research for the heath professional. overview initial stages choosing a research method qualitative...
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Research for the Heath Research for the Heath ProfessionalProfessional
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OverviewOverviewInitial stagesChoosing a Research MethodQualitative Research DesignsQuantitative Research DesignsStumbling Blocks
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Initial StagesInitial Stages
Identify a topicIdentify a research question
HypothesisStumbling blocks
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Identify a topicIdentify a topic
◦One that is interesting to you
◦Keep it simple◦Do a pilot study to iron out the kinks
◦Keep writing to clarify thoughts.
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Identify a Research Identify a Research QuestionQuestionDoes it add to the greater body
of knowledge?Does anyone else care?Identify available resourcesIdentify subjects
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HypothesisHypothesisWhat is your hunch of a possible
outcome from the research.It may or may not be supported,
you must speculate why.
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Stumbling BlocksStumbling Blocks
You may need help in the form of a research partner
Discuss your ideas with others for clarification and to check if the question peaks interest
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Choosing a Research Choosing a Research MethodMethodQualitative ResearchQuantitative ResearchComparisonStumbling Blocks
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Researcher typesResearcher typesPositivist
◦Search for the universal “truth.”◦Usually Quantitative data
Relativist◦There is no one “truth,” everyon
experiences the world differently.◦Usually Qualitative data
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Qualitative ResearchQualitative ResearchTry to generate and understand
descriptive theory.Naturalistic setting
◦Understand subject within the context of the subject’s own world.
Groundedness◦The data is collected at the site, not
through secondary sources
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Qualitative Research Qualitative Research (contd)(contd)Phenomenological perspective
◦Identifying and locating the meanings people place on events, processes, and structures of their lives. (perceptions, assumptions, judgments and suppositions) become clear and can be placed into proper context.
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Qualitative Research Qualitative Research StrategiesStrategiesEthnography—studeies that
attempt to describe a culture or aspects of culture.
Ethnography of communication—focuses on understanding the culture by studying all forms of communication within a culture.
Ethnometholdology—how individuals create and understand their daily lives.
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Qualitative Research Qualitative Research StratagiesStratagiesPhenomenology—study culture from
the informants’ own point of viewNonreactive Research—the
investigator takes the role of an observer, making an effort to be unobtrusive.
Participant Observation—the investigator does take part in the participants’ world to obtain more data.
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Qualitative Research Qualitative Research StrategiesStrategiesInterview— not only interview;
investigative journalism, biography, oral history
Archival—literacy criticism, historical research, content analysis, and philosophical relsarch; artifacts used as research.
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Quantitative Research Quantitative Research Answer a question with evidence
in which the data can be organized in a certain way
True ExperimentalQuasi-ExperimentalNonexpermimental
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3 Aspects of Quantitative 3 Aspects of Quantitative DesignDesignManipulation—doing something
to the subjects in the studyControl—the experimenters
ability to eliminate interfering and irrelevant influences
Randomization—ensuring that a a group represents the population and that experimental and control group are similar.
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VariablesVariablesIndependent Variables—the variable
being manipulated by the experimenter.◦Candy given or not given to subjects
Dependent Variables—the results that can be measured after the independent variable is manipulated.◦Test scores of those who did not receive
candy and test scores raised by those who did.
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True Experimental DesignsTrue Experimental DesignsThere must be control,
independent variables, subjects must be manipulated, subjects must be randomly selected.◦The class is randomly assigned into
Group X and Group Y.◦Group Y and X are given a pre-test◦Group Y is given a candy bar◦Group X and Y are given a post-test◦The test scores are averaged to
determine if the candy bar had effect.
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True Experimental DesignTrue Experimental DesignO = Observation, R = Random
selection, X = manipulationGroup Y: R O X OGroup X:R O O
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Quasi-experimental Quasi-experimental designdesignSimilar to True experimental, but
either lacking either control or randomization.
Researchers use subjects as their own control; there is no second group without treatment.
O X1 O O X2 O O X3 O
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Non Experimental DesignNon Experimental DesignNo manipulation of independent
variable, no control and no randomization.
A variable cannot be manipulated (age, weight, height, or
A variable that cannot be changed because it has already happened (head injury, child abuse).
Researcher wants to measure and compare two variables to check for relationship.
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Stumbling BlocksStumbling BlocksBe careful about claiming cause-
and-effects relationship without proof.
Choosing the wrong design.Not really having random selection.Drowning in data because the
question wasn’t specific enough.Ending the data analysis too early