research article mental health status among married...

Research ArticleMental Health Status among Married Working Women Residingin Bhubaneswar City India A Psychosocial Survey

Ansuman Panigrahi Aditya Prasad Padhy and Madhulita Panigrahi

Department of CommunityMedicine Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences KIIT University Campus-5 Bhubaneswar Odisha 751024India

Correspondence should be addressed to Ansuman Panigrahi dransuman3gmailcom

Received 4 February 2014 Accepted 14 February 2014 Published 31 March 2014

Academic Editor Antonella Gigantesco

Copyright copy 2014 Ansuman Panigrahi et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Mental health is a major public health concern worldwide This study aimed to assess the mental health status and its correlatesamong married working women residing in Bhubaneswar city of Odisha India A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 240households involving 240 married working women following a multistage cluster random sampling design Using the predesignedpretested interview schedule and self-reporting questionnaire all relevant information was collected Our study revealed that 329of study respondents had poor mental health and only about 10 of these women had sought any kind of mental health servicesLogistic regression analysis showed that 3 predictors such as favourable attitude of colleagues sharing their own problems withhusband and spending time for yogameditationexercise had significant positive impact on the mental health status of marriedworking women A preventive program regarding various aspects of mental health for married working women at workplace aswell as community level could be a useful strategy in reducing this public health problem

1 Introduction

Mental health is one of the most important public healthissues as it is a major contributor (14) to the globalburden of disease worldwide [1] It means the ability torespond to diverse experiences of life with flexibility and asense of purpose It can be described as a state of balancebetween an individual and his surrounding world a state ofharmony between oneself and others [2] Mental health isthe foundation for well-being and effective functioning foran individual and for a community and that of women isimportant both for their own health and for the well-beingof their children and families Women are more likely thanmen to be adversely affected by mental disorders the mostcommon being anxiety and depressive disorders [3 4]

Status of women in the society has been changing fastdue to multiple factors such as urbanization industrial-ization increased level of education awareness of rightsand media influence More and more women prefer tobe engaged in some kind of employment so that theycan contribute financially to their family But the attitude

towards women especially married women and their rolein family has remained the same as even today taking careof the family and children is considered as their primaryresponsibility Thus carrying out duties and responsibilitiesboth at home and workplace overstrains a married workingwoman thereby leading to various psychological problemslike role conflict job strain mental fatigue stress anxietyfrustration depression anger phobias and other social andemotional distress All of these problems can interactivelyaffect the mental well-being of working women and moreso in married working women Studies have shown thatworking women have poor mental health and higher levelof depression compared to nonworking women [5] Data onmental health among married working women in India issparse and to the authorsrsquo knowledge there has been no suchstudy conducted in the state of Odisha

In this context the present study was planned to beundertaken in Bhubaneswar city to assess the mental healthstatus among married working women and their role per-ception and determine the mental health correlates so thatappropriate targets for interventions could be identified

Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research InternationalVolume 2014 Article ID 979827 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014979827

2 BioMed Research International

2 Materials and Methods

Bhubaneswar the capital city of the state ofOdisha is situatedat the intersection of 20∘121015840Nndash20∘251015840N latitude and 85∘441015840Endash85∘551015840E longitude 45 meters above sea level It is locatedsouthwest of the rivers Mahanadi Baitarani and Brahmanion the western fringe of the mid-coastal plain Bhubaneswarincludes 60 wards with a population of about 8 50000

The present cross-sectional study was undertaken inthe selected nonslum areas during 2011-2012 Consideringthe prevalence of poor mental health among women ofreproductive age group as 23 observed in an Indianstudy [6] precision as 10 design effect as 3 and levelof confidence at 95 sample size was calculated as 204Multistage cluster random sampling design was used toselect the study population Out of total 60 wards 20 ofwards that is 12 wards were selected using simple randomsampling technique From each ward one nonslum area wasrandomly selected and thus in total 12 areas were chosenas clusters for the study purpose In each selected studyarea 20 households were recruited as study units usingsimple random sampling technique Only married womenin the age group of 20ndash49 years willing to participate wereconsidered for the study purpose whereas nonvolunteerspregnant women and those having any known health dis-order were excluded from the study In case of presenceof two or more study subjects in one household only onerespondentwas randomly chosen and if nowomanwas foundin the selected household the next adjacent household wasapproached Overall 240 eligible willing women from 240households were recruited as study subjects and interviewedafter obtaining the informed consent keeping their identitiesanonymous However 24 women could not continue in thestudy till the end and thus finally 216marriedworkingwomenwere considered as study participants Using the predesignedand pretested interview schedule all relevant informationregarding sociodemographic characteristics like age edu-cation occupation income addiction and so forth wascollected Also perception of women respondents regardinghome situation family and social issues was assessed

The self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ) a standardizedinstrument was administered to measure the mental healthstatus of the participating women This is a 20-item ques-tionnaire requiring yesno responses and screens for thepresence of anxiety and depressive disorders The SRQ hasbeen standardised in India in two separate studies [7 8]Patients who scored 7 or more on the SRQ were designatedas having poor mental health and those with a score below 7were designated as being normalWomen found to have poormental health were counselled and referred to nearby healthfacility for further investigation and follow-up

Analyses Statistical procedures such as simple descriptivestatistics (means standard deviations and proportions)measure of association like chi-square test and binary logisticregression models were employed for the data analysis Thelogistic regression coefficients (log odds) and exponential ofthese values that is the odds in favour of poor mental healthwere derived from logistic regressionmodel which represents

Table 1Mental health status ofmarriedworkingwomen (119873 = 216)

Variables Number ()Mental health status

Poor 71 (329)Normal 145 (671)

Sought mental health services beforeYes 07 (98)No 64 (912)

the risk of outcome associated with category of independentvariables All analyses were performed with SPSS statisticalsoftware version 160

3 Results

Table 1 depicts the mental health status of married workingwomen It was observed that nearly one-third of women hadpoor mental health outcome and only about 7 (98) of themsought mental health services in publicprivate health carefacilities during the last one year

Mean age of the study population was found to be 3402 plusmn723 years About three-fourths of the respondents were morethan 30 years old Out of 216 married working women 175(81) belonged to nuclear family More than half of womenbelonged to general caste and the rest were from other back-ward caste (OBC) scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe(ST)Majority (842) of study population had attained grad-uation andor postgraduation Almost half of the respondentswere doing job in private organisation Around 70 womenhad denied that their husbands were addicted to alcohol orany drug In 77 households monthly income was gtrupees15000- and 41 households had monthly income ltrupees5000- Considering parental status 176 (815) women hadchildren We observed that 16 (74) women reported theyhad been exposed to psychological trauma during last yearand 33 (153) informed that any of her family memberswas chronically ill for at least one month during last 6months Bivariate analysis shows that younger age addictionof husband to alcoholdrug and presence of chronic illnessamong family members are significantly associated withpoor mental health outcomes of married working women(Table 2)

It is evident from Table 3 that the primary reasons fortaking up employment by married women were personalinterest (454) followed by financial constraint (382) andhusbandrsquos will (238) Around two-thirds of women hadstarted their career before marriage Workplace atmospherewas conducive according to 152 (704) respondents andmore than 80 of women agreed that attitude of colleaguesand husbandin-laws was favourable both at workplace andhome respectively However 94 (435) study subjects toldthat their familymembers expected them to do the sameworkas nonworking women Nearly 90 of women denied anykind of misunderstandings or quarrels with their husbandover the use of their money and almost 85 women sharedtheir own problems with their husband Bivariate analysis

BioMed Research International 3

Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics and bivariate associations with mental health outcomes among married working women

Variables Mental health statusPoor () Normal () 120594

2 df 119875Age group (in years)

20ndash30 26 (388) 41 (612)6339 2 004231ndash40 35 (365) 61 (635)

41ndash50 10 (189) 43 (811)Family type

Joint 60 (343) 115 (657) 0837 1 0360Nuclear 11 (268) 30 (732)

CasteGeneral 36 (316) 78 (684)

0745 2 0689OBC 26 (366) 45 (634)SCST 09 (290) 22 (710)

Educational statusIntermediate 11 (324) 23 (676)

0038 2 0981Graduate 43 (326) 89 (674)Postgraduate 17 (340) 33 (660)

Occupational statusGovernment 27 (290) 66 (710)

1092 2 0579Semigovernment 06 (353) 11 (647)Private 38 (358) 68 (642)

Addiction of husband to alcoholdrugsYes 28 (431) 37 (569) 4390 1 0036No 43 (285) 108 (715)

Monthly incomeltRs 5000 18 (439) 23 (561)

2840 2 0242Rs 5000ndash15000 29 (296) 69 (704)gtRs 15000 24 (312) 53 (688)

Parental statusHad child 55 (312) 121 (688) 1131 1 0288Had no child 16 (400) 24 (600)

History of previous traumaYes 07 (438) 09 (562) 0927 1 0336No 64 (320) 136 (680)

Presence of chronic illness among family membersYes 16 (485) 17 (515) 4304 1 0038No 55 (301) 128 (699)

shows that conducive atmosphere at workplace favourableattitude of colleagues and husbandin-laws and sharing theirown problems with husband have significant positive impacton mental health outcomes of married working women

Table 4 explores various familysocial issues and theirassociation with mental health outcomes More than one-third of women experienced conflict between home andjob responsibilities and almost 80 had the view that theywere doing justice to both roles 178 (824) women saidthat they were participating in decision making process offamily and almost the same number of women felt thatthere was change in attitude of contemporary men whereasnearly half of respondents had the belief in natural superiorityof men Further majority (889) of women opined that

womenrsquos employment raised familysocial status About 60of women had time to attend social obligation whereasalmost 90 of women attended religious services morethan once in a month Approximately 80 of women didnot spend any time for yogameditationexercise Bivariateanalysis illustrates that women experiencing any home-jobconflict not participating in decision making process offamily and not spending time for attending social obligationand also for yogameditationexercise had poormental healthoutcome

All the variables which were found to be associated withmental health outcome in bivariate analyses were enteredinto the logistic regression model to predict the odds ofmental health outcomes among the women respondents


Table 3 Workplace and home situation and bivariate associations with mental health outcome


2 df 119875Reason for working

Financial constraint 29 (382) 47 (618)2528 2 0283Personal interest 32 (327) 66 (673)

Husbandrsquos will 10 (238) 32 (762)Started career

Before marriage 50 (355) 91 (645) 1235 1 0266After marriage 21 (280) 54 (720)

Workplace atmosphereConducive 40 (263) 112 (737)

11759 2 0003Not conducive 18 (562) 14 (438)Neutral 13 (406) 19 (594)

Attitude of colleaguesFavourable 48 (265) 133 (735) 20419 1 0000Unfavourableindifferent 23 (657) 12 (343)

Attitude of husbandin-lawsFavourable 54 (298) 127 (702) 4666 1 0031Unfavourableindifferent 17 (486) 18 (514)

Managing household affairs satisfactorilyAlmost always 09 (250) 27 (750)

3507 3 0319Frequently 20 (351) 37 (649)Occasionally 28 (304) 64 (696)Rarelynever 14 (452) 17 (548)

Family members expecting same work as nonworking womenYes 30 (319) 64 (681) 0069 1 0793No 41 (336) 81 (664)

Misunderstandingquarrels with husbandYes 10 (417) 14 (583) 0947 1 0331No 61 (318) 131 (682)

Sharing own problems with husbandYes 55 (301) 128 (699) 4304 1 0038No 16 (485) 17 (515)

(Table 5) It was observed that attitude of colleagues shar-ing their own problems with husband and spending timefor yogameditationexercise were significantly affecting themental health status of married working women

4 Discussion

In our study we observed that the prevalence of poor mentalhealth among married working women was 329 of whichonly about 10 of women with poor mental health hadsought any kind of mental health services even though theseservices are available in various government and privatehospitals and nursing homes including three private medicalinstitutions established in Bhubaneswar city This might beattributed to social stigma attached to mental disorders orlack of awareness about availability of such services Thisfinding highlights the urgent need for developing an effectivepreventive programme or improving the existing system

emphasizing on provision of mental health services Zeynepet al found in their study that a considerable proportion(259) of women were having any mental disorder and only47 had ever received care from mental health services [9]WHO also reported that the prevalence of mental disordersof women was 25 and majority of them did not seek anymental health service [10] Adzlin et al showed the prevalenceof psychological distress among married working women as228 [11] Another study in Ethiopia showed the prevalenceof mental distress in working women as 259 [12] Bivariateanalysis revealed that younger married working women hadpoor mental health as compared to older counterparts Thiscould be due to the reason that younger women mightbe starting to handle new additional responsibilities aftermarriage Further women whose husbands were addicted toalcohol or any drug and women who had family memberssuffering from chronic illness were found to be at increasedrisk of developing poor mental health Various other studiesalso supported these findings [6 12ndash14]


Table 4 Familysocial issues and bivariate associations with mental health outcomes


2 df 119875Experiencing any conflict

Yes 36 (429) 48 (571) 6213 1 0013No 35 (265) 97 (735)

Doing justice to both rolesYes 52 (304) 119 (696) 2253 1 0133No 19 (422) 26 (578)

Participation in decision making process of familyYes 53 (298) 125 (702) 4393 1 0036No 18 (474) 20 (526)

Change in attitude of contemporary menYes 61 (337) 120 (663) 0350 1 0554No 10 (286) 25 (714)

Belief in natural superiority of menYes 30 (300) 70 (700) 0695 1 0404No 41 (353) 75 (647)

Womenrsquos employment raising familysocial statusYes 63 (328) 129 (672) 0003 1 0959No 08 (338) 16 (667)

Time for attending social obligationYes 34 (266) 94 (734) 5665 1 0017No 37 (420) 51 (580)

Attending religious services0-1 timemonth 62 (325) 129 (675) 0125 1 0723gt1 timemonth 09 (360) 16 (640)

Spending time for yogameditationexerciseNil 63 (368) 108 (632)

6652 2 00361-2 timesweek 06 (231) 20 (769)gt2 timesweek 02 (105) 17 (895)

Home and workplace atmosphere played a major rolein deciding the mental health status of married workingwomen Conducive workplace atmosphere favourable atti-tude of colleagues at workplace and favourable attitudes ofhusbandsin-laws at home were found to be protective ofoverall mental health Kopp et al established in their studythat job related factors and social support from family wereimportant predictors of mental health [15]Womenwhoweresharing their own problems with their husbands had main-tained good mental health In addition we found that somefamilysocial issues like those women who experienced job-family conflict or did not participate in decision making pro-cess of family were at increased risk of developing poor men-tal health whereas spending time to attend social obligationsand devoting some time for yogameditationexercise hadgood mental health outcome Chandola et al observed thatboth work-to-family and family-to-work conflict affected themental health of men and women in three different countries[16]

Logistic regression model identified 3 important pre-dictors of poor mental health outcome among marriedworking women We observed that women experiencing

favourable attitude of their colleagues at workplace wereabout 45 times more likely to have normal mental healthas compared to women who were facing an unfavourableor indifferent attitude of their colleagues The likelihood ofnormal mental health rises about 4 times when women weresharing their problems with husbands versus women notdoing so Further women who were not engaged in anyyogamedicationexercise had almost 7 times more chanceof developing poor mental health as compared to womenengaged in yogamedicationexercise more than 2 times perweek These findings indicate that there should be sincereeffort at workplaces in building healthy relationship amongemployees thereby developing favourable attitude of col-leagues towards each other which will help in maintaininggood mental health especially of women employees Alsoat family level working women and their husbands mustbe counselled regarding the relevance of sharing their ownproblems with each other as it will not only help themfind viable solutions for their problems but also preventdeveloping poor mental health Community based orienta-tion programs regarding various aspects of mental healthshould be organized at regular intervals for the working


Table 5 Results of binary logistic regression predicting the odds of mental health outcomes among women respondents (119873 = 216)

Independent variableDependent variable

ldquo119875rdquo valueMental health status (normal = 1 poor = 0)(120573) Exp (120573)

Age group (in years) 020320ndash30 minus0816 0442 010431ndash40 minus0765 0466 010141ndash50R

Addiction of husband to alcoholdrugsYes minus0690 0502 0061NoR

Chronic illness of family membersYes minus0201 0818 0691NoR

Workplace atmosphere 0152Conducive 0735 2086 0115Not conducive minus0054 0948 0933NeutralR

Attitude of colleaguesFavourable 1520 4571 0004UnfavourableindifferentR

Attitude of husbandin-lawsFavourable 0809 2245 0086UnfavourableindifferentR

Sharing their own problems with husbandYes 1351 3860 0005NoR

Experiencing any conflictYes minus0509 0601 0169NoR

Time for social obligationYes 0661 1937 0063NoR

Spending time for yogameditationexercise 0019Nil minus1932 0145 00181-2 timesweek 0867 0420 0365gt2 timesweekR

Participation in decision makingprocess of family

Yes 0553 1738 0207NoR

Note R reference category 120573 regression coefficient (log odds ratio) Exp (120573) odds ratio The model fit statistics were as follows Omnibus tests of modelcoefficients 1205942 value of 62342 with a ldquo119875rdquo value of 0000 tells that the final model as a whole fits significantly better than an empty model (model with nopredictors) Hosmer and Lemeshow test 1205942 value of 3062 with a ldquo119875rdquo value of 0930 indicates that there is no significant difference between observed andpredicted probabilities and thus the model fits

women emphasizing the beneficial effect of activities likeyogamediationexercise on mental health and thus theyshould be encouraged to incorporate such activities in theirdaily routine activities

5 Limitation and Conclusion

The cross-sectional design of our study precluded the abilityto establish the casual association between the identified

independent variables and poor mental health status Thisstudy did not include married working women more than50 years old which decreases the generalizability of studyrsquosfindings to a wider section of older women Again asinformation regarding various predictive variables was basedon self-reports by respondents it may lead to responsebias Despite these limitations the results of the study hadimportant practical implications such as assessment of theproblem among married working women and identificationof risk factorspredictors of poor mental health outcome


which can help the policy makers and health professionalsin planning essential intervention strategies to deal withthis social stigma Further analytic epidemiological researchis needed to replicate the findings and find out potentialpredictive variables

Disclosure

The authors declare that the paper is an original work and ithas not been published before or submitted for publicationto another scientific journal or is being considered for publi-cation elsewhere They declare that the paper publication hasbeen approved by all the coauthors

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors thank all the participants for their cooperationthroughout the study

References

[1] M Prince V Patel S Saxena et al ldquoNo health without mentalhealthrdquoThe Lancet vol 370 no 9590 pp 859ndash877 2007

[2] K Park ldquoConcept of health and diseaserdquo in Parksrsquo Textbook ofPreventive and Social Medicine MS Banarsidas Bhanot 22ndedition 2013

[3] F Almeida I Lessa L Magalhaes et al ldquoSocial inequality anddepressive disorders in Bahia Brazil interactions of genderethnicity and social classrdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 59no 7 pp 1339ndash1353 2004

[4] A Nurullah ldquoGender differences in distress the mediatinginfluence of life stressors and psychological resourcesrdquo AsianSocial Science vol 6 no 5 pp 27ndash35 2010

[5] R R Dudhatra and Y A Jogsan ldquoMental health and depressionamong working and non-working womenrdquo International Jour-nal of Scientific and Research Publications vol 2 no 8 2012

[6] S Kumar L Jeyaseelan S Suresh and R C Ahuja ldquoDomesticviolence and its mental health correlates in Indian womenrdquoBritish Journal of Psychiatry vol 187 pp 62ndash67 2005

[7] B Sen ldquoPsychiatric phenomena in primary health healthcaretheir extent and naturerdquo Indian Journal of Psychiatry vol 29pp 33ndash40 1987

[8] T N Srinivasan and T R Suresh ldquoThe nonspecific symptomscreening method Detection of nonpsychotic morbidity basedon nonspecific symptomsrdquo General Hospital Psychiatry vol 12pp 106ndash114 1990

[9] S Zeynep A K Dilek A Altindag and M Gunes ldquoPrevalenceand predictors of mental disorders among women in SanliurfaSoutheastern Turkeyrdquo Journal of Public Health vol 30 no 4 pp487ndash493 2008

[10] World Health Organization Womenrsquos Mental Health An Evi-dence Based Review Mental Health Determinants and Popu-lations Department of Mental Health and Substance Depen-dence 2000

[11] U Adzlin M Marhani A A Salina et al ldquoPrevalence ofpsychological distress and depressive disorders among marriedworking women in Malaysiardquo Malaysian Journal of Psychiatryvol 20 no 1 2011

[12] B Gelaye S Lemma N Deyassa et al ldquoPrevalence andcorrelates of mental distress among working adults in EthiopiardquoClinical Practice amp Epidemiology in Mental Health vol 8 pp126ndash133 2012

[13] H Al-Modallal J Abuidhail A Sowan and A Al-RawashdehldquoDeterminants of depressive symptoms in Jordanian workingwomenrdquo Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing vol17 no 7 pp 569ndash576 2010

[14] R Shidhaye and V Patel ldquoAssociation of socio-economicgender and health factors with common mental disorders inwomen a population-based study of 5703married rural womenin Indiardquo International Journal of Epidemiology vol 39 no 6 pp1510ndash1521 2010

[15] M S Kopp A Stauder G Purebl I Janszky and A SkrabskildquoWork stress andmental health in a changing societyrdquo EuropeanJournal of Public Health vol 18 no 3 pp 238ndash244 2008

[16] T Chandola P Martikainen M Bartley et al ldquoDoes conflictbetween home and work explain the effect of multiple roles onmental health A comparative study of Finland Japan and theUKrdquo International Journal of Epidemiology vol 33 no 4 pp884ndash893 2004

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Stem CellsInternational

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


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Behavioural Neurology

EndocrinologyInternational Journal of



Disease Markers


BioMed Research International

OncologyJournal of



Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity


PPAR Research

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Gastroenterology Research and Practice


Parkinsonrsquos Disease

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom


2 Materials and Methods

Bhubaneswar the capital city of the state ofOdisha is situatedat the intersection of 20∘121015840Nndash20∘251015840N latitude and 85∘441015840Endash85∘551015840E longitude 45 meters above sea level It is locatedsouthwest of the rivers Mahanadi Baitarani and Brahmanion the western fringe of the mid-coastal plain Bhubaneswarincludes 60 wards with a population of about 8 50000

The present cross-sectional study was undertaken inthe selected nonslum areas during 2011-2012 Consideringthe prevalence of poor mental health among women ofreproductive age group as 23 observed in an Indianstudy [6] precision as 10 design effect as 3 and levelof confidence at 95 sample size was calculated as 204Multistage cluster random sampling design was used toselect the study population Out of total 60 wards 20 ofwards that is 12 wards were selected using simple randomsampling technique From each ward one nonslum area wasrandomly selected and thus in total 12 areas were chosenas clusters for the study purpose In each selected studyarea 20 households were recruited as study units usingsimple random sampling technique Only married womenin the age group of 20ndash49 years willing to participate wereconsidered for the study purpose whereas nonvolunteerspregnant women and those having any known health dis-order were excluded from the study In case of presenceof two or more study subjects in one household only onerespondentwas randomly chosen and if nowomanwas foundin the selected household the next adjacent household wasapproached Overall 240 eligible willing women from 240households were recruited as study subjects and interviewedafter obtaining the informed consent keeping their identitiesanonymous However 24 women could not continue in thestudy till the end and thus finally 216marriedworkingwomenwere considered as study participants Using the predesignedand pretested interview schedule all relevant informationregarding sociodemographic characteristics like age edu-cation occupation income addiction and so forth wascollected Also perception of women respondents regardinghome situation family and social issues was assessed

The self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ) a standardizedinstrument was administered to measure the mental healthstatus of the participating women This is a 20-item ques-tionnaire requiring yesno responses and screens for thepresence of anxiety and depressive disorders The SRQ hasbeen standardised in India in two separate studies [7 8]Patients who scored 7 or more on the SRQ were designatedas having poor mental health and those with a score below 7were designated as being normalWomen found to have poormental health were counselled and referred to nearby healthfacility for further investigation and follow-up

Analyses Statistical procedures such as simple descriptivestatistics (means standard deviations and proportions)measure of association like chi-square test and binary logisticregression models were employed for the data analysis Thelogistic regression coefficients (log odds) and exponential ofthese values that is the odds in favour of poor mental healthwere derived from logistic regressionmodel which represents

Table 1Mental health status ofmarriedworkingwomen (119873 = 216)

Variables Number ()Mental health status

Poor 71 (329)Normal 145 (671)

Sought mental health services beforeYes 07 (98)No 64 (912)

the risk of outcome associated with category of independentvariables All analyses were performed with SPSS statisticalsoftware version 160

3 Results

Table 1 depicts the mental health status of married workingwomen It was observed that nearly one-third of women hadpoor mental health outcome and only about 7 (98) of themsought mental health services in publicprivate health carefacilities during the last one year

Mean age of the study population was found to be 3402 plusmn723 years About three-fourths of the respondents were morethan 30 years old Out of 216 married working women 175(81) belonged to nuclear family More than half of womenbelonged to general caste and the rest were from other back-ward caste (OBC) scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe(ST)Majority (842) of study population had attained grad-uation andor postgraduation Almost half of the respondentswere doing job in private organisation Around 70 womenhad denied that their husbands were addicted to alcohol orany drug In 77 households monthly income was gtrupees15000- and 41 households had monthly income ltrupees5000- Considering parental status 176 (815) women hadchildren We observed that 16 (74) women reported theyhad been exposed to psychological trauma during last yearand 33 (153) informed that any of her family memberswas chronically ill for at least one month during last 6months Bivariate analysis shows that younger age addictionof husband to alcoholdrug and presence of chronic illnessamong family members are significantly associated withpoor mental health outcomes of married working women(Table 2)

It is evident from Table 3 that the primary reasons fortaking up employment by married women were personalinterest (454) followed by financial constraint (382) andhusbandrsquos will (238) Around two-thirds of women hadstarted their career before marriage Workplace atmospherewas conducive according to 152 (704) respondents andmore than 80 of women agreed that attitude of colleaguesand husbandin-laws was favourable both at workplace andhome respectively However 94 (435) study subjects toldthat their familymembers expected them to do the sameworkas nonworking women Nearly 90 of women denied anykind of misunderstandings or quarrels with their husbandover the use of their money and almost 85 women sharedtheir own problems with their husband Bivariate analysis





20ndash30 26 (388) 41 (612)6339 2 004231ndash40 35 (365) 61 (635)


Joint 60 (343) 115 (657) 0837 1 0360Nuclear 11 (268) 30 (732)


0745 2 0689OBC 26 (366) 45 (634)SCST 09 (290) 22 (710)







2840 2 0242Rs 5000ndash15000 29 (296) 69 (704)gtRs 15000 24 (312) 53 (688)

























4 Discussion







Yes 36 (429) 48 (571) 6213 1 0013No 35 (265) 97 (735)




























Yes 0553 1738 0207NoR








Disclosure




Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















20ndash30 26 (388) 41 (612)6339 2 004231ndash40 35 (365) 61 (635)


Joint 60 (343) 115 (657) 0837 1 0360Nuclear 11 (268) 30 (732)


0745 2 0689OBC 26 (366) 45 (634)SCST 09 (290) 22 (710)







2840 2 0242Rs 5000ndash15000 29 (296) 69 (704)gtRs 15000 24 (312) 53 (688)

























4 Discussion







Yes 36 (429) 48 (571) 6213 1 0013No 35 (265) 97 (735)




























Yes 0553 1738 0207NoR








Disclosure




Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of

































4 Discussion







Yes 36 (429) 48 (571) 6213 1 0013No 35 (265) 97 (735)




























Yes 0553 1738 0207NoR








Disclosure




Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Yes 36 (429) 48 (571) 6213 1 0013No 35 (265) 97 (735)




























Yes 0553 1738 0207NoR








Disclosure




Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of































Yes 0553 1738 0207NoR








Disclosure




Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of


















Disclosure




Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of





















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















research article mental health status among married...

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