research article -bernoulli, -euler, and -genocchi...
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Research ArticleOn a Class of ๐-Bernoulli, ๐-Euler, and ๐-Genocchi Polynomials
N. I. Mahmudov and M. Momenzadeh
Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, Northern Cyprus, Turkey
Correspondence should be addressed to M. Momenzadeh; [email protected]
Received 20 January 2014; Revised 3 April 2014; Accepted 3 April 2014; Published 28 April 2014
Academic Editor: Sofiya Ostrovska
Copyright ยฉ 2014 N. I. Mahmudov and M. Momenzadeh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce and investigate a class of ๐-Bernoulli, ๐-Euler, and ๐-Genocchi polynomials. The๐-analogues of well-known formulas are derived. In addition, the ๐-analogue of the Srivastava-Pinteฬr theorem is obtained. Somenew identities, involving ๐-polynomials, are proved.
1. Introduction
Throughout this paper, we always make use of the classicaldefinition of quantum concepts as follows.
The ๐-shifted factorial is defined by
(๐; ๐)0= 1, (๐; ๐)
๐=
๐โ1
โ
๐=0
(1 โ ๐๐๐) , ๐ โ N,
(๐; ๐)โ=
โ
โ
๐=0
(1 โ ๐๐๐) ,
๐ < 1, ๐ โ C.
(1)
It is known that
(๐; ๐)๐=
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
๐(1/2)๐(๐โ1)
(โ1)๐๐๐. (2)
The ๐-numbers and ๐-factorial are defined by
[๐]๐ =1 โ ๐๐
1 โ ๐, (๐ ฬธ= 1, ๐ โ C) ;
[0]๐! = 1, [๐]๐! = [๐]๐[๐ โ 1]๐!.
(3)
The ๐-polynomial coefficient is defined by
[๐
๐]
๐
=(๐; ๐)๐
(๐; ๐)๐โ๐(๐; ๐)๐
, (๐ โฉฝ ๐, ๐, ๐ โ N) . (4)
In the standard approach to the ๐-calculus two exponen-tial functions are used, these ๐-exponential functions andimproved type ๐-exponential function (see [1]) are defined asfollows:
๐๐(๐ง) =
โ
โ
๐=0
๐ง๐
[๐]๐!=
โ
โ
๐=0
1
(1 โ (1 โ ๐) ๐๐๐ง),
0 <๐ < 1, |๐ง| <
11 โ ๐
,
๐ธ๐ (๐ง) = ๐1/๐ (๐ง) =
โ
โ
๐=0
๐(1/2)๐(๐โ1)
๐ง๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
(1 + (1 โ ๐) ๐๐๐ง) , 0 <
๐ < 1, ๐ง โ C,
E๐(๐ง) = ๐
๐(๐ง
2)๐ธ๐(๐ง
2) =
โ
โ
๐=0
(โ1, ๐)๐
2๐
๐ง๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
(1 + (1 โ ๐) ๐๐(๐ง/2))
(1 โ (1 โ ๐) ๐๐ (๐ง/2)), 0 < ๐ < 1, |๐ง|<
2
1 โ ๐.
(5)
Hindawi Publishing CorporationAbstract and Applied AnalysisVolume 2014, Article ID 696454, 10 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/696454
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2 Abstract and Applied Analysis
The form of improved type of ๐-exponential function E๐(๐ง)
motivated us to define a new ๐-addition and ๐-subtraction as
(๐ฅ โ๐๐ฆ)๐
:=
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐(โ1, ๐)
๐โ๐
2๐๐ฅ๐๐ฆ๐โ๐,
๐ = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
(๐ฅโ๐๐ฆ)๐
:=
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐(โ1, ๐)
๐โ๐
2๐๐ฅ๐(โ๐ฆ)๐โ๐,
๐ = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
(6)
It follows that
E๐ (๐ก๐ฅ)E๐ (๐ก๐ฆ) =
โ
โ
๐=0
(๐ฅ โ๐๐ฆ)๐ ๐ก๐
[๐]๐!. (7)
The Bernoulli numbers {๐ต๐}๐โฅ0
are rational numbers in asequence defined by the binomial recursion formula:
๐
โ
๐=0
(๐
๐)๐ต๐โ ๐ต๐= {
1, ๐ = 1,
0, ๐ > 1,(8)
or equivalently, the generating function
โ
โ
๐=0
๐ต๐
๐ก๐
๐!=
๐ก
๐๐ก โ 1. (9)
๐-Analogues of the Bernoulli numbers were first studiedby Carlitz [2] in the middle of the last century when heintroduced a new sequence {๐ฝ
๐}๐โฉพ0
:
๐
โ
๐=0
(๐
๐)๐ฝ๐๐๐+1
โ ๐ฝ๐= {
1, ๐ = 1,
0, ๐ > 1.(10)
Here and in the remainder of the paper, for the parameter ๐we make the assumption that |๐| < 1. Clearly we recover (8)if we let ๐ โ 1 in (10). The ๐-binomial formula is known as
(1 โ ๐)๐
๐= (๐; ๐)
๐=
๐โ1
โ
๐=0
(1 โ ๐๐๐)
=
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
๐(1/2)๐(๐โ1)
(โ1)๐๐๐.
(11)
The above ๐-standard notation can be found in [3].Carlitz has introduced the ๐-Bernoulli numbers and poly-
nomials in [2]. Srivastava and Pinteฬr proved some relationsand theorems between the Bernoulli polynomials and Eulerpolynomials in [4]. They also gave some generalizationsof these polynomials. In [4โ16], the authors investigatedsome properties of the ๐-Euler polynomials and ๐-Genocchipolynomials. They gave some recurrence relations. In [17],Cenkci et al. gave the ๐-extension of Genocchi numbers ina different manner. In [18], Kim gave a new concept for the๐-Genocchi numbers and polynomials. In [19], Simsek et al.investigated the ๐-Genocchi zeta function and ๐-function by
using generating functions andMellin transformation.Thereare numerous recent studies on this subject by, among manyother authors, Cigler [20], Cenkci et al. [17, 21], Choi et al.[22], Cheon [23], Luo and Srivastava [8โ10], Srivastava et al.[4, 24], Nalci and Pashaev [25] Gaboury and Kurt, [26], Kimet al. [27], and Kurt [28].
We first give the definitions of the ๐-numbers and ๐-polynomials. It should be mentioned that the definition of ๐-Bernoulli numbers in Definition 1 can be found in [25].
Definition 1. Let ๐ โ C, 0 < |๐| < 1. The ๐-Bernoulli numbersb๐,๐
and polynomials B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) are defined by means of the
generating functions:
Bฬ (๐ก) :=๐ก๐๐(โ๐ก/2)
๐๐ (๐ก/2) โ ๐๐ (โ๐ก/2)
=๐ก
E๐ (๐ก) โ 1
=
โ
โ
๐=0
b๐,๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!, |๐ก| < 2๐,
๐ก
E๐ (๐ก) โ 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฅ)E
๐(๐ก๐ฆ)
=
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!, |๐ก| < 2๐.
(12)
Definition 2. Let ๐ โ C, 0 < |๐| < 1. The ๐-Euler numberse๐,๐
and polynomials E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) are defined by means of the
generating functions:
Eฬ (๐ก) :=2๐๐(โ๐ก/2)
๐๐ (๐ก/2) + ๐๐ (โ๐ก/2)
=2
E๐ (๐ก) + 1
=
โ
โ
๐=0
e๐,๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!, |๐ก| < ๐,
2
E๐(๐ก) + 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฅ)E
๐(๐ก๐ฆ)
=
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!, |๐ก| < ๐.
(13)
Definition 3. Let ๐ โ C, 0 < |๐| < 1.The ๐-Genocchi numbersg๐,๐
and polynomials G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) are defined by means of the
generating functions:
Gฬ (๐ก) :=2๐ก๐๐(โ๐ก/2)
๐๐(๐ก/2) + ๐
๐(โ๐ก/2)
=2๐ก
E๐(๐ก) + 1
=
โ
โ
๐=0
g๐,๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!, |๐ก| < ๐,
2๐ก
E๐(๐ก) + 1
E๐ (๐ก๐ฅ)E๐ (๐ก๐ฆ)
=
โ
โ
๐=0
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!, |๐ก| < ๐.
(14)
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Abstract and Applied Analysis 3
Note that Cigler [20] defined ๐-Genocchi numbers as
๐ก๐๐ (๐ก) + ๐๐ (โ๐ก)
๐๐(๐ก) + ๐
๐(โ๐ก)
=
โ
โ
๐=0
๐2๐,๐
(โ1)๐โ1(โ๐; ๐)
2๐โ1๐ก2๐
[2๐]๐!. (15)
Then comparing g๐,๐
with ๐๐,๐, we see that
(โ1)๐โ122๐+1
g2๐+2,๐
= (โ๐; ๐)2๐+1
๐2๐+2,๐
. (16)
Definition 4. Let ๐ โ C, 0 < |๐| < 1. The ๐-tangent numbersT๐,๐
are defined by means of the generating functions:
tanh๐๐ก = โ๐ tan
๐ (๐๐ก) =๐๐ (๐ก) โ ๐๐ (โ๐ก)
๐๐(๐ก) + ๐
๐(โ๐ก)
=E๐ (2๐ก) โ 1
E๐(2๐ก) + 1
=
โ
โ
๐=1
T2๐+1,๐
(โ1)๐๐ก2๐+1
[2๐ + 1]๐!.
(17)
It is obvious that, by letting ๐ tend to 1 from the left side,we lead to the classic definition of these polynomials:
b๐,๐:= B๐,๐ (0) , lim
๐โ1โ
B๐,๐ (๐ฅ) = ๐ต๐ (๐ฅ) ,
lim๐โ1
โ
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) = ๐ต
๐(๐ฅ + ๐ฆ) , lim
๐โ1โ
b๐,๐= ๐ต๐,
e๐,๐:= E๐,๐ (0) , lim
๐โ1โ
E๐,๐ (๐ฅ) = ๐ธ๐ (๐ฅ) ,
lim๐โ1
โ
E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) = ๐ธ
๐(๐ฅ + ๐ฆ) , lim
๐โ1โ
e๐,๐= ๐ธ๐,
g๐,๐:= G๐,๐(0) , lim
๐โ1โ
G๐,๐(๐ฅ) = ๐บ
๐(๐ฅ) ,
lim๐โ1
โ
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) = ๐บ
๐(๐ฅ + ๐ฆ) lim
๐โ1โ
g๐,๐= ๐บ๐.
(18)
Here ๐ต๐(๐ฅ), ๐ธ
๐(๐ฅ), and ๐บ
๐(๐ฅ) denote the classical Bernoulli,
Euler, and Genocchi polynomials, respectively, which aredefined by
๐ก
๐๐ก โ 1๐๐ก๐ฅ=
โ
โ
๐=0
๐ต๐(๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
๐!,
2
๐๐ก + 1๐๐ก๐ฅ=
โ
โ
๐=0
๐ธ๐(๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
๐!,
2๐ก
๐๐ก + 1๐๐ก๐ฅ=
โ
โ
๐=0
๐บ๐ (๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
๐!.
(19)
The aim of the present paper is to obtain some resultsfor the above newly defined ๐-polynomials. It should bementioned that ๐-Bernoulli and ๐-Euler polynomials in ourdefinitions are polynomials of ๐ฅ and ๐ฆ and when ๐ฆ = 0,they are polynomials of ๐ฅ. First advantage of this approach isthat for ๐ โ 1โ, B
๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) (E
๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ), G
๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)) becomes
the classical BernoulliB๐(๐ฅ + ๐ฆ) (EulerE
๐(๐ฅ + ๐ฆ), Genocchi
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)) polynomial and wemay obtain the ๐-analogues of
well-known results, for example, Srivastava and Pinteฬr [11],Cheon [23], and so forth. Second advantage is that, similarto the classical case, odd numbered terms of the Bernoullinumbers b
๐,๐and the Genocchi numbers g
๐,๐are zero, and
even numbered terms of the Euler numbers e๐,๐
are zero.
2. Preliminary Results
In this section we will provide some basic formulae for the๐-Bernoulli, ๐-Euler, and ๐-Genocchi numbers and polyno-mials in order to obtain the main results of this paper in thenext section.
Lemma 5. The ๐-Bernoulli numbers b๐,๐
satisfy the following๐-binomial recurrence:
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐b๐,๐โ b๐,๐= {
1, ๐ = 1,
0, ๐ > 1.(20)
Proof. By a simple multiplication of (8) we see that
Bฬ (๐ก)E๐(๐ก) = ๐ก + Bฬ (๐ก) . (21)
Soโ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐b๐,๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!= ๐ก +
โ
โ
๐=0
b๐,๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!. (22)
The statement follows by comparing ๐ก๐ coefficients.
We use this formula to calculate the first few b๐,๐:
b0,๐= 1,
b1,๐= โ
1
2,
b2,๐=1
4
๐ (๐ + 1)
๐2 + ๐ + 1=๐[2]๐
4[3]๐
,
b3,๐= 0.
(23)
The similar property can be proved for ๐-Euler numbers
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐e๐,๐+ e๐,๐
= {2, ๐ = 0,
0, ๐ > 0.(24)
and ๐-Genocchi numbers
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐g๐,๐+ g๐,๐
= {2, ๐ = 1,
0, ๐ > 1.(25)
Using the above recurrence formulae we calculate the firstfew e๐,๐
and g๐,๐
terms as well:
e0,๐= 1, g
0,๐= 0,
e1,๐= โ
1
2, g
1,๐= 1,
e2,๐= 0, g
2,๐= โ
[2]๐
2= โ
๐ + 1
2,
e3,๐=[3]๐[2]๐ โ [4]๐
8=๐ (1 + ๐)
8, g
3,๐= 0.
(26)
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4 Abstract and Applied Analysis
Remark 6. The first advantage of the new ๐-numbersb๐,๐, e๐,๐, and g
๐,๐is that similar to classical case odd num-
bered terms of the Bernoulli numbers b๐,๐
and the Genocchinumbers g
๐,๐are zero, and even numbered terms of the Euler
numbers e๐,๐
are zero.
Next lemma gives the relationship between ๐-Genocchinumbers and ๐-Tangent numbers.
Lemma 7. For any ๐ โ N, we have
T2๐+1,๐
= g2๐+2,๐
(โ1)๐โ122๐+1
[2๐ + 2]๐
. (27)
Proof. First we recall the definition of ๐-trigonometric func-tions:
cos๐๐ก =
๐๐(๐๐ก) + ๐
๐(โ๐๐ก)
2, sin
๐๐ก =
๐๐(๐๐ก) โ ๐
๐(โ๐๐ก)
2๐,
๐ tan๐๐ก =
๐๐(๐๐ก) โ ๐
๐(โ๐๐ก)
๐๐ (๐๐ก) + ๐๐ (โ๐๐ก)
, cot๐๐ก = ๐
๐๐(๐๐ก) + ๐
๐(โ๐๐ก)
๐๐ (๐๐ก) โ ๐๐ (โ๐๐ก)
.
(28)
Now by choosing ๐ง = 2๐๐ก in Bฬ(๐ง), we get
Bฬ (2๐๐ก) =2๐๐ก
E๐(2๐๐ก) โ 1
=๐ก๐๐(โ๐๐ก)
sin๐๐ก
=
โ
โ
๐=0
b๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)๐
[๐]๐!. (29)
It follows that
Bฬ (2๐๐ก) =๐ก๐๐(โ๐๐ก)
sin๐๐ก
=๐ก
sin๐๐ก(cos๐๐ก โ ๐ sin
๐๐ก) = ๐ก cot
๐๐ก โ ๐๐ก
= b0,๐+ 2๐๐กb
1,๐+
โ
โ
๐=2
b๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)๐
[๐]๐!
= 1 โ ๐๐ก +
โ
โ
๐=2
b๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)๐
[๐]๐!.
(30)
Since the function ๐ก cot๐๐ก is even in the above sum odd
coefficients b2๐+1,๐
, ๐ = 1, 2, . . ., are zero, and we get
๐ก cot๐๐ก = 1 +
โ
โ
๐=2
b๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)๐
[๐]๐!= 1 +
โ
โ
๐=1
b๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)2๐
[2๐]๐!. (31)
By choosing ๐ง = 2๐๐ก in Gฬ(๐ง), we get
Gฬ (2๐๐ก) =4๐๐ก
E๐(2๐๐ก) + 1
=2๐๐ก๐๐ (โ๐๐ก)
cos๐๐ก
=
โ
โ
๐=0
g๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)๐
[๐]๐!,
Gฬ (2๐๐ก) =4๐๐ก
E๐ (2๐๐ก) + 1
=2๐๐ก๐๐ (โ๐๐ก)
cos๐๐ก
=2๐๐ก
cos๐๐ก(cos๐๐ก โ ๐ sin
๐๐ก)
= 2๐๐ก + 2๐ก tan๐๐ก = g0,๐+ 2๐๐กg
1,๐+
โ
โ
๐=2
g๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)๐
[๐]๐!
= 2๐๐ก +
โ
โ
๐=2
g๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)๐
[๐]๐!.
(32)
It follows that
2๐ก tan๐๐ก =
โ
โ
๐=1
g2๐,๐
(2๐๐ก)2๐
[2๐]๐!,
tan๐๐ก =
โ
โ
๐=1
g2๐,๐
(โ1)๐(2๐ก)2๐โ1
[2๐]๐!,
tanh๐๐ก = โ๐ tan
๐(๐๐ก) = โ๐
โ
โ
๐=1
g2๐,๐
(โ1)๐(2๐๐ก)2๐โ1
[2๐]๐!
= โ
โ
โ
๐=1
g2๐,๐
(2๐ก)2๐โ1
[2๐]๐!= โ
โ
โ
๐=1
g2๐+2,๐
(2๐ก)2๐+1
[2๐ + 2]๐!,
(33)
Thus
tanh๐๐ก = โ๐tan
๐ (๐๐ก) =๐๐(๐ก) โ ๐
๐(โ๐ก)
๐๐(๐ก) + ๐
๐(โ๐ก)
=E๐(2๐ก) โ 1
E๐(2๐ก) + 1
=
โ
โ
๐=1
T2๐+1,๐
(โ1)๐๐ก2๐+1
[2๐ + 1]๐!,
T2๐+1,๐
= g2๐+2,๐
(โ1)๐โ122๐+1
[2๐ + 2]๐
.
(34)
The following result is a ๐-analogue of the additiontheorem, for the classical Bernoulli, Euler, and Genocchipolynomials.
Lemma 8 (addition theorems). For all ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ โ C we have
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
b๐,๐(๐ฅ โ๐๐ฆ)๐โ๐
,
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐B๐,๐ (๐ฅ) ๐ฆ
๐โ๐,
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5
E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
e๐,๐(๐ฅ โ๐๐ฆ)๐โ๐
,
E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฅ) ๐ฆ๐โ๐,
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
g๐,๐(๐ฅ โ๐๐ฆ)๐โ๐
,
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐G๐,๐(๐ฅ) ๐ฆ๐โ๐.
(35)
Proof. We prove only the first formula. It is a consequence ofthe following identity:
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!=
๐ก
E๐(๐ก) โ 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฅ)E
๐(๐ก๐ฆ)
=
โ
โ
๐=0
b๐,๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
(๐ฅ โ๐๐ฆ)๐ ๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
b๐,๐(๐ฅ โ๐๐ฆ)๐โ๐ ๐ก๐
[๐]๐!.
(36)
In particular, setting ๐ฆ = 0 in (35), we get the followingformulae for ๐-Bernoulli, ๐-Euler and ๐-Genocchi polynomi-als, respectively:
B๐,๐(๐ฅ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐b๐,๐๐ฅ๐โ๐,
E๐,๐(๐ฅ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐e๐,๐๐ฅ๐โ๐,
(37)
G๐,๐ (๐ฅ) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐g๐,๐๐ฅ๐โ๐. (38)
Setting ๐ฆ = 1 in (35), we get
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, 1) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐B๐,๐(๐ฅ) ,
E๐,๐(๐ฅ, 1) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฅ) ,
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, 1) =
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐G๐,๐(๐ฅ) .
(39)
Clearly (39) is ๐-analogues of
๐ต๐ (๐ฅ + 1) =
๐
โ
๐=0
(๐
๐)๐ต๐ (๐ฅ) ,
๐ธ๐(๐ฅ + 1) =
๐
โ
๐=0
(๐
๐)๐ธ๐(๐ฅ) ,
๐บ๐(๐ฅ + 1) =
๐
โ
๐=0
(๐
๐)๐บ๐(๐ฅ) ,
(40)
respectively.
Lemma 9. The odd coefficients of the ๐-Bernoulli numbers,except the first one, are zero. That means b
๐,๐= 0 where
๐ = 2๐ + 1 (๐ โ N).
Proof. It follows from the fact that the function
๐ (๐ก) =
โ
โ
๐=0
b๐,๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!โ b1,๐๐ก
=๐ก
E๐ (๐ก) โ 1
+๐ก
2=๐ก
2(E๐ (๐ก) + 1
E๐ (๐ก) โ 1
) ,
(41)
By using ๐-derivative we obtain the next lemma.
Lemma 10. One has
๐ท๐,๐ฅB๐,๐ (๐ฅ) = [๐]๐
B๐โ1,๐ (๐ฅ) +B๐โ1,๐ (๐๐ฅ)
2,
๐ท๐,๐ฅE๐,๐(๐ฅ) = [๐]๐
E๐โ1,๐
(๐ฅ) + E๐โ1,๐
(๐๐ฅ)
2,
๐ท๐,๐ฅG๐,๐ (๐ฅ) = [๐]๐
G๐โ1,๐
(๐ฅ) +G๐โ1,๐
(๐๐ฅ)
2.
(42)
Lemma 11 (difference equations). One has
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, 1) โB
๐,๐(๐ฅ) =
(โ1; ๐)๐โ1
2๐โ1[๐]๐๐ฅ๐โ1, ๐ โฅ 1, (43)
E๐,๐ (๐ฅ, 1) + E๐,๐ (๐ฅ) = 2
(โ1; ๐)๐
2๐๐ฅ๐, ๐ โฅ 0, (44)
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, 1) +G
๐,๐(๐ฅ) = 2
(โ1; ๐)๐โ1
2๐โ1[๐]๐๐ฅ๐โ1, ๐ โฅ 1. (45)
Proof. Weprove the identity for the ๐-Bernoulli polynomials.From the identity
๐กE๐(๐ก)
E๐(๐ก) โ 1
E๐ (๐ก๐ฅ) = ๐กE๐ (๐ก๐ฅ) +
๐ก
E๐(๐ก) โ 1
E๐ (๐ก๐ฅ) , (46)
it follows thatโ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐B๐,๐ (๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
(โ1, ๐)๐
2๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ก๐+1
[๐]๐!+
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!.
(47)
-
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis
From (43) and (37), (44) and (38), we obtain the followingformulae.
Lemma 12. One has
๐ฅ๐=
2๐
(โ1; ๐)๐[๐]๐
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐ + 1
๐]
๐
(โ1; ๐)๐+1โ๐
2๐+1โ๐B๐,๐(๐ฅ) ,
๐ฅ๐=
2๐โ1
(โ1; ๐)๐
(
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1; ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐E๐,๐ (๐ฅ) + E๐,๐ (๐ฅ)) ,
๐ฅ๐=
2๐โ1
(โ1; ๐)๐[๐ + 1]๐
ร (
๐+1
โ
๐=0
[๐ + 1
๐]
๐
(โ1; ๐)๐+1โ๐
2๐+1โ๐G๐,๐(๐ฅ) +G
๐+1,๐(๐ฅ)) .
(48)
The above formulae are ๐-analogues of the followingfamiliar expansions:
๐ฅ๐=
1
๐ + 1
๐
โ
๐=0
(๐ + 1
๐)๐ต๐(๐ฅ) ,
๐ฅ๐=1
2[
๐
โ
๐=0
(๐
๐)๐ธ๐ (๐ฅ) + ๐ธ๐ (๐ฅ)] ,
๐ฅ๐=
1
2 (๐ + 1)[
๐+1
โ
๐=0
(๐ + 1
๐)๐ธ๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ธ
๐+1(๐ฅ)] ,
(49)
respectively.
Lemma 13. The following identities hold true:
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) โB
๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
= [๐]๐(๐ฅ โ๐ ๐ฆ)๐โ1
,
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) + E
๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) = 2(๐ฅ โ
๐๐ฆ)๐
,
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) +G
๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
= 2[๐]๐(๐ฅ โ๐ ๐ฆ)๐โ1
.
(50)
Proof. We prove the identity for the ๐-Bernoulli polynomi-als. From the identity
๐กE๐(๐ก)
E๐(๐ก) โ 1
E๐ (๐ก๐ฅ)E๐ (๐ก๐ฆ)
= ๐กE๐(๐ก๐ฅ)E
๐(๐ก๐ฆ) +
๐ก
E๐ (๐ก) โ 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฅ)E
๐(๐ก๐ฆ) ,
(51)
it follows thatโ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐(โ1, ๐)
๐โ๐
2๐๐ฅ๐๐ฆ๐โ๐ ๐ก๐+1
[๐]๐!
+
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!.
(52)
3. Some New Formulae
The classical Cayley transformation ๐ง โCay(๐ง, ๐) := (1 +๐๐ง)/(1โ๐๐ง)motivated us to derive the formula forE
๐(๐๐ก). In
addition, by substituting Cay(๐ง, (๐ โ 1)/2) in the generatingformula we have
Bฬ๐(๐๐ก) Bฬ
๐ (๐ก) = (Bฬq (๐๐ก) โ ๐Bฬ๐ (๐ก) (1 + (1 โ ๐)๐ก
2))
ร1
1 โ ๐ร
2
E๐ (๐ก) + 1
.
(53)
The right hand side can be presented by ๐-Euler numbers.Now equating coefficients of ๐ก๐ we get the following identity.In the case that ๐ = 0, we find the first improved ๐-Eulernumber which is exactly 1.
Proposition 14. For all ๐ โฅ 1,๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
B๐,๐B๐โ๐,๐
๐๐
= โ๐
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
2๐โ๐B๐,๐E๐โ๐,๐[๐ โ 1]๐
โ๐
2
๐โ1
โ
๐=0
[๐ โ 1
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐โ1
2๐โ๐โ1B๐,๐E๐โ๐โ1,๐[๐]๐.
(54)
Let us take a ๐-derivative from the generating function,after simplifying the equation, by knowing the quotient rulefor quantum derivative, and also using
E๐(๐๐ก) =
1 โ (1 โ ๐) (๐ก/2)
1 + (1 โ ๐) (๐ก/2)E๐(๐ก) ,
๐ท๐(Eq (๐ก)) =
E๐(๐๐ก) +E
๐ (๐ก)
2,
(55)
one has
Bฬ๐(๐๐ก) Bฬ
๐(๐ก) =
2 + (1 โ ๐) ๐ก
2E๐ (๐ก) (๐ โ 1)
(๐Bฬ๐(๐ก) โ Bฬ
๐(๐๐ก)) . (56)
It is clear that Eโ1๐(๐ก) = E
๐(โ๐ก). Now, by equating
coefficients of ๐ก๐ we obtain the following identity.
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7
Proposition 15. For all ๐ โฅ 1,
2๐
โ
๐=0
[2๐
๐]
๐
B๐,๐B2๐โ๐,๐
๐๐
= โ๐
2๐
โ
๐=0
[2๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)2๐โ๐
22๐โ๐B๐,๐[๐ โ 1]๐(โ1)
๐
+๐ (1 โ ๐)
2
2๐โ1
โ
๐=0
[2๐ โ 1
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)2๐โ1โ๐
22๐โ1โ๐B๐,๐
ร [๐ โ 1]๐(โ1)๐,
2๐+1
โ
๐=0
[2๐ + 1
๐]
๐
B๐,๐B2๐โ๐+1,๐
๐๐
= ๐
2๐+1
โ
๐=0
[2๐ + 1
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)2๐+1โ๐
22๐+1โ๐B๐,๐[๐ โ 1]๐(โ1)
๐
โ๐ (1 โ ๐)
2
2๐
โ
๐=0
[2๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)2๐โ๐
22๐โ๐B๐,๐[๐ โ 1]๐(โ1)
๐.
(57)
We may also derive a differential equation for Bฬ๐(๐ก). If
we differentiate both sides of the generating function withrespect to ๐ก, after a little calculation we find that
๐
๐๐กBฬ๐(๐ก)
= Bฬ๐ (๐ก) (
1
๐กโ(1 โ ๐)E
๐(๐ก)
E๐(๐ก) โ 1
(
โ
โ
๐=0
4๐๐
4 โ (1 โ ๐)2๐2๐
)) .
(58)
If we differentiate Bฬ๐(๐ก) with respect to ๐, we obtain,
instead,
๐
๐๐Bฬ๐(๐ก) = โBฬ
2
๐(๐ก)E๐(๐ก)
โ
โ
๐=0
4๐ก (๐๐๐โ1
โ (๐ + 1) ๐๐)
4 โ (1 โ ๐)2๐2๐
. (59)
Again, using the generating function and combining thiswith the derivative we get the partial differential equation.
Proposition 16. Consider the following:
๐
๐๐กBฬ๐(๐ก) โ
๐
๐๐Bฬ๐(๐ก)
=Bฬ๐(๐ก)
๐ก+
Bฬ2๐(๐ก)E๐(๐ก)
๐ก
ร
โ
โ
๐=0
4๐ก (๐๐๐โ1
โ (๐ + 1) ๐๐) โ ๐๐(1 โ ๐)
4 โ (1 โ ๐)2๐2๐
.
(60)
4. Explicit Relationship between the๐-Bernoulli and ๐-Euler Polynomials
In this section, we give some explicit relationship betweenthe ๐-Bernoulli and ๐-Euler polynomials.We also obtain newformulae and some special cases for them.These formulae areextensions of the formulae of Srivastava and Pinteฬr, Cheon,and others.
We present natural ๐-extensions of themain results in thepapers [9, 11]; see Theorems 17 and 19.
Theorem 17. For ๐ โ N0, the following relationships hold true:
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
=1
2
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
๐๐โ๐ [
[
B๐,๐ (๐ฅ) +
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
B๐,๐ (๐ฅ)
2๐โ๐๐๐โ๐]
]
ร E๐โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ)
=1
2
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
๐๐โ๐
[B๐,๐(๐ฅ) +B
๐,๐(๐ฅ,
1
๐)]E๐โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ) .
(61)
Proof. Using the following identity
๐ก
E๐(๐ก) โ 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฅ)E
๐(๐ก๐ฆ)
=๐ก
E๐(๐ก) โ 1
E๐ (๐ก๐ฅ)
โ E๐ (๐ก/๐) + 1
2โ
2
E๐(๐ก/๐) + 1
E๐(๐ก
๐๐๐ฆ)
(62)
we have
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=1
2
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
(โ1, ๐)๐
๐๐2๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
+1
2
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐ (๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=: ๐ผ1+ ๐ผ2.
(63)
It is clear that
๐ผ2=1
2
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=1
2
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
๐๐โ๐
B๐,๐ (๐ฅ)E๐โ๐,๐ (๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!.
(64)
-
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis
On the other hand
๐ผ1=1
2
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
ร
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
B๐,๐ (๐ฅ)
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=1
2
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
E๐โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ)
ร
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
B๐,๐(๐ฅ) (โ1, ๐)
๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!.
(65)
Thereforeโ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=1
2
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
๐๐โ๐
ร [
[
B๐,๐ (๐ฅ) +
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
B๐,๐(๐ฅ)
2๐โ๐๐๐โ๐]
]
ร E๐โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ)๐ก๐
[๐]๐!.
(66)
It remains to equate the coefficients of ๐ก๐.
Next we discuss some special cases of Theorem 17.
Corollary 18. For ๐ โ N0the following relationship holds true:
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
=
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(B๐,๐ (๐ฅ) +
(โ1; ๐)๐โ1
2๐[๐]๐๐ฅ๐โ1)E๐โ๐,๐
(๐ฆ) .
(67)
The formula (67) is a ๐-extension of the Cheonโs mainresult [23].
Theorem 19. For ๐ โ N0, the following relationships
E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
=1
[๐ + 1]๐
ร
๐+1
โ
๐=0
1
๐๐+1โ๐[๐ + 1
๐]
๐
ร (
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฆ) โ E
๐,๐(๐ฆ))
รB๐+1โ๐,๐ (๐๐ฅ)
(68)
hold true between the ๐-Bernoulli polynomials and ๐-Eulerpolynomials.
Proof. The proof is based on the following identity:2
E๐(๐ก) + 1
E๐ (๐ก๐ฅ)E๐ (๐ก๐ฆ)
=2
E๐ (๐ก) + 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฆ)
โ E๐(๐ก/๐) โ 1
๐กโ
๐ก
E๐(๐ก/๐) โ 1
E๐(๐ก
๐๐๐ฅ) .
(69)
Indeedโ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
(โ1, ๐)๐
๐๐2๐
๐ก๐โ1
[๐]๐!
ร
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
โ
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐ฆ)
๐ก๐โ1
[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
=: ๐ผ1โ ๐ผ2.
(70)
It follows that
๐ผ2=1
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
E๐,๐(๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
=1
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
1
๐๐โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฆ)B
๐โ๐,๐ (๐๐ฅ)๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
1
[๐ + 1]๐
ร
๐+1
โ
๐=0
[๐ + 1
๐]
๐
1
๐๐+1โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฆ)B
๐+1โ๐,๐ (๐๐ฅ)๐ก๐
[๐]๐!,
๐ผ1=1
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐๐ฅ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
ร
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=1
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
1
๐๐โ๐B๐โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฅ)
ร
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐E๐,๐(๐ฆ)
๐ก๐โ1
[๐]๐!.
(71)
Next we give an interesting relationship between the ๐-Genocchi polynomials and the ๐-Bernoulli polynomials.
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9
Theorem 20. For ๐ โ N0, the following relationship
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
=1
[๐ + 1]๐
ร
๐+1
โ
๐=0
1
๐๐โ๐[๐ + 1
๐]
๐
ร (
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐G๐,๐(๐ฅ) โG
๐,๐(๐ฅ))
รB๐+1โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ) ,
B๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
=1
2[๐ + 1]๐
ร
๐+1
โ
๐=0
1
๐๐โ๐[๐ + 1
๐]
๐
ร (
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐B๐,๐(๐ฅ) +B
๐,๐(๐ฅ))
รG๐+1โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ)
(72)
holds true between the ๐-Genocchi and the ๐-Bernoulli polyno-mials.
Proof. Using the following identity
2๐ก
E๐(๐ก) + 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฅ)E
๐(๐ก๐ฆ)
=2๐ก
E๐ (๐ก) + 1
E๐(๐ก๐ฅ) โ (E
๐(๐ก
๐) โ 1)
๐
๐ก
โ ๐ก/๐
E๐(๐ก/๐) โ 1
โ E๐(๐ก
๐๐๐ฆ)
(73)
we have
โ
โ
๐=0
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=๐
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
ร
โ
โ
๐=0
(โ1, ๐)๐
๐๐2๐
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
โ๐
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
G๐,๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
=๐
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
(
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐G๐,๐ (๐ฅ) โG๐,๐ (๐ฅ))
๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
ร
โ
โ
๐=0
B๐,๐(๐๐ฆ)
๐ก๐
๐๐[๐]๐!
=๐
๐ก
โ
โ
๐=0
๐
โ
๐=0
1
๐๐โ๐[๐
๐]
๐
ร (
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐G๐,๐(๐ฅ) โG
๐,๐(๐ฅ))
รB๐โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ)๐ก๐
[๐]๐!
=
โ
โ
๐=0
1
[๐ + 1]๐
๐+1
โ
๐=0
1
๐๐โ๐[๐ + 1
๐]
๐
ร (
๐
โ
๐=0
[๐
๐]
๐
(โ1, ๐)๐โ๐
๐๐โ๐2๐โ๐G๐,๐(๐ฅ) โG
๐,๐(๐ฅ))
รB๐+1โ๐,๐
(๐๐ฆ)๐ก๐
[๐]๐!.
(74)
The second identity can be proved in a like manner.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests withany commercial identities regarding the publication of thispaper.
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