research book final

8/2/2019 Research Book Final

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MODERN HISTORY

TERM 1, 2012

TORI HARNETT

MRS NAIDOO

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ContentsContents ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2RATIONALE.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

MIND MAP..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................4..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4

HYPOTHESIS.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

Focus Questions...............................................................................................................................................................................................................5

DEFINITIONS.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................7

RESEARCH.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................8

APPENDIX........................................................................................................................................................................................................................28

Figure 1..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................28

Figure 2..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................29

Figure 3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................30

Figure 4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................32

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RATIONALE

I chose to base my hypothesis around the event of the withdrawal of the UNEF from the Sinai region and the Gaza Strip as I thought it would be an

interesting topic to cover and it is also a significant factor in both the Six Day War and the overall Arab-Israeli Conflict. There is much controversysurrounding this topic as there were many events that took place that cant be absolutely justified by solid facts; there are only theories made by

historians to try and give explanation for the events that occurred during this section of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. With this being the case, there are

many questions that can arise which made it easier to develop focus questions because there was such a vast number of questions that could have

been asked in order to get the same conclusion.

There was a large amount of information on the specific event so it was no hard to gather information to justify the hypothesis. I managed to find a

variety of sources, including DVDs (both primary and secondary), books (both primary and secondary), and online sources. In this variety there

were a number of valuable quotes in the variety of source so it will be much easier to justify the hypothesis with primary quotes from the opposing

sides that were involved in the conflict and in the process it will make my essay more reliable as I have primary sources that corroborate with

secondary sources.

The sources that were related to each of the focus questions were easy to evaluate as the authors had such strong standpoints in their writings. I

found that this was because of the fact that the authors were either from one of the countries involved in the conflict or they were historians that had

taken sides as to which of the opposing countries were and were not at fault; this viewpoint which was most likely developed during their years at

university or from firsthand experience on the topic.

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MIND MAP

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HYPOTHESIS

The 1967 Six Day War was largely attributed to Egyptian President Nasser demanding the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency

Force (UNEF) from the Sinai region and the Gaza Strip. This fuelled the already existing religious and political differences betweenIsrael and the surrounding Arab countries.

Focus Questions

1. What evidence is there that religious and political differences existed between Israel and the Arabs prior to the 20th Century?

a. What beliefs did the Arabs hold in terms of their religion and political system?

b. What beliefs did the Israelis hold in terms of their religion and political system?

2. What were Nassers ideologies and how did it influence his involvement in the Arab-Israeli Conflict?

a. How did Nasser develop the ideologies that he supported?

b. How did these beliefs elevate his reputation in the Arab World and was his rise in popularity a direct result of religious and politicalconflict that was already at hand between the Arabs and the Israelis?

3. What were the reasons behind Nasser demanding the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) from Sinai and the Gaza

Strip?

a. How did Nasser go about demanding the withdrawal of the UNEF?

b. How did the UNEF react to this demand and why did they comply with the demand?

4. How did Israel react to the withdrawal of the UNEF? What was the impact of the war that ensued?

a. How did Israel find out about the decision of the UNEF to withdraw?

b. In what way did Israel counter this implied attack from Egypt/President Nasser?

5. How did this event worsen the religious and political differences between the two nations?

a. Were the dramatic changes in the borders that occurred with the capture of territory have an effect of the political and religious

differences between the Arabs and the Israelis?

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JUSTIFICATION OF CHOSEN HYPOTHESIS

Original choice of hypothesis:

The ongoing religious and political beliefs that existed between Israel and the surrounding Arab countries, evident in the Six Day War,

prompted the capture of enemy territory by Israel. This event, in turn, lead to the recruitment of Arabic civilians into the Palestinian

Liberation Organisation (PLO).

Final choice of hypothesis:

The 1967 Six Day War was largely attributed to Egyptian President Nasser demanding the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency

Force (UNEF) from the Sinai region and the Gaza Strip. This fuelled the already existing religious and political differences between Israel

and the surrounding Arab countries.

I chose the original hypothesis as my starting point as I thought it would be an interesting topic to cover. I found that it was hard to gather

information about the specific recruitments that occurred after the Six Day War. Because of this I hadnt developed any focus questions and

decided that it was best if I chose a more common event in the Arab-Israeli Conflict which led me to my final choice of hypothesis.

I decided to base my hypothesis on President Nasser and his involvement in the withdrawal of the UNEF from the Sinai and Gaza as I had

researched it during previous researching about the PLO and I found that there was quite a vast amount of information on the particular topic. Theinformation I researched about this event was all chronological so I thought that I would be easier to develop focus questions as I basically had the

subject for each question right in front of me in all the sources I looked at.

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DEFINITIONS

Anti-Zionism opposition to various ideologies within Zionism, opposition to the Jewish state of Israel founded on that concept, or opposition to

specific Israeli government policies.

Arab, n. a member of a Semitic people inhabiting Arabia, whose language and Islamic religion spread widely throughout the Middle East and

northern Africa from the seventh century.

Conflict, n. a state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a state of open, often prolonged fighting; abattle or war.

Gamal Abdel Nasser Egyptian army officer and politician who served as prime minister and president of Egypt and as the president of the

United Arab Republic.

Israel an ancient kingdom of Palestine founded by Saul, located in the southwest of Asia on the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Israeli, adj. of or relating to modern-day Israel or its people; a native or inhabitant of modern-day Israel.

Jew a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group originating the Israelites or Hebrews of the ancient Middle East. The ethnicity and

the religion of Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.

Nasserism an Arab nationalist and pan-Arab ideology, combined with a vaguely defined socialism, often distinguished from Eastern bloc or

Western socialist thought by the label Arab Socialism.

UNEF acronym for the United Nations Emergency Force. It was established to secure and end the 1956 Suez Crisis with Resolution 1001.

Zionism a nationalist or national liberation Jewish political movement that, in its broadest sense, has supported the self-determination of the

Jewish people in a sovereign Jewish national homeland.

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RESEARCH

Source Notes Evaluation

Line of Fire - Six Day War 1967,2003. [DVD] unknown, England:

Cromwell Productions.

By threatening the UN, Nasser was saying that he was thePan-Arab leader; Egypt will lead the Arab world to

victory against Israel

Laying down gauntlet to Israel, threatening them and

making them aggressive to give him a reason for going

into Israel and attacking

Deploy in secret, concentrate his forces away from prying

eyes

Do all the things he couldnt do if United Nations were

there

o Push forces up to Israeli border

o Move to fortified around northern and central axis

o Prepare his forces for war

Unintentional consequences of Nassers actions

o Raised the Israeli guard

o When UN left, thought carefully about

deployments in the near future

o Nasser lost his idea of surprise and, in some way,

gave the initiative back to the Israelis

One of the central parts of the Israeli military doctorates is

the pre-emptive strike

Allowed them time to organise and execute it

This source gives a reliable insightinto the intentions of Egyptian

President Nasser in the removal of the

UN from the Sinai borders and the

Gaza Strip, which is focusing on the

third research question. The account

of the war is given by Lloyd Clark

from the Royal Military Academy

Sandhurst and he specialises in the

Arab-Israeli Conflict so he is able togive valid and straight-to-the-point

information on the topic. Theinformation within this portion of the

DVD is relevant to my hypothesis as

it is directly related to Nasser and the

withdrawal of the UN from Sinai and

the Gaza Strip as well as the closing

of the Strait of Tiran. The information

that is given corroborates with basic

research done on the particular area

of focus which further suggests its

validity. The information that Clarkgives suggests that there is only a

small mention of bias; in the way he

explained how Nasser threatened the

UN. This has little to no effect on the

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overall validity of the source as theinformation within backs up all other

sources that are related to research

question three.

Dr Andre Oboler. 2007. Israel: The

Six Day War. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.zionismontheweb.org/m

iddle_east/Israel/Israel_six_day_war.htm. [Accessed 14 February 12].

Pre-emptive attack by Israel on 5 th June, 1967

Blockade by Egypt of the Gulf of Aqaba provided the

immediate trigger

Cold War tensions played a part:

o Soviets encouraged and exploited destabilisation

in region

o Provided military and economic aid to Syria to

endanger Jordan and Iraq while increasing threat

to Israel

Terrorist attacks against Israelo 35 attack is 1965, 41 attacks in 1966, 37 attacks in

first 4 months of 1967

Israel complained to UN Security Council about Syria

shelling Israeli villages from Golan Heights

o Soviets used their veto to prevent any action being

taken to stop Syrian aggression

Syria attacked Israeli agricultural equipment

o Used machine guns, tanks, heavy mortars

o Israel managed to shoot down 6 MiGs

Syrians complained about Egypts lack of support duringattack

Egypt responded with threats of war, mobilising troopsand closing Straits of Tiran

This source is relevant to the third

research question and gives a detailed

timeline of the lead up events and the

events during the Six Day War. The

information within the sourcesuggests that the Arab nations are to

blame as the final quote makes it

seem as though Nasser is the enemy,

explicitly stating that Israel needs to

be exterminated of all Zionists. Thisbias could affect the overall validity

of the source, but seeing as though

the information supports the other

sources, it can be concluded that it is

a reliable source. The author of the

site is a Ph.D. doctor and has been

involved in the UK Jewishcommunity as an executive member

of the Union of Jewish Students

(UJS) and a deputy on the Board of

Deputies of British Jews. In 2006(during the Hizbullah crisis) Andre

was the UK delegate on the Bayit

Meshutaf program run by the Israeli

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Lead to Israels pre-emptive attack

Straits of Tiran and Sinai border protected by neutral UN

mission

Egyptian President Nasser demanded the withdrawal of

UN operations in the area (UN Secretary general)

UN complied, allowing situation of aggression to increase

As of today, there no longer exists an international

emergency force to protect Israel. We shall exercise

patience no more. We shall not complain any more to the

UN about Israel. The sole method we shall apply against

Israel is a total war which will result in the extermination

of Zionist existence. Cairo radio statement

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He hashad extensive experience in the

Jewish community and he would

more than likely be well informed on

the Arab-Israeli Conflict and all theevents that happened during which

makes this source reliable.

Mitchell Bard. 2008. The 1967 Six

Day War. [ONLINE] Availableat:http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/

jsource/History/67_War.html .

[Accessed 17 February 12].

June 5, 1967, first day of war/Israeli pre-emptive strike

Entire Israeli air force attacked Egyptian air fields In 2 hours approx. 300 Egyptian aircrafts were destroyed

Israeli fighters attacked Jordanian and Syrian air forces

and one in Iraq

End of the first day, entire Egyptian and Jordanian air

forces and half of Syrian air force destroyed

Israel conquered enough land to more than triple the area

already in their control

From 8,000mi2 to 26,000mi2

Israel unified Jerusalem

Sinai, Golan Heights, Gaza strip and West bank underIsraeli control

Now ruled over 750,000 Palestinians

This source has relevance to the 4th

research question. The informationthat was taken from this source was

primarily from a book and simply

copied onto this website which is why

the information is perfectly reliable.

The source has a list of its own

sources, all of which are book

references, meaning that Bard haddefinitely done his research before

writing this book, no less would have

been expected as the book would not

have been published if theinformation he was writing wasnt

valid. The information is in another

way valid as it corroborates with

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other sources that have beenresearched for this assignment. There

is most definitely bias in the source,

in favour of Israel Bard uses such

words as conquered and unifiedmaking it seem that the Israelis were

the good guys in this war. Also

given the fact that it was the Arabs

who taunted the Israelis into

fighting, it gives further support to

this claim of bias.

Mitchell Bard. 2008. The 1967 Six

Day War. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/67_War.html .

[Accessed 17 February 12].

Nasser ordered UNEF to withdraw from Sinai on May 16

UN Secretary General U Thant complied with the order

Voice of the Arabs radio station:

o As of today, there no longer exists an

international emergency force to protect Israel.

We shall exercise patience no more. We shall not

complain any more to the UN about Israel. The

sole method we shall apply against Israel is total

war, which will result in the extermination of

Zionist existence.

May 22, Egypt closed Straits of Tiran to all Israeli

shipping

Cut off Israels only supply route with Asia

Stopped flow of oil from main supplier, Iran

UN acknowledged the Jewish States right to access

through the Straits of Tiran

Blockade violated the Convention on the Territorial Sea

This source contains a detailed

description of the direct events that

lead up to the Six Day War. Its isrelevant to the 2nd and 3rd focus

question. The amount of quotes with

reliable sources as well as the fact

that the information in the source

supports other sources must mean that

the information within this source is

reliable and valid. There is biasdetected in the source as it gives off

the idea that President Nasser was

one of the reasons why the war was

instigated by Israel. This can beproven as his constant meddling with

the Israelis and the fact that he

taunted them to fight almost daily

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and Contiguous Zone, adopted by the UN Conference onthe Law of the Sea on April 27, 1958

Nasser was aware of the pressure he was exerting to force

Israels hand and challenged them to fight almost daily

After blockade was set up he defiantly declared: TheJews threatened to make war. I reply: Welcome! We are

ready for war.

Our basic objective will be the destruction of Israel. The

Arab people want to fight.

shows that he was the more than partially the reason behind Israel

instigating the war. Also given the

fact that it was Egypt who Israel

attacked first further supports the biasthat exists within the source.

Terry Mendoza. 2007.Movie Clips.

[ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/movie

s.htm. [Accessed 12 February 12]

Israel captured Sinai peninsula, the Gaza strip, West Bank

and Golan Heights

Defeated combined armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan

This gives very basic information

about Israels victories during the Six

Day War. The footage is from the

actual event meaning that it is a

primary source which gives me noreason to question its reliability and

validity as false. The information will

most likely be used in the essay in

relevance to the 4th focus question.

Chris Trueman, 2012. The Six Day

War. [ONLINE] Available at

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/s

ix_day_war_1967.htm. [Accessed 12

February 12]

June 5 10, 1967

Initiated by General Moshe Dayan, Israeli Defence

Minister

Israel vs. Syria, Jordan and Egypt

May 1967, Egyptian President Nasser decided that the UN

were no longer needed in the Suez region

Nasser ordered a concentration of Egyptian military forces

to the Suez region

Israelis saw this as Egypt preparing to attack

This source gives details into the 4th

focus question. It reinforces the

validity of the other sources that are

to do with the same topic and its own

validity at the same time as all the

information corroborates. There isbias in the source yet it is only whenthe author is explaining the defeat of

the Arab nations. He makes it seem as

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Egyptians enforced a naval blockade which closed off the

Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping

Israel launched military campaign against Egypt, Syria,

Jordan and Iraq

The air forces of those 4 Arab countries were destroyed on

ground on June 5th

West Bank of Jordan River had been cleared of Jordanian

forces

The Golan Heights had been captured from Syria

Israeli forces moved 30 miles into Syria itself

Temporarily weakened the man who was seen as the

leader of the Arabs Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt

Massive blow to the Arabs morale as 4 of the strongest

Arab countries nations systematically defeated by one

nation Now that they had defeated and captured some of the

enemy territories, they had a massive area that could be

used for strategic purposes

The only downfall of it was now Israel had 600,000 Arabs

under their control and there was conflict between the two

religious groups as well as political conflict between thenations

though the Israelis were the goodside and the Arabs were the bad

and this can be seen when the author

uses the words defeated and

destroyed the Arab forces. Thereliability of the source doesnt need

to be questioned as the author, Chris

Trueman, has his Honours in History

and has spent many years in different

universities as a lecturer. In saying

this it can be concluded that he would

have legitimate information if he was

to share it with university levelstudents.

Israel Hanukoglu, Ph.D, 2012.Arab-Israeli Conflict: Role of religion.

[ONLINE] Available at

http://www.science.co.il/arab-israeli-

conflict-2.asp. [Accessed 4 March 12]

Syrian columnist Khayri Hama: "... the conflict with the Zionist enemy has never been a border issue, nor an

interstate conflict but rather a total confrontation

concerning the survival of our [Arab] nationalism . . .

against threats posed by the Israeli entity."- From Syrian

This source is in regard to the 1st

focus question as it outlines the

religious aspects that differ between

the Arabs and Israelis. There is bias

within the source as the author states

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daily Al-Ba'th, July 26, 1994

Arab Nations frequently present the Arab-Israeli conflict

as a religious conflict of the Muslims against the so called

"infidel Jews"

the Arab countries at war with Israel use Islamic religionas an ideology to mobilize the Arab as well as non-Arab

Muslim nations against Israel

In historical perspective, the wish of Islamists for global

rule is reminiscent of the communist ideology to establish

a "world nation of proletariat" (the communist slogan was"Workers of the world unite!")

It is significant that at the peak of the power of the USSR

empire, the Arab countries were strong natural allies of the

USSR against the West.

In contrast to Islam, the Jewish beliefs and traditions areassociated specifically with the Jewish People

Judaism strongly opposes forced conversions of other

nations

Israel does not seek expansion beyond the Land of Israel.

Israel has withdrawn its army from territories captured

after each war (for example giving up all of Sinai

peninsula)

"If one comes to slay you, slay him first"(Brachot, 58)

The rise of Israel is seen as a threat by many believers in

Islam Judaism should be seen for what it really is: the first

monotheistic religion that led to the birth of other

monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam

that Judaism led to the birth ofother monotheistic religions i.e.

Christianity and Islam. This suggests

that they author is backing the Jews

when it comes to the idea behind theArab-Israeli Conflict; the fight over

the holy land. Bias can also be seen

but it is possible for it to be perceived

as both for and against the two sides

as the author has written it in such a

way to give both perspectives. An

example of this can be seen in the 2 nd

and 3rd points where Hanukoglu haswritten about how religion has been

used to aid the wars. He uses the

word against and both times in a

certain favour to the Arabs though it

is not clear who the actual bad guy

is in the situation. I feel as though this

means that it would be possible for

the reader to think that the Arabs are

the enemy as they seem to be

instigating the war though they could

also think that the Jews/Israelis are

the enemy as the Arabs might just be

protecting themselves.

The author of the source established

the first version of this site during his

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term as The Science Adviser to thePrime Minister Mr. Benjamin

Netanyahu during 1996-1999. With

this information, and with support

from the fact that this site is thenational database and directory of

science and technology related sites

in Israel, this source is reliable and

will be used in the assignment. The

validity of the source comes into

question because of the unknown age

of the specific site. It isnt stated

anywhere that it was written recentlywhich could affect its reliability

seeing as though there may have been

new information released from the

time it was created to the present.

Roger A. Lee, 2012. The Israeli-

Palestinian Conflict. [ONLINE]

Available at

http://www.historyguy.com/israeli-palestinian_conflict.html#.T1_hTcUgc

eU. [Accessed 4 March 12]

The Israelis believe that they are entitled to the land now

known as Israel, while the Palestinians believe that they

are entitled to the land they call Palestine

Both sides claim the same land; they simply call the land

by different names.

For religious Jewish Israelis and religious Muslim

Palestinians, the belief is deeper still, for both sides

believe that God (called Jehovah by the Jews and Allah bythe Muslims), gave them the land, and that to give it away

or to give it up to another people is an insult to God and a

sin.

The information in this source is in

relation to the 1st focus question as it

gives an understanding of the

religious conflicts that existedbetween the Jews and Arabs before

the Arab-Israeli Conflict. There is

bias in the source that is in favour of

the Arabs as the author writes it tomake it seem that the Arabs were the

victims as they were worried about

becoming a minority in a country

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After the Holocaust Jews began calling themselves

"Israelis" after their old name for their ancient homeland

of Israel

the Arab population of the area who came to be known as

"Palestinians," after the old Roman and Greek name forthe area

In the two thousand years after most of the Jewish

population was killed off by the Romans or forced to

leave, Arabic-speaking Muslims became the dominant

ethnic group

According to records of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled

Palestine for several centuries, in the year 1900, the

population of Palestine was 600,000, of which 94% were

Arabs

Many Arabs were willing to sell land to the incomingJews, many other Palestinian Arabs were worried about

becoming a minority in a country they considered their

own

While large numbers of Jews moved to Palestine in the

1940s, a movement called "Zionism" began in the late

1800s, which influenced many Jews from around the

world to move to Palestine to reclaim their ancient

"homeland" of Israel

By the 1930s, the numbers of Jews had risen to a point

that alarmed many Palestinian Arab leaders

Fighting and hostility never really ended between the Jews

and Arabs

Both the Jews and the Palestinians formed militias and

other military units to fight each other and to prepare for

they considered their own. Thissuggest that the Arabs were being

overtaken against their will by the

Jews. It can also be seen when the

author writes that the Arab leaderswere getting distressed over the

growing numbers of Jews in

Israel/Palestine. I interpret this as the

Arabs are trying to keep out the

enemy as such and that they are the

innocent players in this war.

Roger Lee holds Bachelor of Artsdegrees from Washington State

University in History and Political

Science. He also holds a Master of

Arts degree from the University of

Washington, Tacoma in Educational

Administration. He is a veteran

educator, teaching Social Studies to a

diverse student population at an

alternative high school in Auburn,

Washington for ten years. Mr. Lee is

currently an Assistant Principal at

Auburn Senior High School, also in

Auburn, Washington. In finding allthis information about the author and

his credentials means that the

information that he has written can be

seen as credible. The fact that the site

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the day when the British would leave was recently updated also suggeststhat there is validity in the source as it

is up-to-date with recent events that

may have occurred that are in relation

to this topic.

John Simkin, 2012. Gamal Abdel

Nasser. [ONLINE] Available at

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/

2WWnasser.htm. [Accessed 4 March12]

During the Second World War Nasser developed

republican views. He secretly recruited cadets and young

officers into what became known as the Free Officers

Movement

The failed 1948 Palestine campaign reinforced Nasser's

view that the government of Farouk I was inefficient and

corrupt

He was in favour of liberating Palestine from the Jews

He also began buying fighter aircraft, bombers and tanksfrom the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia

Redistributed land in Egypt and began plans to

industrialize the country

Advocated Arab independence

Reminded the British government that the agreement

allowing to keep soldiers at Suez expired in 1956

Anthony Eden, the British prime minister, feared that

Nasser intended to form an Arab Alliance that would cut

off oil supplies to Europe

Nasser now blocked the Suez Canal. He also used his newstatus to urge Arab nations to reduce oil exports to

Western Europe

Nasser acknowledged as leader of the Arab world

Nasser also encouraged Arab nationalism and revolution

This source gives an insight into

President Nassers ideologies and

how they influenced his involvement

in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, which isthe topic of the 2nd focus question. It

explains his involvement in the

political side of the war which is an

extension to the overall question. It

seems as though the bias is against

Nasser as words like feared were

used against him as well as the fact

that he was encouraging Arab

nationalism. This would have most

likely lead to war because of the fact

that Arabs would have thought that

their cause was more important thanthat of the Jews when in reality they

were fighting for the same thing.

Over the last twenty years Simkin haswritten several history books, varying

in topics, and this shows that he has a

vast knowledge of history in general

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took place in Iraq as the books would not have beenallowed to be published if there was

false information within the books. In

knowing that the information that was

in the books are of a reliable nature,the information that he puts on his

website is more than likely going to

be reliable as well as it will be

information that was taken from his

books.

Wikipedia, 2012.Nasserism.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasserism

. [Accessed 6 March 12]

the scale of the Arab defeat in the Six Day War of 1967

severely damaged the standing of Nasser, and the ideology

associated with him

Nasser himself was opposed vehemently to Western

imperialism, sharing the commonly held Arab view thatZionism was an extension of European colonialism on

Arab soil

largely a secular ideology

led to direct conflict with Islamic orientated Arab political

movements from the 1950s onwards

This source is relevant to the 2nd focus

question. It was only used to support

the following sources with their

information on Nassers ideologies.

This source cannot be justified as

reliable as Wikipedia is able to be

edited by anyone if they have another

website to back up their changes and

since anyone can create a false

website; this source is not very

reliable for historical research. Sites

like these are only good to use as astarting point for further research or

to broaden your basic knowledge on

the topic. There is bias within the

source as it is based on a mansbeliefs/opinions, meaning it will be in

favour of him and his ideologies.

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Ami Isseroff, 2008.Nasserism.[ONLINE] Available at

http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-

East-Encyclopedia/nasserism.htm.

[Accessed 6 March 12]

a Pan-Arab ideology based on the ideas of former

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser

claim to favour socialism, pan-Arabism, anti-imperialism,

anti-colonialism and anti-Zionism

Nasserist parties insist that they favour democracy, though

the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser was not democratic

maintain separation of church and state

combat what they see as Western interference in Arab

affairs

This source is focusing on the 2nd

focus question as it is giving an

insight into the beliefs of Nasser

when it came to the conflict between

Arabs and Israelis. The informationwithin the source contains bias that is

in favour of Nasserism as it is a

website that is dedicated to the

Middle East and its history. He was

supportive of anti-Zionism and when

the author uses the word favours, I

think that it was a way to lessen the

extremity of the ideology of beingagainst the Zionists to the extent

Nasser was in the Arab-Israeli

Conflict. Another detection of bias in

favour of Nasser can be seen when

the author phrases a sentence to be

what they see as instead ofwhat

is. He used his words in a way to

portray Nasserism in their mind/eyes

and not from an outsiders

perspective.

Because there is no information about

the author of the site, it is hard to predict the reliability of the source.

The only thing that can determine it is

the corroboration with the previous

source and since the information in

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both support each other, it is possibleto claim that this source as reliable.

Alison Weir, 2012.A Synopsis of the

Israel/Palestine Conflict[ONLINE]

Available athttp://www.ifamericansknew.org/histo

ry/. [Accessed 6 March 12]

Zionists represent an extremist minority of the Jewishpopulation

Create a Jewish homeland, and they considered locations

in Africa and the Americas, before settling on Palestine

more Zionists immigrated to Palestine many with theexpress wish of taking over the land for a Jewish state

the indigenous population (Arabs) became increasingly

alarmed

Fighting broke out, with escalating waves of violence

Hitler's rise to power, combined with Zionist activities to

sabotage efforts to place Jewish refugees in western

countries, led to increased Jewish immigration to

Palestine, and conflict grew Before the 20th century, most Jews in Palestine

belonged to old Yishuv, or community, that had settled

more for religious than for political reasons. There was

little if any conflict between them and the Arab

population. Tensions began after the first Zionist settlers

arrived in the 1880s...when [they] purchased land fromabsentee Arab owners, leading to dispossession of the

peasants who had cultivated it. Don Peretz, The Arab-

Israeli Dispute.

This source is in relation to the 1st

focus question. The information

within the source is about thereligious conflict that existed before

the 20th century and how it escalated

into the Arab-Israeli Conflict.

This site is an independent research

and information-disseminationinstitute, with particular focus on the

Israeli-Palestinian conflict, U.S.

foreign policy regarding the Middle

East, and media coverage of this

issue. Specifically, the organizations

objective is to provide information

that is to a large degree missing from

American press coverage of this

critical region. The author of the

information, Alison Weir, has

travelled independently throughout

the West Bank and Gaza Strip so shehas had firsthand experience with the

conflict. Taking into consideration

this information and the fact that this

source corroborates with (Lee, 2012),this source can be seen as fairly

reliable.

There is bias in the source and it

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21/33

seems to be slightly against theZionists. Examples of this bias can be

seen when the author suggests that

the Palestinians were alarmed at

the growing number of Zionists, thatthe Zionists were going to

sabotage the plans to move Jews to

western countries, and that the

Zionists were the ones that entered

the country and took over.

Michael K. Carroll, 2005.From Peace

(Keeping) to War: The United Nations

and the Withdrawal of the UNEF.


http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issu

e2/jv9no2a5.html. [Accessed 6 March

12]

UN Secretary-General U Thant's decision to abruptly

remove UN forces, in response to Egyptian President

Gamal Abd al-Nasser's demand, is seen as one of the

factors that led to the 1967 War, as well as to a failure inpeacekeeping.

- Michael K. Carroll UNEF's hasty withdrawal in particular, and the UN's

inability to even imagine, let alone actively manage,

peacekeeping's retreat, paved the way for the decade-

delayed conclusion of hostilities between Israel and Egypt

in the form of the Six-Day War

Nasser risked losing credibility throughout the Arab world

if he did not live up to the terms of the Syrian-UAR

Mutual Defense Pact

May 13, 1967, to remove UNEF and deploy UAR troops

along the Israeli border was subsequently made to

strengthen his position throughout the Arab world doubtful that Nasser intended his actions to provoke a war

with Israel, yet the alternative--losing prestige and

influence throughout the Arab worldwas deemed even

This source gives details into the

reasoning behind and the actual

withdrawal of the UNEF from the

Sinai region and the Gaza Strip

meaning that it has relevance to the

3rd focus question.

The author of the source, Michael K.

Carroll, teaches at Seiwa College,

Japan. His dissertation at the

University of Toronto examined the

political and military aspects of

Canada's involvement in the UnitedNations Emergency Force, as well as

the underlying myth of Canadian

peacekeeping. His work has been

used on other university websites,such as the University of Calgary

Press and Wilfrid Laurier University.

The fact that his work has been

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less palatable

from the UAR Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General

Muhammad Fawzy, and simply stated: I gave my

instructions to all UAR armed forces to be ready for

action against Israel, the moment it might carry out anyaggressive action against any Arab country. Due to theseinstructions our troops are already concentrated in Sinai

on our eastern border. For the sake of complete security

of all UN troops which install outposts along our borders,

I request that you issue your orders to withdraw all these

troops immediately.

Israel was caught off guard by the "speed and relative

efficiency" with which Nasser's troops were deployed

across the Sinai

Nasser had closed the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf ofAqaba to Israeli shipping

Nasser pronounced the move as "an affirmation of our

rights and our sovereignty over the Gulf of Aqaba. This is

in our territorial waters and we shall never permit a ship

flying Israeli colours to pass through this Gulf."

The possibility of war with Israel did not seem to faze

Nasser. He merely taunted, "Our answer to them is that

we welcome war. We are ready."

published on other universitywebsites shows that his writings can

be seen as reliable as university

websites wouldnt use them if they

werent credible.

There is bias within the source,

mainly directed at the UNEF as

Carroll is placing the blame on the

UNEF for the Six Day War. Seeing as

though it was Nasser that originally

demanded the withdrawal, it is

possible to say that there is biasagainst him also because he was the

person that instigated the entire

situation that unfolded before the

1967 war.

Michael K. Carroll, 2005.From Peace

(Keeping) to War: The United Nationsand the Withdrawal of the UNEF.


http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issu

In response, 35,000 Israeli reservists were called up as a

precautionary measure, though Abba Eban assured theUnited States that Israel had "no intention of taking

initiatives."

The build up of troops along the Israeli-UAR border,

This source gives details into the

response/reaction of the Israelis afterthe announcing of the withdrawal of

the UNEF from the Sinai and Gaza

Strip. This means that it has relevance

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23/33

e2/jv9no2a5.html. [Accessed 6 March12]

while troubling, did not preclude a peaceful outcome

Israelis sought to work through the UN and the Americans

to persuade Nasser of the ineffectiveness of waging war

against Israel

Israeli fears and did not change the situation facing Israelin the Middle East

to the 4th focus question. This sourceis the same as the previous but I split

it because it would take too long to

evaluate if it was together seeing as

there is more than one biasperspective. I separated it accordingly

by picking out the difference sections

of information with the different bias

viewpoints.

The bias within this section of the

source is mainly in favour of the

Arabs as Carroll is making it seem asthough the Israelis didnt want to

wage war and that they feared what

Nasser would do once the UNEF

departed the Sinai and Gaza Strip.

This also places blame on Nasser as it

makes him seem as though he wanted

to instigate the war, this also being

clear when Nasser states, "Our

answer to them is that we welcome

war. We are ready."

The author of the source, Michael K.

Carroll, teaches at Seiwa College,Japan. His dissertation at the

University of Toronto examined the

political and military aspects of

Canada's involvement in the United

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24/33

Nations Emergency Force, as well asthe underlying myth of Canadian

peacekeeping. His work has been

used on other university websites,

such as the University of CalgaryPress and Wilfrid Laurier University.

The fact that his work has been

published on other university

websites shows that his writings can

be seen as reliable as university

websites wouldnt use them if they

werent credible.

Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

2008. June 10, 1967: Israel After the

Six Day War. [ONLINE] Available at

http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+Ab

out+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/June+10-

+1967-

+Israel+After+the+Six+Day+War.htm

. [Accessed 6 March 12]

In the course of the war, the Israeli forces captured the

Sinai peninsula, reaching the Suez Canal, and captured the

territories of Judea and Samaria as well as the GolanHeights - from which the Syrians had shelled Israel

This source has relevance to the 4th

focus questions as it outlines the

impact of the Six Day War. It also

contains a map that portrays the

before and after borders of Israeli

territory which can be used to explain

what political and religious impacts it

could have on both the Arabs and the

Israelis. The bias is on favour of the

Israelis as the author of the sourcementions that the Israelis captured

territory and then adds at the end,

from which the Syrians had shelled

Israel. That comes across as theauthor trying to make it sound as

though the capture wasnt a bad thing

because of what the opposition had

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done previously. Seeing as though thesource is from the Israel Ministry of

Foreign Affairs, there is no doubt

going to be at least some bias in

favour of their country because theysee the Arabs as their opponent, I

guess you could say.

The reliability of this source can be

questioned because of the bias that

exists, but because of the fact that the

information corroborates with the

other sources that are relevant to the4th focus question, it is possible to

regard the source as reliable.

R. Azoulay, 2012. Religion in the

Palestine-Israel conflict since 1967.


http://ev0lve.wordpress.com/2008/11/

25/religion-in-the-palestine-israel-

conflict-since-1967/. [Accessed 9

March 12]

The Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, Gaza and the

West Bank were conquered and occupied by the Israeli

army

but at the centre of these dramatic days was the liberation

or occupation, depending on the standpoint, of East

Jerusalem

Control over Jerusalems religious sites sacred to all three

monotheistic traditions

with the occupation of Gaza and the West Bank more than

a million Palestinians came under Israeli control

The Muslim loss of the sovereignty over the holy sitesthrough the occupation of Jerusalem by Israel seems to

have turned a regional, political conflict over territory into

a religious war

This source outlines the impacts that

the Six Day War had on the religious

(and partially political) aspects of

both the Arabs and the Israelis

meaning that it has relevance to the

5th focus question. Because of the fact

that this source has no credible authorand the website isnt of legitimate

quality, only being a blogging site,

the reliability of the source has to be

questioned. I am not going to try andjustify the reliability of this source, I

am only going to use it as a

foundation for more research on the

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Religious identity and symbolic became increasingly

important. Not surprising then, that the Yom Kippur War

in 1973 was launched on the most distinct Jewish holy day

If Palestinians were granted full citizenship, within a few

years the state would have an Arab majority and wouldcease to be Jewish in its traits, character, ethos and

legislation

If, on the other hand, Palestinians were denied citizenship

an civil rights in order to preserve the Jewish character of

the state, Israel would find itself in the uncomfortablesituation of being a democracy only for Jews, and an

apartheid regime for the rest of its inhabitants

topic and to see if any otherinformation I happen to find will

support this source and its

information.

The author is bias against the Israelis

as it is clear when the author states

that the loss of the sovereignty over

the holy sites was now turning into a

religious battle instead of its original

political battle. This is putting the

blame on Israel because it says that

they are the ones who changed thewhole idea of the conflict.

Donald G. Ellis, 2012. What is a

Settlement? [ONLINE] Available at

http://www.middleeastmirror.com/pea

ce_and_conflict/2012/03/07/israel/wha

t-is-a-settlement/. [Accessed 9 March

12]

Israel has struggled with the definition of the territories asa frontier land that is subject to the legitimization process

the settlers and their occupying behaviour have

become a part of Israel and restructured how Israelis

define themselves

Israel is in the throes of regime occupation and so

increasingly intertwined with the territories that it cannot

extract itself without violence

The conflict is at the intersection of the settlers desire to

naturalize and justify their existence, and the fact that their

project is opposed by many and will have to be abandoned

or severely curtailed in order to secure a stable peace The settlement represents religious and political

significance in every manner from architecture to

geographical location and design

This source is relevant to the 5th focus

question as it is outlining the political

and economic impacts that came

about after Israel claimed the territory

of the Arabs. There is bias both for

and against the Israelis as in one

section of the source the author says

that they have reconnected withtheir holy lands, but then in another

section he says that if they continue

with the claiming of land, theyll start

to do it for the political/territorial gaininstead of religious.

Donald G. Ellis is a Professor in the

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27/33

Israels victory in the Six Day War in 1967 resulted in a

return to holy places and thus reconnected the Israeli

public with sacred places and religious feelings

If Zionism drifted toward religious redemption of the land

then the Palestinian population would be under the boot ofoccupation and Israel would evolve toward a modern

Sparta focused on military expertise and overpowering a

local population

School of Communication at theUniversity of Hartford. His research

interests are in the area of

ethnopolitical conflict with particular

emphasis on communication practicesbetween ethnic groups in conflict. His

work seeks to examine the

relationship between communication,

democracy, groups in political

conflict, and dialogue. He has

lectured widely and held a Fulbright

Fellowship in Israel. With these

credentials, the fact that the website itwas published on (Wordpress) is

partially unreliable can be put aside,

not completely disregarded, but it will

just lessen its value in the

justification. This is because the

author has a good record of historical

research to back him up and he is

merely using the blog to express his

opinions and knowledge.

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28/33

APPENDIXFigure 1

Page | 28


29/33

BBC News, 2012. 1967: The Six Day War. [ONLINE] Available at

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/six_day_war.stm . [Accessed 9 March 12]

This map will be used to further justify the 5th focus question as it gives detail into the before and after borders of Israel territory for the Six Day

War. Seeing as though it is only a map/diagram, there is no bias that can be detected as there are no words that can be interpreted as having an

opinion or implicit meaning behind it. It is simply maps that are showing the before and after differences that the 1967 war brought about. The

maps are from a reliable source, BBC Online (that being their television documentaries put into word form on their website) which means that the

source has credible information that will be able to be used to justify the 5th focus question.

Figure 2

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Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008. June 10, 1967: Israel After the Six Day War.


http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/June+10-+1967-

+Israel+After+the+Six+Day+War.htm. [Accessed 6 March 12]

This map is relevant to the 5th focus question as it portrays the before and after borders of

Israeli territory which can be used to explain what political and religious impacts it could

have on both the Arabs and the Israelis. This map corroborates with Figure 1 they both

share the same borders for the before and after of the 1967 war. It is from a reliable source,

the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and as it is a government run website, the credibility

of the source doesnt need to be questioned as anything written or published by a

government has to have credibility behind their name.

Figure 3

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31/33

Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008.Jerusalem Before the Six Day War (1949-

1967). [ONLINE] Available at

http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/Jerusalem+Before+the+Six+Day+War+-1949-1967-.htm . [Accessed 10 March

12]

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32/33

This map will be used to further justify the 5 th focus question as it gives detail into the before borders of Jerusalem and the territories held by the

Israelis and Arabs previous to the Six Day War. Seeing as though it is only a map/diagram, there is no bias that can be detected as there are no

words that can be interpreted as having an opinion or implicit meaning behind it. The maps are from a reliable source, the Israel Ministry of Foreign

Affairs and this can be proven as the URL has .gov.il which means that it is a legitimate government website and not just a website created by a

random person with possibly unreliable sources.

Figure 4

Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008. Jerusalem After the Six Day War (1967).


Page | 32


33/33

http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/Jerusalem+After+the+Six+Day+War+-1967-.htm . [Accessed 10 March 12]

This map will be used to further justify the 5th focus question as it gives detail into the after borders of Jerusalem and the territories held by the

Israelis and Arabs after the Six Day War. Seeing as though it is only a map/diagram, there is no bias that can be detected as there are no words that

can be interpreted as having an opinion or implicit meaning behind it. The maps are from a reliable source, the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairsand this can be proven as the URL has .gov.il which means that it is a legitimate government website and not just a website created by a random

person with possibly unreliable sources.

This source is in relation to the previous map as they are the same map yet this one is just updated. They were meant to be in the same source

evaluation but seeing as they have different URLs it is not possible to do so.

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research book final

Documents