research methodology article writing
TRANSCRIPT
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Article WritingResearch methodology
SATO Shin-ichi ([email protected])
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Thesis a Book or a paper?
Thesis
Graduation thesis
Master thesis
Ph.D. Thesis
Researchers CV (Curriculum Vitae)
Publications
Reviewed articles
Books Thesis
Conference proceedings (International/Domestic)
Research project (Budget)
Classes (Lectures)
Patents
Awards
Academic society
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Thesis a Book or a paper?
A thesis is categorized as a book in CV for a researcher,but the contents is rather close to a scientific paper
Conclusions
Each chapter must be an originalcontents of the author
Introduction
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of contents
As a bookAs a scientific paper
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Articles previously published are good database
We are not in the Department of Literature, so we don tneed to care about the expression style very much.
Actually what we need is the precise expression asscientific paper which enable a reader to repeat yourexperiments only with the information in your article
(= Reproducibility).
You may copy the sentences from the previous (good)articles (But dont copy the contents of the otherauthors..)
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Contents of an article
Abstract: Provide the information which readers want toread
Introduction: Motivation, previous studies, andassumption (purpose of the study)
Procedure: The important thing is Reproducibility
Results: Describe the behavior of the data collected
Discussion: Describe the reason why the above resultshappened.
Conclusions: The findings of the study. The purpose ofthe study has been archived?
References: Usually a reader checks the abstract, figs.
and references first.
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Introduction
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Introduction
Motivation of the study
Describing the present situation in the relatedfield
What is the problem?/What is needed?
Previous studies
Past tense: Specific author(s)
Past participle: General condition
Purpose of the study (Objectives)
The purpose of the present study is to
investigate In the present study, was investigated
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Typical verbs in Introduction section
Find the verbs (except for be and have):
The author(s) + verb
the passive voice + by author(s)
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Typical verbs in Introduction section
Find the verbs (except for be and have): The author(s) + verb
the passive voice + by author(s)
Show (The author) showed /was shown by (the author)
Find (The author) found /was found by (the author)
Investigate (The author) investigated /was investigated by (theauthor)
Propose (The author) proposed /was proposed by (the author)
Conduct (The author) conducted /was conducted by (the author)
Use (The author) used /was used by (the author)
Determine (The author) determined /was determined by (theauthor)
Evaluate (The author) evaluated /was evaluated by (the author)
Propose (The author) proposed /was proposed by (the author)
Define (The author) defined /was defined by (the author)
Suggest (The author) suggested /was suggested by (the author)
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The words However and Therefore in Introduction
(previous studies)
However,
has not still fully investigated yet.(Though, Although, Despite)
Therefore, it is needed to investigate
In other words, if you cannot describe howeversentence, you dont need to write an article
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The words However and Therefore in Introduction
The previous research results investigating the interactionbetween acoustic and visual stimuli in theaters are still limitedin their applicability and generalizability. Therefore, there is aneed to further investigate the effects of acoustic and visualinformation on the subjective evaluations of concert hall andtheater experiences.
However, their investigation only used singing voices with astationary amplitude and pitch, and the music signals analyzedby the r-ACF were therefore limited. Studies on therelationship between subjective preferences and the ACF of thesource signals used musical pieces with durations ofonly a fewseconds, and most of the music signals were comprised of a
single instrument and vocal signals.Therefore, this study investigates the r-ACF analysis of
orchestral music signals of a few minutes duration and whichshow a wide variation in tempo and composition.
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The words However and Therefore in Introduction
Find the word:
However (Also though, although, despite)
Therefore
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Google Scholar search
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Google Scholar search
Keywords
When you type free field , thesearch result gives you the listwhich includes the word free
and field .
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Google Scholar search
When you type free field , thesearch result gives you the listwhich exactly includes the word
free field .
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Google scholar search
Search results:
free field: 32,100 hits
free sound field: 323 hits
Statistically, free filed seemscorrect.
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PDF search
1. Make database (PDF files of your own research fields in afolder)
2. Use search menu
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Tables and figures
All the tables and the figures must have a number in theorder of appearance in the main text
All the tables and figures and the tables must beexplained in the main text
Table caption is above the table
Figure caption is below the figure
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Figures
Figure 1 shows the
As shown in Figure 1,
Relationship between x-axis and y-axis.
y-axis as a function ofx-axis (as a parameter of).
x-axis [unit]
y-axis[unit]
x-axis [unit]
y-axis[unit]
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Figures
One figure caption corresponds to the one figures, thus,in the figure caption we don't use Figures 1 and 2, (ormore). Use Figure 1(a) and 1(b) ...
If there are more than two curves, bars, or sets of plotsin the figure, use the legends to distinguish them
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Figures: Is simple best?
It depends on the authors preference, but at least:
The labels for x- and y-axis should be enough large
The figure can be printed even in grayscale (not in color)
-1.5
0.0
1.5
-1.5 0.0 1.5
Calculated scale value
Measured
scale
value
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Calculated scale value
Measured
scalevalue
simple complicated
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Tables
Table 1 shows
is listed in Table 1. / is shown in Table 1
As listed in Table 1, /As shown in Table 1,
JASA
ACUSTICA
JSV
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Equation
Equation does not need the caption
Put the equation number in parentheses on the rightside of the equation.
Explain all the parameters in the equation in the whereclause after the equation
Example:
The minimum distance between the microphones and the source is obtained by:
(1)
where V is the volume of the room, T is an estimation of the reverberation time and c
is the sound speed. It was chosen the sine sweep method to measure
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Equations
is defined by
(Equation)
is calculated as follows
(Equation)
The formula for is
(Equation)
is represented as
(Equation)
Not only the articles published but also the textbooksshow you a good examples.
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Reference
Describe all the items below
Journal article
All authors names
Title
Journal name
Volume number
Publication year
pages of each reference
Book
All authors names
Title
Publisher and the place (city) of publication Publication year
Chapter number (if necessary)
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References
Dont forget a space after period/comma
Please be careful to use a uppercase/lowercase letters
Not all readers read the whole manuscriptAbstract, Figures, and References are (especially)important
JASA ACUSTICA
JSV
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Review of an articleResearch methodology
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Peer review system
The purpose of reviewing papers:
1. to ensure that the paper is of sufficient merit
2. to ensure effective communication
It is best to assume that if a reviewer failed to
understand a point you were making, that readers of thejournal will do likewise.
It is necessary to answer the comments made byreviewers in the manuscript
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The reasons for review
Finding deficiencies in:
Technical approach & analysis
Computation
Ignorance of related research
Detecting problems such as
Style and grammar that confuse the reader
Patent or legal issues
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Review process
In the early stage of review process, we sometimesreceive very severe comments, but you dont need to beshocked very much.
The review process is not the problem of the right/wronganswer. The important thing is the effective
communication between the author(s) and the reviewers.
Basically, the author must reply to all the comments ofthe reviewer. If the author tries to rebut the reviewer scomment, show enough evidence/additionaldata/references.
The best thing to improve the skill of journal articlewriting is to submit many papers and to receive manyreview comments (To make the review is also useful).
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Communication with reviewers
The presentation for Ph.D. thesis sometimes is calleddefense.
This should be a discussion, but usually:Professors experience >> Students experience
So professors easily tend to be a side ofoffence.
The relationship between the author and the reviewerstends to become like the above (under the peer-reviewsystem).
Reviewers Authors
Reviewer makes comments onsome of authors descriptions
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Communication with reviewers
The presentation for Ph.D. thesis sometimes is calleddefense.
This should be a discussion, but usually:Professors experience >> Students experience
So professors easily tend to be a side ofoffence.
The relationship between the author and the reviewerstends to become like the above (under the peer-reviewsystem).
Reviewers Authors
Reviewer pointed out ,But author thinks
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Communication with reviewers
The presentation for Ph.D. thesis sometimes is calleddefense.
This should be a discussion, but usually:Professors experience >> Students experience
So professors easily tend to be a side ofoffence.
The relationship between the author and the reviewerstends to become like the above (under the peer-reviewsystem).
Reviewers Authors
Basically, accept all thecomments and modify themanuscript according to thesecomments.
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Communication with reviewers
The presentation for Ph.D. thesis sometimes is calleddefense.
This should be a discussion, but usually:Professors experience >> Students experience
So professors easily tend to be a side ofoffence.
The relationship between the author and the reviewerstends to become like the above (under the peer-reviewsystem).
Reviewers Authors
But if youre sure that thecomment is not acceptable,reject it with enough
descriptions
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What to write for review
Title & author of paper
Summary of paper
A few sentences, it should demonstrate that youunderstand the paper
Good things about the paper
It is strongly recommended if the review is critical
Major comments
Authors assumption and Technical approach
Analysis and Results
Conclusions and References should be discussed
Suggestions of the reviewers own opinion
(importance and usage of the paper, improvementsneeded)
Minor comments
Style, figure, grammar
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Checklist for a reviewer
Abstract
Does it actually summarize the paper?
Does it include the conclusions as well as thestatement of the original problem?
Is there information not presented elsewhere in thepaper?
Introduction
Does it explain why the topic is important?
Does it excessively broad?
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Checklist for a reviewer (continued)
Body of the paper
Has the author integrated discussions of errors anduncertainties in his analysis at suitable points?
Is the level of detail reasonable? (Are too much datapresented?)
Is this the right amount of work for a paper? (Shouldthe paper be divided into two papers?)
Tables, Graphs and Figures
Is every table and graph necessary?
Do the tables contain more digits than are actually
significant?
Can the table data be presented better in a graph?
Are all figures and tables appropriately captioned andreferred to in the text?
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Checklist for a reviewer (continued)
Conclusions
Is there any surprises, most important and newmaterial introduced?
References
Are all of the references old? Has the author forgotten important references?
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Further reading
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA) isone of the most active international journals onAcoustics. Its guideline includes not only the style formatbut also the attitude of article writing. It is worth reading.
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Active voice and personal pronouns
In general, personal pronouns, including the tutorial we, arepreferably avoided in scholarly writing, so that the tone isimpersonal and dispassionate. In a few cases, it is appropriatethat an opinion be given or that a unique personal experiencebe related, and personal pronouns are un avoidable. Whatshould be assiduously avoided are any egotistical statementsusing personal pronouns. If a personal opinion needs to beexpressed, a preferred construction is to refer to the author inthe third person, such as: the present writer believes that ... .
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Selection of references
References are typically cited extensively in the introduction,and the selection of such references can play an important rolein the potential usefulness of the paper to future readers andin the opinions that readers and reviewers form of the paper.
Demonstration of the relevance of the work is oftenaccomplished via citations, with accompanying discussion. Theimplied claims to originality can be strengthened via citations,with accompanying discussion, to prior work related to thesubject of the paper, sufficient to establish credibility that theauthors are familiar with the literature and are not duplicatingprevious published work. Unsupported assertions that theauthors are familiar with all applicable literature and that theyhave carried out an exhaustive literature survey are generallyunconvincing to the critical reader.