research design how to do a research project!
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Research Design How to do a research project!. Research designs can be very simple:. Or…. quite complicated!. Or… something in between!. A good design will not compensate for bad fundamentals!. Research Design A formal written set of specifications and procedures for. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Research Design
How to do a research project!
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Research designs can be very simple:
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Or…. quitecomplicated!
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Or… something in between!
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A good design willnot compensate forbad fundamentals!
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Research Design
A formal written set ofspecifications
and procedures for
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There are many ways to set up aResearch Design
So we will look at ageneric plan.
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Research Design
A formal written set ofspecifications
and procedures forConducting
and Controlling
a business research project
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DESIGN controls for:
Time
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DESIGN controls for:
Time
Money
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DESIGN controls for:
Time
Money
People
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A good DESIGN ensures:
1.The study will be relevant2.That is will use economic procedures
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Problem:
The Law of the Instrument
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory Research to gain insight and ideas…
It is for understanding… not for analysis
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory Flexible… good for:a.Diagnosing a situationb.Screening alternativesc. Increase research’s familiarity with problemd.Discovery of new ideas
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Types of Designs
Be careful:
Gas lights:
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Types of Designs
Be careful:
IBM study in 1947:
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“On a humorous note, the principal designer of the Mark I, Howard Aiken of Harvard, estimated in 1947 that six electronic digital computers would be sufficient to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States. IBM had commissioned this study to determine whether it should bother developing this new invention into one of its standard products (up until then computers were one-of-a-kind items built by special arrangement). Aiken's prediction wasn't actually so bad as there were very few institutions (principally, the government and military) that could afford the cost of what was called a computer in 1947.
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory Flexible… good for:a.Diagnosing a situationb.Screening alternativesc. Increase research’s familiarity with problemd.Discovery of new idease.Gathering background info
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory Methods:a.Situational analysis
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Type of Designs
1.Exploratory Methods:a.Situational analysisb.Expert Opinion survey
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory Methods:a.Situational analysisb.Expert opinion surveyc. Literature searchd.Pilot studye.Focus groups
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive
a. To describe characteristics of a sample
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Type of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive
a. To describe characteristics of a sample b. To estimate proportions
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Type of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive
Cross-Sectional
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive
Longitudinal
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http://www.people-press.org/2013/01/31/trust-in-government-interactive/
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive
Longitudinal Omnibus
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive
Longitudinal Panels
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive
Longitudinal Panels
Problems:Lack of representationThey become experts
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Type of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive3.Associational
What goes with what?
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S&P 500
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Types of Designs
1.Exploratory2.Descriptive3.Associational 4.Casual (Experiments)
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)
Concept of Causality
• Concomitant variation• Time order (casual order)• Elimination of alternative explanations
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)
Key is:
Control
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:
Variable
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:
Constant
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:
IV
Independent Variable: treatment exogenous
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:
DV
Dependent Variable: measurement endogenous
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:
Secondary Variables
Something to be controlled thatcould cause the DV to change… Extraneous
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:
Secondary Variables
• Eliminate them• Make them constant• Turn them into IVs• Randomization• Statistical control
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:Field Experiment
Split-plot
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Types of Designs
Casual (Experiments)Terms:Laboratory Experiment
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Validity Issues
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Validity Issues
Internal Validity
The effect is due to IVand
Not to other variables
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Validity Issues
External Validity
The effect can be generalized
To the real world
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Validity IssuesInternal Validity1. History (Retroactive)2. Proactive History3. Maturation4. Testing Effects
Pre-testing… Post-testing… Interactive effects Reactive measures
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Validity IssuesInternal Validity1. History (Retroactive)2. Proactive History3. Maturation4. Testing Effects5. Experimental Mortality
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Validity IssuesInternal Validity1. History (Retroactive)2. Proactive History3. Maturation4. Testing Effects5. Experimental Mortality6. Bias
Selection… Interpretation… Etc.
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Validity IssuesInternal Validity1. History (Retroactive)2. Proactive History3. Maturation4. Testing Effects5. Experimental Mortality6. Bias7. Statistical Regression
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A highly unlikely event is… highly unlikely!
Genetics
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Is this statistical regression… or something else?
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Validity IssuesInternal Validity1. History (Retroactive)2. Proactive History3. Maturation4. Testing Effects5. Experimental Mortality6. Bias7. Statistical Regression8. Instrumentation9. Luck
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Validity IssuesExternal Validity1. Hawthorne Effect
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect
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Validity IssuesExternal Validity1. Hawthorne Effect 2. Demand Effects
http://allpsych.com/researchmethods/experimentalvalidity.html
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Validity IssuesExternal Validity1. Hawthorne Effect 2. Demand Effects
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Validity IssuesExternal Validity1. Hawthorne Effect 2. Demand Effects3. Selection Bias
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Why?
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Why? Rasmussen used “likely voters