The Cold War Ends Part One: Glasnost and Perestroika

Directions: Read the passage below, then answer the questions on your separate question sheet.

By The mid 1980s, the Afghanistan war and a failing command economy had greatly weakened the Soviet Union. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union and implemented several radical changes. He called them Glasnost and Perestroika. These reforms had far-reaching consequences including the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Mikhail GorbachevWhen Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader

of the Soviet Union, it was immediately clear that he was different from his predecessors. Gorbachev, then 54, was significantly younger than the aging party members who had led the Communist superpower in previous decades–the last two of whom had seen their rule cut short by health problems. Being from a younger generation gave Gorbachev a new outlook on the challenges that faced his country.

Gorbachev realized that he had inherited significant problems. Even as the USSR competed with the United States militarily and economically, its economy was struggling. Its citizens were unhappy with the relatively poor standard of living and lack of freedom. Those difficulties were also keenly felt in the Communist nations of Eastern Europe that were part of the Warsaw Pact.

Glasnost and PerestroikaGorbachev took a new approach toward addressing

these problems: He introduced reform programs based on two concepts, Glasnost and Perestroika. Perestroika, or “restructuring” focused on economic issues, replacing the centralized government planning that had been the Soviet system with a several free-market reforms. The other concept of Glasnost, meaning “openness” began to ease the strict social controls imposed by the government. Gorbachev gave greater freedom to the media and religious groups and allowed citizens to express views that were critical of the government. By 1988, Gorbachev had expanded his reforms to include democratization, moving the USSR toward an elected form of government.

The Gorbachev reform that had the most far-reaching effects was his decision to abandon Soviet control of the Communist nations of Eastern Europe. In a 1988 speech at the United Nations, he declared that all nations should be free to choose their own course without outside interference. To the amazement of everyone, he announced that the USSR would significantly reduce the number of troops and tanks that were based in the Eastern Bloc countries.

Gorbachev’s move had unintended consequences. He had hoped that his reforms would revitalize and modernize the Soviet Union. Instead, they unleashed social forces that brought about the breakup of the USSR. In 1989, Communist government fell in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania. By the end of that year, the Berlin Wall had been dismantled and discussions were under way that would result in the reunification of Germany in October 1990.

Name: May 4th, 2015 Period:

The Cold War RESEARCH Log Glasnost and PerestroikaEssential Question#11: How did Gorbachev reform the USSR in the 1980s?

Sub-Questions: (1) Who is Mikhail Gorbachev? (2) What problems was the Soviet Union having in the 1980s that led to reforms? (3) Explain how Perestroika reformed the Soviet Union. (4) Explain how Glasnost reformed the Soviet Union. (5) Why do you think Mikhail Gorbachev allowed Warsaw Pact countries to become democracies? (6) How do you think you would feel if you had lived in eastern Europe during the late 1980s? (7) Explain how Glasnost and Perestroika led to the end of the Cold War?

Define TermsGlasnost

Perestroika

Answer the Essential Question: How did Gorbachev reform the USSR in the 1980s?

SSR stands for “Soviet Socialist Republic”

What is the message this political cartoon is trying to make about the Soviet Union?

How do you think the author of this political cartoon feels about Glasnost and Perestroika?

(Brezhnev was a leader of the Soviet Union before Gorbachev)What message is the author of this political cartoon trying to make about Glasnost and Perestroika?

What message is the author of this political cartoon trying to make about Glasnost and Perestroika

9 According to these cartoons, what were two effects of the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union? [2]

(1) _________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

(2) _________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Lithuanian SSR

Georgian SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

Ukrainian

Armenian

Byelorussian

Uzbek

Azerbaijan

Moldovian

Russian

Kazakh

Turkmen

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR SSR

Tajik

Kyrgyz

Estonian

Latvian

‘96Yeltsin

Source: Sue Ann Kime and Paul Stich, Global History, N & N Publishing (adapted)

Source: David Horsey, Seattle Post–Intelligencer

Global Hist. & Geo. –June ’03 [21] [OVER]

Score

Score

Document 9B

Document 9A

9 According to these cartoons, what were two effects of the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union? [2]

(1) _________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

(2) _________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Lithuanian SSR

Georgian SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

Ukrainian

Armenian

Byelorussian

Uzbek

Azerbaijan

Moldovian

Russian

Kazakh

Turkmen

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR

SSR SSR

Tajik

Kyrgyz

Estonian

Latvian

‘96Yeltsin

Source: Sue Ann Kime and Paul Stich, Global History, N & N Publishing (adapted)

Source: David Horsey, Seattle Post–Intelligencer

Global Hist. & Geo. –June ’03 [21] [OVER]

Score

Score

Document 9B

Document 9A

Base your answer to question 30 on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.

30 Which nations have been most directly involved in the events illustrated in this timeline?(1) Mongolia and China (3) Burma and Thailand(2) India and Pakistan (4) Cambodia and Laos

1949Cease-fire in Kashmir

ends 1st war afterindependence.

1965Second war overKashmir begins.

1971Bangladesh

declaresindependence.

1972Cease-fire

signed.

1992Hindu mob destroys mosque

at Ayodhya, beginsHindu-Muslim riots.

Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’07 [7] [OVER]

31 Which communist nation is most closelyassociated with the leadership of Ho Chi Minhand the surrender of Saigon?(1) North Korea(2) Soviet Union(3) Vietnam(4) People’s Republic of China

32 A similarity between the Polish group Solidarityin 1980 and the Chinese protesters in TiananmenSquare in 1989 is that both groups(1) supported movements for democracy(2) succeeded in ending communism(3) encouraged military occupation by the Soviet

Union(4) favored increases in military spending

33 The status of Hong Kong changed in July 1997when the city(1) was returned to China(2) was closed to international trade(3) became an independent nation(4) adopted a capitalist economy

34 Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms of perestroika andglasnost resulted in(1) an era of world peace and Soviet prosperity(2) conditions that helped lead to the breakup of

the Soviet Union(3) a successful transition to a command

economy in Russia(4) censorship of the news media in Russia

35 The governments of Augusto Pinochet, SaddamHussein, and Slobodan Milosevic are examples of(1) absolute monarchies(2) oppressive regimes(3) democratic republics(4) Islamic theocracies

36 One way in which wars, religious conflict, andnatural disasters are similar is that thesesituations may result in(1) the mass migration of people(2) economic stability(3) an increase in life expectancy(4) global warming

31 Which leader is most closely associated with therise of fascism in Italy prior to World War II?(1) Ho Chi Minh (3) Mao Zedong(2) Winston Churchill (4) Benito Mussolini

32 The South African government’s policy of racialseparation between 1948 and 1994 was called(1) Pan-Africanism (3) apartheid(2) democratization (4) suffrage

33 The Iranian Revolution of 1979 resulted in theestablishment of(1) a secular Western-style democracy(2) a constitutional monarchy(3) a military dictatorship(4) an Islamic state

34 Mikhail Gorbachev contributed to the fall ofcommunism in the Soviet Union and EasternEurope by(1) introducing the policies of perestroika and

glasnost(2) violating nuclear arms agreements(3) invading Afghanistan(4) signing the Camp David Accords

35 Which group of countries earns much of theirrevenue from the sale of oil?(1) China, Korea, Jordan(2) Turkey, Brazil, Lebanon(3) Argentina, Malaysia, Chile(4) Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Venezuela

Global Hist. & Geo.–Jan. ’09 [5] [OVER]

Base your answer to question 30 on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.

30 Based on information shown in these maps, the change in the Balkan states between1914 and 1930 is a result of(1) the end of World War I and the treaties of 1919–1920(2) the role played by the Catholic Church to stop the advance of Islam(3) economic competition and development of new capitalistic markets(4) movement of people to escape earthquakes and droughts

Source: The New York Times on the Web (adapted)

AUSTRO-HUNGARIANEMPIRE

SERBIA

OTTOMANEMPIRE

ROMANIABOSNIA

ITALY

MONTENEGRO

BULGARIA

GREECE

AL

BA

NIA

Ionian Sea AegeanSea

AdriaticSea

BelgradeSarajevo

1914 1930

ROMANIA

ITALY

BULGARIA

GREECE

Ionian Sea

AegeanSea

AdriaticSea

Belgrade

Sarajevo

HUNGARYAUSTRIA

ITALY

YUGOSLAVIA

ALBANIA

TURKEY

Miles1000

Miles1000

Global Hist. & Geo. – Jan. ’11 [6]

30 The rise of fascism in Germany between WorldWar I and World War II is often associated withthe (1) promotion of ethnic diversity(2) appeal of the doctrine of nonviolence(3) establishment of a strong parliamentary

system(4) impact of the global economic depression

31 One way in which the conquest of Manchuria bythe Japanese (1931) and the annexation ofCzechoslovakia by Germany (1939) are similar isthat these actions(1) marked the end of the aggressive expansion

of these nations(2) demonstrated the weakness of the League of

Nations(3) reestablished the balance of power in the

world(4) led to the Long March

32 During World War II, the importance of the D-Day invasion of 1944 was that it(1) forced Germany to fight on multiple fronts(2) made Germany move their military to the

Russian front(3) ended the bombing of Germany(4) demonstrated German military dominance

33 People would prefer their own bad governmentrather than submit to the good government of aforeign power.

Which concept is characterized by thisstatement? (1) nationalism (3) socialism(2) communism (4) militarism

34 Which function of the United Nations is based onthe concept of collective security?(1) providing health services(2) coordinating global peacekeeping(3) monitoring educational programs(4) assisting in agricultural research

Base your answer to question 35 on the cartoonbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

35 In this cartoon, which region is represented bythe nations that are seeking membership in theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?(1) Latin America (3) Southeast Asia(2) Central Africa (4) Eastern Europe

36 Which region is most closely associated withconflict in the West Bank, Golan Heights, and theSinai Peninsula?(1) East Africa (3) Western Europe(2) Middle East (4) Central Asia

37 In the 1990s, which two countries dominated theheadlines because genocide was occurring inthose countries?(1) Switzerland and Poland(2) Vietnam and Singapore(3) Sudan and Rwanda(4) Costa Rica and Jamaica

38 Which leader’s policies included glasnost andperestroika?(1) Fidel Castro (3) Mikhail Gorbachev(2) Nikita Khrushchev (4) Deng Xiaoping