research article the effect of photovoltaic panels on the rooftop...

Research ArticleThe Effect of Photovoltaic Panels on the Rooftop Temperaturein the EnergyPlus Simulation Environment

Changhai Peng123 and Jianqiang Yang1

1School of Architecture Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China2Key Laboratory of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation (Southeast University) Ministry of EducationNanjing 210096 China3College of Engineering and Applied Science University of Colorado Denver Denver CO 80217 USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Changhai Peng pengchanghaifoxmailcom

Received 15 October 2015 Revised 1 January 2016 Accepted 18 January 2016

Academic Editor Ahmad Umar

Copyright copy 2016 C Peng and J YangThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

In this paper the effects that photovoltaic (PV) panels have on the rooftop temperature in the EnergyPlus simulation environmentwere investigated for the following cases with and without PV panels with and without exposure to sunlight and using roofmaterials with different thermal conductivities and for different climatic zones The results demonstrate that heat transfer byconvection radiation and conduction in the air gaps between PV panels and the building envelope can be simulated in theEnergyPlus environment when these air gaps are in the ldquoair conditioning zonerdquo Nevertheless in most cases particularly on therooftop the air gaps between the PV panels and the building envelope cannot be set as the ldquoair conditioning zonerdquo Thereforein this case none of the EnergyPlus models are appropriate to simulate the effect that PV panels have on the rooftop temperatureHowever all the terms of theHeat BalanceModel including the absorbed direct and diffuse solar radiation net long-wave radiationwith the air and surroundings convective exchange with the outside air and conduction flux in or out of the surface can still beused to calculate the temperature and heat flux within the BIPVrsquos air gap

1 Introduction

EnergyPlus is a whole-building energy simulation programthat engineers architects and researchers use to modelenergy andwater use in buildingsModeling the performanceof a building with EnergyPlus enables building professionalsto optimize the building design so that the building usesless energy and waterThe Photovoltaicsf90 module includesthree different models which are referred to as ldquosimplerdquoldquoequivalent one-dioderdquo and ldquoSandiardquo The choice of themodel determines the mathematical models (and input data)used to determine the energy produced by the solarelectricconversion panels All of the photovoltaic (PV) modulemodels share the same models for predicting the incidentsolar radiation for the solar thermal calculations Thesemodels are described in the Climate Sky and SolarShadingCalculations section [1]

Currently these three are the most commonly usedmodels to calculate the electricity output generated from PV

modules and the electricity and hot water generated fromphotovoltaicthermal (PVT) collectors For example Pless etal [2] used DOE-21E to develop and model a new buildingin the Teterboro Airport for energy efficient predesign andsubsequently conducted extensive whole-building annualenergy simulations using EnergyPlus Ordenes et al [3] ana-lyzed the potential of seven building integrated photovoltaic(BIPV) technologies implemented in a residential prototypein three different cities in Brazil via a simulation usingEnergyPlus Hachem et al [4] used EnergyPlus to simulate26 configurations consisting of combinations of parametervalues Zogou and Stapountzis [5] examined an improvedconcept for incorporating PV modules into the southernfacades of an office building Gang et al [6] studied theannual electricity and hot water outputs generated fromheat-pipe PVT (HP-PVT) systems in Hong Kong Lhasaand Beijing China Mandalaki et al [7 8] assessed the PVelectricity generation efficiency of fixed shading devices usingEnergyPlus Ng et al [9] examined six commercially available

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of PhotoenergyVolume 2016 Article ID 9020567 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520169020567

2 International Journal of Photoenergy

semi-transparent BIPV windowsmdashfour single-glazed andtwo double-glazed windowsmdashusing EnergyPlus Hsieh et al[10] analyzed the PVpotential of rooftops and vertical facadesin an area of the West Central District of Tainan City a richinsolation area in Taiwan

Few studies have considered the impact that rooftop solarPV modules have on building cooling loads ITRON Inc[11] found that after (nonbuilding integrated) PV installationthe amount of energy expended on air conditioning used onhigh-cooling-degree-day conditions decreased compared to areference sample A one-degree increase in the daily averagetemperature in San Diego Gas amp Electric (SDGampE) territorycaused post-PV installed households with air conditioning touse 0501 kWh less energy per day Supporting this finding aconduction model indicated a 65 reduction in the coolingload experienced through a roof with installed PV panelscompared to a conventional roof with a thermal resistanceof R16 [12] Wang et al [13] modeled the one-dimensionaltransient heat transfer for a summer and winter day in Chinausing four setups ventilated air gap BIPV nonventilated(closed) air gap BIPV closemount BIPV and conventional R8roof with a solar absorbance of 09 In the summer the dailyheat gain and peak cooling load decreased by approximately50 for the ventilated air gapBIPV compared to conventionalroofing whereas the heat gains and peak cooling loads for theclosed air gap and close-roof mounted BIPVwere within 10of that experienced by a normal roof The PV performancewas 6 greater for the air gap case than for the nonventilatedair gap and close-roof mounted cases In the winter theventilated air gap and closemount decreased the peak heatingload and heat losses by 5 to 10 whereas the nonventilatedair gap decreased the peak heating load and heat losses by20The PV generation performance for all the modules waswithin 2 in the winter Tian et al [14] found a significantreduction in the BIPV roof surface temperatures comparedto a conventional roof with an albedo of 030 and a thermalresistance of 133 Km2Wminus1

The indirect benefits of rooftop PV systems used forbuilding insulation were quantified through measurementsand modeling Measurements of the thermal conditionsover a roof profile on a building partially covered by PVpanels were conducted in SanDiego California [15]Thermalinfrared imagery on a clear April day demonstrated that thedaytime ceiling temperatures beneath the PV arrays were asmuch as 25 K cooler compared to those beneath the exposedroofHeat fluxmodeling showed a significant reduction in thedaytime roof heat flux beneath the PVarrayAt night the con-ditions reversed and the ceiling beneath the PV arrays waswarmer than the exposed roof demonstrating the insulatingproperties of installed PV systems The simulations showedno benefit (but also no disadvantage) associated with PV sys-tems being installed on the roof in terms of the annual heatingload However a 59 kWhmminus2 (or 38) reduction in theannual cooling loadwas observedThe reduced daily variabil-ity in the rooftop surface temperature beneath the PV arrayreduces the thermal stresses on the roof and leads to energysavings andor human comfort benefits particularly forrooftop PV modules installed on older warehouse buildings

TemperatureRel humidityWind speed

Comfort thermal neutrality Direct solarDiffuse solarCloud cover

Daily conditionsmdash29th of August (241)

(∘C)

minus100

10203040

000204060810

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 242

(∘C)

Febr

uary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Janu

ary

minus100

10203040

000204060810

(kW

m2)

(kW

m2)

WMO = 582380Monthly diurnal averagesmdashNanjing Ji CHN

Figure 1 Annual meteorological data for Nanjing

In this paper the effects of PV panels on rooftop tem-peratures in the EnergyPlus simulation environment wereinvestigated for the following cases with and without PVpanels with and without exposure to sunlight and usingroof materials with different thermal conductivities and fordifferent climatic zones

2 Climate

Nanjing is located at geographical coordinates 32∘N and1188∘E The city has a typical climate with hot summers andcold winters Nanjingrsquos climatic characteristics are as followsduring the cold winter months (January and February) thetemperature is the lowest and the wind speed is relativelyhigh During the hot summer months (July and August) thetemperature is the highest and the wind speed is relativelyslow The annual direct horizontal solar radiation in Nanjingis well distributed and the city has relatively abundant solarenergy resources Figure 1 shows the annual meteorologicaldata for Nanjing (source EnergyPlus)

3 Model of a BIPV House

The south-facing model house considered in this work hada building area of 944m2 The dimensions of the housewere length 117m width 72m and height 73m Table 1lists the overall heat-transfer coefficients for the buildingenvelope The entire house was defined as one thermal areathat is one air-conditioned areaThe room temperature of thehouse was set at 18∘C in the winter and 26∘C in the summerThe air change rate was 10 timeh when the heat or airconditioning was on Figure 2 shows the BIPV house modelwithout shading The Sandia model was used to predict the

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

Table 1 Overall heat-transfer coefficients for the BIPV house

Structure Main materials (from outside to inside) Overall heat-transfer coefficient119870 (W(m2sdotK))

Exterior wallsConcrete panel

08Fiberglass insulationDry wall

RoofConcrete panel

05Plastic benzoic (XPS) boardDry wall

FloorWooden floor

10Fiberglass insulationWooden floor

Windows 6 clear + 12 argon (Ar) + 6 Low-E 23Glass-fiber reinforced polyurethane (GRPU) door and window profile

Door Solid wood 20

Integrated PV arrays

Figure 2 Model of the BIPV house

surface temperature of the roof (the reason for this selectionis described in Section 8)

4 House without PV Panels

41 House Not Exposed to Sunlight For simplicity the housewith PV panels is referred to as the ldquoBIPV houserdquo andthe house without PV panels is referred to as the ldquoregularhouserdquo Figure 3 shows the temperature measurement pointson the south-facing roof of the regular house when it was notexposed to sunlight Figure 4 shows the simulated inner andouter surface temperatures for the roof of the regular house

Figure 4 shows that when the regular house was notexposed to sunlight the outer surface temperature of the roofof the regular house (measurement point 1 in Figure 3) waslower than the outdoor dry-bulb temperature (measurementpoint 3 in Figure 3) over the year

42 House Exposed to Sunlight Figure 5 shows the scenarioin which the regular house was exposed to sunlight andFigure 6 shows the simulation results When the regularhousewas exposed to sunlight (Figure 6(a)) the outer surfacetemperature of the south-facing gable roof (measurementpoint 1 in Figure 5) was always higher than the outdoor

Roof

(1)

(2)

(1) Outer surface temperature of the roof(2) Inner surface temperature of the roof(3) Outdoor dry-bulb temperature(4) Average room temperature

(4)

(3)

Figure 3 Temperature measurement points for the regular housewhen it was not exposed to sunlight

dry-bulb temperature (measurement point 3 in Figure 5)Figure 6(b) shows that the outer surface temperature (mea-surement point 1 in Figure 5) was considerably higher thanthe outdoor dry-bulb temperature (measurement point 3 inFigure 5) when the south-facing gable roof of the regularhouse was exposed to solar radiation during the daytimeHowever the outer surface temperature was lower than theoutdoor dry-bulb temperature during the night The simu-lated results were in agreement with the actual situations

5 House with PV Panels

Generally PV panels are always kept separate from the roofto cool the PV panels and ensure that they generate powerunder normal conditions as shown in Figure 7 For thisreason different roof materials thermal conductivities weresimultaneously studied including zero normal and infinitethermal conductivities

51 Roof Thermal Insulation Materials with a Zero ThermalConductivity Assuming the thermal conductivity of the roofthermal insulation materials was 0 (ie the outer surface ofthe roofwas not affected by the indoor thermal environment)


Inner surface temperature of the roofOuter surface temperature of the roofOutdoor dry-bulb temperatureAverage room temperature

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Mar

ch

June

April

May

Febr

uary

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Oct

ober

July

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Sept

embe

r

Time (month)

(a) Annual inner and outer surface temperatures for the regular housewhen it was not exposed to sunlight


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 07

00

0001

18

130

000

011

8 19

00

0001

19

010

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

130

000

011

9 19

00

0001

20

010

000

012

0 07

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 19

00

0007

18

010

000

071

8 07

00

0007

18

130

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

010

000

071

9 07

00

0007

19

130

000

071

9 19

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 07

00

0007

20

130

000

072

0 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00Time (h)

(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the regular house when it wasnot exposed to sunlight over a period of time during the winter and summer

Figure 4 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the regular house when it was not exposed to sunlight

Roof

(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)


Figure 5 Temperature measurement points on the regular houseunder sunlight

the outer surface temperature of the roof and the outdoordry-bulb temperature were compared Figure 7 shows theinner and outer surface temperatures for the integrated PVarray-covered roof Figure 8 shows the simulated inner andouter surface temperatures for the integrated PV array-covered roof when the thermal conductivity119870 = 0

Figure 8 shows that when 119870 = 0 the outer surfacetemperature of the south-facing integrated PV array-coveredgable roof (measurement point 1 in Figure 7) was alwayslower than the outdoor dry-bulb temperature (measurementpoint 3 in Figure 7)This result demonstrated that themodelscould not accurately simulate the effects of thermal radiationfrom the back of the PV panels

52 RoofThermal InsulationMaterials with aNormalThermalConductivity Figure 9 shows the simulated inner and outersurface temperatures for an integrated PV array-covered roofwhen the thermal conductivity of the roof thermal insulationmaterials was a normal value There was a relatively largedifference between the inner and outer surface temperaturesfor this roof in cold winter climate conditions (Figure 9)The temperature difference became relatively small for hotsummer climate conditions although the outer surface tem-perature remained lower than the inner surface temperatureWhen air conditioning was used normally the averageroom temperature and inner surface temperature of the rooffluctuated over the year The simulated results were largelyin agreement with actual values However the outer surfacetemperature of the south-facing integrated PV array-coveredgable roof (measurement point 1 in Figure 7) was alwayslower than the outdoor dry-bulb temperature (measurement


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

June

Janu

ary

Oct

ober

Mar

ch

May

Febr

uary

Augu

st

July

April

Time (month)

Outdoor dry-bulb temperature (∘C)Outer surface temperature of the roof (∘C)Inner surface temperature of the roof (∘C)Average room temperature (∘C)

(a) Annual inner and outer surface temperatures for theregular house exposed to sunlight

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)

Inner surface temperature of the roofOuter surface temperature of the roof

Outdoor dry-bulb temperature

Average room temperature

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the regular house exposed tosunlight over a given period of time during the winter and summer

Figure 6 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the regular house exposed to sunlight

(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)


100mm air gap


Roof

Figure 7 Temperature measurement points on the BIPV house

point 3 in Figure 7) The simulated results did accuratelyreflect the actual effect of the thermal radiation from the backof the PV panels (when they were operated normally) on theouter surface temperature of the roof

53 Roof Thermal Insulation Materials with an InfiniteThermal Conductivity The outer surface temperature of theroof and the outdoor dry-bulb temperature were compared

assuming that the thermal conductivity of the roof thermalinsulation materials was infinite that is that the thermalresistance (119877) of the roof is 0m2sdotKW

When the thermal conductivity of the roof thermal insu-lation materials was infinite the outer surface temperatureof the south-facing integrated PV array-covered gable roof(measurement point 1 in Figure 7) was the same as theinner surface temperature but was lower than the outdoordry-bulb temperature throughout the year Therefore in theEnergyPlus models the PV panels blocked the incident solarradiation on the roof and the thermal radiation from the backof the PV panels was not accurately reflected Figure 10 showsthat the average room and outdoor dry-bulb temperaturetrends were in agreement with actual values

6 Flat Plate Solar Collector Case

We also simulated the effect of the thermal radiation fromthe back of the flat plate solar collectors on the outer surfacetemperature of the roof in Nanjing using EnergyPlus In thiscase although the solar collectors are fixed close to the outersurface of the roof the air gap between solar collectors androofs contains outdoor air as shown in Figure 11 Figure 11shows the inner andouter roof surface temperatures onwhichthe flat plate solar collectors were installed Figure 12 showsthe effect that the flat plate solar collectors have on the outersurface temperature of the roof


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


(a) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house (roof119870 = 0)

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

Time (h)




(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house over a given periodof time during winter and summer (roof119870 = 0)

Figure 8 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house (roof119870 = 0)

Figure 12 shows that the outer surface temperature of theroof on which the flat plate solar collectors were installed(measurement point 1 in Figure 10) was always lower thanthe outdoor dry-bulb temperature This result showed thatEnergyPlus could not accurately simulate the effect thatthe thermal radiation from the back of the flat plate solarcollectors had on the outer surface temperature of the roof

7 Different Climates

Based on the PV array-covered roof model used inSection 52 the climate conditions were altered from a cli-mate characterized by hot summers and cold winters suchas in Nanjing (32∘N latitude) to a much cold climate suchas in Harbin (458∘N latitude) or a climate described byhot summers and warm winters such as in Haikou (20∘Nlatitude) All of the other parameters used in the simulationsremained the same The simulated results are shown inFigures 13 and 14

Figures 13 and 14 show that the outer surface temperatureson the south-facing integrated PV array-covered gable roofwere lower than that for the outdoor dry-bulb temperatureover the year regardless of the climatic conditionsThis resultwas the same as that in Nanjing

The previously described results demonstrated that withthe exception of the additional power generation functionthe PV panel models used in EnergyPlus cannot accuratelysimulate the thermal radiation originating from the back ofthe PV panels

8 Discussion

Figures 4 and 6 show that EnergyPlus can accurately predictthe roof surface temperature for the house without PV panelsfor the cases of both sunlight and no sunlight exposure

However Figures 8 9 and 10 indicate that EnergyPlusencountered problems with accurately simulating the roofouter surface temperature for the house with PV panelsand for thermal insulation material thermal conductivities ofzero normal or infinite values

Figure 12 also demonstrates that EnergyPlus cannot accu-rately simulate the effect that the thermal radiation from theback of the flat plate solar collectors has on the outer surfacetemperature of the roof

Figures 13 and 14 show that a similar problem wasobserved for all of the different climates that were examined

However according to Griffith and Ellis [16] the BIPVldquosimplerdquo ldquoequivalent one-dioderdquo and ldquoSandiardquo all allow



minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Febr

uary

Mar

chAp

rilM

ayJu

ne July

Augu

stSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Time (month)

(a) Annual inner and outer surface temperatures for theBIPV house

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)




(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house over a given periodof time during the winter and summer

Figure 9 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house

the PV modules to be colocated with the surfaces that formthe building envelope in an EnergyPlus model The ldquosimplerdquoand ldquoSandiardquo PV models can also model interactions withthe exterior surface heat balance via the use of a sourceterm that accounts for any energy exported in the formof electricity The ldquoequivalent one-dioderdquo model does notpresently interact with the surface heat balance The ldquosimplerdquomodel does not predict efficiency and therefore it has nouse for the surface temperature However the ldquoSandiardquomodelis tightly coupled to the surface heat balance and uses theresult for the exterior surface temperature as the back of themodule temperature A specific type of module was selectedand modeled using Chicago weather data and a latitude-adjusted mounting angle The results were found to agreewithin 5

After carefully comparing the above module and ourmodel the root cause of the discrepancy was found in themodel from Griffith and Ellis [16] in which the air gapbetween the PV panels and the building envelope was setas the ldquoair conditioning zonerdquo However in this paper thisair gap could not be set as the ldquoair conditioning zonerdquobecause it freely connected to the outdoor air to the cool PVpanels to ensure that the panels generate power under normalconditions

Therefore heat transfer by convection radiation andconduction in the air gap between the PV panels and the

building envelope such as roofs and walls can be simulatedin the EnergyPlus environment when these air gaps arewithin the ldquoair conditioning zonerdquo Namely the temperatureand humidity of these air gaps can be controlled by the airconditioning equipmentHowever inmost cases particularlyon rooftops the air gaps between the PV panels and thebuilding envelope cannot be set as being within the ldquoairconditioning zonerdquo because these air gaps are typically freelyconnected to the outdoor air to cool PV panels and ensurethat the panels generate power under normal conditions (wenote that for the connected area a larger area is consideredadvantageous to promote better cooling) Hence for this casenone of the three models can accurately simulate the effectthat the PV panels have on the rooftop temperature in theEnergyPlus environment

All of the terms in the Heat Balance Model includingthe absorbed direct and diffuse solar radiation net long-waveradiation with the air and surroundings convective exchangewith the outside air and conduction flux inside or outsideof the surface may still be used to calculate the temperatureand heat flux within BIPVrsquos air gap As an example the HeatBalance Model is shown as follows for a ventilated air gap

As mentioned in Figure 15 nodes 119892 119904 and 119905 represent theglass cover of the PV module the PV cell and the PV backsheet respectively Node 119891 represents the air within the gapand node 119889 represents the roof The variables 119879

119890and 119879

119894are


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)

Outdoor dry-bulb temperature (∘C)

Outer surface temperature of the roof (∘C)Inner surface temperature of the roof (∘C)

Average room temperature (∘C)

(a) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house (roof119870 = infin)

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)




(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house over a givenperiod of time during the winter and summer (roof119870 = infin)

Figure 10 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house (roof119870 = infin)

(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)

RoofEmbedded flat plate solar collectors


Figure 11 Roof temperature measurement points for the installedflat plate solar collectors

the exterior and interior roof surface temperatures Figure 16illustrates the energy flow through the PV roof system with aventilation gap based on an 119877-119862 circuit representation [13]

(1) For the Transparent Cover

119872119892119862119892

d119879119892

dt= 119866120572119892119860(1 minus 120588o119892) + ℎ119908119860(119879a minus 119879119892)

+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)

where the heat-transfer coefficient between the glass coverand the solar cells is

ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)

The convection coefficient due to the wind is given by [17]

ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)

The natural-convection component is described by

ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)

The longwave radiation portion 119902119903119892119886

of the heat balanceis split into the three parts energy exchanged with the airexchanged with the sky and exchanged with the ground

119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)

We assume that the surface ground temperature 119879gr isequal to the air temperature 119879

119886 The sky temperature is

calculated as a function of the outdoor air temperature [17]

119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)




(a) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the gable roof on whichflat plate solar collectors were installed

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)




(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the gable roof on which flatplate solar collectors were installed over a given period of time during thewinter and summer

Figure 12 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the gable roof on which flat plate solar collectors were installed

The calculation of the three view factors is based on thedegree of PV tilt [18]

119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2

119865119886= 1 minus 119865sky minus 119865gr

(7)

(2) For the Solar Cells

119872s119862sd119879sdt

= 119866 (1 minus 120588o119892) (1 minus 120572119892) 120572s + ℎst119860 (119879t minus 119879s)

+ ℎ119892s119860(119879119892 minus 119879s) minus 119875mp

(8)

The heat-transfer coefficient between the solar cells andthe back sheet of the PV is given by

ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)

(3) For the Back Sheet of the PV

119872t119862td119879tdt

= ℎst119860 (119879s minus 119879t) + ℎtf119860(119879f minus 119879t)

+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)

The convective heat-transfer coefficient between the PVrear plate and the air within the gap may be obtained from[19]

ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)

(4) For the Heat Transfer and Airflow within the Gap

119872f119862fd119879fdt

= ℎfe119860(119879e minus 119879f) + ℎtf119860(119879t minus 119879f)

minus 119898f119862f (119879fo minus 119879fi)

(12)

We assume that the convective heat-transfer coefficient ℎtfon the rear plate of the PV is equal to ℎfe on the roof rsquos exteriorsurface Assuming a linear heat increase within the air gap

119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)Outdoor dry-bulb temperature (∘C)Outer surface temperature of the roof (∘C)Inner surface temperature of the roof (∘C)Average room temperature (∘C)

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

(a) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house inHarbin

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)




(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house over a givenperiod of time during the winter and summer in Harbin

Figure 13 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house in Harbin

The airflow rate in the gap caused by buoyancy and windpressure is given by [20]

119898f = 120588f119860 cradic2120573 (119879fo minus 119879fi) 119871119892 sin 120579 + 119862p119881

119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)

where 119881 is the wind speed 1198701198911

and 1198701198912

are the inletand outlet pressure-loss coefficients and 119862

119901is the wind-

pressure coefficient An average value of 025 is taken fromthe literature [20]

The air has a mass flow rate of 119898119891 enters the air duct at

temperature 119879fi which is approximately equal to the ambientair temperature and leaves with a higher temperature 119879fo

For the roof heat transfer we assume that the heattransfer through the roof is one-dimensional unsteady heat-conduction as defined by

120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)

The boundary conditions used for (15) are defined by thefollowing expressions

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)

The indoor space is characterized by a specified internaltemperature 119879

ℎ= 24∘C and is coupled to the interior surface

by a heat-transfer coefficient [21]

(5) Model of the PV Roof with a Nonventilated (Closed) AirGap The equations for the PV roof with a closed air gap arelargely the same as for the PV roof with a ventilated air gapThe differences are the absence of the third term in (12) Theconvective heat-transfer coefficient on the PV back sheet andthe exterior surface of the roof are determined by [22]

Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)

where the term in the square brackets is set to zero if thequantity within the brackets is negative


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

(a) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPVhouse in Haikou




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)

(b) Inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house over a given periodof time during the winter and summer in Haikou

Figure 14 Simulated inner and outer surface temperatures for the BIPV house in Haikou

PV panel

Roof

Inside spaceAir inlet

Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x

Figure 15 Model of the ventilated air gap in the BIPV

9 Conclusions

EnergyPlus is a whole-building energy simulation programthat engineers architects and researchers use to modelenergy and water use in buildings Currently there are threemodels that may be used to predict PV electricity generation

Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky

Rrskyminusg Rraminusg Rrgrminusg Rcaminusg

Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp

Figure 16 The 119877-119862 circuit used to model the ventilated air gapwithin the BIPV


capacity the ldquosimplerdquo model the ldquoequivalent one-dioderdquomodel and the ldquoSandiardquo model

In this paper the effects that the PV panels have onthe rooftop temperature in the EnergyPlus simulation envi-ronment were investigated for the following cases with andwithout PV panels with and without exposure to sunlightand using roofmaterials with different thermal conductivitiesand for different climatic zones The results show that heattransfer by convection radiation and conduction in the airgap between the PV panels and the building envelope suchas roofs and walls can be simulated in the EnergyPlus envi-ronment when these air gaps are within the ldquoair conditioningzonerdquo Nevertheless in most cases particularly for rooftopsthe air gaps between the PV panels and the building envelopecannot be set as the ldquoair conditioning zonerdquo because theyare typically freely connected to the outdoor air to cool thePV panels to ensure that they generate power under normalconditions Therefore for this case none of the three modelscan accurately simulate the effect that the PV panels have onrooftop temperature in the EnergyPlus environment

However all the terms in theHeat BalanceModel includ-ing the absorbed direct and diffuse solar radiation net long-wave radiation with the air and surroundings convectiveexchange with the outside air and conduction flux in or outof the surface can still be used to calculate the temperatureand heat flux within BIPVrsquos air gap

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (51278107)the China Scholarship Council (201406095032) the KeyProgram of the Natural Science Foundation of JiangsuProvince (BK2010061) the RampD Program of the Ministryof Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the PeoplersquosRepublic of China (2011-K1-2) the Open Project Programof the Key Laboratory of Urban and Architectural HeritageConservation (Southeast University) and the Ministry ofEducation (KLUAHC1212)

References

[1] EnergyPlus EnergyPlus Engineering Reference The Reference toEnergyPlus CalculationsTheBoard of Trustees of theUniversityof Illinois Regents of the University of California through theErnst Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory 2013

[2] S Pless B Talbert M Deru and P Torcellini Energy DesignAnalysis and Evaluation of a Proposed Air Rescue and FireFighting Administration Building for Teterboro Airport NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colo USA 2003

[3] M Ordenes D L Marinoski P Braun and R Ruther ldquoTheimpact of building-integrated photovoltaics on the energydemand of multi-family dwellings in Brazilrdquo Energy and Build-ings vol 39 no 6 pp 629ndash642 2007

[4] C Hachem A Athienitis and P Fazio ldquoInvestigation of solarpotential of housing units in different neighborhood designsrdquoEnergy and Buildings vol 43 no 9 pp 2262ndash2273 2011

[5] O Zogou and H Stapountzis ldquoEnergy analysis of an improvedconcept of integrated PV panels in an office building in centralGreecerdquo Applied Energy vol 88 no 3 pp 853ndash866 2011

[6] P Gang F Huide J Jie C Tin-Tai and Z Tao ldquoAnnual analysisof heat pipe PVT systems for domestic hot water and electricityproductionrdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 56 pp8ndash21 2012

[7] M Mandalaki K Zervas T Tsoutsos and A Vazakas ldquoAssess-ment of fixed shading devices with integrated PV for efficientenergy userdquo Solar Energy vol 86 no 9 pp 2561ndash2575 2012

[8] M Mandalaki S Papantoniou and T Tsoutsos ldquoAssessmentof energy production from photovoltaic modules integrated intypical shading devicesrdquo Sustainable Cities and Society vol 10pp 222ndash231 2014

[9] P K Ng N Mithraratne and H W Kua ldquoEnergy analysisof semi-transparent BIPV in Singapore buildingsrdquo Energy andBuildings vol 66 pp 274ndash281 2013

[10] C-M Hsieh Y-A Chen H Tan and P-F Lo ldquoPotentialfor installing photovoltaic systems on vertical and horizontalbuilding surfaces in urban areasrdquo Solar Energy vol 93 pp 312ndash321 2013

[11] Itron CPUC California Solar Initiative 2009 Impact Evaluation2010 httpwwwcpuccagovNRrdonlyres70B3F447-ADF5-48D3-8DF0-5DCE0E9DD09E02009 CSI Impact Reportpdf

[12] H X Yang J Burnett Z Zhu and L Lu ldquoA simulation studyon the energy performance of photovoltaic roofsrdquo ASHRAETransactions vol 107 pp 129ndash135 2001

[13] Y Wang W Tian J Ren L Zhu and Q Wang ldquoInfluenceof a buildingrsquos integrated-photovoltaics on heating and coolingloadsrdquo Applied Energy vol 83 no 9 pp 989ndash1003 2006

[14] W Tian Y Wang Y Xie D Wu L Zhu and J Ren ldquoEffectof building integrated photovoltaics on microclimate of urbancanopy layerrdquo Building and Environment vol 42 no 5 pp 1891ndash1901 2007

[15] A Dominguez J Kleissl and J C Luvall ldquoEffects of solarphotovoltaic panels on roof heat transferrdquo Solar Energy vol 85no 9 pp 2244ndash2255 2011

[16] B T Griffith and P G Ellis Photovoltaic and Solar ThermalModeling with the EnergyPlus Calculation Engine Center forBuildings and Thermal Systems National Renewable EnergyLaboratory Golden Colo USA 2004 httpgundoglblgovdirpubsbg 36275pdf

[17] J A Duffie and W A Beckman Solar Engineering of ThermalProcesses John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1980

[18] T M McClellan and C O Pedersen ldquoInvestigation of outsideheat-balance models for use in a heat-balance cooling loadcalculation procedurerdquo ASHRAE Transactions vol 103 no 2pp 469ndash484 1997

[19] B J Brinkworth R H Marshall and Z Ibarahim ldquoA validatedmodel of naturally ventilated PV claddingrdquo Solar Energy vol69 no 1 pp 67ndash81 2000

[20] C Afonso and A Oliveira ldquoSolar chimneys simulation andexperimentrdquoEnergy and Buildings vol 32 no 1 pp 71ndash79 2000

[21] ASHRAE ASHRAE HandbookmdashFundamentals AmericanSociety of Heating Refrigerating and Air-ConditioningEngineers Atlanta Ga USA 2001

[22] K G T Hollands T E Unny G D Raithby and L KonicekldquoFree convective heat transfer across inclined air layersrdquo Journalof Heat Transfer vol 98 no 2 pp 189ndash193 1976

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


semi-transparent BIPV windowsmdashfour single-glazed andtwo double-glazed windowsmdashusing EnergyPlus Hsieh et al[10] analyzed the PVpotential of rooftops and vertical facadesin an area of the West Central District of Tainan City a richinsolation area in Taiwan

Few studies have considered the impact that rooftop solarPV modules have on building cooling loads ITRON Inc[11] found that after (nonbuilding integrated) PV installationthe amount of energy expended on air conditioning used onhigh-cooling-degree-day conditions decreased compared to areference sample A one-degree increase in the daily averagetemperature in San Diego Gas amp Electric (SDGampE) territorycaused post-PV installed households with air conditioning touse 0501 kWh less energy per day Supporting this finding aconduction model indicated a 65 reduction in the coolingload experienced through a roof with installed PV panelscompared to a conventional roof with a thermal resistanceof R16 [12] Wang et al [13] modeled the one-dimensionaltransient heat transfer for a summer and winter day in Chinausing four setups ventilated air gap BIPV nonventilated(closed) air gap BIPV closemount BIPV and conventional R8roof with a solar absorbance of 09 In the summer the dailyheat gain and peak cooling load decreased by approximately50 for the ventilated air gapBIPV compared to conventionalroofing whereas the heat gains and peak cooling loads for theclosed air gap and close-roof mounted BIPVwere within 10of that experienced by a normal roof The PV performancewas 6 greater for the air gap case than for the nonventilatedair gap and close-roof mounted cases In the winter theventilated air gap and closemount decreased the peak heatingload and heat losses by 5 to 10 whereas the nonventilatedair gap decreased the peak heating load and heat losses by20The PV generation performance for all the modules waswithin 2 in the winter Tian et al [14] found a significantreduction in the BIPV roof surface temperatures comparedto a conventional roof with an albedo of 030 and a thermalresistance of 133 Km2Wminus1

The indirect benefits of rooftop PV systems used forbuilding insulation were quantified through measurementsand modeling Measurements of the thermal conditionsover a roof profile on a building partially covered by PVpanels were conducted in SanDiego California [15]Thermalinfrared imagery on a clear April day demonstrated that thedaytime ceiling temperatures beneath the PV arrays were asmuch as 25 K cooler compared to those beneath the exposedroofHeat fluxmodeling showed a significant reduction in thedaytime roof heat flux beneath the PVarrayAt night the con-ditions reversed and the ceiling beneath the PV arrays waswarmer than the exposed roof demonstrating the insulatingproperties of installed PV systems The simulations showedno benefit (but also no disadvantage) associated with PV sys-tems being installed on the roof in terms of the annual heatingload However a 59 kWhmminus2 (or 38) reduction in theannual cooling loadwas observedThe reduced daily variabil-ity in the rooftop surface temperature beneath the PV arrayreduces the thermal stresses on the roof and leads to energysavings andor human comfort benefits particularly forrooftop PV modules installed on older warehouse buildings

TemperatureRel humidityWind speed

Comfort thermal neutrality Direct solarDiffuse solarCloud cover

Daily conditionsmdash29th of August (241)

(∘C)

minus100

10203040

000204060810

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 242

(∘C)

Febr

uary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Janu

ary

minus100

10203040

000204060810

(kW

m2)

(kW

m2)

WMO = 582380Monthly diurnal averagesmdashNanjing Ji CHN

Figure 1 Annual meteorological data for Nanjing

In this paper the effects of PV panels on rooftop tem-peratures in the EnergyPlus simulation environment wereinvestigated for the following cases with and without PVpanels with and without exposure to sunlight and usingroof materials with different thermal conductivities and fordifferent climatic zones

2 Climate

Nanjing is located at geographical coordinates 32∘N and1188∘E The city has a typical climate with hot summers andcold winters Nanjingrsquos climatic characteristics are as followsduring the cold winter months (January and February) thetemperature is the lowest and the wind speed is relativelyhigh During the hot summer months (July and August) thetemperature is the highest and the wind speed is relativelyslow The annual direct horizontal solar radiation in Nanjingis well distributed and the city has relatively abundant solarenergy resources Figure 1 shows the annual meteorologicaldata for Nanjing (source EnergyPlus)

3 Model of a BIPV House

The south-facing model house considered in this work hada building area of 944m2 The dimensions of the housewere length 117m width 72m and height 73m Table 1lists the overall heat-transfer coefficients for the buildingenvelope The entire house was defined as one thermal areathat is one air-conditioned areaThe room temperature of thehouse was set at 18∘C in the winter and 26∘C in the summerThe air change rate was 10 timeh when the heat or airconditioning was on Figure 2 shows the BIPV house modelwithout shading The Sandia model was used to predict the






RoofConcrete panel


FloorWooden floor



Door Solid wood 20








Roof

(1)

(2)


(4)

(3)








minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Mar

ch

June

April

May

Febr

uary

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Oct

ober

July

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Sept

embe

r

Time (month)



minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 07

00

0001

18

130

000

011

8 19

00

0001

19

010

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

130

000

011

9 19

00

0001

20

010

000

012

0 07

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 19

00

0007

18

010

000

071

8 07

00

0007

18

130

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

010

000

071

9 07

00

0007

19

130

000

071

9 19

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 07

00

0007

20

130

000

072

0 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00Time (h)



Roof

(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)







0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

June

Janu

ary

Oct

ober

Mar

ch

May

Febr

uary

Augu

st

July

April

Time (month)



011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)




minus10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)



(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)


100mm air gap


Roof









minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)



minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

Time (h)











8 Discussion








minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Febr

uary

Mar

chAp

rilM

ayJu

ne July

Augu

stSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Time (month)


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)












119890and 119879

119894are


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)






(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)






119872119892119862119892

d119879119892


+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)


ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)


ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)


ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)



119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)




119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of






RoofConcrete panel


FloorWooden floor



Door Solid wood 20








Roof

(1)

(2)


(4)

(3)








minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Mar

ch

June

April

May

Febr

uary

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Oct

ober

July

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Sept

embe

r

Time (month)



minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 07

00

0001

18

130

000

011

8 19

00

0001

19

010

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

130

000

011

9 19

00

0001

20

010

000

012

0 07

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 19

00

0007

18

010

000

071

8 07

00

0007

18

130

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

010

000

071

9 07

00

0007

19

130

000

071

9 19

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 07

00

0007

20

130

000

072

0 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00Time (h)



Roof

(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)







0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

June

Janu

ary

Oct

ober

Mar

ch

May

Febr

uary

Augu

st

July

April

Time (month)



011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)




minus10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)



(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)


100mm air gap


Roof









minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)



minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

Time (h)











8 Discussion








minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Febr

uary

Mar

chAp

rilM

ayJu

ne July

Augu

stSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Time (month)


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)












119890and 119879

119894are


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)






(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)






119872119892119862119892

d119879119892


+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)


ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)


ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)


ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)



119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)




119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Mar

ch

June

April

May

Febr

uary

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Oct

ober

July

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Sept

embe

r

Time (month)



minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 07

00

0001

18

130

000

011

8 19

00

0001

19

010

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

130

000

011

9 19

00

0001

20

010

000

012

0 07

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 19

00

0007

18

010

000

071

8 07

00

0007

18

130

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

010

000

071

9 07

00

0007

19

130

000

071

9 19

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 07

00

0007

20

130

000

072

0 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00Time (h)



Roof

(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)







0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

June

Janu

ary

Oct

ober

Mar

ch

May

Febr

uary

Augu

st

July

April

Time (month)



011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)




minus10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)



(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)


100mm air gap


Roof









minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)



minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

Time (h)











8 Discussion








minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Febr

uary

Mar

chAp

rilM

ayJu

ne July

Augu

stSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Time (month)


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)












119890and 119879

119894are


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)






(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)






119872119892119862119892

d119879119892


+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)


ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)


ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)


ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)



119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)




119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

June

Janu

ary

Oct

ober

Mar

ch

May

Febr

uary

Augu

st

July

April

Time (month)



011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)




minus10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)



(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)


100mm air gap


Roof









minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)



minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

Time (h)











8 Discussion








minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Febr

uary

Mar

chAp

rilM

ayJu

ne July

Augu

stSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Time (month)


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)












119890and 119879

119894are


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)






(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)






119872119892119862119892

d119879119892


+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)


ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)


ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)


ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)



119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)




119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)



minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

Time (h)











8 Discussion








minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Febr

uary

Mar

chAp

rilM

ayJu

ne July

Augu

stSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Time (month)


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)












119890and 119879

119894are


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)






(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)






119872119892119862119892

d119879119892


+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)


ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)


ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)


ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)



119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)




119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Febr

uary

Mar

chAp

rilM

ayJu

ne July

Augu

stSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Time (month)


minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)












119890and 119879

119894are


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)






(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)






119872119892119862119892

d119879119892


+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)


ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)


ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)


ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)



119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)




119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)






(1)

(2)

(4)

(3)






119872119892119862119892

d119879119892


+ ℎ119892119904119860(119879s minus 119879119892) + 119902119903119892a

(1)


ℎ119892s =

1

(1198891198922119896119892+ 119889s2119896s)

(2)


ℎ119908= radicℎ2119899+ (238119881089)

2

(3)


ℎ119899= 9482

3radic10038161003816100381610038161003816119879119892minus 119879a

10038161003816100381610038161003816

7328 minus |cos 120579|

(4)



119902119903119892a = 119860120576119892120575 [119865a (119879

4

a minus 1198794

119892) + 119865sky (119879

4

sky minus 1198794

119892)

+119865gr (1198794

gr minus 1198794

119892)]

(5)




119879sky = 00552 (119879a + 27315)15

(6)


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Janu

ary

Mar

ch

April

May

June July

Augu

st

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Time (month)





minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

8 11

00

0001

18

210

000

011

9 07

00

0001

19

170

000

012

0 03

00

0001

20

130

000

012

0 23

00

0007

18

090

000

071

8 19

00

0007

19

050

000

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

011

8 01

00

00

Time (h)







119865sky =1 + cos 120579

2cos(120579

2)

119865gr =1 minus cos 120579

2


(7)


119872s119862sd119879sdt



(8)


ℎst =1

(119889t2119896t + 119889s2119896s) (9)


119872t119862td119879tdt


+

119860120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

(10)


ℎtf =Nu 119896f119863h

= (5801 + 0086Re119863h119871)

119896f

119863h (11)


119872f119862fd119879fdt



(12)


119879f =(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (13)


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July


minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

10

20

30

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

0001

19

070

000

011

8 01

00

0001

18

110

000

012

0 13

00

0001

20

230

000

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

0007

20

010

000

072

0 11

00

0007

20

210

000

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)








119870f1 + 119870f2 + 119891119871119863h

(119879fo + 119879fi)

2 (14)


and 1198701198912


119901is the wind-





120597119879

120597t= 120572119889

1205972119879

1205971199092 (15)


minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=0

= ℎfe (119879e minus 119879f) +120575 (1198794

e minus 1198794

t )

(1120576t + 1120576e minus 1)

minus119896119889

120597119879

120597119909

10038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816119909=119889119889

= ℎ119894ℎ(119879i minus 119879h)

(16)





Nu

= 1

+ 144 [1 minus1708

119877119886cos 120579

]1 minus1708 (sin 18120579)16

119877119886cos 120579

+ [(119877119886cos 1205795830

)

13

] minus 1

(17)



Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Sept

embe

r

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Febr

uary

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Augu

st

Mar

ch

June

May

April July

Time (month)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

011

9 17

00

00

011

9 07

00

00

011

8 01

00

00

011

8 11

00

00

012

0 13

00

00

012

0 23

00

00

011

8 21

00

00

071

8 09

00

00

071

9 05

00

00

012

0 03

00

00

071

9 15

00

00

072

0 01

00

00

072

0 11

00

00

072

0 21

00

00

071

8 19

00

00

Time (h)



PV panel

Roof


Air outlet

G

Te

Ti

Ta

Th

sg

t

fd

Ly

D

x


9 Conclusions


Ta

Tg

Ts

Tt

Tf

Te

Ti Th

TaTgrTsky


Gg

Gc

Rdgminuss

Rdsminust

Rctminusf

Rrtminuse

Rcfminuse

Rciminush

Rdeminusi

mfCf(Tfo minus Tfi)

Pmp








Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

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