research methodology communication [realizare ppt]
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Reporting
Oswald Van CleemputFaculty of Bioscience Engineering
Ghent University
http://www.isofys.UGent.be
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Research reportingContent
1. Introduction2. General information3. Writing structure4. A good paper ?
5. Poster6. (Literature) review7. Abstract8. Group Communication
9. General suggestions for presentations10. Proposal11. Nice to cite ...12. Suggested readings
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To Be Read/To Be Heard/To
Be Seen• Know the target public
• Proper channel
journal/bulletin/audience
•Proper language
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Research marketting
• Communication …. Is an essential partof working in the field of sciences, in
the industry, in conditions of anytransfer of knowledge….
• It is vital for science to progress
• It is vital for your own career
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Research marketting
Communication of science is asimportant to the scientific process as
the design and conduct of theexperiment itself !!!!!!!!!
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Communication avenuesResearch
communications o research journalso research reviewso conference papers
o theseso book chapterso annual reportso newsletters
o project proposalso lectureso leafletso posters
Extension and popular communications
o extension manualso newspaper reportso magazine articles
o radio broadcastso films and videoo audiovisual showso practical
demonstrationso cartoonso photographs
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Written
Verbal
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Types of written Communications
Example o Transmittal ofdocument
o Annual summary
o Recommendationo Instrumentation
o Exercise/duties
o Summary for leyaudience
o Journal article
Document o Memo
o Reporto Lettero Manualo Description
o Popular article
o Scientific paper
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Scientific versus popular science writing
Scientific paper Popular science article
Different target group
Different organization
Different language, layout
New knowledge Enables others to repeat Logical and clear IMRAD
Technical terms Tables, figures References
Knowledge review Arouse interest Teach:Influence the reader
Illustrations as tool to read
and understand
Examples
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Scientific versuspopular science writing
The same topic: presentation differentlydifferent audience
New research: written formoral presentationposter
Written conference paper: same rulesno peer review
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Scientific versuspopular science writing
Written conference paper: same rulesno peer review
New research results: scientific journal
standard way: IMRADpeer review
New research results: communication to publicaudiences (popular science publishing,presentations)
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Writing popular science
• Write at the level of the readers’ previousknowlege and experience
• Not many details
• Information is put in context• ABC: accurate, brief, clear• Simplify results; no details: e.g. only means, no
S.D or R2
• Minimize materials and methods• Pay attention to attractive title, preamble,
headings, visuals, layout
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Gunning Fog Index
- A test designed to measure the readabilityA test designed to measure the readability
of a sample of English writing (R. Gunning,of a sample of English writing (R. Gunning,
1952)1952)
- Texts for a wide audience generally requireTexts for a wide audience generally require
a Fog Index of less than 12; the ‘ideal’ Foga Fog Index of less than 12; the ‘ideal’ Fog
index is 7 or 8index is 7 or 8
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Gunning Fog IndexHow to calculateHow to calculate ??
- Count the number of wordsCount the number of words- Count the number of sentencesCount the number of sentences- Count the number of big words (3 or moreCount the number of big words (3 or more
syllables)syllables)- Calculate average sentence lengthCalculate average sentence length
(words/sentences)(words/sentences)- Calculate the percentage of big words (big words/Calculate the percentage of big words (big words/
words)words)- Add the avg sentence length to % big wordsAdd the avg sentence length to % big words- Multiply by 0.4Multiply by 0.4
FOG INDEXFOG INDEX
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Gunning Fog Index
Worldwide, grasslands cover about 3500 million hectares, more than theWorldwide, grasslands cover about 3500 million hectares, more than the
double of arable land. On the European continent it is the opposite : onlydouble of arable land. On the European continent it is the opposite : only
180 million ha of grassland for 300 million ha of arable land. Grasslands180 million ha of grassland for 300 million ha of arable land. Grasslands
have first of all a pure agricultural destination. They serve as primaryhave first of all a pure agricultural destination. They serve as primary
food for wild herbivores and domesticated ruminants. Now, grasslands,food for wild herbivores and domesticated ruminants. Now, grasslands,
being a mixture of different grass species, legumes and herbs, act asbeing a mixture of different grass species, legumes and herbs, act ascarbon sinks, erosion preventives, birds directive areas, habitat for smallcarbon sinks, erosion preventives, birds directive areas, habitat for small
animals, nitrogen fixation source, etc…In this situation grasslands are inanimals, nitrogen fixation source, etc…In this situation grasslands are in
perfect harmony and in balance with the environment. Since mankind,perfect harmony and in balance with the environment. Since mankind,
human activities have influenced grassland management. The mosthuman activities have influenced grassland management. The most
important are breeding activities since the early thirties. Improvement of important are breeding activities since the early thirties. Improvement of yield and quality was not only in favour of agriculture, but also a lot of yield and quality was not only in favour of agriculture, but also a lot of
grass species were bred for amenity purposes, parks and sport fieldsgrass species were bred for amenity purposes, parks and sport fields..
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Gunning Fog Index
The number of wordsThe number of words 144144The number of sentencesThe number of sentences 99Big words (3 or more syllables)Big words (3 or more syllables) 4141
Average sentence length (words/sentences)Average sentence length (words/sentences) 1616Percentage of big words (big words/words)Percentage of big words (big words/words) 28,47%28,47%Avg sentence length + % big wordsAvg sentence length + % big words 16 + 2816 + 28Multiply by 0.4Multiply by 0.4
(16 + 28) x 0.4 = 18(16 + 28) x 0.4 = 18
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Research without marketting
• Bar without beer
• river without water
• zoo without animals
•meeting without people
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General information
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The research processQuestion
What is known ?
Formulate problem
Hypothesis
Project planExperimentCollect data
New knowledge
Interpretation,conclusion
Analyse, Results
Inform others
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• Inviting people fordinner
• Decide what to offer
• Shopping list and buy
• Prepare food; followrecipe
• Serve attractively
• Doing research
• Research plan; objectives
• Gathering data
• Analyse data
• Communicate attractively
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Science communication
• New knowledge• Summary of present state of knowledge (state-of-the-
art)
Delivery aspect • Accurate and Audience-adapted• Brief• Clear
Receiving aspect • Know the frames of reference of the acceptor• Adapting to the audience
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Science communication
Effective communicationWho ?
specialists in your field, wider group, fellow students, public
Why ? not just for merits, to add to the knowledge pool, to teach,to inform, to persuade, to push for development
What ? take-home messages, new items, review of topic, take into
account prior knowledge, expectations, questions, technicallanguage
How ? to satisfy the audience’s needs, how will your information be
used
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Kinds of scientific communication
ReportsJournal articlesProposalsTheses
AbstractsSpeeches or slide presentationsPoster presentations
BooksChaptersReview papersGroup communications
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Kinds of scientific communication
Reports
Catch-all term; includes everything from a laboratoryaccount of a simple experiment to progress report andgroup reports on entire research programmes
Master studies / Ph.D. studies Thesis proposal, thesis or dissertation
Scientists Grant proposal, journal article, abstract, slidepresentation, poster
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Kinds of scientific communication
Common characteristics simplicityprecisionclarity
always honestyImportant advice
don’t let technology dictate what constitutes good communication
don’t accept graphs which are to complex technology should not dilute clarity study first good communication and then make the software work for you
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General rules for Technicaland Scientific Writing
• If it can be interpreted in more than one way,it’s wrong
• Know your audience, know your subject, know your purpose
• If you cannot think of a reason to put a
comma in, leave it out• Keep your writing clear, concise and correct
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Getting started in writing
• Analyse your aims and audience
• Make tables and graphs
• Decide what messages to communicate
• Make an outline
• Write a draft – start with the easiest part
• Revise and edit
• Think of the questions: Who-Why-What-How
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Structure the text
• Examples of structure– Chronological order (development over
time)
– Order of interest/importance (mostimportant first)
– Cause and effect (or the opposite)
– Comparison/contrast
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Writing structure
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Construction of papers
Component Conference Journal
Opening sentence
Introduction
Methods and results
DiscussionClosing sentence
Sentence to make animpact
40% of total (time)
40% of total (time)
20% of total (time)Clear resumé or main
point
None
5-10% of total (space)
40-60% of total (space)
30-60% of total (space)None
Structure
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Construction of papers
Component Conference JournalIdeas
Repetition
LengthAccessory material
Humour
Style
References
Acknowledgement
One very 3 minutes
Highly desirable
To finish just before timeSlides, memory stick
Desirable, not essential
Conversational, simpleThe least possible
The least possible
No limit
Very little
As short as possibleOnly relevant tables,
figures
Undesirable
Formal, simpleRequired number for
sound arguments
Brief, but adequate
Subject matter
Th h
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The research processQuestion
What is known ?
Formulate problem
Hypothesis
Project planExperimentCollect data
New knowledge
Interpretation,conclusion
Analyse, Results
Scientific paper
I n t r o d u
c t i o n
Results
Discuss i
on
Conclus i
on
Materials and
Methods
Inform others
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Make an outline
• Structured order of headings andsubheadings – with keywords – chart
• A working outline – a tool to help
• Discuss your outline with others (co-author, supervisor, colleague ...)
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IMRAD
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and
Discussion
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A good title
o Informative: describe the subjecto Specific: differentiate your research from otherresearch
o Concise: say only what is necessary (key-word index !!)o ‘Two-part’ title
o New technologies for constructions: A novel approacho Technologies for constructions: A review
o No numbers (I, II, III …. 1, 2, 3 …)
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A good title
Avoid
o Observations of ...o Studies of ...o Investigations ...
o Examinations of ...o A note on ....
Examples o Effects of ...o Influence of ...o Estimation of ...o Prediction of ...o Impact of ...o Modelling of ...o Evidence of ...o Control of ...o Measurement of ...
o Use of ...
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Abstract
See further
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Introduction
• Motivate and justify the research
• Give a state-of-the-art– Summarize relevant literature
• State what has NOT been done– Where is the gap in the literature
• State the objectives or hypothesis– What’s the point of this research ?
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Introduction
Motivation and justification
Objectives
Gap
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Materials and methods
• Give a clear, complete description of allmethods used (biological, chemical,analytical, statistical ….)
– Organize the methods logically, by tasks– Use specific and informative language
• Include enough information, but not
more than necessary, so that theresearch can be repeated
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Results
• Summarise and illustrate the findingslogically with tables and figures
• Figures & Tables: see other course
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Results
• Do not repeat data from the tables or figuresin the text
– Mean yield for cultivar A is X and meanweight for cultivar B is Y
• Do integrate data with the text
– Mean yield of cultivar A was higher thanmean yield of cultivar B
• Do not interpret the data or draw conclusionsin the ‘results’ section
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Discussion
• Interpret results– Mean yield of cultivar A was higher than mean
yield of cultivar B, which means that…, which isconsistent with …, which suggests that …
• Support your conclusions with comparisonsand contrasts from the literature
• Recognize importance of ‘negative’ results
• Describe limitations of your research
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Conclusions or Implementations
• Explain the main results of the researchin terms of the objectives
• Describe what the results mean for therespective discipline
• Give implications in nonjargon language
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Conclusions or Implementations
Objectives and approach
Conclusions and impact
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Acknowledgements
• General acknowledgement– Institution, research project, source of funds
• Specific acknowledgement– Colleagues or technicians
– Reviewer
• Dedication
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References in the text
• Follow the instructions of the journal (seewebsite)– Name (year) or (Name, year) or Name (number) or
(Name, number)
• Check carefully– All references in the text are listed
– All references listed are in the text
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Appendix
Provides supplemental material
numerical examples
details of analytical proceduresnovel computer programmes
mathematical proofs
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A good paper ?
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Twelve steps to develop aneffective first draft of
your manuscript
Summary Summary
http://www.sfedit.nethttp://www.sfedit.net
A ff i fi d f (1)
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An effective first draft (1)
• Consolidate all the information– Have all data, references, drafts of
tables, figures
• Target a journal– Look for the focus of the targeted journal
• Start writing– Don’t worry for incomplete sentences,
incorrect grammar, have no distractions,main points and ideas should be captured,have a plan
A ff ti fi t d ft (2)
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An effective first draft (2)
• Write quickly– Keep going, leave gaps, space, if necessary
• Write in your own voice– Helps to say what you mean more precisely
• Write without editing– Only at the end, wasted time
• Keep the plan of your outline
• Write the paper in parts– Treat each section as a mini essay
A ff ti fi t d ft (3)
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An effective first draft (3)
• Put the first draft aside
– At least one day; then you are another person; aday or more between creation and critique helps
• Revise it– Do it several times till no more improvement
– Does each sentence make sense?
– In longer sentences: keep track of the samesubject
– In longer paragraphs: one single idea or break itup
A ff ti fi t d ft (4)
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An effective first draft (4)
• Revise for clarity and brevity– Look for clearness per sentence and
paragraph; most sentences have about 15-20 words; most paragraphs 150 words; avoid
necessary words• Be consistent
– Different co-authors: no different style; be
consistent; first author does the finalediting
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A good paper ???
• The attractiveness of the title cannotbe overemphasised
• Formulate a good hypothesis: there
must be a reason for your doing !
The primary aim of writing a paper isto have it read
A d p p ???
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A good paper ???Make your writing easier to read
• Use accurate, appropriate, familiar words• Simple words:
– Utilize use→
– Commence begin→– finalize finish→
– approximately about→
• Avoid jargon
• Avoid passive verbs; use active verbs– Houses were constructed by people from Limburg– People from Limburg constructed houses
A d paper ???
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A good paper ???Make your writing easier to read
• Use strong verbs– We performed an analysis of the data– We analyzed the data
• Tighten your writing (eliminate redundant words)
– The prior literature– 10 out of 12– During the course of the experiment– Already existing
– Different alternatives– Completely eliminate– Repeat again
A good paper ???
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A good paper ???Make your writing easier to read
• Tighten your writing (eliminate waste words)
– Words that say nothing
• It is interesting to note that ...
• It should be pointed out that ...
• It is significant that ...
• In the presence of ...
• Substitution of sentences by a word– Due to the fact that .....because
– Prior to the start of ..... before
– On a regular basis .... regularly
– A second point is .... secondly
– Would seem to suggest .... suggests
A good paper ???
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A good paper ???Make your writing easier to read
• Substitution of sentences by a word– Despite the fact that ....although
– In the event that .... if
– In close agreement with .... agrees with– It seems likely that ... likely
– The majority of ... Most
• Use “to” in stead of “-ing”– Regression was used for analysing the data– Regression was used to analyse the data
A good paper ???
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A good paper ???Checklist for editing
1. Has your draft paper been read andcritisized by a colleague in your/other field,a person fluent in English ?
2. Did you select the proper journal and did youcopy the instructions to authors ?
3. Using the format of (2); did you check the
references (list and text)4. Did you revise the manuscript ? Title,summary, headings, etc...
A good paper ???
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A good paper ???Checklist for editing
5. Recheck your references; see originalreference; agreement between list and
text6. Proof-read the final manuscript for:– Omissions from the original text– Typing errors, spelling, formulae, tables,
graphs, numbering
A good paper ???
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A good paper ???Next step
• Editor checks the paper with the scopeof the journal
• Send it to (usually) two referees(scientific merit)
• ...acceptable; acceptable with
corrections; non-acceptable
Review process
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Review process
Research ↓
manuscript
Referee 1 Referee 2
Chief- editor ↓
Author ↓
Chief-editor
↓
Journal → Proof reading → article
• accept as it is- minor revisions- major revisions
- reject
Under review
accepted
In press published
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Poster Presentation
When a poster or a presentation ?
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When a poster or a presentation ?
• Presentation
• Time restrictions
• Limited time fordiscussion
• Varied audience
• Difficult to keepattention
• Many distractions
• Poster
• Time for discussion
• Specific audiencewith high level ofinterest
• Personal contact• Use as display
The situation
When a p ster r a presentati n ?
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When a poster or a presentation ?
• Presentation
• More formal; contact oneto many
• Speaker standing;audience sitting
• Moderator helps tointroduce, buffer the
audience, keep time
• Poster
• More formal; contactone to few
• Both speaker andaudience standing
• No moderator, directcontact, no buffer
The situation
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When a poster or a presentation ?
• Poster
• Materials: poster, tape…
• Know your subject• Prepare answers to
likely questions
• Get ready early;
construct poster,review and revise
• Presentation
• Materials: slides, disc,memory stick
• Know your subject• Prepare formal speech,
slides …
• Get ready early;
practice, review andrevise
Preparation
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When a poster or a presentation ?
• Presentation• Time limit formalized
• Audience morecaptured
• Declamation, shortquestions
• Handouts possible; lesslikely to exchange
addresses
• Poster• Time limit flexible
• Audience is free
• Chieflyquestion/answer
• Handouts helpful,easy to exchangeaddresses
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Your audience ?
• Those who work in the same area andwho are familiar with your work
• Those who work in a similar area
• Those who work in a different area
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You as presenter
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You as presenter
Do
• Know your subject
• Nice appearance
• Be friendly• Be PROFESSIONAL
• Display your photo
• Have business cards• Hand carry poster
Don’t
• Be distracted
• Be discouraged by
lack of audience• Forget pins, tape …
• Leave your poster
• Ship your poster
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ABC of Poster presentation
AudienceBriefClearDevotedEnthousiastic
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(Literature) review
(Literature) review
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(Literature) review
•Characteristics of a review: work from several sourcesis reported, rather than from one experiment orresearch programme•Common in journals and conference proceedings, inuniversity training
•In shorter form in Introduction of a paper•In longer form in thesis
•Important requirement: critical: compare and contrast
published findings
•Brings data together: leads to new knowledge; identifiesgaps in knowledge
(Literature) review
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(Literature) review
Content: • Introduction: what you are reviewing and why• Various subsections: separate the body into
themes or topics, put in a logic order• (Discussion)• Conclusions: see scientific paper• References: see scientific paper
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Abstract
b / d d b
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Abstract/extended abstract
• Is almost any brief account of a longerdocument
• Informative abstract/descriptive
abstract• Abstract of a scientific paper is well
structured
• Extended abstract is much shorter thana full paper
Ab / d d b
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Abstract/extended abstract
• Descriptive abstract – Describes the content, needs to be
accompanied by the document
– Is helpful for the reader to decide to readthe entire paper
– Contains too little information and detailthat refereed journals expect
Ab / d d b
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Abstract/extended abstract
• Informative abstract (like in paper) – It shows the reader very quickly whether
the full report is valuable for further study
– To be extracted from the full paper forseparate publication
– To furnish terminology to help literaturesearch
Ab / d d b
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Abstract/extended abstract
• Informative abstract – Short, concise, but completely self-explanatory, often
submitted on beforehand
– Includes:
• Research objectives, rationale for conducting the research
• The basic methods used• The results and significant conclusions that can be drawn
• No literature review or discussion; no visuals
• 200 – 250 words; 3 – 5% of text: one paragraph
Ab t t/ t d d b t t
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Abstract/extended abstract
o Start with motivation or justification
o State the objective, aim, purpose
o Summarise essential methodso Summarise important results
o End with important conclusions and impact
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THE BEST WAY TOLEARN SCIENCE IS TO
WRITE SCIENCE
Janssen, Denmark
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Group Communication
G C i ti
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Group Communications
Round-table discussionBoard or committee meetingStanding committeeAd hoc committee
Task force
Decision making involves alternativesProblem solving no obvious alternatives
brainstorming
G C i ti
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Group Communications
Group communications with no audienceto make plans for research projectsto decide policyto evaluate a fellow employee’s progress
G C i ti
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Group Communications
Procedure for group problem solvingthe problem is clearly defined; objectives areset forth and understood by all members
members of the group plan their individual and
collective actions. They may devide responsibilities forgathering information and offering optionsAs individuals and as a group they devise a plan
of actionThey act on the plan and analyse outcomesThey evaluate the results of their actions and
determine whether the solution was acceptable
G C i ti
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Group Communications
Group communication with an audiencePanel discussionSymposiumForum
G C i ti
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Group Communications
•Set a specific goal, but keep plans simple•Start on time ! End on time !. Each issue anappropriate time•Every participant should know the format and what
goal is pursued•Think individual•Work toward the prescribed goal, summarize alongthe way, and avoid digressions•Maintain a professional attitude•Sustain equitable participation•The physical situation should be comfortable foreveryone and conducive to good communication
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General suggestions for
presentations
P s nt ti ns
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Presentations
• How to communicate ?
• Composition of the slides• Tips and tricks
Pr s nt ti ns
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Presentations
What is important in a presentation ?
– Words– Voice
– Body language
Presentations
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Presentations
• The most important = NON verbal
Words 7%
Voice 38%
Body 55%
Presentations
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Presentations
Structure the presentation
• scenario
• sequence of data, idea
• presentation
Preparation !
presentation 20%
preparation 80%
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
1 6 6
1 idea per slide6 words per line
6 lines per slide
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
• 166• Simple
• Clear
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
First visual effect
Text comes afterwards
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
First visual effect
Text comes afterwards
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
% influence of the five senses:
seeing
hearing
touching
tasting
smelling
Seeing 73%Hearing 11%Touching 7%
Tasting 4%Smelling 3%
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
Style ‘telegram’
Simple words, short sentences
Rounded figures
Light page layout
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
Sober background
Bring the essential items
Explain visual items
Presentations
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Presentations
Reading direction
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
Finish a slide with strength
You are the best
You are the best
You are the best
You are the best
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
Text
Let it appear ….
…..line by line
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
Letter type:- as homogeneous as possible- lower case better than caps- max. 1 or 2 letter types (no salad)
- max. 3 sizes of letters (min. 22 p.)
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
Character choise:
- i talic to indicate a difference - bold or underlined to indicate the importance
- put enough distance between sentences- avoid too much centering (sow effect)- no continuous text with capitals
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
Use of colours
Pay attention to contrastbackground/text
Colour Color Colour
Presentations
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Presentations
Composition of the slides
General suggestion:
- Keep enough white and empty space
- The presentation should …. breathe
- Provide animation…but don’t make the audience
dizzy
Presentations
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Presentations
Conclusion ?
KISS
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The proposal
The proposal
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The proposal
• Types– research proposal
– grant proposal
• Distinction:- different audience
- different purposes
- different guidelines
The grant proposal
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The grant proposal
• Be sure you are ready to write– The idea must be good and must fit what the
funding agency wants (see colleagues)
• Proposal must be scientifically sound – study thetopic
• Outline a plan and review it carefully
• Consider what personnel, money, equipment, time
is needed and how it fits into the rest of yourwork load
The grant proposal
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The grant proposal
Prepare for questions and answers related to: 1. Originality and scientific merit or benefit to the
grantor2. Importance to the discipline or the immediate
problem3. Feasibility4. Rationale and methodology5. Ability and experience of the investigators
6. Budget, facilities, and time required7. Appearance and adherence to guidelines
The grant proposal
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The grant proposal
Almost any proposal contains the following: 1. Title page and executive summary2. Purpose or hypothesis and specific objectives3. Justification4. Review of work done or being done (literature)5. Materials and methods6. Discussion of possible outcomes (conclusions)7. References8. Time frame, budget, biography of the investigator(s)
The grant proposal
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The grant proposal
Justification is based on: 1. Reason and logic2. Preliminary research
3. Scientific principles4. Previous research (literature)5. Feasibility of methods
6. Use of or benefit from the results
The grant proposal
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The grant proposal
Additional considerations
Many proposals are rejected
Reduce your frustration by recognizing thebeneficial side effects:
writing skills, knowledge on thesubject, literature, colleagues,resubmission
The written research proposal
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The written research proposal
• Helps to plan the work in advance
• To review what is done
• To foresee the pitfalls ahead of you
• To remain on the right track (objectives –goals)
• Can serve as ‘draft’ for thesis or papers
Project Cycle Management (PCM)
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Project Cycle Management (PCM)
- Problem tree- Objective tree- Logic framework matrix
- Indicative operational plan- Detailed budget
Project Cycle Management (PCM)Problem tree
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Food insecurity
Low animal
production
Low income Post harvest
losses
Low nutritional
quality
Low crop
production
Poor organisation of
the agricultural sector
Insufficientfodder
Diseases
Theft
Low product
prices
High transport
costs
Lack of marketinformation
Unfair price
setting
Pests and
diseases
Low-tolerance
germplasm
Low soil
fertility
Lack of phyto -sanitary inputs
Low crop
diversity
Poor nutri -
tional habits
Inadequate
agronomy
Low yielding
germplasm
Unfavourable
climate
Inherently poor
soils
Little externalinputs
Excess nutrient
mining
Non-adapted
technologies
Lack of farmer
knowledge
Insufficient
research
Insufficientcapacity
Lack of
infrastructure
Lack of opera -
tional funds
Problem tree
Project Cycle Management (PCM)objective tree
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objective tree
Improved food insecurity
Improvedanimalproduction
Improved income Lesspost harvestlosses
Improved nutritionalquality
Improved cropproduction
Appropriateorganisation of the agricultural sector
Sufficientfodder
Lessdiseases
Theft
Higher productprices
High transportcosts
Good marketinformation
More fair pricesetting
Less pests/diseases
Tolerantgermplasm
Better soilfertility
Lack of phyto -sanitary inputs
Greater cropdiversity
Better nutri -tional habits
Goodagronomy
Improvedgermplasm
Unfavourableclimate
Inherently poor soils
Minimal use of inputs
Excess nutrientmining
Adaptedtechnologies
Good farmer knowledge
Relevantresearch
Sufficient
capacity
Improvedinfrastructure
Opera -tional funds
IR 2.
IR 3.
IR 4.
IR 5.
VLIR
invests
in the
project
IR 1.
Project Cycle Management (PCM)
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Project Cycle Management (PCM)
Projectdescription
Overal
objectives
Objectively
verifiable
indicators
Sources of
verification
Assumptions and
preconditions
Specific
objectives
" " "
Intermediate
Results
" " "
Activities Means Costs "
logical framework matrix
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A B C D
PROJECT DESCRIPTIONINTERVENTION LOGIC
OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS (OVIs) SOURCES OFVERIFICATION
(SOV)
ASSUMPTIONSAND PRE
CONDITIONS
1 Overall objectives (if both are applicable)(OO) To improve food security and humannutrition of rural populations in the twoprovinces while sustaining the naturalresource bases (Developmental ). To strengthen human and equipmentcapital through training and servicesprovided by the project ( Academic).
•By 2015, Millenium Development Goal assessments show positive
trends for the indicators related to rural livelihoods in the target areas. •By December 2010, at least 2 researchers at the partnerinstitute, trained in the framework of the current project, aretaking up leading roles in projects on soil fertility managementand writing proposals on ISFM to get extra funding.
•National, provincial,and district-levelstatistics.•Poverty assessment
reports. •Draft projectproposals written bynational partners.
•Political stability.
2 Specific objectives (if both are applicable)(SO)Developmental:1. To arrest resource degradation andenhance food security and human nutritionthrough widespread adoption of sustainableresource management technologies forcassava-based systems based on improvedvarieties and system diversification. Academic:2. To build local stakeholders’ capacity toapply and disseminate improved
agricultural technologies with a specialfocus on strengthening research-for-development capacity at the targetuniversities through degree-related trainingand improved laboratory capacity.
•By December 2005, universities, international scientists, NGOpartners, and farmers are planning and working together on theimplementation of the project.•By December 2007, extension services and NGO’s dealing withagricultural development and working in the target areas areaware of the ISFM interventions developed in the framework of this project and disseminating them to other areas not initiallytargeted.•By 2010, at least 20% farmers in targeted villages useimproved proven ISFM technologies that arrest resourcedegradation and enhance their food security and nutrition.
•Annual IARC andNARS, and NGOreports.•Newspaper articles•Peer-reviewed journal articles.•Quarterly report toVLIR.
•Linkagesmaintained amongresearch anddevelopmentorganizations.•Economic policiesprovide incentivesfor sociallyprofitableagriculturaldiversification andresource
conservation.•Effective systemsfor technologydissemination anddemonstration.•Sufficientavailability of appropriate•Sufficient regionalscientific staff capacity.
logical framework matrix
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PROJECT DESCRIPTIONINTERVENTION LOGIC
OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS (OVIs) SOURCES OFVERIFICATION
(SOV)
ASSUMPTIONSAND PRE
CONDITIONS
3 Intermediate results (ideally 3to 7 results)1. Farming system domainsidentified and characterized fordeveloping ISFM options for cassava-based systems (Characterization)(Research-Capacity-Extension).2. New knowledge obtained on soilprocesses (e.g., restoration of depleted soils, improved nutrient useefficiency) for the efficient design of management practices that enhance
soil productivity in cassava-basedsystems (New knowledge).(Research-Capacity)3. Appropriate field managementpractices based on ISFM for cassava-based systems developed and testedon farmers’ fields (Management practices). (Capacity-Extension)4. ISFM technologies for cassava-based systems validated andadapted on farm in benchmark areas( Adaptation and adoption).
(Extension-Capacity)5. Capability of NARS to undertakeISFM research for developmentenhanced (Capacity building).(Capacity)
1.1. By the end of 2005, at least two target villages in each of the twoprovinces are identified and bio-physically (soils, nutrient balances, etc)and socio-economically (farmers’ resource endowments, access tomarkets, etc) characterized.2.1. By the end of 2006, the potential role of at least two selectedlegumes to enhance the productivity of cassava-based systems isunravelled and their contributions quantified both at the biophysical andsocio-economic level.2.2. Throughout the project life, strategic research issues are addressed,based on questions identified during activities under IRs 3 and 4.3.1. By the end of 2005, a basket of best-bet ISFM options for cassava-based systems is identified in collaboration with national scientists, NGO
partners, and farmer organisations in the target areas.3.2. By the end of 2006, at least 2 most promising ISFM options forcassava-based systems are holistically evaluated under on-farmconditions.4.1. By the end of 2007, seasonal field days, associated with on-farmdemonstration sites for ISFM, attract at least 200 farmers in each of thefour target villages.4.2. By end of 2010, guidelines and recommendations for ISFM incassava-based systems are developed and distributed to extension andresearch institutions, operating in the target areas and beyond.5.1. Each year, starting 2005, a planning and evaluation workshop isorganised with the NARS.
5.2. By end of 2010, at least 2 PhD and 6 MSc students obtain theirdegree within the project.5.3. By end of 2010, at least 5 technicians from national systems andNGOs receive on-the-job training in ISFM for cassava-based systems.5.4. By end of 2010, a national symposium on ISFM is organised.
•Annual projectprogress reports.•Peer-reviewedscientific papers, atleast two per DRCpromoter at the endof the project.•University records.•VLIR-documents.•Annual Planningworkshop reports.•Dissemination
materials in locallanguages.
•Sufficientsecondaryinformationavailable.•Best-bet optionsdevelopedelsewhere havepotential foradaptation toconditions in theDRC.•Effective
participation of farmers anddevelopmentpartners.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION MEANS COSTS ASSUMPTIONS
logical framework matrix
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INTERVENTION LOGIC AND PRECONDITIONS
4 Activities (3 to 5 activities per result)IR 1: Characterization1.1. Collection of existing geographical information and information related to nutrient
dynamics in cassava-based systems.1.2. Diagnosis of farm level availability and current use of mineral and organic soilamendments, their effect on productivity of cassava based farming systems, and otherconstraints to enhanced and diversified crop production.1.3. Selection of recommendation domains, representative villages, farmer typologies,and participating farm households for targeting nutrient management technologies.1.4. Monitoring existing farm management and its results on nutrient balances,economic performance, and rural livelihood status.IR 2: New knowledge2.1. Characterization of the current and potential sources of mineral and organic plantnutrients available to farmers in the areas and evaluate their short and medium termcontributions to soil fertility.
2.2. Quantification of the extent and elucidation of the mechanisms (direct nutritional orindirect mulch effects) leading to improvement in nutrient use in cassava basedcropping systems after combining organic and mineral inputs.2.3. Biophysical and socio-economic evaluation of the benefits of legumes integrated incassava systems to overall system productivity.IR 3: Management practices3.1. Farmer-participatory construction of a basket of best-bet ISFM options to enhanceproductivity and diversification of cassava-based cropping systems.3.2. Researcher-managed, on-farm, holistic (biophysical, socio-economic) evaluation of best-bet options for the development of ISFM packages in cassava cropping systems.IR 4: Adaptation and adoption4.1. Farmers managed trials in collaboration with farmers in selected villages in the
target areas.4.2. Train farmers, NGO's, extension workers, and researchers in specific research fordevelopment approaches related to the development and dissemination of ISFMpackages.4.3. Organize field days on ISFM in selected villages in the benchmark areas.IR 5: Capacity building5.1. Develop manpower resources through country and in-province specialized andindividual training and study visits to provide continuity of research on ISFM incollaboration with the two local universities.5.2. Enhance the scientific infrastructure of the local partner universities.5.3. Organize a national symposium on ISFM.
•Lab equipment, GPSunits, etc•Vehicles•Office furniture,computers, etc•Maintenance of material•Liquid substances•Consumer goods•Documentation andbooks•Small material,spare parts•Office supplies•Fuel•Communication• Topping up• Travel in Belgium•Local travel•Local experts•Long term localscholarships (onePhD and 3 MScprojects per region)•International travelexpenses•Board and lodging
costs (per diems andhotel rates for 8weeks per year)•Shipment of samples foradvanced analysis
•2000,- €•24,000,- €•11,600,- €•14,900,- €•9,400,- €•23,400,- €•1,900,- €•20,600,- €•11,350,- €•39,500,- €•6,000,- €•31,500,- €•500,- €•7,500,- €•4,500,- €•20,000,- €•10,800,- €•23,350,- €•3,250,- €
Pre conditionsAll conditions arepresent to allow
the project to goahead as can beseen from theproject documentand thestakeholdermeeting report.
Indicative operational planO C f f f C f
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Activity/Sub-activity
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
IR 1 Farming system domain identified and characterized for developing ISFM options for cassave-based systems
1.1.Collection of existing geographical information and information related to nutrient dynamics in cassava-based systems
1.2. Diagnosis of farm level availability and current use of mineral and organic soil amendments, their effect on productivity
of cassave based farming systems, and other constraints to enhanced and diversified crop production.
1.3. Selection of recommendation domains, representative villages, farmer typologies and participating farm households for
targeting nutrient management technologies.
1.4. Monitoring existing farm management and its results on nutrient balances, economic performance and rural livelihood
status.
IR 2 New knowledge obtained on soil processes (e.g. Restoration of depleted soils, improved nutrient use
efficiency) for the efficient design of management practices that enhance soil productivity in cassave-based
systems
2.1. Characterization of the current and potential sources of mineral and organic plant nutrients available to farmers in the
areas and evaluate their short and medium term contributions to soil fertility.
2.2. Quantification of the extent and elucidation of the mechanisms (direct nutritional or indirect mulch effects) leading to
improvement in nutrient use in cassava based cropping systems after combining organic and mineral inputs.
2.3. Biophysical and socio-economic evaluation of the benefits of legumes integrated in cassava systems to overall system
productivityIR 3 Appropriate field management practices based on ISFM for cassava-based systems developed and tested on
farmer's fields.
3.1. Farmer-participatory construction of a basket of best-bet ISFM options to enhance productivity and diversification of
cassava-based cropping systems
3.2. Researcher-managed, on-farm, holistic (biophysical, socio-economic) evaluation of best-bet options for the
development of ISFM packages in cassava cropping systems
IR 4ISFM technologies for cassava-based systems validated and adapted on farm in benchmark areas
4.1. Farmers managed trials in collaboration with farmers in selected villages in the targeted areas
4.2. Train farmers, NGO's, extension workers and researchers in specific research for development approaches related to
the development and dissemination of ISFM packages.
4.3. Organize field days on ISFM in selected villages in the benchmark areas.
IR 5 Capability of NARS to undertake ISFM research for development enhanced.
5.1. Develop manpower resources through country and in-province specialized and individual training and study visits to
provide continuity of research on ISFM in collaboration with the two local universities.
5.2. Enhance the scientific infrastructure of the local partner universities.
5.3. Organize a national symposium on ISFM.
Semi-annual review of logframe
Annual planning and evaluation workshops with stakeholders
Redaction of annual financial and activity reports
Evaluation of project staff performance
Final report
PROJECT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
YEAR 4 YEAR 5YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3
PROJECT TITLE:A strategy for reviving the vital breadbasket of the Democratic Republic of Congo through integrated soil fertility management coupled to resilient germplasm in cassava-based systems
Detailed budgetANNEX5: Linebasedbudget
Prof. R. Merckx
Country: DRCongo
Projecttitle:AstrategyforrevivingthevitalbreadbasketoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo
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A.
B. 27.800 9.800 37.600
1.000 1000 2.000
21.000 3.000 24.0005.800 5.800 11.600
C. 21.850 32.750 39.100 37.250 35.600 166.5501.700 3.300 3.300 3.300 3.300 14.9001.200 1.700 2.300 2.200 2.000 9.4003.000 4.200 5.800 5.400 5.000 23.400
500 500 500 200 200 1.9003.500 4.200 4.600 4.300 4.000 20.6001.750 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400 11.3504.000 6.500 10.500 9.500 9.000 39.500
1.200 1.200 1.200 1.200 1.200 6.000
3.500 7.000 7.000 7.000 7.000 31.500
250 250 500
C10.3.2. Local travel 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 7.500D. 500 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 4.500
500 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 4.500E. 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 20.000
E1 Grants
4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 20.000E2 Travel expensesscholarshipstudents
F. INTERNATIONALTRAVELEXPENSES 1.700 3.300 800 3.300 1.700 10.800G. 2.650 8.350 1.350 8.350 2.650 23.350
650 2.100 350 2.100 650 5.8502.000 6.250 1.000 6.250 2.000 17.500
H. 650 650 650 650 650 3.25059.150 59.850 46.900 54.550 45.600 266.050
I. MARGINFORFORINSUFFICIENTBUDGETARYESTIMATE (Max. 5%of theA-Htotal) 2.958 2.993 2.345 2.728 2.280 13.30362.108 62.843 49.245 57.278 47.880 279.353
J. 6.211 6.284 4.925 5.728 4.788 27.935J1 InBelgium(lumpsum5%A-I) 3.105 3.142 2.462 2.864 2.394 13.968J2 Local (Max. 5%A-I) 3.105 3.142 2.462 2.864 2.394 13.968
68.318 69.127 54.170 63.005 52.668 307.288
All rowsneedtobecompletedonsubmissionof thefully-fledgedproposal.
BOARDANDLODGINGCOSTS
G1Per diem
G2Hotel costs
PERSONNELCOSTS
D1Permanentlyexpatriatedpersonnel
SCHOLARSHIPS
C9Communication
C10Other
SHIPMENTCOSTS
ADMINISTRATIONCOSTS
C4Documentationandbooks
C5Small material, spareparts
C6Officesupplies
D2Local experts
C10.1. Servicecontracts
C. 10.2. Toppingup
C. 10.3. Non-international travel
C10.3.1. Travel inBelgium
C7Fuel
C8Reprography
Total
A2. Others
B1Buildings
B2Equipment
INVESTMENTCOSTS
YEAR3 YEAR5
PREPARATORYCOSTS
A1. Identificationor instructionmission
YEAR1 YEAR2 YEAR4
TOTALA-H:
G. 3.1. Representationduringimplementationof project
E. 1.1. Short termscholarshipsinBelgium
E. 1.2. LongtermscholarshipsinBelgium
E. 1.2. Short termlocal scholarships
E. 1.1. Longtermlocal scholarships
G3Representationcosts
TOTALA-I:
OVERALL. TOT. (A-J)
B3VehiclesB4Officefurniture
B5Others
OPERATINGCOSTS
C1Maintenanceof material
C2Liquidsubstances
C3Consumer goods
G. 3.2. Representationduringpreparationof project
Project title:Astrategyfor revivingthevital breadbasket of theDemocraticRepublicof Congo
Other items
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r m
EthicsFalcification, fabrication, PlagiarismIssues: duplicate publication
conflict of interestsensitive materialpossibly unethical researchownership of data
authorship
Other items
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m
Authorshipearned (first) versus honorary (last)who should be an author ?
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Nice to cite ...
Nice to cite ....
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“If it dies, it’s biology, if it blows up, it’s chemistry, if it doesn’t
work, it’s physics”John Wilkes
“...the greatest truths, poorly comunicated, remain unconvincing”Lois Debakey
“Do not concern the opinion of another because it differs from yourown. You both may be wrong”Dandemis
“Traveler, there is no path; paths are made by walking”Antonio Machado
“I don’t mind if you think slowly, Doctor; but I do mind if you publishfaster than you think”
Pauli Wolfgang
Nice to cite....“One can no more be a bit dishonest than one can be a little bit
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One can no more be a bit dishonest than one can be a little bitpregnant”
C. Ian Jackson“Nothing clarfies ideas in one’s mind so much as explaining them toother people”
Vernon Booth
“Blessed is the man, who, having nothing to say, abstains from givingus wordy evidence of the fact”George Eliot
“To speak much is one thing, to speak well another”Sophocles
“Only the composition as a whole determines the good or bad of apiece of graphic work”
Eduard Imhof
Nice to cite....
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“The true spirit of conversation consits in building on another man’sobservation, not overturning it”
Bulwer Lytton
“If all our commonsense notions about the universe were correct,then science would have solved the secrets of the universethousands of years ago”
Michio Kaku
“If we ignore what other people are thinking, or have thought inthe past, then rational discussion must come to an end, though eachof us may go on happily talking to himself”
Karl R. Popper
Nice to cite....
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“If you really want to understand something, the best way is to tryand explain it to someone else. That forces you to sort it out in your
own mind. And the more slow and dim-witted your pupil, the more you have to break things down into more and more simple ideas. Andthat’s really the essence of programming. By the time you’ve sortedout a complicated idea into little steps that even a stupid machinecan deal with, you’ve certainly learned something about it yourself”
Douglas Adams“Science tell us what we can know, but what we can know is little,and if we forget how much we cannot know we become insensitiveto many things of great importance”
Bertrand Russell
“Philosophy of science without history of science is empty; historyof science without philosophy of science is blind”
Imre Lakatos
Nice to cite....
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“Being a scientist is like being a musician. You do need some talent,but you have a great advantage over a musician. You can get 99% ofthe notes wrong, then get one right and be wildly applauded”
Dudley Herschbach
“The easiest way to grow as a person, is to surround yourself withpeople smarter than you”
“To know two, you must first know one”The fires of heaven – Robert Jordan
“Sapiens nihil affirmat quod non probat”“A wise man states as true nothing that he does not prove”
Nice to cite....
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“Tout bien considéré travailler est moins ennuyeux que s’amuser”Charkles Baudelaire
“The university operates on a basic principle of economics:everything has its costs. We pay to create our future; we pay forthe mistakes of the past; we pay for every change we make ...and wepay just as dairly if we refuse to change”
Prelude to Dune – House HarkonnenBrian Herbert & Kevin J. Anderson
“...it is afterwards that events are always understood ...”
Our Lady of Darkness – Peter Tremayne
“The first thing to writing is writing, not thinking”Finding Forrester – Sean Connery
Nice to cite....
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“What we call the beginning is often the end. And to make an end is
to make a beginning. The end is where we start from"
T. S. Eliot
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Suggested Readings
Suggested readings
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gg gDavis, M. (2005). Scientific Papers and Presentations. USA, Massachusetts,
Academic Press, 356p.
Luellen, W.R. (2001). Fine-Tuning your Writing. USA, Madison, Wise Owl
Publishing Company, 346.
Malmfors, B., Garnsworthy, P. & Grossman, M. (2002). Writing and Presenting
Scientific Papers. Nottingham, UK, Nottingham University press, 133p.
Chicago (The) Manual of Style (2003). 15th Edition, USA, Chicago, The
University of Chicago Press, 956p.
Ebel, H.F., Bliefert, C. & Russey, W.E. (1990). The Art of Scientific Writing.
Germany, Weinheim, VCH, 493p.
Gibaldi, J. (2003). MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. USA, NewYork, The Modern Language Association, 361p.