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Research in Support of using Mineral Elements to Suppress Microbes Bud Harmon Brookside Agra O Fallon IL USA Professor Emeritus Department of Animal Sciences Purdue University

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Hospitals in US report that 2 million people get sick annually from diseases contracted from going to hospitals and100,000 die from these infections each year. CDC, 2011 Dan Childs Medical News

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Similarity in Maintaining Biosecurity and Suppressing Microbial Populations in Food-Animal Production Units and Hospitals. Rooms in hospitals and food-animal production facilities are periodically cleaned and disinfected, which greatly reduces microbial populations at that instant Rooms must be vacated of humans and animals for 24 hours after disinfecting for safety (most disinfectants are carcinogenic) until disinfectant decomposes. Most disinfectants are worthless within 24 hours of use When humans enter hospital rooms and sows enter farrowing units, microbial counts increase and disease virulence builds. Most serious disease vectors are humans in hospitals and sows in farrowing units. Need a prophylactic that continues to suppress microbes for extended periods and is safe. Selected trace minerals provides such protection. Mineral elements do not break down. Culmination of research to minimize nosocomial diseases of humans within hospitals and minimize diseases of food-producing animals is done with programmed use of selected mineral elements. Hospitals are methodically installing copper, zinc and iron surfaces that have excellent microbial inhibiting power, to replace attractive stainless steel that is worthless in eliminating microbes In food-animal production, programmed dusting (i.e. weekly) all surfaces with copper, zinc, and iron provides the same sustained suppression of microbes

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Purpose of Disrupt Environmental Prophylactic Contains trace elements that continuously reduce microbial levels throughout farrowing and nursery Research that developed Disrupt paralleled research conducted by medical and hospital scientists to reduce nosocomial diseases (fancy term for diseases contracted from going to hospitals) Our research and hospital research concentrated on using trace mineral elements to inhibit organisms from viruses through bacteria, molds/fungi and larval stages of insects and parasites.

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Two Important Research Journals: Journal of Hospital Infections Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Many trace mineral elements have been investigated but copper, zinc and iron are by far the most effective We have focused on the same trace elements: Cu, Fe, and Zn We have developed an extensive library of research demonstrating efficacy of each of the 3 elements Examples of our research and hospital research against a broad spectrum of microbes

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Moran et.al. 2010

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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Zinc Oxide Against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Listeria Salmonella E. coli Length of Culture, hrs 168 168 48 Level of ZnO, mg/ml 0.28 1.12 0.28 1.12 3.2 cfu/ml Log 10 Reduction 4.2 5.8 4.1 6.1 6.0 ______________________________________________ T. Jin et.al. 2009

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Antimicrobial effects of Zinc and Copper ions on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (gram negative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive), Candida albicans (fungus) Minimum lethal concentrations after 48 hour at 37 incubation for zinc and copper against 3 pathogenic micro-organisms. Minimum Lethal Concentrations x 10mcg/dm -3 Metal ions Zinc Copper Microorganism Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 1916 36 Staphylococcus aureus 9 8 Candidia albicans 39 26 Zeelie, J.J. and McCarthy, T.J. 1997 (Example of organism that responds differently to different element)

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Antiviral Effect of Iron and Copper Quotes by Author at FDA Both iron and copper ions were able to inactivate Junin virus comparable to the activity of recommended disinfectants: formaldehyde, peroxide, and chlorine Sagripanti US FDA 1992 Ferric and cupric ions were able to inactivate 5 single or double stranded DNA or RNA viruses. At least 99% inactivation of all 5 viruses was obtained with 1 g/liter of either ferric or cupric ions Sagripanti US FDA 1993 HIV-1 virus was inactivated by either ferric or cupric ions when the virus was free in solution and also 3 hours after cell infection Sagripanti US FDA 1996 Sagripanti was studying viral laboratory management and did not pursue potential broad spectrum disinfectant application

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Copper Effective at Inactivating H1N1 Virus H1N1 Virus was Incubated on Copper or Stainless Plates Stainless Steel Plates After 24 hours, there were still 500,000 infectious particles Copper Plates After 1 hour, 75 % of virus was eradicated After 6 hours, only 500 particles remained active. Keevil, Wm 2009

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Copper Effective at Inactivating Adenovirus Virus Adenovirus was Incubated on plates: Copper Stainless Steel Initial Virus Particle Number 2,000,000 2,000,000 After 1 hour 500,000 After 6 hours 500 1,000,000 After 24 hours 0 500,000 Noyce, J.O., H. Michels, and C.W. Keevil, 2007. Inactivation of influenza A virus on copper versus stainless steel. J Applied Environ Microbial Vol 73:2748. H1N1 virus titer decreased by 4 log on the copper surface within 6 hours. 75% of adenovirus particles were inactivated on copper (C11000) within 1 hour. Within six hours, 99.999% of the adenovirus particles were inactivated. Within six hours, 50% of the infectious adenovirus particles survived on stainless steel.

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Keevil et al. 2005

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Moran et al. 2010

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Antimicrobial Effects of Stainless Steel and Copper Alloys on Escherichia coli 0157 Surface Stainless Steel Copper Brass Temperature: 20 degrees C* Survival 34 days 4 hours 4 days Temperature: 4 degrees C** Survival Months 14 hours 12 days * Room Temp, ** Refrigerator Temp. Keevil, C.W., Walker,J.T., and Maule, A.,2000

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Quotation by C. W. Keevil Southhampton University, UK Lead Scientist in research to Determine Efficacy of Mineral Elements antiseptic against Microorganisms. Has confirmed efficacy of Fe, Zn, and Cu Quote: "We've already shown that copper surfaces can inactivate MRSA microbes. The fact that we've now established that copper also inactivates Clostridium difficile spores, which are resistant to standard cleaning regimes, doubles our conviction that copper can play significant role in killing those bacteria that cause hospital infections." June 3, 2008

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Viability of Clostridium difficile on Copper Alloys and Stainless Steel at 22C Keevil et al. Viability of Clostridium difficile on Copper Alloys and Stainless Steel at 22C Keevil et al. Stainless Steel Cu alloys Keevil et al Against Clostridium difficile

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100 gm samples of meat placed on copper plate for 0 thru 50 minutes Faundez, G. et.al., 2004

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Aerobes (cfu) on Cu items compared with controls in hospital Casey et.al 2010, Birmingham, UK Time Sampled Control items cfu Copper items cfu Upper side of toilet seat 07:00 17:00 87.6 (9266.4) 64.5 (28-254) 2.1 (038.4) 1.2 (0-23.4) Under side of toilet seat 07:00 17:00 10.8 (0101.4) 1.5 (0-121.8 0 (04.2) 0 (0-4.2) Door Push plate 07:00 17:00 1.8 (07.8) 0.6 (0- 3.6) 0 (00.6) 0 (0 1.2) Hot tap handle 07:00 17:00 6.6 (0504) 3 (0-36) 0 (03) 0 (0-39) Cold tap handle 07:00 17:00 7.5 (087) 4.5 (0-51) 0 (03) 0 (0-3) Samples Collected each Friday 10 toilets in study

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Press Release, Brussels, Belgium. 1/12/2010 Irish hospital is first in world to embrace latest science by specifying hygienic copper door handles throughout Irish Hospital. First to harness Copper Technology to Fight Infections in a bid to reduce healthcare associated infections such as MRSA, providing best possible protection to patients. St Francis Private Hospital, a 140-bed facility located in Mullingar, County Westmeath, made decision after examining compelling evidence from clinical trial at Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham, which showed that copper surfaces such as taps, toilet seats and door push plates can reduce microbial contamination by 90-100%. A total of 250 door handles will be replaced at St Francis Private Hospital.

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First Hospital in France Installs Antimicrobial Copper Touch Surfaces to Combat Nosocomial Diseases October 7, 2011 Press Clipping The Centre hospitalier de Rambouillet, in Parisian region, is first hospital in France to install antimicrobial copper touch surfaces to fight pathogens and reduce risk of healthcare-associated infections for its patients. Bed rails, trolleys, taps, handrails, door handles and push plates made of copper and copper alloys have been fitted in the intensive care and pediatric units. Antimicrobial copper touch surfaces are proven capable of continuously eliminating bacteria, viruses and fungi including MRSA, C. difficile and Influenza A 24/7, from clinical environments. Now add St Lukes Hospital in St Louis MO to the list (In Progress)

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Action by US Environmental Protection Agency U.S. EPA approved registration of antimicrobial copper alloys, with public health claims acknowledging that copper, brass and bronze are capable of killing harmful, potentially deadly bacteria. Bacteria listed in EPA registration: Staphylococcus aureus Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli O157:H7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), (one of most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and common cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections) EPA has developed a list of 300 items in health care facilities that can be registered when made of copper alloys. (From ash trays to ceiling tile)

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Copper Hospital Equipment

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Other buildings and people gathering sites where equipment is approved by EPA for antimicrobial claims Public community facilities, including commercial buildings Residential buildings Mass transit facilities (China has used in subways, buses and trains for 3 years) Other approved sites: Gymnasiums, swimming pools, and Athletic clubs Outdoor play area equipment Public restrooms ??? Interesting some area not listed by EPA Food processing plants. Animal packing plants Meat processing plants Egg processing plants Dairy processing plants Bakeries Groceries Fresh fruit and vegetable processing plants Restaurants

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weeks Cfu/g 1,000 s

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Disrupt

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Disrupt Action on Individual Bacteria Species Studies on : Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis Streptococcus pyogenes, faecalis, and mutans Salmonella typhimurium and choleraesuis Salmonella enteritidis Disrupt inhibited at least 99.999% of each of these bacteria Clostridium difficile and perfringens (spore formers) Disrupt inhibited 99.995% of each of these bacteria Applied at same level as used in food animal production units (1 lb per 100 sq ft of surface) By NPAL Labs in 2009 and 2010

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Inhibition of Individual Bacterial Species with Dry Mineral Based Prophylactic Powder, DISRUPT Control Disrupt at Log 10 Inhibition Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 ft 2 Reduction % Escherichia coli, cfu/ml 1.9 x 10 9

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Inhibition of Escherichia coli Growth with Dry Mineral Based Prophylactic Powder DISRUPT Control Disrupt Log 10 Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 sq ft Reduction ________________________________________________________________ Escherichia coli, cfu/ml 1.9 x 10 9