (Invited Talk)

7. Selected List of Research Funding/Grant

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Kakenhi): ID 19KK0256●  Project Title: “Utilization of 3D scanned big data of large-scale cultural heritage objects

based on noise-robust see-through visualization”

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●  Project Leader: Satoshi Tanaka●  Period: Oct. 2019 – March 2023●  Category: The Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International

Research (B)).