research article research on sustainable development of...

Research ArticleResearch on Sustainable Development of Resource-Based CitiesBased on the DEA Approach A Case Study of Jiaozuo China

Li Li12 Yalin Lei12 Dongyang Pan3 and Chunyan Si12

1School of Humanities and Economic Management China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China2Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment Ministry of Land and ResourcesBeijing 100083 China3Central University of Finance and Economics Beijing 100081 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yalin Lei leiyalincugbeducn

Received 4 September 2015 Accepted 27 December 2015

Academic Editor Aimersquo Lay-Ekuakille

Copyright copy 2016 Li Li et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Jiaozuo is a typical resource-based city and its economic transformation has been an example of success in China Howeverquantitative evaluation of the cityrsquos development has scarcely been performed and future development is not clear Because ofthis using the relevant data from 1999 to 2013 this paper uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA)model to evaluate developmentafter the transformation of Jiaozuo with the aim of providing a basis for its future developing plan The results show that DEAwas effective in 2000 2004 2006 2010 and 2012 was weakly effective in 1999 2001 2002 2003 and 2013 and was ineffective in2005 2007 2008 2009 and 2011 By evaluating the development of Jiaozuo this paper provides policy implications for Jiaozuorsquossustainable development and it may serve as a reference for the sustainable development of Chinarsquos other resources-based cities

1 Introduction

The sustainable development of resource-based cities has animportant influence on the development of Chinarsquos citiesPromoting sustainable development of resources-based citiesis an important measure to protect the supply of resourcesand maintain sustainable and healthy development for thenational economy With the current rise in economic uncer-tainty and the imbalance of the domestic economy coordi-nation and sustainability have become important and thesustainable development of resource-based cities faces severechallenges It is difficult to accelerate economic developmentand achieve sustainable development It is important tochange the predicament and realize the importance of thesustainable development of resource-based cities at a nationalsustainable development strategy According to statisticaldata there are 262 resource-based cities in China whichaccount for 40 of the total number of cities [1] Presently67 cities of the 262 resource-based cities are in recession

In 2002 The 16th Party Congress made the strategicdecision to support cities and areas mainly engaged in the

exploitation of natural resources in their efforts to developalternative industries [2] In 2007 the State Council pro-posed several ideas to promote the sustainable develop-ment of resource-based cities including a guiding ideologybasic principles and objectives to promote the sustainabledevelopment of resource-based cities [3] In 2013 the StateCouncil issued a plan for the sustainable development ofnational resource-based cities which mentioned that Chinawould have resolved or basically resolved the issues facedby the resource-recession cities left behind by history andsignificantly enhanced the capability of sustainable develop-ment and essentially completed the transformation by 2020China would have mostly achieved the coordination betweenresources and socioeconomic development in resource-basedcities [1]

Jiaozuo a city in theHenan province is a typical resource-based city which used to be known as the ldquocoal cityrdquo andwhere the added value from the resource industry at one timeaccounted for more than 80 of the added value from allindustries However due to the depletion of coal and the riseof the single industry structure the average annual economic

Hindawi Publishing CorporationMathematical Problems in EngineeringVolume 2016 Article ID 5024837 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520165024837

2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

growth rate of Jiaozuo was only 35 in the ldquo9th five-yearrdquoperiod

Jiaozuorsquos GDP fell by 16 and financial revenue fell by24 in 1999 and the entire city was in urgent need oftransformation In March 2008 with the approval of theState Council Jiaozuo as a representative resource-exhaustedcity in the central region was chosen as one of the first12 resource-exhausted cities bringing opportunities for thesustainable development to the city [4] In just a few yearsthe development of the entire city of Jiaozuo has seen a sharpeconomic upturn However contradictions in the industrialstructural still exist The proportion of industries that aretertiary industry is 20 below the national the multifaceteddevelopment of the industrial system has not yet come tofruition in Jiaozuo Based on this background this paperevaluates the sustainable development of Jiaozuo to providefor a reference for the sustainable development of otherresource-based cities

2 Literature Review

21 The Development of Resource-Based Cities Internationalresearch on resource-based cities began in the 1930s withthe pioneering efforts of Innis a Canadian scholar [5]Subsequently in the 1960s oil gradually replaced coal andcoal resource-based cities fell into recession With this thetransformation and sustainable development of resource-based cities became the focus of study among many scholarsForeign studies on resource-based cities were mainly con-ducted in developed countries such as the United States [6ndash8] Germany [9 10] Canada [11] Australia [12] and othermining countries Successful examples were found mainly inthe Ruhr industrial region in Germany the Welsh region inthe United Kingdom Lorraine in France and Kitakyushuin Japan Studies were mainly based on the principles ofphilosophy sociology [13 14] and demography [15 16] aswell as transformation and sustainable development [17 18]

After the reform and opening up China began to conductresearch on resource-based cities Li [19] conducted an in-depth analysis of the development of coal resource-basedcities in 1978 and was considered to be the pioneer ofresearch on resource-based cities Subsequently with theproblems of resource-based cities continuously emerging andintensifying theoretical research on the transformation ofresource-based cities and sustainable development graduallytook off and generally concentrates on the following aspects

First researchers studied the adjustment optimizationand transformation of the economic structure (industrialstructure) of a particular resource-based city or a regionincludingWu and Ye [20] Liu [21] Dong et al [22] and Songand Man [23] These studies assessed the difficulties in theindustrial structure transformation of resource-based citiesand discussed countermeasures based on the characteristicsof the resource-based cities

Second researchers studied the transformation and sus-tainable development of resource-based cities Based oncases of circular economies in resource-based cities Li andZhang [24] established a circular economy evaluation indexsystem for resource-based cities using resources economy

environment and society to evaluate the main factors thataffect the circular economy of resource-based cities TakingKaramay a city in Xingjiang as an example Zhang and Gao[25] quantitatively evaluated the sustainable developmentcapacity of Karamay with AHPmethodsThe study indicatedthat Karamay was at a weak stage of sustainable developmentand that its sustainable development capacity was relativelyweak Li et al [26] found deficiencies in the process ofpolicy implementation and provided recommendations toimprove transition performance and sustainable develop-ment in resource-based cities Using environmental pro-duction technology and a Malmquist resource performanceindex (MRPI) Dong et al [27] conducted tests on thetransformation performance of 21 resource-based cities inChina The results indicated that MRPI did not follow thesame trends as three Chinese regions that were experiencingeconomic growth Hong and Kai [28] used small industrialmining cities in Shanxi province to propose relevant strate-gies for sustainable development primarily analyzing theirfunctional transformation and various problems during theirsustainable development efforts

For resource-based cities Xu [30] built a three-tieredindication system and put forward an appraisal model whichcombined AHP and statistics to evaluate Jiaozuorsquos sustainabledevelopment Feng [31] studied the development of tourismin Jiaozuo and indicated that Jiaozuo tourism was at thedevelopment stage according to lifecycle model theory Chenet al [32] recognized the potential of coal as a resource thatshould be utilized Moreover the circulation utilization ofcoal should be performed and the aluminum industry andtraveling industry should be greatly developed Based on theecological carrying capacity theory and analytic hierarchyprocess Chang et al [33] calculated an ecological resilienceindex ecological carrying index and ecological pressingindex and they emphasized air pollution as a factor to analyzeand evaluate the ecological carrying capacity of Jiaozuo Theresults showed that Jiaozuo had relatively stable high andhigh-pressure carrying capacity

22 Sustainable Development Evaluation As there are differ-ences in the sustainable development of resource-based citiesand other cities this paper reviews the evaluation indexes andmethods used in comprehensive sustainable developmentresearch

Foreign research on evaluation indexes in sustainabledevelopment was conducted earlier and more comprehen-sively However as foreign resource-based cities and townsbegan to experience transformation in the 1960s and 1970sthe indexes of sustainable development were not perfectThus foreign research on evaluation indexes in sustainabledevelopment is rare generally due to three factors Firstfrom the perspective of ecology and economics Moffatt [34]deemed that ecological indicators could move towards sus-tainable development Rees andWackernagel [35] recognizedthat ecological footprints were key to urban sustainabilitySecond from the perspective of sociology several indicatorswere used including the Human Development Indicators(HDI) Genuine Progress Indicators (GPI) and Indexes ofSustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) in United Nations

Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

Table 1 The evaluation index of the sustainable development in Jiaozuo

Evaluation factorlayer Evaluation index layer

Input indexes119883

The number of workers at the end of the year (million) 1199091Local financial expenditure (ten thousand yuan) 1199092Fixed asset investment (ten thousand yuan) 1199093

Annual water consumption (ten thousand tons) 1199094Annual power consumption (ten thousand Kwh) 1199095

Output indexes 119884

Subindex of economicdevelopment 1199101

Industrial added value (a hundred million yuan) 11991011Gross regional product (a hundred million yuan) 11991012The proportion of secondary industry () 11991013Sustainable income of urban residents (yuan) 11991014Rural net income per capita (yuan) 11991015

Subindex of societydevelopment 1199102

The population growth rate (permil) 11991021Public facilities land (hectare) 11991022Urban unemployment rate () 11991023Location investment (ten thousand yuan) 11991024The number of buses owned by urban people per tenthousand (vehicle) 11991025

Subindex of environmentdevelopment 1199103

Total industrial wastewater discharge (ten thousandtons) 11991031Industrial SO

2emissions (ton) 11991032

Industrial dust emissions (ton) 11991033

Table 2 Industry structure in Jiaozuo [29]

Year Primaryindustry

Secondaryindustry

Tertiaryindustry

2000 172 506 3222001 163 513 3242002 148 526 3262003 116 555 3292004 115 597 2882005 101 625 2742006 89 642 2692007 85 658 2572008 81 669 2502009 80 673 2472010 81 686 2332011 78 697 2252012 79 675 2462013 78 674 248

Development Program (UNDP) [36] Third speaking fromthe perspective of the system scholars believe that sustainabledevelopment is a complex system of ldquoeconomy society andenvironmentrdquo Giddings et al [37] recognized that the econ-omy the environment and humans were interconnected andthat they depended on each other Based on the perspectiveof the economy society resources population and environ-ment Li [38] Wu and Cheng [39] and Shi [40] and Xu[41] built an index system model of sustainable developmentto estimate the sustainable development of resource-basedcities

Regarding the evaluation methods used in comprehen-sive sustainable development research different scholarsutilize different methods such as the fuzzy comprehensive

evaluation method analytic hierarchy process principalcomponent analysis gray correlation analysis method anddata envelopment analysis (DEA) Ravetz [42] used anintegrated assessment (IA) approach tomap linkages betweenenvironmental economic and social factors Using the fuzzyversion of the TOPSIS method Zavadskas and Antuchevi-ciene [43] assumed that a multicriteria analysis was anappropriate technique to ensure sustainability Using the datafrom 1995 to 2000 in Jixi city Hao andDai [44] chose entropyto estimate the sustainable development of coal-based citiesThe estimation results were in agreement with the actualconditions W Li and J Li [45] utilized the DEA modelto compare Shanxirsquos transformational efficiency The resultsshowed that the DEAmodel was both objective and effectiveWen and Li [46] produced a fuzzy DEA model based oncredibility measure The hybrid algorithm combined withfuzzy simulation and genetic algorithmwas designed to solvethe fuzzy model Wen et al [47] carried out some researchesto DEA under fuzzy environment The paper also providedan example to illustrate the fuzzy DEA model and therankingmethod Hajiagha et al [48] transformed the originalDEAmodel to an equivalent linear parametric programmingmodel using the notion of 120572-cuts The paper examined theapplication of the proposedmodel in twonumerical examplesand the results were compared with two current fuzzy DEAmodels Liu et al [49] used a network clustering method tomake a research front in DEA during the period from 2000to 2014 The study also updated the main paths and authorstatistics of DEA development

23 Literature Summary

(1) Based on the research developed countries hada relatively successful transition experience in the


Table 3 Total variance explained

Component Initial eigenvalues Extraction sums of squared loadingsTotal of variance Cumulative Total of variance Cumulative

1 3565 71301 71301 3565 71301 713012 1116 22324 93625 1116 22324 936253 0205 4091 977164 0089 1790 995055 0025 0495 100000Extraction method principal component analysis

Table 4 Communality

Initial ExtractionThe number of workers at the end of theyear (million) 1199091 1000 0966

Local financial expenditure (ten thousandyuan) 1199092 1000 0884

Fixed asset investment (ten thousand yuan)1199093

1000 0949

Annual water consumption (ten thousandtons) 1199094 1000 0907

Annual power consumption (ten thousandKwh) 1199095 1000 0975

Extraction method principal component analysis

Table 5 Component matrixa

Component1 2

The number of workers at the end of theyear (million) 1199091 0267 0946



0970 0093

Annual water consumption (ten thousandtons) 1199094 minus0889 0341

Annual power consumption (ten thousandKwh) 1199095 0959 minus0236

Extraction method principal component analysisa2 components extracted

twentieth century while it was still difficult to explorethe sustainable development of most resource-basedcities in China Presently the new contradiction inresource-based cities is emerging and the pressuresof sustainable development are great In some areasthe intensity of development is too high the com-prehensive utilization of resources is too low and theecological environment has been seriously destroyedAlthough Jiaozuo has left the plight of developmentit still faces the challenges of achieving develop-ment harmony between the economy society andenvironment Therefore it is necessary to explore thechallenges to sustainable development in resource-based cities in the 13th five-year period

(2) Although domestic studies on sustainable develop-ment evaluation indexes have been conducted it is

not so much that quantitative research on Jiaozuois lacking rather it is a lack of objective andeffective evaluation Compared to other evaluationmethods DEA has the following advantages overother methods (1) It is superior in the evaluationof effectiveness especially for the multi-input andmultioutput systems (2) It is not necessary to treatthe raw data as nondimensional and set weightswhich is very objective DEA analysis is simple andclear and with the projection analysis the non-DEAeffective decision-making unit can be changed intoa DEA effective decision-making unit which canimprove the non-DEA direction for decision makersConsidering the advantages of DEA the paper usesDEA to assess the sustainable development of Jiaozuowhich complements existing research

3 Model and Data

31 DEA DEA was proposed by Charnes Cooper andRhodes in 1978 and it was used to assess the relativeeffectiveness of departments The first model by CharnesCooper and Rhodes is named C2R This model is used tostudy multi-inputs and especially multioutputs [50] Bankeret al put forward the BC2 model [51] Then Charnes et aldeveloped the C2GS2 model [52] and Fare and Grosskopfproposed the FG model [53] Subsequently C2W [54] andC2WH [55] were also proposed As C2R cannot assess thepure technical efficiency of the DMU the paper uses BC2 toevaluate the sustainable development of Jiaozuo

Suppose that there are 119899 decision-making units (DMUs)and these 119899 units are comparable Each department or unithas 119898 types of input (the resource consumption of the unit)and 119904 types of output (the output after resource consumptionof the unit)

Where for 119895th 119909119894119895is the input of 119894th 119909

119894119895gt 0 119910

119903119895is the

output of 119903th 119910119903119895gt 0 making

119883119895= (1199091119895 1199092119895 119909

119898119895)119879

119884119895= (1199101119895 1199102119895 119910

119904119895)119879

119895 = 1 2 119899

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

(1)



Component Initial eigenvalues Extraction sums of squared loadingsTotal of variance Total of variance Total of variance

1 7805 60041 60041 7805 60041 600412 2000 15385 75426 2000 15385 754263 1210 9309 84734 1210 9309 847344 0893 6872 916065 0620 4767 963736 0340 2617 989907 0074 0573 995628 0037 0282 998449 0014 0104 9994810 0004 0028 9997611 0003 0020 9999612 0000 0004 10000013 2046119864 minus 006 1574119864 minus 005 100000Extraction method principal component analysis

Table 7 Communality

Initial ExtractionIndustrial added value (a hundred millionyuan) 11991011 1000 0985

Gross regional product (a hundred millionyuan) 11991012 1000 0996

The proportion of secondary industry () 11991013 1000 0962Sustainable income of urban residents (yuan)11991014

1000 0993

Rural net income per capita (yuan) 11991015 1000 0991The population growth rate (permil) 11991021 1000 0810Public facilities land (hectare) 11991022 1000 0960Urban unemployment rate () 11991023 1000 0600Education investment (ten thousand yuan) 11991024 1000 0907The number of buses owned by urban peopleper ten thousand (vehicles) 11991025 1000 0611

Total industrial wastewater discharge (tenthousand tons) 11991031 1000 0515

Industrial SO2emissions (ton) 11991032 1000 0810

Industrial dust emissions (tons) 11991033 1000 0876Extraction method principal component analysis

Thus 119879BC2 = (119909 119910) | 119909 ge sum119899

119895=1120582119895119909119895 sum119899

119895=1120582119895= 1 119895 =

1 2 119899The paper constructs the BC2 model as follows

min 120579 = 119881119863

st119899

sum

119895=1

119883119895120582119895le 1205791198830

119899

sum

119895=1

119884119895120582119895ge 1198840

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

max (1205831198791198840+ 1199060) = 119881119901

st 120596119879x119895minus 120583119879y119895ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

120596119879x0= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0

(2)

The DEA model is defined as follows (1) If 1205960and 120583

0

satisfy 119881119901= 1205831198791198840= 1 119895

0can be recognized as weak DEA

effectiveness (2) If 1205960gt 0 120583

0gt 0 and 119881

119901= 1205831198791198840= 1

1198950can be recognized as DEA effectiveness (3) Taking 119894 gt0 at random 119905 is a certain time point if 120579(119905 minus 119894) lt 120579(119905)thus the system is on the path of sustainable development If120579(119905minus 119894) gt 120579(119905) the system is inferior to the path of sustainabledevelopment If 120579(119905 minus 119894) = 120579(119905) the system is somewhatinferior to the path of sustainable development

32 Index System Construction and Data Source Fromthe sustainable development perspective on resource-basedcities sustainable development is a dynamic process whichis composed of resources society economy environmentand population The coordinated development among thesubsystems should be taken into account in the evaluation ofsustainable development According to the previous studiesand the current development of Jiaozuo this paper constructsthe evaluation index of the sustainable development inJiaozuo in Table 1 as follows The data from 1999 to 2013are all from China City Statistical Yearbook [56] and JiaozuoYearbook 2000 to 2014 [29]

4 Results and Discussion

41 Economic Development in Jiaozuo

411 GDP in Jiaozuo As seen in Figure 1 the growth ofGDP in Jiaozuo was very slow in 2000 However there wasa substantial increase in the growth rate after 2000 especially



Component1 2 3

Industrial added value (a hundred million yuan) 11991011 0976 minus0175 0031Gross regional product (a hundred million yuan) 11991012 0985 minus0157 0032The proportion of secondary industry () 11991013 0945 0236 minus0117Sustainable income of urban residents (yuan) 11991014 0975 minus0199 0050Rural net income per capita (yuan) 11991015 0956 minus0268 0070The population growth rate (permil) 11991021 minus0250 minus0044 0864Public facilities land (hectare) 11991022 0932 0253 minus0168Urban unemployment rate () 11991023 0447 0493 0395Education investment (ten thousand yuan) 11991024 0865 minus0398 0013The number of buses owned by urban people per ten thousand (vehicles) 11991025 0557 0513 0193Total industrial wastewater discharge (ten thousand tons) 11991031 0110 0663 0250Industrial SO

2emissions (ton) 11991032 0289 0762 minus0382

Industrial dust emissions (tons) 11991033 minus0916 0163 minus0102Extraction method principal component analysisa3 components extracted

1985

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

Figure 1 GDP in Jiaozuo from 1985 to 2013 (a hundred millionyuan) [53]

after 2003 which showed Jiaozuorsquos economy had progressedafter the transformation

412 Industrial Structure in Jiaozuo In Table 2 it can beobserved that the proportion of the primary industry hasdecreased The proportion of the secondary industry hasincreased Although it decreased slightly in 2012 and 2013it remained high accounting for more than 67 of allindustries From Figure 2 in can be seen that the industrialadded value accounting for GDP also rose from 323 in2000 to 635 in 2013 and peaked at 658 in 2011 Despitean increase in the output value of the tertiary industry therate of increase is lower than in the secondary industrytherefore the proportionmade up by the tertiary industry hasdecreased with the exception of a slight increase in 2012 andin 2013

42 EvaluationAnalysis of SustainableDevelopment in Jiaozuo

421 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the OriginalData A PCA on the original data shows a reduction in

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

The industrial added value (a hundred million yuan)The proportion of the industrial added valueaccounting for GDP ()

010203040506070

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Figure 2 The industrial added value and its proportion in GDP inJiaozuo [29]

the amount of the original data with only a small lossin the amount of information and this analysis greatlyreduces the amount of computation at the same time Inthe application the selection of the principal components isusually based on the variance accumulation percentage of themain components above 80 The total variance explainedcommunality and componentmatrix of the input indexes areshown in Tables 3 4 and 5

As shown in Tables 3 4 and 5 the cumulative contribu-tion rate of the first two principal components in the inputindexes is 93625 which meets the requirements of beingabove 80 indicating that only the first and second principalcomponents can represent all input indexes The character-istic values of the first and second principal components are3565 and 1116 respectively (greater than 1)

Similarly the total variance explained communality andcomponent matrix of the output indexes are shown in Tables6 7 and 8


Table 9 The comprehensive efficiency analysis of the sustainabledevelopment of Jiaozuo

Year 120579 1198781

minus1198782

minus1198781

+1198782

+1198783

+

1999 0619 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002001 0288 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002002 0311 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002003 0465 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002004 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002005 0666 0000 0000 0439 1786 06852006 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002007 0597 0000 0000 5042 1832 07382008 0891 0000 0000 4488 1494 00002009 0882 1966 0000 2659 2004 00002010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002011 0723 1521 0000 0000 3940 08662012 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002013 0817 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

As shown in Tables 6 7 and 8 the cumulative contri-bution rate of the first three principal components in theinput indexes is 84734 which meets the requirements ofbeing above 80 indicating that the first second and thirdprincipal components can represent all output indexes Thecharacteristic values of the first second and third principalcomponents are 7805 2000 and 1210 respectively (greaterthan 1)

422 DEA Result Analysis

(1) Sustainable Development Efficiency Evaluation This anal-ysis uses 1198841015840

119894= 119890119884119894 1198831015840119894= 119890119883119894 as the input and output of

DEA The positive results obtained are used as the inputand output of DEA The comprehensive efficiency analysisof the sustainable development the sustainable developmentability 120579 value and the results of the sustainable developmentanalysis of Jiaozuo are shown in Tables 9 and 10 and inFigure 3

From Tables 9 and 10 and Figure 3 and above it can beobserved that DEA was effective in 2000 2004 2006 2010and 2012 showing that technology and scale during these fiveyears were effective The comprehensive efficiency is 1 whichindicated that scale benefit did not change The input andoutput were reasonable and the development produced highefficiency and stability The results showed DEA was weaklyeffective in 1999 2001 2002 2003 and 2013 which suggestedthat only technology was effective and scale was ineffective

(2) Analysis on the Redundant Input and Insufficient OutputDEA was ineffective in 2005 2007 2008 2009 and 2011which showed that technology and scale during these fiveyears were not effective and sustainable development was noton track In Table 11 it can be observed that the input ofhuman resource and power was excessive during these fiveyears which showed that there was a certain energy-saving

0619

1

028803110465

1

0666

1

0597

089108821

0723

1

0817

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0010203040506070809

1

Figure 3 Sustainable development ability 120579 value of Jiaozuo

potential in Jiaozuo and that the sustainable development ofJiaozuo could increase as well

5 Conclusions and Implications

Utilizing the DEA model and data from 1999 to 2013 thispaper evaluates the sustainable development of Jiaozuo andthe effectiveness of technology and scale Additionally thispaper analyzes the redundant input and insufficient outputin the five years of ineffective DEA For Jiaozuo this paperputs forward the following recommendations of how toachieve sustainable economic societal and environmentaldevelopment

(1) Figure 3 shows that sustainable development inJiaozuo appears to be in fluctuation which highlightsthat development after the resource-based energyshift is not sustainable Thus the key is to continuethe revitalization of Jiaozuorsquos economy Over the nextfew decades Jiaozuo should continue to vigorouslydevelop tourism moderately develop industry andbuild the characteristics that facilitate tourism inresource-based cities to enable the economy to realizesustainable and rapid development The transfor-mation of Jiaozuo shows that it is not suited toreindustrialization

(2) During the years of ineffective DEA the input ofhuman resource and power was excessive while theoutput was insufficient Therefore Jiaozuo needs toadjust the input during future development avoidingunsustainable development of redundant input andinsufficient output

(3) In the future Jiaozuo should improve the level ofscale and technical efficiency increase investment inscientific research introduce foreign capital and tech-nology promote technological progress and improvethe level of technological innovation to improve thelevel of sustainable development

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests


Table 10 Evaluation results of sustainable development of Jiaozuo

Year Crste Vrste Scale RE SE TE SDT1999 0619 1000 0619 WDEAE IRS E2000 1000 1000 1000 DEAE NC E OTT2001 0288 1000 0288 WDEAE IRS E ITT2002 0311 1000 0311 WDEAE IRS E OTT2003 0465 1000 0465 WDEAE IRS E OTT2004 1000 1000 1000 DEAE NC E OTT2005 0666 0973 0684 DEAI IRS I ITT2006 1000 1000 1000 DEAE NC E OTT2007 0597 0901 0663 DEAI IRS I ITT2008 0891 0969 0919 DEAI IRS I OTT2009 0882 0968 0911 DEAI DRS I ITT2010 1000 1000 1000 DEAE NC E OTT2011 0723 0809 0895 DEAI IRS I ITT2012 1000 1000 1000 DEAE NC E OTT2013 0817 1000 0817 WDEAE DRS E ITTNote relative efficiency (RE) scale effectiveness (SE) technology effectiveness (TE) sustainable development track (SDT) weak DEA efficiency (WDEAE)DEA efficiency (DEAE) DEA ineffective (DEAI) increasing scale (IRS) decreasing scale (DRS) no change (NC) effectiveness (E) ineffectiveness (I) on thetrack (OTT) and inferior to track (ITT)

Table 11 Analysis on the redundant input and insufficient output

Year Redundant input Insufficient output1198831 1198832 1198841 1198842 1198843

2005 minus0021 minus0013 0439 1786 06852007 minus0236 minus0043 5042 1832 07382008 minus0076 minus0013 4488 1494 02009 minus0153 minus0019 2659 2004 02011 minus1501 minus0116 0 394 0866

Authorsrsquo Contribution

Li Li and Yalin Lei designed the research and methodologyDongyang Pan and Li Li collected and compiled all the dataand literature Li Li and Chunyan Si finished the experimentand calculation Yalin Lei and Li Li analyzed the results andput forward the policies Yalin Lei and Li Li revised andapproved the paper Yalin Leiwill be responsible for the futurequestions from readers as the corresponding author

Acknowledgments

The authors express their sincere thanks for the supportfrom the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinaunder Grant no 71173200 and the support from the Devel-opment and Research Center of China Geological Surveyunder Grant nos 1212011220302 and 12120114056601 and KeyLaboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resourceand Environment Ministry of Land and Resources (ChineseAcademy of Land andResource Economics ChinaUniversityof Geosciences Beijing) under Grant no CCA201508

References

[1] The Central Peoplersquos Government of the Peoplersquos Republic ofChina ldquoNotice on the sustainable development plan of the

national resource-based cities issued by the StateCouncil (2013ndash2020)rdquo 2013 httpwwwgovcnzwgk2013-1203content2540070htm

[2] Xinhuanet Full text of Jiang Zeminrsquos Report at 16th PartyCongress 2012 httpnewsxinhuanetcomziliao2002-1117content 693542htm

[3] The Central Peoplersquos Government of the Peoplersquos Republicof China ldquoOpinions on promoting the sustainable devel-opment of resources-based cities of the State Councilrdquohttpwwwgovcnzwgk2007-1224content 841978htm

[4] The Central Peoplersquos Government of the Peoplersquos Repub-lic of China ldquoResearch on the sustainable developmentof the first 12 resource-exhausted cities in Chinardquo 2008httpwwwgovcnztzl2008-0919content 1100369htm

[5] Z C Yang ldquoThe theory review of domestic and foreign researchon the transition of resource-based citiesrdquo Shanghai EconomicResearch vol 6 pp 66ndash73 2010

[6] M R Betz M D Partridge M Farren et al ldquoCoal mining eco-nomic development and the natural resources curserdquo EnergyEconomics vol 50 pp 105ndash116 2015

[7] P Andrews and J Playfoot ldquoCase study 4mdashHouston buildingon success how community colleges in Houston are addressingworkforce development within the worldrsquos most successfulenergy sectorrdquo in Education and Training for the Oil and GasIndustry pp 53ndash69 Elsevier 2015

[8] J Monstadt and A Wolff ldquoEnergy transition or incrementalchange Green policy agendas and the adaptability of the urbanenergy regime in Los Angelesrdquo Energy Policy vol 78 pp 213ndash224 2015

[9] A Thiel ldquoConstitutional state structure and scalar re-organi-zation of natural resource governance the transformation ofpolycentric water governance in Spain Portugal and GermanyrdquoLand Use Policy vol 45 pp 176ndash188 2015

[10] P Ulrich J Dieter K Franz and S Jurgen ldquoRural communitystudies in the federal republic of Germanyrdquo Rural CommunityStudies in Europe pp 37ndash129 1982

[11] G Halseth L Ryser S Markey and A Martin ldquoEmergencetransition and continuity resource commodity production


pathways in northeastern British Columbia Canadardquo Journalof Rural Studies vol 36 pp 350ndash361 2014

[12] S Kinnear and I Ogden ldquoPlanning the innovation agendafor sustainable development in resource regions a centralQueensland case studyrdquo Resources Policy vol 39 no 1 pp 42ndash53 2014

[13] B Marsh ldquoContinuity and decline in the anthracite towns ofPennsylvaniardquo Annals of the Association of American Geogra-phers vol 77 no 3 pp 337ndash352 1987

[14] R L Warren The Community in America Rand McNallyCollege Publishing Chicago Ill USA 1st edition 1963

[15] J H Bradbury ldquoLiving with boom and cycles new towns on theresource frontier in Canadardquo Resource Communities pp 3ndash191988

[16] C Orsquofaischeallaigh ldquoEconomic base and employment structurein northern territory mining townsrdquo in Resource CommunitiesSettlement and Workforce Issues pp 221ndash236 CSIRO DicksonAustralia 1988

[17] C Collados and T P Duane ldquoNatural capital and quality of lifea model for evaluating the sustainability of alternative regionaldevelopment pathsrdquo Ecological Economics vol 30 no 3 pp441ndash460 1999

[18] P Cheshire ldquoExplaining the recent performance of the Euro-pean Communityrsquos major urban regionsrdquoUrban Studies vol 27no 3 pp 311ndash333 1990

[19] W Y Li ldquoIndustrial development and urban planning of coal-based citiesrdquoThe Geographical Journal vol 1 pp 23ndash26 1978

[20] C Y Wu and Y Ye ldquoOn the industrial transformation ofresource-based citiesrdquo Journal of Dalian University of Technol-ogy (Social Science Edition) vol 3 pp 6ndash9 2000

[21] Y G Liu ldquoResearch on the resource-based structure transfor-mation of in Daqingrdquo Economic Geography vol 20 pp 26ndash292000

[22] S C Dong Z H Li B Li et al ldquoThe problem and strategyof economic transformation of resource-based cities in ChinardquoChina Population Resources and Environment vol 17 pp 12ndash172007

[23] Y X Song and Q Man ldquoStudy on economic structure trans-formation of resource-based cities in Northeast Chinardquo WorldGeography Research vol 27 pp 91ndash97 2008

[24] W Li and T Zhang ldquoResearch on the circular economyevaluation index system in resource based cityrdquo Science ofScience and Management of S amp T vol 8 p 18 2005

[25] H J Zhang and Z G Gao ldquoProblems of industry transfor-mation based on sustainable development ability of resource-based citymdasha case study on karamay City Xinjiangrdquo Arid LandGeography vol 3 pp 409ndash413 2005

[26] H Li R Long and H Chen ldquoEconomic transition policiesin Chinese resource-based cities an overview of governmenteffortsrdquo Energy Policy vol 55 pp 251ndash260 2013

[27] F Dong R Long H Chen X Li and X Liu ldquoThe convergencetest of transformation performance of resource cities in Chinaconsidering undesirable outputrdquo Mathematical and ComputerModelling vol 58 no 5-6 pp 948ndash955 2013

[28] G Hong and Z Kai ldquoResearch on sustainable development ofresource-based small industrial andmining citiesmdasha case studyof Yangquanqu townrdquo Procedia Engineering vol 21 pp 633ndash640 2011

[29] Q Z Bu Jiaozuo Yearbook from 2000 to 2014 ZhongzhouAncient Books Publishing House Henan China 1st edition2000ndash2014

[30] J Xu ldquoComprehensive evaluation and analysis on the sustain-able development in Jiaozuordquo Regional Research and Develop-ment vol 23 pp 30ndash33 2004

[31] XH Feng ldquoAnalysis on the sustainable development of tourismindustry in Chinarsquos resource-based citiesmdashtaking Jiaozuo city asan examplerdquo Resource Development amp Market vol 25 pp 460ndash462 2009

[32] J J Chen X Q Li and L L Liu ldquoExploration and practiceson sustainable development of coal resource type citymdashtakingJiaozuo city as examplerdquoChinaMiningMagazine vol 17 pp 43ndash45 2008

[33] Y G Chang L X Fan and Q Song ldquoStudy on the sustainabledevelopment ability of Jiaozuo based on ecological carryingcapacityrdquo Research of Soil and Water Conservation vol 15 pp180ndash185 2008

[34] I Moffatt ldquoEcological footprints and sustainable developmentrdquoEcological Economics vol 32 no 3 pp 359ndash362 2000

[35] W Rees and M Wackernagel ldquoUrban ecological footprintswhy cities cannot be sustainablemdashand why they are a key tosustainabilityrdquo in Urban Ecology pp 537ndash555 Springer NewYork NY USA 2008

[36] The United Nations Development Programme Human Devel-opment Report 1990 OxfordUniversity Press Oxford UK 1990

[37] B Giddings B Hopwood and G OrsquoBrien ldquoEnvironmenteconomy and society fitting them together into sustainabledevelopmentrdquo Sustainable Development vol 10 no 4 pp 187ndash196 2002

[38] J Li ldquoIndex system model of estimation on the sustainabledevelopment of resources exhausted citiesrdquo Resources amp Indus-tries vol 7 pp 4ndash8 2005

[39] W JWu andX S Cheng ldquoStudy on the evaluation index systemconstruction of the sustainable development of resource-basedcitiesrdquo Coal Economic Research vol 2 pp 18ndash19 2009

[40] X Y Shi ldquoResearch on the evaluation index system con-struction in the resource-based cities transformationrdquo BusinessEconomics vol 19 pp 85ndash86 2012

[41] X Xu ldquoResearch on the evaluation index system of the greendevelopment in the resource-based cities in ChinardquoChinese andForeign Entrepreneurs vol 10 pp 7ndash10 2014

[42] J Ravetz ldquoIntegrated assessment for sustainability appraisal incities and regionsrdquo Environmental Impact Assessment Reviewvol 20 no 1 pp 31ndash64 2000

[43] E K Zavadskas and J Antucheviciene ldquoDevelopment ofan indicator model and ranking of sustainable revitalizationalternatives of derelict property a Lithuanian case studyrdquoSustainable Development vol 14 no 5 pp 287ndash299 2006

[44] C B Hao and S J Dai ldquoEvaluation of sustainable developmentof coal-based cities via entropyrdquo Resources amp Industries vol 10no 3 pp 1ndash5 2008

[45] W Li and J Li ldquoA case study on Shanxi province transforma-tion efficiency evaluation of resources-based cities on DEArdquoResources amp Industries vol 16 pp 7ndash12 2014

[46] M L Wen and H S Li ldquoFuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) model and ranking methodrdquo Journal of Computationaland Applied Mathematics vol 223 no 2 pp 872ndash878 2009

[47] M L Wen C L You and R Kang ldquoA new ranking methodto fuzzy data envelopment analysisrdquo Computers amp Mathematicswith Applications vol 59 no 11 pp 3398ndash3404 2010

[48] S H R Hajiagha H A Mahdiraji E K Zavadskas andS S Hashemi ldquoA fuzzy data envelopment analysis approachbased on parametric programmingrdquo International Journal of


Computers Communications amp Control vol 8 no 4 pp 594ndash607 2013

[49] J S Liu L Y Lu and W M Lu ldquoResearch fronts in dataenvelopment analysisrdquo Omega vol 58 pp 33ndash45 2016

[50] YWNiuOperational Research Xirsquoan JiaotongUniversity PressShanghai China 3rd edition 2013

[51] R D Banker A Charnes and W W Cooper ldquoSome modelsfor estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envel-opment analysisrdquoManagement Science vol 30 no 9 pp 1078ndash1092 1984

[52] A Charnes W W Cooper B Golany L Seiford and JStutz ldquoFoundations of data envelopment analysis for Pareto-Koopmans efficient empirical production functionsrdquo Journal ofEconometrics vol 30 no 1-2 pp 91ndash107 1985

[53] R Fare and S Grosskopf ldquoA nonparametric cost approach toscale efficiencyrdquoThe Scandinavian Journal of Economics vol 87no 4 pp 594ndash604 1985

[54] A Charnes W W Cooper and Q L Wei ldquoA semi-infinitemulticriteria programming approach to data envelopment anal-ysis with infinitely many decision making unitsrdquo Center forCybernetic Studies Report CCS 511 1986

[55] A Charnes W W Cooper Q L Wei and Z M HuangldquoCone ratio data envelopment analysis and multi-objectiveprogrammingrdquo International Journal of Systems Science vol 20no 7 pp 1099ndash1118 1989

[56] The State Statistical BureauChinaCity Statistical Yearbook 2000to 2014 China Statistics Press Beijing China 1st edition 2000ndash2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MathematicsJournal of


Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Differential EquationsInternational Journal of

Volume 2014

Applied MathematicsJournal of


Probability and StatisticsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of


Mathematical PhysicsAdvances in

Complex AnalysisJournal of


OptimizationJournal of


CombinatoricsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of


Operations ResearchAdvances in

Journal of


Function Spaces

Abstract and Applied AnalysisHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Algebra

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society



Decision SciencesAdvances in

Discrete MathematicsJournal of


Volume 2014 Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Stochastic AnalysisInternational Journal of


growth rate of Jiaozuo was only 35 in the ldquo9th five-yearrdquoperiod

Jiaozuorsquos GDP fell by 16 and financial revenue fell by24 in 1999 and the entire city was in urgent need oftransformation In March 2008 with the approval of theState Council Jiaozuo as a representative resource-exhaustedcity in the central region was chosen as one of the first12 resource-exhausted cities bringing opportunities for thesustainable development to the city [4] In just a few yearsthe development of the entire city of Jiaozuo has seen a sharpeconomic upturn However contradictions in the industrialstructural still exist The proportion of industries that aretertiary industry is 20 below the national the multifaceteddevelopment of the industrial system has not yet come tofruition in Jiaozuo Based on this background this paperevaluates the sustainable development of Jiaozuo to providefor a reference for the sustainable development of otherresource-based cities

2 Literature Review

21 The Development of Resource-Based Cities Internationalresearch on resource-based cities began in the 1930s withthe pioneering efforts of Innis a Canadian scholar [5]Subsequently in the 1960s oil gradually replaced coal andcoal resource-based cities fell into recession With this thetransformation and sustainable development of resource-based cities became the focus of study among many scholarsForeign studies on resource-based cities were mainly con-ducted in developed countries such as the United States [6ndash8] Germany [9 10] Canada [11] Australia [12] and othermining countries Successful examples were found mainly inthe Ruhr industrial region in Germany the Welsh region inthe United Kingdom Lorraine in France and Kitakyushuin Japan Studies were mainly based on the principles ofphilosophy sociology [13 14] and demography [15 16] aswell as transformation and sustainable development [17 18]

After the reform and opening up China began to conductresearch on resource-based cities Li [19] conducted an in-depth analysis of the development of coal resource-basedcities in 1978 and was considered to be the pioneer ofresearch on resource-based cities Subsequently with theproblems of resource-based cities continuously emerging andintensifying theoretical research on the transformation ofresource-based cities and sustainable development graduallytook off and generally concentrates on the following aspects

First researchers studied the adjustment optimizationand transformation of the economic structure (industrialstructure) of a particular resource-based city or a regionincludingWu and Ye [20] Liu [21] Dong et al [22] and Songand Man [23] These studies assessed the difficulties in theindustrial structure transformation of resource-based citiesand discussed countermeasures based on the characteristicsof the resource-based cities

Second researchers studied the transformation and sus-tainable development of resource-based cities Based oncases of circular economies in resource-based cities Li andZhang [24] established a circular economy evaluation indexsystem for resource-based cities using resources economy

environment and society to evaluate the main factors thataffect the circular economy of resource-based cities TakingKaramay a city in Xingjiang as an example Zhang and Gao[25] quantitatively evaluated the sustainable developmentcapacity of Karamay with AHPmethodsThe study indicatedthat Karamay was at a weak stage of sustainable developmentand that its sustainable development capacity was relativelyweak Li et al [26] found deficiencies in the process ofpolicy implementation and provided recommendations toimprove transition performance and sustainable develop-ment in resource-based cities Using environmental pro-duction technology and a Malmquist resource performanceindex (MRPI) Dong et al [27] conducted tests on thetransformation performance of 21 resource-based cities inChina The results indicated that MRPI did not follow thesame trends as three Chinese regions that were experiencingeconomic growth Hong and Kai [28] used small industrialmining cities in Shanxi province to propose relevant strate-gies for sustainable development primarily analyzing theirfunctional transformation and various problems during theirsustainable development efforts

For resource-based cities Xu [30] built a three-tieredindication system and put forward an appraisal model whichcombined AHP and statistics to evaluate Jiaozuorsquos sustainabledevelopment Feng [31] studied the development of tourismin Jiaozuo and indicated that Jiaozuo tourism was at thedevelopment stage according to lifecycle model theory Chenet al [32] recognized the potential of coal as a resource thatshould be utilized Moreover the circulation utilization ofcoal should be performed and the aluminum industry andtraveling industry should be greatly developed Based on theecological carrying capacity theory and analytic hierarchyprocess Chang et al [33] calculated an ecological resilienceindex ecological carrying index and ecological pressingindex and they emphasized air pollution as a factor to analyzeand evaluate the ecological carrying capacity of Jiaozuo Theresults showed that Jiaozuo had relatively stable high andhigh-pressure carrying capacity

22 Sustainable Development Evaluation As there are differ-ences in the sustainable development of resource-based citiesand other cities this paper reviews the evaluation indexes andmethods used in comprehensive sustainable developmentresearch

Foreign research on evaluation indexes in sustainabledevelopment was conducted earlier and more comprehen-sively However as foreign resource-based cities and townsbegan to experience transformation in the 1960s and 1970sthe indexes of sustainable development were not perfectThus foreign research on evaluation indexes in sustainabledevelopment is rare generally due to three factors Firstfrom the perspective of ecology and economics Moffatt [34]deemed that ecological indicators could move towards sus-tainable development Rees andWackernagel [35] recognizedthat ecological footprints were key to urban sustainabilitySecond from the perspective of sociology several indicatorswere used including the Human Development Indicators(HDI) Genuine Progress Indicators (GPI) and Indexes ofSustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) in United Nations




Input indexes119883














Secondaryindustry

Tertiaryindustry

2000 172 506 3222001 163 513 3242002 148 526 3262003 116 555 3292004 115 597 2882005 101 625 2742006 89 642 2692007 85 658 2572008 81 669 2502009 80 673 2472010 81 686 2332011 78 697 2252012 79 675 2462013 78 674 248










Table 4 Communality




1000 0949





Component1 2




0970 0093







3 Model and Data




119894119895gt 0 119910

119903119895is the


119883119895= (1199091119895 1199092119895 119909

119898119895)119879

119884119895= (1199101119895 1199102119895 119910

119904119895)119879

119895 = 1 2 119899

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

(1)





Table 7 Communality




1000 0993





Thus 119879BC2 = (119909 119910) | 119909 ge sum119899

119895=1120582119895119909119895 sum119899

119895=1120582119895= 1 119895 =


min 120579 = 119881119863

st119899

sum

119895=1

119883119895120582119895le 1205791198830

119899

sum

119895=1

119884119895120582119895ge 1198840

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

max (1205831198791198840+ 1199060) = 119881119901

st 120596119879x119895minus 120583119879y119895ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

120596119879x0= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0

(2)


0

satisfy 119881119901= 1205831198791198840= 1 119895



0gt 0 and 119881

119901= 1205831198791198840= 1








Component1 2 3




1985

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0200400600800

10001200140016001800






2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013


010203040506070

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200







Year 120579 1198781

minus1198782

minus1198781

+1198782

+1198783

+

1999 0619 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002001 0288 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002002 0311 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002003 0465 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002004 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002005 0666 0000 0000 0439 1786 06852006 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002007 0597 0000 0000 5042 1832 07382008 0891 0000 0000 4488 1494 00002009 0882 1966 0000 2659 2004 00002010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002011 0723 1521 0000 0000 3940 08662012 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002013 0817 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000








0619

1

028803110465

1

0666

1

0597

089108821

0723

1

0817

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0010203040506070809

1


















Acknowledgments


References





































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra












Input indexes119883














Secondaryindustry

Tertiaryindustry

2000 172 506 3222001 163 513 3242002 148 526 3262003 116 555 3292004 115 597 2882005 101 625 2742006 89 642 2692007 85 658 2572008 81 669 2502009 80 673 2472010 81 686 2332011 78 697 2252012 79 675 2462013 78 674 248










Table 4 Communality




1000 0949





Component1 2




0970 0093







3 Model and Data




119894119895gt 0 119910

119903119895is the


119883119895= (1199091119895 1199092119895 119909

119898119895)119879

119884119895= (1199101119895 1199102119895 119910

119904119895)119879

119895 = 1 2 119899

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

(1)





Table 7 Communality




1000 0993





Thus 119879BC2 = (119909 119910) | 119909 ge sum119899

119895=1120582119895119909119895 sum119899

119895=1120582119895= 1 119895 =


min 120579 = 119881119863

st119899

sum

119895=1

119883119895120582119895le 1205791198830

119899

sum

119895=1

119884119895120582119895ge 1198840

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

max (1205831198791198840+ 1199060) = 119881119901

st 120596119879x119895minus 120583119879y119895ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

120596119879x0= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0

(2)


0

satisfy 119881119901= 1205831198791198840= 1 119895



0gt 0 and 119881

119901= 1205831198791198840= 1








Component1 2 3




1985

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0200400600800

10001200140016001800






2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013


010203040506070

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200







Year 120579 1198781

minus1198782

minus1198781

+1198782

+1198783

+

1999 0619 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002001 0288 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002002 0311 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002003 0465 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002004 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002005 0666 0000 0000 0439 1786 06852006 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002007 0597 0000 0000 5042 1832 07382008 0891 0000 0000 4488 1494 00002009 0882 1966 0000 2659 2004 00002010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002011 0723 1521 0000 0000 3940 08662012 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002013 0817 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000








0619

1

028803110465

1

0666

1

0597

089108821

0723

1

0817

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0010203040506070809

1


















Acknowledgments


References





































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra













Table 4 Communality




1000 0949





Component1 2




0970 0093







3 Model and Data




119894119895gt 0 119910

119903119895is the


119883119895= (1199091119895 1199092119895 119909

119898119895)119879

119884119895= (1199101119895 1199102119895 119910

119904119895)119879

119895 = 1 2 119899

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

(1)





Table 7 Communality




1000 0993





Thus 119879BC2 = (119909 119910) | 119909 ge sum119899

119895=1120582119895119909119895 sum119899

119895=1120582119895= 1 119895 =


min 120579 = 119881119863

st119899

sum

119895=1

119883119895120582119895le 1205791198830

119899

sum

119895=1

119884119895120582119895ge 1198840

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

max (1205831198791198840+ 1199060) = 119881119901

st 120596119879x119895minus 120583119879y119895ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

120596119879x0= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0

(2)


0

satisfy 119881119901= 1205831198791198840= 1 119895



0gt 0 and 119881

119901= 1205831198791198840= 1








Component1 2 3




1985

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0200400600800

10001200140016001800






2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013


010203040506070

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200







Year 120579 1198781

minus1198782

minus1198781

+1198782

+1198783

+

1999 0619 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002001 0288 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002002 0311 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002003 0465 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002004 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002005 0666 0000 0000 0439 1786 06852006 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002007 0597 0000 0000 5042 1832 07382008 0891 0000 0000 4488 1494 00002009 0882 1966 0000 2659 2004 00002010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002011 0723 1521 0000 0000 3940 08662012 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002013 0817 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000








0619

1

028803110465

1

0666

1

0597

089108821

0723

1

0817

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0010203040506070809

1


















Acknowledgments


References





































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra













Table 7 Communality




1000 0993





Thus 119879BC2 = (119909 119910) | 119909 ge sum119899

119895=1120582119895119909119895 sum119899

119895=1120582119895= 1 119895 =


min 120579 = 119881119863

st119899

sum

119895=1

119883119895120582119895le 1205791198830

119899

sum

119895=1

119884119895120582119895ge 1198840

119899

sum

119895=1

120582119895= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

max (1205831198791198840+ 1199060) = 119881119901

st 120596119879x119895minus 120583119879y119895ge 0 119895 = 1 119899

120596119879x0= 1

120596 ge 0 120583 ge 0

(2)


0

satisfy 119881119901= 1205831198791198840= 1 119895



0gt 0 and 119881

119901= 1205831198791198840= 1








Component1 2 3




1985

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0200400600800

10001200140016001800






2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013


010203040506070

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200







Year 120579 1198781

minus1198782

minus1198781

+1198782

+1198783

+

1999 0619 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002001 0288 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002002 0311 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002003 0465 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002004 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002005 0666 0000 0000 0439 1786 06852006 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002007 0597 0000 0000 5042 1832 07382008 0891 0000 0000 4488 1494 00002009 0882 1966 0000 2659 2004 00002010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002011 0723 1521 0000 0000 3940 08662012 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002013 0817 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000








0619

1

028803110465

1

0666

1

0597

089108821

0723

1

0817

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0010203040506070809

1


















Acknowledgments


References





































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra











Component1 2 3




1985

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0200400600800

10001200140016001800






2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013


010203040506070

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200







Year 120579 1198781

minus1198782

minus1198781

+1198782

+1198783

+

1999 0619 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002001 0288 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002002 0311 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002003 0465 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002004 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002005 0666 0000 0000 0439 1786 06852006 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002007 0597 0000 0000 5042 1832 07382008 0891 0000 0000 4488 1494 00002009 0882 1966 0000 2659 2004 00002010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002011 0723 1521 0000 0000 3940 08662012 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002013 0817 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000








0619

1

028803110465

1

0666

1

0597

089108821

0723

1

0817

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0010203040506070809

1


















Acknowledgments


References





































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra











Year 120579 1198781

minus1198782

minus1198781

+1198782

+1198783

+

1999 0619 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002001 0288 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002002 0311 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002003 0465 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002004 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002005 0666 0000 0000 0439 1786 06852006 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002007 0597 0000 0000 5042 1832 07382008 0891 0000 0000 4488 1494 00002009 0882 1966 0000 2659 2004 00002010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002011 0723 1521 0000 0000 3940 08662012 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00002013 0817 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000








0619

1

028803110465

1

0666

1

0597

089108821

0723

1

0817

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0010203040506070809

1


















Acknowledgments


References





































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra

















Acknowledgments


References





































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra

































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra









research article research on sustainable development of...

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