research article ultradrawing and ultimate tenacity...

Research ArticleUltradrawing and Ultimate Tenacity Properties of UltrahighMolecular Weight Polyethylene Composite Fibers Filled withNanosilica Particles with Varying Specific Surface Areas

Jen-taut Yeh123 Chuen-Kai Wang2 Lu-Kai Huang2 Chih-Chen Tsai2 and Wei-Yu Lai3

1Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringHubei University Wuhan 430062 China2Graduate School of Material Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 10607 Taiwan3Department of Materials Engineering Kun Shan University Tainan 71070 Taiwan

Correspondence should be addressed to Jen-taut Yeh jyehmailntustedutw

Received 14 April 2015 Revised 20 July 2015 Accepted 29 July 2015

Academic Editor Bin Li

Copyright copy 2015 Jen-taut Yeh et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Original andor functionalized nanosilica particles with a quoted specific surface area of 100 300 and 600m2g respectively wereused to investigate the influence of specific surface areas of nanosilica particles on ultradrawing and ultimate tensile propertiesof ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) UHMWPEnanosilica and UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica fibersThe specific surface areas of well-dispersed functionalized nanosilica particles in UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica fibers canpositively affect their ultradrawing orientation ultimate tensile properties and ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo morphologies Excellent orientationand ultimate tensile properties of UHMWPEnanofiller fibers can be prepared by ultradrawing the UHMWPEfunctionalizednanosilica as-prepared fibers with optimal contents of the best prepared functionalized nanosilica particles well dispersing inthe as-prepared fibers The ultimate tensile strength value of the best prepared UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica drawnfiber reaches 76GPa which is about 23 times of those of the best prepared UHMWPE drawn fiber without addition of anynanofiller Specific surface area morphological and Fourier transform infrared analyses of original and functionalized nanosilicaparticles andor investigations of thermal orientation factor and ultimate tensile properties of as-prepared andor drawnUHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica fibers were performed to understand the above improved ultradrawing and ultimate tensileproperties of the UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica as-prepared andor drawn fibers

1 Introduction

As a kind of extremely significant and strategic materialultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibershave attractedmuch attention for the last three decades sincethey exhibit significantly higher tenacity but lower densityvalues than those of other high performance fibers such ascarbon and aramid fibers [1ndash5] Polyethylene fibers [1 6ndash31]are typical high performance fibers produced using the gelspinning processing method from flexible polymer chainsRemarkable progress has been made in the improvementof these high performance fibers since then however thehighest tensile strengths andmoduli achieved for UHMWPE

fibers are still well below the broad range of theoretical tensilestrengths and moduli reported for the UHMWPE perfectcrystals [1] The highest tenacity of commercially availableUHMWPE fibers reaches as high as 45 gden [32] howeverthis obtained strength is still far below the theoretical achiev-able strength 372 gden reported for the perfect polyethylenecrystal [16] The key element in obtaining high-strengthUHMWPE fibers is to find a way to draw the as-prepared gelspecimens to an ultrahigh draw ratio after the gel spinningprocessThe drawability of the as-prepared gel specimenswasfound to depend significantly on the compositions of solu-tions from which gels were made [6 7 33] Several authors[12ndash15 33] reported that the drawing temperature and rate

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of NanomaterialsVolume 2015 Article ID 146718 16 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015146718

2 Journal of Nanomaterials

could markedly affect the maximal achievable draw ratioand tensile properties of solution-grownUHMWPE samplesIn addition to the gel solution compositions and drawingconditions it is generally recognized that the conditionsused in the formation process after spinning andor solutioncasting of gel solutions can also have a significant influence onthe morphology microstructure and drawing properties ofthe specimens formed during the above-mentioned processes[7 9 14 17ndash23]

Our recent investigations [24ndash27] found that theachievable draw ratios (achievable 120582) of UHMWPEnano-fillers as-prepared fibers prepared near the optimalUHMWPE concentration improve to a maximal value astheir nanofillers contents reach an optimal value respectivelyin which the nanofillers (eg carbon nanotube (CNT) [24]attapulgite [25] nanosilica andor their functionalizednanofillers [26] and functionalized bacterial cellulose [27])with extremely high specific surface areas can serve asefficient nucleation sites and facilitate the crystallization ofUHMWPE molecules into crystals but with lower meltingtemperatures (119879

119898) andor evaluated smaller crystal thickness

(119897119888) values during their crystallization processes Presumably

the crystals with lower 119879119898andor evaluated smaller 119897

119888values

obtained at proper plain andor modified nanofiller contentscan be melted and pulled out of folded lamellar crystalsrelatively easily during ultradrawing processes and hencethis results in higher drawability and orientation of theUHMWPEnanofillers or UHMWPEmodified nanofillersfibers The maximal achievable draw ratios of UHMWPEnanofillers or UHMWPEmodified nanofillers as-preparedfiber specimens and the tensile strengths of the drawnUHMWPEnanofillers or UHMWPEmodified nanofillersfiber specimens are significantly higher than those of theplain UHMWPE as-prepared and drawn fiber specimensprepared at the same draw ratios of UHMWPE concentra-tions but without addition of the nanofillers andor modifiednanofillers respectively The ultimate tensile strength valuesof UHMWPEpurified attapulgite UHMWPEfunction-alized CNT UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica andUHMWPEfunctionalized bacterial cellulose drawn fibersprepared using one-stage drawing process at 95∘C can reach47 58 70 and 71 GNmminus2 respectively which is about174 215 259 and 263 times of that of the correspondingplain UHMWPE drawn fibers prepared at the same optimalUHMWPE concentration formation and drawing conditionbut without incorporation of modified nanofillers

The above results clearly suggested that nanofillers withhigh specific surface areas can serve as efficient nucle-ation sites for crystallization of UHMWPE molecules andimprove the ultradrawing and ultimate tensile propertiesof UHMWPEnanofiller fibers Among these nanofillersnanosilica particles are cheap and commercially avail-able for a wide range of specific surface areas In thisstudy the ultradrawing and ultimate tensile properties ofthe UHMWPEnanosilica and UHMWPEfunctionalizednanosilica fibers with a wide range of specific surface areaswere systematically investigated The maximal achievable 120582and ultimate tensile strength values obtained for the best

prepared UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica as-preparedfibers are even higher than those of the best preparedUHMWPEmodified attapulgite UHMWPEfunctionalizedCNT and UHMPEfunctionalized bacterial cellulose as-pre-pared fibers prepared at the optimal modified attapulgitefunctionalized CNT and functionalized bacterial cellulosecontents respectively [24ndash27] Specific surface area mor-phological and Fourier transform infrared analyses of theoriginal and functionalized nanosilica specimens andorinvestigations of thermal orientation factor and ultimatetensile properties of the as-prepared and drawn UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica fiber specimens were performed tounderstand the above improved ultradrawing and ultimatetensile properties of the UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosil-ica as-prepared andor drawn fibers

2 Experimental

21Materials and Sample Preparation TheUHMWPEGUR-4120 resin used in this study is associated with a weightaveragemolecular weight (Mw) of 50times 106 whichwas kindlysupplied by Celanese (Nanjing) Diversified Chemical Cor-poration Nanjing China Three types of nanosilica particles(Merck SSA-100 SSA-300 and SSA-600) used in this studywere purchased from Lu Ming Nanomaterials CorporationDalian China The specific surface areas of SSA-100 SSA-300 and SSA-600 nanosilica (NSI) particles were quoted as90ndash105m2g 285ndash305m2g and 580ndash610m2g respectivelyby Lu Ming Nanomaterials Corporation Functionalizednanosilica (FNSI) particles were prepared by grafting maleicanhydride grafted polyethylene (PEg-MAH) molecules ontoNSI particles in ultrasonicated mixtures of decalin NSI andPEg-MAH at 170∘C for 1 hour in which PEg-MAH resin waspurchased from Langfang Plastic Corporation LangfangChinaThe nanosilica and functionalized nanosilica particlesprepared above are referred to as NSI119909 and FNSI119909m119910 respec-tively in the following discussion in which the superscript119909 denotes the quoted specific surface areas of virgin NSInanosilica particles and the subscript 119910 denotes the weightratio of PEg-MAH to NSI119909 used in the preparation processes ofFNSI119909m119910 functionalized nanosilica particles Table 1 summa-rized designations and compositions of typical nanosilica andfunctionalized nanosilica particles prepared in this study

Varying contents of NSI119909 and FNSI119909m119910 particles togetherwithUHMWPE resinwere dispersed and dissolved in decalinat 135∘C for 15 hours in which 01 di-t-butyl-p-cresol wasadded as an antioxidant The UHMWPE UHMWPENSI119909and UHMWPEFNSI119909m119910 gel solutions prepared above werethen fed into a temperature-controlled hopper and kept ashot homogenized gel solutions before spinning The hothomogenized gel solutionswere then gel-spun using a conicaldie with an exit diameter of 1mm at an extrusion rate of1000mmmin and an extrusion temperature of 170∘C Awater bath and a winder with 70mm in diameter were placedat a distance of 520mm and 810mm from the spinneretexit respectively The extruded gel fibers were cooled ina temperature-conditioned atmosphere and then quenchedinto a water bath for about 1 minute where the temperature

Journal of Nanomaterials 3

Table 1 Designations compositions and specific surface areas ofnanosilica particles (NSI119909) and functionalized nanosilica particles(FNSI119909m119910) prepared in this study

NSI119909 and FNSI119909m119910specimens

Mass ratios ofPEg-MAH to NSI119909

Specific surface areas(m2g)

NSI100 00 1023FNSI100m1 10 1097FNSI100m2 20 1148FNSI100m3 30 1298FNSI100m6 60 1224FNSI100m12 120 1096NSI300 00 3039FNSI300m2 20 3145FNSI300m3 30 3255FNSI300m6 60 3358FNSI300m9 90 3308FNSI300m12 120 3153NSI600 00 6017FNSI600m2 20 6174FNSI600m3 30 6214FNSI600m6 60 6253FNSI600m9 90 6307FNSI600m12 120 6214

of the air atmosphere and water bath was controlled at 5∘CThe quenched fibers were then extracted in n-hexane bathfor 5 minutes to remove the residual decalin solvent Theextracted fiber specimens were then dried in air for 30minutes to remove the remaining n-hexane solvent beforeany drawing run The UHMWPE UHMWPENSI119909 andUHMWPEFNSI119909m119910 as-prepared fiber specimens preparedabove are referred to as F

100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911

as-prepared fiber specimens respectively in the follow-ing discussion in which the superscript 119909 denotes thequoted specific surface areas of varying NSI119909 particles usedto prepare NSI119909 and FNSI119909m119910 particles in F

100NSI119909119911and

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared fiber specimens respectively thesubscript 100 denotes one hundred parts of UHMWPE resinsused in the as-prepared fibers 119910 denotes the weight ratioof PEg-MAH to NSI119909 used in the preparation processes ofFNSI119909m119910 fillers while the subscript 119911 denotes parts of NSI

119909

or FNSI119909m119910 fillers used in per hundred parts of UHMWPEresins in the as-prepared fibers Table 2 summarized des-ignations of typical UHMWPE UHMWPEnanosilica andUHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica as-prepared fiber spec-imens and the corresponding compositions of gel solutionsused in the gel spinning processes

22 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier trans-form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopicmeasurements of NSI119909 orFNSI119909m119910 specimens with varying specific surface areas wererecorded on a Nicolet Avatar 360 FTIR spectrophotometer at25∘C wherein 32 scans with a spectral resolution 1 cmminus1 were

collected during each spectroscopic measurement Infraredspectra of NSI119909 or FNSI119909m119910 film specimens were determinedusing the conventional KBr diskmethod Alcohol and decalinsolutions containing NSI119909 or FNSI119909m119910 particles respectivelywere cast onto KBr disk and dried at 60∘C for 30minutesThecast films used in this study were prepared sufficiently thinenough to obey the Beer-Lambert law

23 Morphological Analyses In order to understand themorphology on the surfaces of NSI119909 or FNSI119909m119910 particleswith varying specific surface areas prepared in Materials andSample Preparation NSI119909 particles were dispersed in alcoholwhile FNSI119909m119910 particles were dispersed in decalin to havea better dispersed morphology before examination Beforemorphological analyses ten micrograms of NSI119909 or FNSI119909m119910particles was added and ultrasonicated in 10mL alcohol anddecalin at 25∘C for 5minutes respectivelyThe dispersed par-ticleswere then dried onto a carbon-coated copper grid underambient conditions prior to morphological analysesThe castNSI119909 or FNSI119909m119910 particles were then examined using a Philiptransmission electron microscope (TEM) model Tecnai G20operated at 200 kV

24 Specific Surface Area Analyses A Laser Particle SizeAnalyzermodel BT-9300H (Dandong Bettersize InstrumentsCorporation Dandong China) was used to study the specificsurface areas of NSI119909 or FNSI119909m119910 particles with varying spe-cific surface areas Before analyses ten micrograms of NSI119909or FNSI119909m119910 particles was added and ultrasonicated in 10mLalcohol and decalin at 25∘C for 5 minutes respectively Thespecific surface areas of NSI119909 or FNSI119909m119910 particles were thenmeasured by placing the ultrasonicated solutions preparedabove in the curette of the Laser Particle Size Analyzer at25∘C

25Thermal andOrientation Factor Analyses Thermal prop-erties of all as-prepared fiber specimens were performed on aDuPont differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)model 2000All scans were carried out at a heating rate of 20∘Cmin underflowing nitrogen at a flow rate of 25mLmin Samples weigh-ing 05mg and 15mg were placed in the standard aluminumsample pans for determination of their melting tempera-ture (119879

119898) and percentage crystallinity (119883

119888) values respec-

tively The percentage crystallinity values of the as-preparedfiber specimens were estimated using baselines drawn from40 to 200∘C and a perfect heat of fusion of polyethylene of293 Jg [28]

In order to understand the ultradrawing properties ofUHMWPE UHMWPENSI119909 and UHMWPEFNSI119909m119910 as-prepared fiber specimens the lamellar thickness (119897

119888) values

of the above as-prepared fibers were evaluated from their 119879119898

values using Hoffman and Weeksrsquo equation [28 29] given in(1) as follows in which an equilibrium melting temperature(119879119898

119900) of 1455∘C a perfect heat of fusion (Δ119867119891

0) of 293 Jgand a folded surface free energy (120590

119890) of 9 times 10minus6 Jcm2 of

polyethylene crystals [28]were used for evaluation of 119897119888values


Table 2 Designations melting temperatures (119879119898) percentage crystallinity (119883

119888) and evaluated lamellar thickness (119897

119888) values of UHMWPE

typical UHMWPEnanosilica and UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica as-prepared fiber specimens and corresponding compositions of gelsolutions used in the gel spinning processes

As-prepared fiber specimensOriginalnanosilica(gphr)

Functionalizednanosilica (gphr)

UHMWPE(gphr)

Volumes ofdecalin in gelsolutions (mL)

119879119898

(∘C)119883119888

()119897119888

(nm)

F100 0 mdash 2100 100 1427 651 307

F100

NSI100005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 256F100

NSI10001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1402 701 175F100

NSI1000125 000250125 mdash 2100 100 1419 660 182F100

NSI30000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1409 683 225F100

NSI30000625 00012500625 mdash 2100 100 1402 708 175F100

NSI30001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 225F100

NSI60000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1407 691 193

F100

NSI600005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1399 715 157

F100

NSI60001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1408 678 221

F100

FNSI100m2-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1416 662 258F100

FNSI100m2-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 703 151F100

FNSI100m2-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1395 690 154F100

FNSI100m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1407 691 175F100

FNSI100m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI100m3-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1389 751 135F100

FNSI100m6-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1409 689 225F100

FNSI100m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1392 724 141F100

FNSI100m6-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1396 713 147F100

FNSI300m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1395 732 146F100

FNSI300m3-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1386 740 131F100

FNSI300m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 734 142F100

FNSI300m6-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1385 752 127F100

FNSI300m6-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1376 760 113F100

FNSI300m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI300m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1390 741 136F100

FNSI300m9-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1381 750 120F100

FNSI300m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1388 739 135F100

FNSI600m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1378 742 116F100

FNSI600m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1372 748 107F100

FNSI600m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 737 124F100

FNSI600m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1365 762 107F100

FNSI600m9-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1361 768 95F100

FNSI600m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1370 759 101F100

FNSI600m12-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1373 747 111F100

FNSI600m12-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1367 753 98F100

FNSI600m12-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1378 743 116

of UHMWPE UHMWPENSI and UHMWPEFNSI as-prepared fiber specimens

119879119898= 119879119898

119900[1 minus2120590119890

119897119888Δ119867119891

0] (1)

The orientation factor (1198910) values of UHMWPE

UHMWPENSI119909 and UHMWPEFNSI119909m119910 as-prepared anddrawn fiber specimens were measured using a sonic velocityorientation instrument model SCY-III which was purchasedfrom Donghuakaili Chemicals and Fiber TechnologyCorporation Shanghai China Before testing the fiber


specimen with 60 cm in length was wound and clamped on atesting device with a span of 40 cm 119891

0values of the as-spun

and drawn fiber specimens were then measured at 25∘C Aminimum of five samples of each specimen were tested andaveraged during 119891

0measurements 119891

0values were evaluated

using (2) as suggested by Xiao and coauthors [30]

119891119904= 1 minus (119862119906

119862)

2

(2)

where 119862 is the sonic velocity of the as-prepared or drawnUHMWPE fiber specimen and 119862

119906is the sonic velocity of the

fully unoriented sample taken as 165 kms [30]

26 Drawing and Tensile Properties of Fiber SpecimensTheUHMWPE UHMWPENSI119909 and UHMWPEFNSI119909m119910fiber specimens used in the drawing experiments werecut from the dried as-prepared fibers and then stretchedon a Gotech tension testing machine model GT-TFS-2000equipped with a temperature-controlled oven The fibers are150mm in length which were wound and clamped in astretching device and then stretched at a crosshead speed of20mmmin and a constant temperature of 95∘C The drawratio of each fiber specimenwas determined as the ratio of themarked displacement after and before drawing The markeddisplacement before drawing was 27mm The tensile prop-erties of the as-prepared and drawn fibers were determinedusing a Hung Ta tension testing machine model HT-9112 at acrosshead speed of 20mmmin A minimum of five samplesof each specimen were tested and averaged during the tensileexperiments

3 Results and Discussion

31 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Figure 1 illus-trates typical Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra ofnanosilica (NSI119909) functionalized nanosilica (FNSI119909m119910) andmaleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PEg-MAH) specimensPEg-MAH specimen exhibited two distinctive absorptionbands centered at 1711 and 1791 cmminus1 which were generallyattributed to themotion ofO-C=OandC=O stretching vibra-tions of maleic anhydride [31] (see Figure 1(a)) As shownin Figures 1(b) 1(f) and 1(j) there are three distinguishedabsorption bands centered at 1097 1635 and 3442 cmminus1corresponding to the motions of Si-O-Si stretching H-O-Hbending and Si-OH stretching vibrations [31] respectivelywhich were found in the spectra of NSI100 NSI300 andNSI600specimens It is interesting to note that the peak magnitudesof Si-O-Si stretching H-O-H bending and Si-OH stretchingbands of NSI119909 specimens increased significantly as theirquoted specific surface areas increased from 100 to 300 and600m2g (see Figures 1(b) 1(f) and 1(j)) The significantincrease in the magnitude of Si-O-Si stretching H-O-Hbending and Si-OH stretching bands of NSI119909 specimens isattributed to the increased amounts of Si-O-Si H-O-H andSi-OH groups exposed on NSI119909 particles with higher specificsurface areas

After grafting PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600particles the peak magnitudes corresponding to H-O-H

bending and Si-OH stretching bands of FNSI119909m119910 specimensreduced significantly as the weight ratios of PEg-MAH to NSI119909increased (see Figures 1(b) to 1(e) 1(f) to 1(i) and 1(j) to 1(m))In fact as shown in Figures 1(d) to 1(e) 1(h) to 1(i) and 1(l) to1(m) H-O-H bending and Si-OH stretching bands originallypresent in NSI119909 specimens disappeared almost completely asthe weight ratios of PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 ofFNSI100m119910 FNSI

300

m119910 and FNSI600m119910 specimens were equalto or more than 3 6 and 9 respectively In the meantimea new absorption band centered at around 1228 cmminus1 cor-responding to the motion of ester C-O stretching vibration[31] was found in the spectra of FNSI100m119910 FNSI300m119910and FNSI600m119910 specimens (see Figures 1(c) to 1(e) 1(g) to1(i) and 1(k) to 1(m)) In contrast the absorption bandscentered at 1711 and 1791 cmminus1 corresponding to themotion ofC=O and O-C=O stretching vibrations of maleic anhydridegradually reappeared as the weight ratios of PEg-MAH toNSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 of FNSI100m119910 FNSI

300

m119910 andFNSI600m119910 specimens respectively were equal to 6 9 and12 Presumably the gradually disappearing H-O-H bendingand Si-OH stretching bands and newly developed ester C-Ostretching bands of FNSI100m119910 FNSI

300

m119910 and FNSI600m119910specimens are attributed to the reaction of the hydroxylgroups of NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles with themaleicanhydride groups of PEg-MAH molecules during their func-tionalized processes The reappearance of O-C=O and C=Ostretching bands of maleic anhydride groups is most likelydue to the overdosage of PEg-MAH during the functionalizedprocesses of FNSI100m119910 FNSI

300

m119910 and FNSI600m119910 particles

32 Morphological Analyses of 119873119878119868119909 and FNSI119909m119910 ParticlesFigure 2 exhibits typical TEM micrographs of NSI119909 andFNSI119909m119910 particles Typical irregular particle feature withdimensions of 250ndash350 150ndash200 and 50ndash80 nm in diameterwas observed for NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles (seeFigures 2(a) 2(d) and 2(g)) After modification by PEg-MAHsome translucent resins were found attaching on the surfacesof NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles wherein the amountsof attached translucent resins increased gradually as theweight ratios of PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600increased respectively (see Figures 2(b) to 2(c) 2(e) to 2(g)and 2(h) to 2(i)) As evidenced by FTIR analyses in the previ-ous section the attached translucent resins were most likelythe grafted PEg-MAH molecules which were firmly bondedto NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles by the reaction of themaleic anhydride groups of PEg-MAH resins with the hydroxylgroups of NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles respectivelyIn fact the translucent resins were found fully surroundingand overwrapping on NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles asthe weight ratios of PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600were greater than 3 6 and 12 respectively (see Figures 2(c)2(f) and 2(i))

33 Specific Surface AreaAnalyses of119873119878119868119909 and FNSI119909m119910 Parti-cles Thevalues of specific surface areas of NSI119909 and FNSI119909m119910particles are summarized in Figure 3 and Table 1The specific


(m)

(l)

(k)

(i)

(h)

(g )

(e)

(d)

(c)

(j)

(f)

(b)

(a)

700130019002500310037004300

Tran

smitt

ance

()

Si-O-Si

stretching(1097 cmminus1)

Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


C=O (1791 cmminus1) stretching

C-O (1228 cmminus1) stretching of ester









Si-OH (3442 cmminus1) stretching






O-C=O (1711 cmminus1) stretching

C=O (1791 cmminus1) stretchingO-C=O (1711 cmminus1) stretching



H-O-H (1635 cmminus1) bending






Wavenumbers (cmminus1)

Figure 1 FTIR spectra of (a) PEg-MAH (b) NSI600 (c) FNSI600m3 (d) FNSI

600

m9 (e) FNSI600

m12 (f) NSI300 (g) FNSI300m3 (h) FNSI

300

m6 (i)FNSI300m9 (j) NSI

100 (k) FNSI100m2 (l) FNSI100

m3 and (m) FNSI100m6 specimens (the superscript 119909 denotes the quoted specific surface areasof virgin NSI119909 nanosilica particles 119910 denotes the weight ratio of PEg-MAH to NSI119909 used in the preparation processes of FNSI119909m119910 functionalizednanosilica particles)

surface areas of NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles wereevaluated at around 100 300 and 600m2g (ie 1023 3039and 6017m2g) respectively After modification by PEg-MAHthe specific surface areas of FNSI100m119910 FNSI300m119910 andFNSI600m119910 particles reached a maximal value at 1298 3358and 6307m2g respectively as the weight ratios of PEg-MAH

to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 approached an optimal value at3 6 and 9 respectively Presumably the beneficial effect ofPEg-MAH contents on specific surface areas of FNSI119909m119910 parti-cles is attributed to the increase in grafted amounts and spe-cific surface areas of PEg-MAH on NSI119909 particles during theirfunctionalized processes However PEg-MAH molecules mayagglomerate bundle entangle together and overwrap NSI119909


50nm

(a)

50nm

(b)

50nm

(c)

50nm

(d)

50nm

(e)

50nm

(f)

50nm

(g)

50nm

(h)

50nm

(i)

Figure 2 TEM micrographs of (a) NSI100 (b) FNSI100m3 (c) FNSI100

m6 (d) NSI300 (e) FNSI300m6 (f) FNSI

300

m9 (g) NSI600 (h) FNSI600m9

and (i) FNSI600m12 specimens

particles as PEg-MAH molecules are superfluous and can nolonger graft ontoNSI119909 particles As evidenced bymorphologyanalyses in the previous section some translucent resinswere found fully surrounding and overwrapping on NSI119909particles (see Figures 2(c) 2(g) and 2(i)) as the weightratios of PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 were morethan 3 6 and 9 respectively Based on this premise it isreasonable to infer that the overwrapped FNSI119909m119910 particles

exhibit relatively lower specific surface areas than thoseFNSI100m3 FNSI

300

m6 and FNSI600m9 particles grafted withproper amounts of PEg-MAH resins

34 Thermal Properties of the As-Prepared Fibers TypicalDSC thermograms melting temperature (119879

119898) percentage

crystallinity (119883119888) and evaluated lamellar thickness (119897

119888)

values of UHMWPE (F100

) UHMWPENSI (F100

NSI119909119911)


Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)

Weight ratios of PEg-MAHto nanosilica or carbon nanofiber

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640

Figure 3 Specific surface areas of carbon nanofiber (∙) NSI100 (X)NSI300 (◼) NSI600 (998771) FNSI100m119910 (loz) FNSI

300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600

m119910 ()and modified carbon nanofiber (∘) specimens

and UHMWPEFNSI (F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911) as-prepared fiberseries specimens are summarized in Figure 4 and Table 2A main melting endotherm with 119879

119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C

and 651 respectively was found for F100

specimenAfter incorporation of NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 particlesin UHMWPE 119879

119898(or evaluated 119897

119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100

FNSI600m119910-119911) as-prepared fibers reduced to a minimalvalue as their NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 contents reachedan optimal value respectively in which 119879

119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100

FNSI600m119910-00375 as-prepared fibers prepared at theoptimal FNSI119909m119910 contents at 0075 005 and 00375 phrrespectively were significantly lower than those ofthe corresponding F

100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005

as-prepared fibers with an optimal NSI119909content at 01 00625 and 005 phr respectively However119883119888values of F

100NSI119909119911andor F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared

fibers increased to a maximal value as NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910contents reached their corresponding optimal valuesrespectively wherein 119883

119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100

FNSI600m119910-00375 as-preparedfibers prepared at their optimal FNSI119909m119910 contentsrespectively were significantly higher than those ofthe corresponding F

100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005

as-prepared fibers prepared at theiroptimal NSI119909 contents respectively Moreover it is worthnoting that F

100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100

FNSI600m119910-00375 as-prepared fibers prepared at theoptimal FNSI119909m119910 contents exhibited another minimal 119879

119898(or

evaluated 119897119888) but other maximal119883

119888values as their FNSI100m119910

FNSI300m119910 and FNSI600m119910 were modified using an optimalweight ratio of PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 at 3 6and 9 respectively (see Figures 5(j) 6(i) and 7(h)) Finallyit is interesting to note that the lowest 119879


119888)

values obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 as-prepared fibers prepared at the

optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents and weight ratio of PEg-MAH toNSI119909 reduced significantly as the specific surface areas ofFNSI119909m119910 particles increased while the highest 119883

119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005 andF100

FNSI600m9-00375 as-prepared fibers increased consistentlyas the specific surface areas of their FNSI119909m119910 particlesincreased For instance 119879

119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

FNSI300m6-005 and F100

FNSI600m9-00375 as-preparedfibers reduced from 1383∘C to 1376∘C and to 1361∘C asthe specific surface areas of FNSI100m3 FNSI300m6 andFNSI600m9 present in F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 as-prepared fibers increased from

1298 to 3358 and 6307m2g respectively while their119883119888values increased from 754 to 760 and 768 as

the specific surface areas of FNSI100m3 FNSI300m6 andFNSI600m9 present in F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F


1298 to 3358 and 6307m2g respectivelyAs evidenced by specific surface area and TEM analyses

in the previous sections NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 particlesare with a wide range of relatively large surface areas pervolume which make them in close proximity to a large frac-tion of the UHMWPE matrix Apparently even very smallcontents of dispersed NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 particles canserve as efficient nucleation sites for UHMWPE moleculesduring their gel spinning processesThese efficient nucleationsites of NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 particles then facilitate thecrystallization of UHMWPE molecules into crystals withthinner lamellar thickness andor lower 119879

119898values during

their crystallization processes After grafting PEg-MAH toNSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 particles the properly modifiedFNSI119909m119910 particles with even higher specific surface areasare likely to disperse better in UHMWPE and serve asmore effective sites for nucleation of UHMWPE moleculesduring their gel spinning processes than NSI119909 particlesAs a consequence F

100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100

FNSI600m119910-119911 as-prepared fiber specimens exhibit sig-nificantly higher 119883

119888but lower 119879


119888) val-

ues than the corresponding F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100

NSI600119911as-prepared fiber specimens prepared with the

same NSI119909 contents but without modification by PEg-MAHrespectively Moreover the minimal 119879


119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F


optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents and weight ratio of PEg-MAH toNSI119909 respectively reduced significantly as the specific surface


40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)

Figure 4 DSC thermograms of (a) F100

(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100

FNSI600m12-0075 as-prepared fibers

areas of FNSI119909m119910 particles increased while the highest 119883119888


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 as-prepared fibers increased consis-

tently as the specific surface areas of their FNSI119909m119910 particlesincreased

35 Achievable Draw Ratios of the As-Prepared FibersFigure 5 summarized the achievable draw ratio (achievable120582) values of F

100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F


fiber specimens prepared at varying NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910contents respectively For comparison purposes achievable120582 values of the best prepared UHMWPEfunctionalizedcarbon nanotube (FCNT) as-prepared fibers (ie F

100Cf2-01

specimens) obtained in our previous investigations [24]were also summarized in Figure 5 in which functionalizedcarbon nanotubes are with relatively high (ie 2727m2g)but significantly lower specific surface areas than thoseof FNSI300m119910 and FNSI600m119910 particles prepared in thisstudy After addition with NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 particlesin UHMWPE the achievable 120582 values of F

100NSI119909119911andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared fibers increased initially andreached a maximal value as their NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 con-tents approached an optimal value respectively in which the

achievable 120582 values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F


optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents at 0075 005 and 00375 phrrespectively were significantly higher than those of the cor-responding F

100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005

as-prepared fibers prepared at the optimal NSI119909 contentsat 01 00625 and 005 phr respectively Moreover it isworth noting that F

100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100

FNSI600m119910-00375 as-prepared fibers prepared at the opti-mal FNSI119909m119910 contents exhibited other maximal achievable 120582values at 176 289 and 361 respectively as their FNSI100m119910FNSI300m119910 and FNSI600m119910 particles were modified usingan optimal weight ratio of PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 andNSI600 at 3 6 and 9 respectively It is further interest-ing to note that the highest achievable 120582 values obtainedfor the best prepared F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F


optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents and weight ratios of PEg-MAHto NSI119909 improved significantly as the specific surface areasof their FNSI119909m119910 particles increased In fact the maximalachievable 120582 value (ie 361) obtained for F

100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

Original or functionalizednanosilica contents (phr)

00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25

As-preparedfiber specimens

Contents of original or functionalized nanosilica (phr) 0 0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

1262 mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdashmdash 1246 1283 1301 1312 1324 1334mdash 1274 1342 1374 1402 1462 1372mdash 1352 1426 1463 1512 1582 1439mdash 1482 1562 1632 1712 1763 1593mdash 1457 1536 1602 1671 1723 1579mdash 1423 1523 1572 1623 1699 1563mdash 1396 1432 1462 1533 1482 1453mdash 1507 1935 1976 1913 1602 1529mdash 1581 1949 2087 2010 1866 1673mdash 1877 2432 2886 2403 2202 2076mdash 1687 2212 2271 2250 2034 1853mdash 1604 2090 2236 2120 2008 1779mdash 1651 1736 1934 1821 1786 1642mdash 2419 2470 2392 2002 1912 1884mdash 2436 2609 2513 2333 2091 1977mdash 2765 2839 2813 2543 2224 2005mdash 3041 3608 3004 2753 2596 2346mdash 2776 2922 2796 2510 2317 2109mdash 1946 2304 1926 1760 1656 1507

Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01

F100F100FNSI100yF100FNSI100m1-y

F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y

F100FNSI300yF100FNSI300m2-y

F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01

Figure 5 Achievable draw ratios as-prepared fibers

as-prepared fiber is about 205 and 125 times of those ofF100

FNSI100m3-0075 and the best prepared UHMWPEFCNTas-prepared fibers and is 285 times of that of F

100as-prepared

fiber without addition of original andor modified nanosilicaparticles

36 Orientation Factor Analyses of the As-Prepared andDrawn Fiber Specimens Typical orientation factor (119891

0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared and

drawn fibers are summarized in Figure 6 No significantdifference in 119891

0values was found for F

100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared fibers As expected 1198910val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911 fibers increased

consistently as their draw ratios increased After additionof NSI119909

119911andor FNSI119909m119910-119911 particles 1198910 values of drawn

F100

NSI119909119911andor F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911 fibers were significantly

higher than those of drawn F100

fibers with the samedraw ratios 119891

0values of drawn F

100NSI119909119911fibers with a

fixed draw ratio reached a maximal value as their NSI100NSI300 and NSI600 contents approached the optimal val-ues at 01 00625 and 005 phr respectively Similarly 119891

0

values of each drawn F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 fiber series specimenreached a maximal value as their FNSI100m119910 FNSI

300

m119910

and FNSI600m119910 contents approached an optimal valueat 0075 005 and 00375 phr respectively in which1198910values of drawn F

100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F

100FNSI600m119910-00375 fibers prepared at the optimal

FNSI119909m119910 contents were significantly higher than those ofthe corresponding drawn F

100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005

fibers prepared with the same draw ratiosand at an optimal NSI119909 content respectively Moreover itis worth noting that F

100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100

FNSI600m119910-00375 drawn fibers prepared at the optimalFNSI119909m119910 contents exhibited other maximal 119891

0values as

their FNSI100m119910 FNSI300

m119910 and FNSI600m119910 particles weremodified using an optimal weight ratio of PEg-MAH to NSI100NSI300 and NSI600 at 3 6 and 9 respectively It is furtherinteresting to note that the maximal 119891

0values obtained

for the best prepared F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F


optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents and weight ratios of PEg-MAH toNSI119909 improved significantly as the specific surface areas oftheir FNSI119909m119910 particles increased

As evidenced by thermal and lamellar thicknessanalyses 119879


119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios

Functionalized nanosilica contents (phr)

0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792

120 848 883 859 832 822 810160 860 896 869 844 825 820200 872 915 886 863 850 839240 895 927 906 881 mdash mdash280 917 942 925 mdash mdash mdash320 mdash 955 mdash mdash mdash mdash360 mdash 958 mdash mdash mdash mdash

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y


F100FNSI100m3-0025F100FNSI100m3-00375F100FNSI100m3-005F100FNSI100m3-00625F100FNSI100m3-0075F100FNSI100m3-01



Figure 6 The orientation factor (1198910) values as-prepared and drawn fibers with varying draw ratios

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared fibers reduced to aminimal valueas their NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 contents reached an optimalvalue respectively Moreover the lowest 119879

119898(or evaluated

119897119888) values obtained for the best prepared F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100


FNSI600m9-00375 as-preparedfibers prepared at the optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents and weightratio of PEg-MAH to NSI119909 reduced significantly as thespecific surface areas of their FNSI119909m119910 particles increasedPresumably these crystals with lower 119879

119898andor evaluated

119897119888values can be melted and pulled out of folded lamellar

crystals relatively easily during the ultradrawing processesand hence this results in higher drawability and orientationof the best prepared F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 fibers in which the drawability and

orientation of the best prepared fibers improved significantlyas the specific surface areas of FNSI100m3 FNSI

300

m6 andFNSI600m9 present in F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 as-prepared andor drawn fibers

increased However the amounts of coagulated NSI119909 andorFNSI119909m119910 particles are likely to increase significantly whentheir NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 contents are higher than certainvalues respectively These coagulated NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910particles can slide against each other and serve as the defectsfor stress concentration during the drawing processes ofF100

NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared fibers and hence

lead to an early breakage andor significant reduction inachievable 120582 and 119891

0values of the resulting drawn fibers

Based on these premises it is reasonable to understand thatthe achievable 120582 values of F

100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911

as-prepared fibers and 1198910values of the drawn F

100NSI119909119911

and F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 fibers with a fixed draw ratio reducesignificantly when their NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 contents arehigher than the specific optimal value respectively

37 Morphological Analyses of the As-Prepared and DrawnFibers Figure 7 exhibits typical SEM micrographs ofthe as-prepared and drawn F

100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100


FNSI600m9-00375 fibers withvarious draw ratios Many demarcated drawn ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo were found paralleling the drawing direction ofthe drawn F

100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100

FNSI600m9-00375 fibers as their draw ratios increasedwherein the thicknesses of these drawn micro-fibrilsreduced significantly as the draw ratios increased Moreovermore and thinner ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo were found on thesurfaces of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F

100FNSI300m6-005 and

F100

FNSI600m9-00375 as-prepared andor drawn fibers withthe same draw ratio as the specific surface areas of theirFNSI100m3 FNSI

300

m6 and FNSI600m9 particles increasedIt is not completely clear what accounts for the interesting

demarcated ldquomicro-fibrilrdquo morphology found on thesurfaces of F

100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 as-prepared and drawn fibers

Presumably during the ultradrawing processes many of


(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)

Figure 7 SEMmicrographs of F100

fibers with a draw ratio of (a) 1 (b) 50 and (c) 100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 fibers with a draw ratio of (d) 1 (e)50 and (f) 100 F

100FNSI300m6-005 fibers with a draw ratio of (g) 1 (h) 50 and (i) 100 and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 fibers with a draw ratio of (j) 1

(k) 50 and (l) 100

the UHMWPE kebab crystals with relatively thinner lamellarthickness values can be unfolded and pulled out of the crystallamellae in an easier way than those kebab crystals withthicker lamellar thickness values The unfolded UHMWPEmolecules pulled out from the kebab lamellae can thengradually transform into the oriented ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo during

their ultradrawing processes As evidenced by DSC analysesin the previous section 119879


119888) values of

F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-prepared fibers were

significantly lower than that of F100

as-prepared fiber andreached a minimal value as their NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910contents approached an optimal value respectively in


which the lowest 119879119898(or evaluated 119897

119888) values obtained for

the best prepared F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F


optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents and weight ratio of PEg-MAH toNSI119909 reduced significantly as the specific surface areas oftheir FNSI119909m119910 particles increased Based on these premisesit is reasonable to infer that the ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo found on thesurfaces of as-prepared andor drawn F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100


FNSI600m9-00375 fibers aremore and thinner than those of the corresponding as-prepared andor drawn F

100fibers with the same draw

ratios but without addition of any ldquonuclearrdquo nanofillersBy the same analogy more and thinner ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo areexpected to be found on the surfaces of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100


FNSI600m9-00375 as-preparedandor drawn fibers as the specific surface areas of theirFNSI119909m119910 particles increased

38 Tensile Properties Tensile strength (120590119891) and modulus

(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F


fibers prepared at varying draw ratios are illustrated inTable 3 For comparison purposes 120590

119891and 119864 values of the

best preparedUHMWPEFCNT (ie F100

Cf2-01) as-preparedfiber obtained in our previous investigation [24] were alsosummarized in Table 3 As expected 120590


drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911 fibers improve

consistently as their draw ratios increase It is worth notingthat 120590

119891and 119864 values of drawn F

100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911

fibers are significantly higher than those of the correspondingdrawn F

100fibers with the same draw ratio but without

addition of NSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 particles Similar to thosefound for their119891

0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 fibers reach a maximal value as theirNSI119909 andor FNSI119909m119910 contents approach the optimal valuesat 0075 005 and 00375 phr respectively in which 120590

119891and 119864

values of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100

FNSI600m119910-00375 fibers prepared at their optimalFNSI119909m119910 contents are significantly higher than those of thecorresponding drawn F

100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005

fibers with the same draw ratio and an optimalNSI119909 content at 01 00625 and 005 phr respectivelyMoreover at a fixed draw ratio drawn F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100

FNSI600m119910-00375 fibers preparedat the optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents exhibited other maximal 120590

119891

and 119864 values as their FNSI100m119910 FNSI300

m119910 and FNSI600m119910particles were modified using an optimal weight ratioof PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 at 3 6 and 9respectively It is interesting to note that the maximal 120590

119891and

119864 values obtained for the best prepared F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100


FNSI600m9-00375 drawn fibersprepared at the optimal FNSI119909m119910 contents and weight ratioof PEg-MAH to NSI119909 increased significantly as the specificsurface areas of FNSI119909m119910 particles increased For instancethe ultimate 120590

119891values of best prepared F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100


FNSI600m9-00375fibers reached 44 51 71 and 76GPa respectively as thespecific surface areas of FNSI100m3 FCNT FNSI

300

m1199106 andFNSI600m9 particles increased from 1298 to 2727 3358 andto 6307m2g respectively The ultimate 120590

119891value of the

best prepared F100

FNSI600m9-00375 drawn fiber is about 17and 15 times of those of the F

100FNSI100m3-0075 and the

best prepared UHMWPEFCNT drawn fiber specimensrespectively and is about 23 times of that of the best preparedUHMWPE drawn fibers prepared at the same optimalUHMWPE concentration and drawing condition butwithoutaddition of any nanofiller

The mechanical properties of the drawn specimens aregenerally believed to depend mainly on the degree of orien-tation of the drawn specimens as their molecular weightsare constant [16 34] As evidenced by orientation analysesin the previous section at a fixed draw ratio 119891

0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100

FNSI600m119910-00375 fibers prepared at the optimal FNSI119909m119910contents were significantly higher than those of the corre-sponding F

100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005

fibers prepared at an optimal NSI119909 content respectivelyMoreover119891

0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100

FNSI600m9-00375 drawnfiberswere always higher thanthose of other F

100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100

FNSI600m119910-00375 fibers preparedwith the samedraw ratiosand FNSI contents butmodified using an optimalweight ratioof PEg-MAH to NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 other than 3 6and 9 respectively In fact the maximal 119891

0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F

100FNSI600m9-00375 drawn fibers improved significantly

as the specific surface areas of their FNSI119909m119910 particlesincreased These results clearly suggest that a good orien-tation of UHMWPE molecules along the drawing directionpositively affects the tensile properties of F

100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 fibers Excellent orientation and ulti-mate tensile properties of UHMWPEnanofiller fibers canbe prepared by the ultradrawing of F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-

prepared fibers with optimal contents of the best preparedFNSI100m3 FNSI300m6 and FNSI600m9 particles well dis-persing in their as-prepared fibers Moreover the specificsurface areas of well-dispersed functionalized nanofillersin UHMWPEfunctionalized nanofiller fibers can positivelyaffect their ultradrawing orientation ultimate tensile prop-erties and ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo morphologies

4 Conclusions

As evidenced by FTIR and TEM analyses PEg-MAH moleculeswere successfully grafted onto nanosilica particles withvarying specific surface areas through the reaction of thehydroxyl groups of nanosilica particles with the maleicanhydride groups of PEg-MAH molecules during theirfunctionalized processes The specific surface areas ofFNSI100m119910 FNSI300m119910 and FNSI600m119910 functionalizednanosilica particles reached a maximal value at 1298 3358


Table 3 Tensile strength (120590119891) and modulus values (119864) of UHMWPE (F

100) UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica (F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and

UHMWPEcarbon nanotube (F100

Cf2-01) fiber specimens with varying draw ratios

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 25 935 28 1012 26 965 29 1095 32 117240 32 1167 35 1281 33 1261 36 1327 39 144160 43 1568 44 1634 43 1588 47 1728 48 1794120 49 1815 52 1908 50 1841 53 1975 56 2068160 60 2212 62 2274 61 2239 64 2372 66 2434200 62 2305 64 2364 64 2348 66 2465 68 2524240 65 2397 66 2457 65 2414 69 2557 70 2617280 66 2449 68 2472 66 2450 70 2609 71 2632320 mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash 72 2660360 mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash 74 2737


Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100

FNSI600m12-005 mdash120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash

20 30 1125 24 1005 30 1082 28 1035 mdash40 38 1421 34 1237 37 1351 36 1331 mdash60 47 1748 45 1638 46 1704 45 1658 mdash120 54 2001 51 1885 54 1978 52 1911 mdash160 65 2399 62 2282 64 2344 63 2309 mdash200 68 2508 64 2375 66 2434 66 2418 mdash240 69 2574 67 2467 68 2527 67 2484 mdash280 70 2610 68 2519 69 2542 68 2520 mdash320 mdash mdash mdash mdash 70 2570 mdash mdash mdash

and 6307m2g respectively as the weight ratios of PEg-MAHto NSI100 NSI300 and NSI600 nanosilica particles ofFNSI100m119910 FNSI300m119910 and FNSI600m119910 functionalizednanosilica particles approached an optimal value at 36 and 9 respectively The specific surface areas of well-dispersed functionalized nanosilica particles in UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica fibers were found to affectpositively on the achievable 120582 percentage crystallinityultimate tensile strength values and ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquomorphologies of the UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilicaas-prepared fibers The achievable 120582 values of the bestprepared UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica as-preparedfibers (ie F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100

FNSI600m9-00375) improved consistently from 176 to 289and 361 as the specific surface areas of the incorporatedfunctionalized nanosilica particles increased from 1298 to3358 and 6307m2g respectively Similar to those foundfor the achievable drawing properties of the best preparedUHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica as-prepared fibersthe orientation factor ultimate 120590


best prepared UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica drawnfibers (ie F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100

FNSI600m9-00375) with a fixed draw improved positivelyas the specific surface areas of added functionalizednanosilica particles increased from 1298 to 3358 and6307m2g For instance the ultimate 120590

119891values of the

best prepared UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica drawnfibers improved significantly from 44 to 71 and 76GParespectively as the specific surface areas of functionalizednanosilica particles increased from 1298 to 3358 and6307m2g respectively The maximal ultimate 120590

119891value

(ie 76 GPa) of the best prepared UHMWPEfunctionalizednanosilica drawn fiber with the highest specific surface areaof functionalized nanosilica is about 23 times of that of thebest prepared UHMWPE drawn fiber prepared at the sameoptimalUHMWPE concentration and drawing condition butwithout addition of any nanofiller The ldquomicro-fibrilsrdquo foundon the surfaces of UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilicadrawn fibers with the same draw ratio became more andthinner as the specific surface areas of their functionalizednanosilica particles increased Possible reasons accounting

for the above interesting properties were reported in thisstudy

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their appreciation to theDepartment of Industrial Technology Ministry of EconomicAffairs (99-EC-17-A-11-S1-155 100-EC-17-A-11-S1-155 and 101-EC-17-A-11-S1-155) and National Science Council (NSC 99-2221-E-011-010-MY3 and NSC 102-2221-E-168-038-MY3) forsupport of this work

References

[1] K Kajiwara and J E Mcintyre Advanced Fibre SpinningTechnology Woodhead Publishing Cambridge UK 1994

[2] C Xiao Y Zhang S An and G Jia ldquoInvestigation on the ther-mal behaviors and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecu-lar weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) fibersrdquo Journal of AppliedPolymer Science vol 59 no 6 pp 931ndash935 1996

[3] M I Abo El-Maaty R H Olley and D C Bassett ldquoOnthe internal morphologies of high-modulus polyethylene andpolypropylene fibresrdquo Journal of Materials Science vol 34 no 9pp 1975ndash1989 1999

[4] K Yamaura M Suzuki M Yamamoto R Shimada and TTanigami ldquoGelation of poly(vinyl alcohol)phenolwater solu-tions and gel spinningrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol58 no 10 pp 1787ndash1791 1995

[5] X Zhang T Liu T V Sreekumar S Kumar X Hu and KSmith ldquoGel spinning of PVASWNT composite fiberrdquo Polymervol 45 no 26 pp 8801ndash8807 2004

[6] O Darras R Seguela and F Rietsch ldquoDried gels from linearlow-density polyethylene morphology thermal behavior andmechanical propertiesrdquo Journal of Polymer Science Part BPolymer Physics vol 30 no 4 pp 349ndash359 1992

[7] J Yeh and S Chang ldquoUltradrawing behavior of gel films ofultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and low molecular


weight polyethylene blends at varying drawing conditionsrdquoPolymer Engineering amp Science vol 42 no 7 pp 1558ndash15672002

[8] J-T Yeh Y-T Lin and H-B Jiang ldquoDrawing properties ofultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers prepared atvarying formation temperaturesrdquo Journal of Applied PolymerScience vol 91 no 3 pp 1559ndash1570 2004

[9] J T Yeh Y T Lin and K N Chen ldquoUltradrawing properties ofgel films of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene and low-molecular-weight polyethylene blends prepared at various for-mation temperaturesrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol89 no 14 pp 3728ndash3738 2003

[10] P Smith H D Chanzy and B P Rotzinger ldquoDrawing of virginultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene an alternative routeto high strengthhigh modulus materialsrdquo Journal of MaterialsScience vol 22 no 2 pp 523ndash531 1987

[11] P Smith H D Chanzy and B P Rotzinger ldquoDrawing of virginUHMW polyethylene an alternative route to high strengthhigh modulus materialsrdquo Journal of Materials Science vol 22pp 523ndash531 1987

[12] MMatsuo C Sawatari M Iida andM Yoneda ldquoUltradrawingof high molecular weight polyethylene films produced bygelationcrystallization from solution effect of the number ofentanglementsrdquo Polymer Journal vol 17 no 11 pp 1197ndash12081985

[13] T Kanamoto A Tsurta K Tanana M Takeda and R S PorterldquoSuper-drawing of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene1 Effect of techniques on drawing of single crystal matsrdquoMacromolecules vol 21 no 2 pp 470ndash477 1988

[14] J Smook and A J Pennings ldquoThe effect of temperature anddeformation rate on the hot-drawing behavior of porous high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibersrdquo Journal of Applied Poly-mer Science vol 27 no 6 pp 2209ndash2228 1982

[15] T Jian W-D Shyu Y-T Lin K-N Chen and J-T Yeh ldquoSpin-ning and drawing properties of ultrahigh-molecular-weightpolyethylene fibers prepared at varying concentrations andtemperaturesrdquo Polymer Engineering and Science vol 43 no 11pp 1765ndash1777 2003

[16] T Ohta ldquoReview on processing ultra high tenacity fibers fromflexible polymerrdquo Polymer Engineering and Science vol 23 no13 pp 697ndash703 1983

[17] D C Prevorsek Polymer Liquid Crystals Academic PressLondon UK 1982

[18] B Kalb and A J Pennings ldquoHot drawing of porous highmolecular weight polyethylenerdquo Polymer vol 21 no 1 pp 3ndash41980

[19] M A Wilding and I M Ward ldquoTensile creep and recovery inultra-high modulus linear polyethylenesrdquo Polymer vol 19 no8 pp 969ndash976 1978

[20] P Smith and P J Lemstra ldquoUltra-high strength polyethylenefilaments by solution spinningdrawing 3 Influence of drawingtemperaturerdquo Polymer vol 21 no 11 pp 1341ndash1343 1980

[21] S Kavesh and D C Prevorsek US Patent 4536536 1985[22] S Kavesh and D C Prevorsek ldquoProducing high tenacity high

modulus crystalline article such as fiber or filmrdquo US Patent4551296 1985

[23] S Kavesh and D C Prevorsek ldquoHigh tenacity high moduluspolethylene and polypropylene fibers and intermediates there-forerdquo US Patent 4413110 1983

[24] J-T Yeh T-W Wu Y-C Lai et al ldquoUltradrawing propertiesof ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenefunctionalized

carbon nanotube fibersrdquo Polymer Engineering amp Science vol 51no 4 pp 687ndash696 2011

[25] J-T Yeh C-K Wang P Hu Y-C Lai L-K Huang and F-CTsai ldquoUltradrawing properties of ultrahigh-molecular-weightpolyethyleneattapulgite fibersrdquo Polymer International vol 61no 6 pp 982ndash989 2012

[26] J-T Yeh C-K Wang A Yeh et al ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of novel ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenecomposite fibers filled with nanosilica particlesrdquo Polymer Inter-national vol 62 no 4 pp 591ndash600 2013

[27] J T Yeh C C Tsai C K Wang J W Shao M Z Xiao andS C Chen ldquoUltradrawing novel ultra-high molecular weightpolyethylene fibers filled with bacterial cellulose nanofibersrdquoCarbohydrate Polymers vol 101 pp 1ndash10 2014

[28] J D Hoffman and R L Miller ldquoKinetic of crystallization fromthe melt and chain folding in polyethylene fractions revisitedtheory and experimentrdquo Polymer vol 38 no 13 pp 3151ndash32121997

[29] J D Hoffman and J JWeeks ldquoRate of spherulitic crystallizationwith chain folds in polychlorotrifluoroethylenerdquo Journal ofResearch of the National Bureau of Standards vol 66 p 13 1962

[30] H Xiao Y Zhang S An and G Jia ldquoInvestigation on thethermal behaviors and mechanical properties of ultrahighmolecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) fibersrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 59 no 6 pp 931ndash935 1997

[31] D A Skoog and J J Leary Principles of Instrumental AnalysisSaunders College Publishing 6th edition 2006

[32] Technical Textiles International vol 4 Knitting International1996

[33] P Smith and P J Lemstra ldquoUltra-high-strength polyethylenefilaments by solution spinningdrawingrdquo Journal of MaterialsScience vol 15 no 2 pp 505ndash514 1980

[34] W Hoogsteen G T Brinke and A J Pennings ldquoDSC exper-iments on gel-spun polyethylene fibersrdquo Colloid and PolymerScience vol 266 no 11 pp 1003ndash1013 1988

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


could markedly affect the maximal achievable draw ratioand tensile properties of solution-grownUHMWPE samplesIn addition to the gel solution compositions and drawingconditions it is generally recognized that the conditionsused in the formation process after spinning andor solutioncasting of gel solutions can also have a significant influence onthe morphology microstructure and drawing properties ofthe specimens formed during the above-mentioned processes[7 9 14 17ndash23]

Our recent investigations [24ndash27] found that theachievable draw ratios (achievable 120582) of UHMWPEnano-fillers as-prepared fibers prepared near the optimalUHMWPE concentration improve to a maximal value astheir nanofillers contents reach an optimal value respectivelyin which the nanofillers (eg carbon nanotube (CNT) [24]attapulgite [25] nanosilica andor their functionalizednanofillers [26] and functionalized bacterial cellulose [27])with extremely high specific surface areas can serve asefficient nucleation sites and facilitate the crystallization ofUHMWPE molecules into crystals but with lower meltingtemperatures (119879

119898) andor evaluated smaller crystal thickness

(119897119888) values during their crystallization processes Presumably

the crystals with lower 119879119898andor evaluated smaller 119897

119888values

obtained at proper plain andor modified nanofiller contentscan be melted and pulled out of folded lamellar crystalsrelatively easily during ultradrawing processes and hencethis results in higher drawability and orientation of theUHMWPEnanofillers or UHMWPEmodified nanofillersfibers The maximal achievable draw ratios of UHMWPEnanofillers or UHMWPEmodified nanofillers as-preparedfiber specimens and the tensile strengths of the drawnUHMWPEnanofillers or UHMWPEmodified nanofillersfiber specimens are significantly higher than those of theplain UHMWPE as-prepared and drawn fiber specimensprepared at the same draw ratios of UHMWPE concentra-tions but without addition of the nanofillers andor modifiednanofillers respectively The ultimate tensile strength valuesof UHMWPEpurified attapulgite UHMWPEfunction-alized CNT UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica andUHMWPEfunctionalized bacterial cellulose drawn fibersprepared using one-stage drawing process at 95∘C can reach47 58 70 and 71 GNmminus2 respectively which is about174 215 259 and 263 times of that of the correspondingplain UHMWPE drawn fibers prepared at the same optimalUHMWPE concentration formation and drawing conditionbut without incorporation of modified nanofillers

The above results clearly suggested that nanofillers withhigh specific surface areas can serve as efficient nucle-ation sites for crystallization of UHMWPE molecules andimprove the ultradrawing and ultimate tensile propertiesof UHMWPEnanofiller fibers Among these nanofillersnanosilica particles are cheap and commercially avail-able for a wide range of specific surface areas In thisstudy the ultradrawing and ultimate tensile properties ofthe UHMWPEnanosilica and UHMWPEfunctionalizednanosilica fibers with a wide range of specific surface areaswere systematically investigated The maximal achievable 120582and ultimate tensile strength values obtained for the best

prepared UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica as-preparedfibers are even higher than those of the best preparedUHMWPEmodified attapulgite UHMWPEfunctionalizedCNT and UHMPEfunctionalized bacterial cellulose as-pre-pared fibers prepared at the optimal modified attapulgitefunctionalized CNT and functionalized bacterial cellulosecontents respectively [24ndash27] Specific surface area mor-phological and Fourier transform infrared analyses of theoriginal and functionalized nanosilica specimens andorinvestigations of thermal orientation factor and ultimatetensile properties of the as-prepared and drawn UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosilica fiber specimens were performed tounderstand the above improved ultradrawing and ultimatetensile properties of the UHMWPEfunctionalized nanosil-ica as-prepared andor drawn fibers

2 Experimental

21Materials and Sample Preparation TheUHMWPEGUR-4120 resin used in this study is associated with a weightaveragemolecular weight (Mw) of 50times 106 whichwas kindlysupplied by Celanese (Nanjing) Diversified Chemical Cor-poration Nanjing China Three types of nanosilica particles(Merck SSA-100 SSA-300 and SSA-600) used in this studywere purchased from Lu Ming Nanomaterials CorporationDalian China The specific surface areas of SSA-100 SSA-300 and SSA-600 nanosilica (NSI) particles were quoted as90ndash105m2g 285ndash305m2g and 580ndash610m2g respectivelyby Lu Ming Nanomaterials Corporation Functionalizednanosilica (FNSI) particles were prepared by grafting maleicanhydride grafted polyethylene (PEg-MAH) molecules ontoNSI particles in ultrasonicated mixtures of decalin NSI andPEg-MAH at 170∘C for 1 hour in which PEg-MAH resin waspurchased from Langfang Plastic Corporation LangfangChinaThe nanosilica and functionalized nanosilica particlesprepared above are referred to as NSI119909 and FNSI119909m119910 respec-tively in the following discussion in which the superscript119909 denotes the quoted specific surface areas of virgin NSInanosilica particles and the subscript 119910 denotes the weightratio of PEg-MAH to NSI119909 used in the preparation processes ofFNSI119909m119910 functionalized nanosilica particles Table 1 summa-rized designations and compositions of typical nanosilica andfunctionalized nanosilica particles prepared in this study

Varying contents of NSI119909 and FNSI119909m119910 particles togetherwithUHMWPE resinwere dispersed and dissolved in decalinat 135∘C for 15 hours in which 01 di-t-butyl-p-cresol wasadded as an antioxidant The UHMWPE UHMWPENSI119909and UHMWPEFNSI119909m119910 gel solutions prepared above werethen fed into a temperature-controlled hopper and kept ashot homogenized gel solutions before spinning The hothomogenized gel solutionswere then gel-spun using a conicaldie with an exit diameter of 1mm at an extrusion rate of1000mmmin and an extrusion temperature of 170∘C Awater bath and a winder with 70mm in diameter were placedat a distance of 520mm and 810mm from the spinneretexit respectively The extruded gel fibers were cooled ina temperature-conditioned atmosphere and then quenchedinto a water bath for about 1 minute where the temperature








100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911and

F100


119909











119888) values














UHMWPE(gphr)


119879119898

(∘C)119883119888

()119897119888

(nm)

F100 0 mdash 2100 100 1427 651 307

F100

NSI100005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 256F100

NSI10001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1402 701 175F100

NSI1000125 000250125 mdash 2100 100 1419 660 182F100

NSI30000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1409 683 225F100

NSI30000625 00012500625 mdash 2100 100 1402 708 175F100

NSI30001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 225F100

NSI60000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1407 691 193

F100

NSI600005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1399 715 157

F100

NSI60001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1408 678 221

F100

FNSI100m2-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1416 662 258F100

FNSI100m2-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 703 151F100

FNSI100m2-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1395 690 154F100

FNSI100m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1407 691 175F100

FNSI100m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI100m3-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1389 751 135F100

FNSI100m6-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1409 689 225F100

FNSI100m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1392 724 141F100

FNSI100m6-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1396 713 147F100

FNSI300m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1395 732 146F100

FNSI300m3-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1386 740 131F100

FNSI300m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 734 142F100

FNSI300m6-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1385 752 127F100

FNSI300m6-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1376 760 113F100

FNSI300m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI300m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1390 741 136F100

FNSI300m9-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1381 750 120F100

FNSI300m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1388 739 135F100

FNSI600m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1378 742 116F100

FNSI600m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1372 748 107F100

FNSI600m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 737 124F100

FNSI600m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1365 762 107F100

FNSI600m9-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1361 768 95F100

FNSI600m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1370 759 101F100

FNSI600m12-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1373 747 111F100

FNSI600m12-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1367 753 98F100

FNSI600m12-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1378 743 116


119879119898= 119879119898

119900[1 minus2120590119890

119897119888Δ119867119891

0] (1)










119891119904= 1 minus (119862119906

119862)

2

(2)









300


300


300


300





(m)

(l)

(k)

(i)

(h)

(g )

(e)

(d)

(c)

(j)

(f)

(b)

(a)

700130019002500310037004300

Tran

smitt

ance

()

Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si






























600

m9 (e) FNSI600


300


100 (k) FNSI100m2 (l) FNSI100





50nm

(a)

50nm

(b)

50nm

(c)

50nm

(d)

50nm

(e)

50nm

(f)

50nm

(g)

50nm

(h)

50nm

(i)



300





300



119898) percentage


119888)


) UHMWPENSI (F100

NSI119909119911)


Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)


75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640


300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600




119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C




119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100


119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100NSI119909119911andor F



119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100


119898(or





119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100



119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100



100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




119898values during


100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100


119888but lower 119879


119888) val-


NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100




119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911and

F100


119909











119888) values














UHMWPE(gphr)


119879119898

(∘C)119883119888

()119897119888

(nm)

F100 0 mdash 2100 100 1427 651 307

F100

NSI100005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 256F100

NSI10001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1402 701 175F100

NSI1000125 000250125 mdash 2100 100 1419 660 182F100

NSI30000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1409 683 225F100

NSI30000625 00012500625 mdash 2100 100 1402 708 175F100

NSI30001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 225F100

NSI60000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1407 691 193

F100

NSI600005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1399 715 157

F100

NSI60001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1408 678 221

F100

FNSI100m2-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1416 662 258F100

FNSI100m2-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 703 151F100

FNSI100m2-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1395 690 154F100

FNSI100m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1407 691 175F100

FNSI100m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI100m3-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1389 751 135F100

FNSI100m6-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1409 689 225F100

FNSI100m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1392 724 141F100

FNSI100m6-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1396 713 147F100

FNSI300m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1395 732 146F100

FNSI300m3-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1386 740 131F100

FNSI300m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 734 142F100

FNSI300m6-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1385 752 127F100

FNSI300m6-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1376 760 113F100

FNSI300m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI300m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1390 741 136F100

FNSI300m9-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1381 750 120F100

FNSI300m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1388 739 135F100

FNSI600m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1378 742 116F100

FNSI600m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1372 748 107F100

FNSI600m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 737 124F100

FNSI600m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1365 762 107F100

FNSI600m9-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1361 768 95F100

FNSI600m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1370 759 101F100

FNSI600m12-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1373 747 111F100

FNSI600m12-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1367 753 98F100

FNSI600m12-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1378 743 116


119879119898= 119879119898

119900[1 minus2120590119890

119897119888Δ119867119891

0] (1)










119891119904= 1 minus (119862119906

119862)

2

(2)









300


300


300


300





(m)

(l)

(k)

(i)

(h)

(g )

(e)

(d)

(c)

(j)

(f)

(b)

(a)

700130019002500310037004300

Tran

smitt

ance

()

Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si






























600

m9 (e) FNSI600


300


100 (k) FNSI100m2 (l) FNSI100





50nm

(a)

50nm

(b)

50nm

(c)

50nm

(d)

50nm

(e)

50nm

(f)

50nm

(g)

50nm

(h)

50nm

(i)



300





300



119898) percentage


119888)


) UHMWPENSI (F100

NSI119909119911)


Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)


75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640


300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600




119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C




119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100


119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100NSI119909119911andor F



119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100


119898(or





119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100



119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100



100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




119898values during


100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100


119888but lower 119879


119888) val-


NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100




119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










UHMWPE(gphr)


119879119898

(∘C)119883119888

()119897119888

(nm)

F100 0 mdash 2100 100 1427 651 307

F100

NSI100005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 256F100

NSI10001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1402 701 175F100

NSI1000125 000250125 mdash 2100 100 1419 660 182F100

NSI30000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1409 683 225F100

NSI30000625 00012500625 mdash 2100 100 1402 708 175F100

NSI30001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1411 678 225F100

NSI60000375 00007500375 mdash 2100 100 1407 691 193

F100

NSI600005 0001005 mdash 2100 100 1399 715 157

F100

NSI60001 000201 mdash 2100 100 1408 678 221

F100

FNSI100m2-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1416 662 258F100

FNSI100m2-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 703 151F100

FNSI100m2-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1395 690 154F100

FNSI100m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1407 691 175F100

FNSI100m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI100m3-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1389 751 135F100

FNSI100m6-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1409 689 225F100

FNSI100m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1392 724 141F100

FNSI100m6-01 mdash 000201 2100 100 1396 713 147F100

FNSI300m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1395 732 146F100

FNSI300m3-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1386 740 131F100

FNSI300m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1393 734 142F100

FNSI300m6-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1385 752 127F100

FNSI300m6-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1376 760 113F100

FNSI300m6-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 754 124F100

FNSI300m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1390 741 136F100

FNSI300m9-005 mdash 0001005 2100 100 1381 750 120F100

FNSI300m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1388 739 135F100

FNSI600m3-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1378 742 116F100

FNSI600m3-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1372 748 107F100

FNSI600m3-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1383 737 124F100

FNSI600m9-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1365 762 107F100

FNSI600m9-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1361 768 95F100

FNSI600m9-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1370 759 101F100

FNSI600m12-0025 mdash 000050025 2100 100 1373 747 111F100

FNSI600m12-00375 mdash 00007500375 2100 100 1367 753 98F100

FNSI600m12-0075 mdash 000150075 2100 100 1378 743 116


119879119898= 119879119898

119900[1 minus2120590119890

119897119888Δ119867119891

0] (1)










119891119904= 1 minus (119862119906

119862)

2

(2)









300


300


300


300





(m)

(l)

(k)

(i)

(h)

(g )

(e)

(d)

(c)

(j)

(f)

(b)

(a)

700130019002500310037004300

Tran

smitt

ance

()

Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si






























600

m9 (e) FNSI600


300


100 (k) FNSI100m2 (l) FNSI100





50nm

(a)

50nm

(b)

50nm

(c)

50nm

(d)

50nm

(e)

50nm

(f)

50nm

(g)

50nm

(h)

50nm

(i)



300





300



119898) percentage


119888)


) UHMWPENSI (F100

NSI119909119911)


Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)


75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640


300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600




119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C




119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100


119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100NSI119909119911andor F



119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100


119898(or





119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100



119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100



100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




119898values during


100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100


119888but lower 119879


119888) val-


NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100




119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










119891119904= 1 minus (119862119906

119862)

2

(2)









300


300


300


300





(m)

(l)

(k)

(i)

(h)

(g )

(e)

(d)

(c)

(j)

(f)

(b)

(a)

700130019002500310037004300

Tran

smitt

ance

()

Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si






























600

m9 (e) FNSI600


300


100 (k) FNSI100m2 (l) FNSI100





50nm

(a)

50nm

(b)

50nm

(c)

50nm

(d)

50nm

(e)

50nm

(f)

50nm

(g)

50nm

(h)

50nm

(i)



300





300



119898) percentage


119888)


) UHMWPENSI (F100

NSI119909119911)


Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)


75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640


300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600




119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C




119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100


119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100NSI119909119911andor F



119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100


119898(or





119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100



119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100



100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




119898values during


100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100


119888but lower 119879


119888) val-


NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100




119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




(m)

(l)

(k)

(i)

(h)

(g )

(e)

(d)

(c)

(j)

(f)

(b)

(a)

700130019002500310037004300

Tran

smitt

ance

()

Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si


Si-O-Si






























600

m9 (e) FNSI600


300


100 (k) FNSI100m2 (l) FNSI100





50nm

(a)

50nm

(b)

50nm

(c)

50nm

(d)

50nm

(e)

50nm

(f)

50nm

(g)

50nm

(h)

50nm

(i)



300





300



119898) percentage


119888)


) UHMWPENSI (F100

NSI119909119911)


Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)


75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640


300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600




119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C




119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100


119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100NSI119909119911andor F



119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100


119898(or





119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100



119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100



100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




119898values during


100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100


119888but lower 119879


119888) val-


NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100




119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




50nm

(a)

50nm

(b)

50nm

(c)

50nm

(d)

50nm

(e)

50nm

(f)

50nm

(g)

50nm

(h)

50nm

(i)



300





300



119898) percentage


119888)


) UHMWPENSI (F100

NSI119909119911)


Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)


75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640


300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600




119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C




119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100


119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100NSI119909119911andor F



119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100


119898(or





119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100



119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100



100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




119898values during


100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100


119888but lower 119879


119888) val-


NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100




119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Spec

ific s

urfa

ce ar

eas (

m2g

)


75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

590

615640


300

m119910 (◻) FNSI600




119898and 119883

119888at 1427∘C




119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911

(ie F100

NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and F

100NSI600

119911) andor

F100

FNSI119909m119910-119911 (ie F100FNSI100

m119910-119911 F100FNSI300

m119910-119911 andF100


119898and 119897

119888

values of F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100NSI119909119911andor F



119888values of F

100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F

100FNSI300m119910-005 and

F100


119898(or





119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



119888values

obtained for F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100



119898values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075

F100



100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F




119898values during


100FNSI100m119910-119911 F100FNSI

300

m119910-119911 andF100


119888but lower 119879


119888) val-


NSI100119911 F100

NSI300119911 and

F100




119888)


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1427∘C (lc = 307 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1374∘C (lc = 109 nm)

1377∘C (lc = 115 nm)

1383∘C (lc = 124 nm)

1365∘C (lc = 107 nm)

1361∘C (lc = 95 nm)

1364∘C (lc = 99 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1370∘C (lc = 101 nm)

1373∘C (lc = 111 nm)

1367∘C (lc = 98 nm)

1369∘C (lc = 100 nm)

1372∘C (lc = 112 nm)

1378∘C (lc = 116 nm)

Temperature (∘C)

(a) Xc = 651

(b) Xc = 742

(c) Xc = 748

(d) Xc = 746

(e) Xc = 744

(f) Xc = 737

(g) Xc = 762

(h) Xc = 768

(i) Xc = 763

(j) Xc = 761

(k) Xc = 759

(l) Xc = 747

(m) Xc = 753

(n) Xc = 751

(o) Xc = 749

(p) Xc = 743

Hea

t flow

(wg

)


(b) F100

FNSI600m3-0025 (c) F100FNSI600

m3-00375 (d) F100FNSI600

m3-005 (e) F100FNSI600

m3-0625 (f)F100

FNSI600m3-0075 (g) F100FNSI600

m9-0025 (h) F100FNSI600

m9-00375 (i) F100FNSI600

m9-005 (j) F100FNSI600

m9-0625 (k) F100FNSI600

m9-0075 (l)F100

FNSI600m12-0025 (m) F100

FNSI600m12-00375 (n) F100FNSI600

m12-005 (o) F100FNSI600

m12-00625 and (p) F100




FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911 and F



100Cf2-01


100NSI119909119911andor

F100



FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



100FNSI600m9-00375


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380


00

0125

Achi

evab

le d

raw

ratio

s

002

50

0375

005

006

250

075

008

75 01

011

25




Achievable 120582

F100F100NSI100

F100NSI300

F100NSI600

F100FNSI100m1

F100FNSI100m2

F100FNSI100m3

F100FNSI100m6

F100FNSI100m12

F100FNSI300m2

F100FNSI300m3

F100FNSI300m6

F100FNSI300m9

F100FNSI300m12

F100FNSI600m2

F100FNSI600m3

F100FNSI600m6

F100FNSI600m9

F100FNSI600m12

F100Cf2-01


F100FNSI100m2-y

F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI100m6-y

F100FNSI100m12-y


F100FNSI300m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI300m9-y

F100FNSI300m12-y

F100FNSI600y

F100FNSI600m2-y

F100FNSI600m3-y

F100FNSI600m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y

F100FNSI600m12-y

F100Cf2-01




100as-prepared



0) val-

ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


ues of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




F100





0values of drawn F



0



300

m119910


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F



100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005and F100


0values as



0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F





119888) values of F

100NSI119909119911andor


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 80 160

240

320

400

Draw ratios

f0

valu

es

Drawratios


0025 00375 005 00625 0075 01

0 447 449 450 449 446 44420 747 792 774 742 729 70740 780 817 785 772 749 72480 795 830 798 786 777 752

120 818 843 819 809 792 7800 449 451 450 450 448 447

20 777 802 784 772 739 73240 790 817 790 792 764 75880 818 849 821 814 786 772

120 828 862 834 832 791 800160 840 886 856 844 815 810200 882 912 866 863 830 829

0 452 453 450 450 448 44720 787 832 804 772 759 74740 810 847 820 792 787 76280 825 860 836 814 807 792


F100FNSI100m3-y

F100FNSI300m6-y

F100FNSI600m9-y






F100


119898(or evaluated


100FNSI100m3-0075

F100






100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



300


100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F



NSI119909119911and F





100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911


100NSI119909119911

and F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075F100



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005 andF100


100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


300



100 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)






(k) 50 and (l) 100




119888) values of

F100









FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-005and F



100FNSI100m3-0075

F100





100FNSI100m3-0075

F100




(119864) values of F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F







drawn F100

F100

NSI119909119911 and F




100NSI119909119911and F

100FNSI119909m119910-119911




0values 120590


100NSI119909119911

and F100


119891and 119864


FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI300

m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

andF100

NSI600005


100FNSI100m119910-0075

F100

FNSI300m119910-005 and F100


119891



119891and


FNSI100m3-0075F100




100FNSI100m3-0075

F100

Cf2-01 F100



300


119891value of the

best prepared F100





0val-

ues of drawn F100

FNSI100m119910-0075 F100

FNSI300m119910-005 andF100


100NSI100

01 F100

NSI30000625

and F100

NSI600005


0values of F

100FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI

300

m6-005and F100


100FNSI100m119910-0075 F100FNSI

300

m119910-005 andF100


0values obtained


FNSI100m3-0075 F100FNSI300

m6-005and F



100 F100

NSI119909119911

and F100


100FNSI119909m119910-119911 as-


4 Conclusions





100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






100FNSI119909m119910-119911) and



Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

F100

Cf2-01 F100

FNSI100m2-0625 F100

FNSI100m2-0075 F100

FNSI100m2-01

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 16 580 27 1063 21 611 22 690 21 59040 19 712 35 1405 26 807 28 903 28 77860 26 929 42 1698 34 1052 36 1190 35 1014120 34 1125 49 1945 40 1185 42 1302 40 1159160 mdash mdash 51 2046 44 1633 48 1843 45 1523

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m3-0625 F100

FNSI100m3-0075 F100

FNSI100m3-01 F100

FNSI100m6-0625 F100

FNSI100m6-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 24 731 25 810 24 710 22 671 23 75040 29 927 31 1023 31 898 27 867 29 96360 37 1172 39 1310 38 1134 35 1112 37 1250120 43 1305 45 1422 43 1279 41 1245 43 1362160 46 1753 50 1963 48 1643 44 1693 48 1903

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI100m6-01 F100

FNSI300m3-0375 F100

FNSI300m3-05 F100

FNSI300m3-0075 F100

FNSI300m6-0375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 22 650 25 793 26 842 23 759 29 93340 29 838 32 1083 33 1129 28 1029 36 122360 36 1074 41 1517 42 1567 39 1470 45 1657120 41 1219 47 1727 49 1769 44 1676 51 1867160 46 1583 57 1849 58 1879 55 1839 61 1989200 mdash mdash 60 1881 61 1926 59 1892 64 2021

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI300m6-05 F100

FNSI300m6-0075 F100

FNSI300m9-0375 F100

FNSI300m9-05 F100

FNSI300m9-0075

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)

20 30 982 27 899 26 863 27 912 24 82940 37 1269 32 1169 33 1153 34 1199 29 109960 46 1707 43 1610 42 1587 43 1637 40 1540120 53 1909 48 1816 48 1797 50 1839 45 1746160 62 2019 59 1979 58 1919 59 1949 56 1909200 65 2066 63 2032 61 1951 62 1996 60 1962

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m6-0025 F100

FNSI600m6-00375 F100

FNSI600m6-005 F100

FNSI600m9-0025 F100

FNSI600m9-00375

120590119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa)



Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Table 3 Continued

Draw ratioSpecimen

F100

FNSI600m9-005 F100

FNSI600m12-0025 F100

FNSI600m12-00375 F100


119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) 120590

119891(GPa) 119864 (GPa) mdash



100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100




100FNSI100m3-0075 F


F100


119891values of the


119891value





Acknowledgments


References













































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials








































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



research article ultradrawing and ultimate tenacity...

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