Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

• The economy of a country is The economy of a country is controlled by several factorscontrolled by several factors

POPULATION SIZE

EDUCATION SYSTEMculture

POLICIES OFTHE GOVENMENTAGREECULTUREINDUSTRIAL

ACTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

FACILITTIES

Research MethodologyResearch Methodology• People of a country engage in various People of a country engage in various

activities as services housing textile activities as services housing textile industries etc. Each of these industries etc. Each of these industries is backed by various other industries is backed by various other industriesindustries

• A textile industry is supported by A textile industry is supported by machine tools, chemical and machine tools, chemical and agricultural industry agricultural industry

• Policies and guidance of government Policies and guidance of government facilitate the integration, coordination facilitate the integration, coordination and control of all the activities of the and control of all the activities of the nation with the objective of nation with the objective of maximizing the growth of the nationmaximizing the growth of the nation

• Productivity of a business =Productivity of a business =

• outputoutput

• --------------------------

• InputInput

That is Annual revenueThat is Annual revenue

• ------------------------------------------------

• Annual costAnnual cost

Case of the tooth pasteCase of the tooth paste• Taking the example of a toothpaste Taking the example of a toothpaste

the main factors which affect the the main factors which affect the demand of this toothpaste aredemand of this toothpaste are

Ingredients of the tooth pasteIngredients of the tooth paste

• Taste of the tooth pasteTaste of the tooth paste

• Selling price per unitSelling price per unit

• Size of the populationSize of the population

• Income level of the peopleIncome level of the people

• Number of competing brands Number of competing brands

• Location of the customer Location of the customer

• The objective of the companies The objective of the companies producing these toothpastes is to producing these toothpastes is to identify the optimal level of identify the optimal level of production of each toothpaste by production of each toothpaste by taking the above factors into account taking the above factors into account such that profit is maximisedsuch that profit is maximised

• The company can achieve these The company can achieve these objectives through research and objectives through research and development activitiesdevelopment activities

•

• If we carefully examine the factors If we carefully examine the factors affecting the sale of the toothpaste affecting the sale of the toothpaste we can distinguish these factors into we can distinguish these factors into quantitative and qualitative factors quantitative and qualitative factors One has to develop a suitable modal One has to develop a suitable modal using the data of these factors using the data of these factors augmented with detailed survey. augmented with detailed survey.

• This is an example of a research This is an example of a research study to improve the productivity of study to improve the productivity of an organisationan organisation

•ResearchResearch --- A detailed study is --- A detailed study is required in practice situation for required in practice situation for better result Any effort which is better result Any effort which is directed to such study for better directed to such study for better results is known asresults is known as research research

•Research Research is an organized set of is an organized set of activities to study and develop a activities to study and develop a model of procedure technique to model of procedure technique to find the result of a realistic find the result of a realistic problem supported by literature problem supported by literature and data such that its objectives and data such that its objectives are maximisedare maximised

• Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

• A system of models, procedures and A system of models, procedures and techniques used to find the result of a techniques used to find the result of a research problem is called research research problem is called research methodologymethodology

Mathematical tools for Mathematical tools for analysisanalysis

• Following are the mathematical tools Following are the mathematical tools to study a research problemsto study a research problems

•Statistical TechniquesStatistical Techniques

• Methods to find central tendency( mean, Methods to find central tendency( mean, median, mode)median, mode)

• Methods to find measures of dispersions Methods to find measures of dispersions variance, coefficient of variance, coefficient of variance,coefficient of skewness, variance,coefficient of skewness, standard divinations etcstandard divinations etc

Statistical TechniquesStatistical Techniques

•Forecasting methodsForecasting methods

•Factorial designFactorial design

•Sampling methodSampling method

•Test of hypothesisTest of hypothesis

•Factor analysisFactor analysis

•Discriminant analysisDiscriminant analysis

•Conjoint analysisConjoint analysis

Operations Research ModelsOperations Research Models

• Linear ProgrammingLinear Programming

• Integer ProgrammingInteger Programming

• Project management Project management

• Inventory controlInventory control

• SimulationSimulation

• Non linear ProgrammingNon linear Programming

To cope with the challenges introduced To cope with the challenges introduced by the dynamism of the evolving real by the dynamism of the evolving real life business systems and practices a life business systems and practices a continues research should be carried continues research should be carried out to establish modified techniques out to establish modified techniques or newer techniquesor newer techniques

Some Examples……….Some Examples……….

• To use research to modify existing To use research to modify existing techniquestechniques

Modifying existing transportation Modifying existing transportation techniquestechniques

For better accuracy of resultsFor better accuracy of results

To use research develop a newer To use research develop a newer techniquetechnique

Model for media mix of a multinational Model for media mix of a multinational company company

Research Problems in Research Problems in ManagementManagement

• Marketing Marketing

Product identificationProduct identification

Demand estimationDemand estimation

Demand- Supply analysis Demand- Supply analysis

Product developmentProduct development

Market segmentationMarket segmentation

Media mixMedia mix

• Sales Promotion programmeSales Promotion programme

• Product LaunchingProduct Launching

• Design of distribution channelDesign of distribution channel

• PricingPricing

• Marketing strategy formationMarketing strategy formation

• Product differentiation and product Product differentiation and product positioningpositioning

• PackagingPackaging

• Design of advertisementDesign of advertisement

• Planning sales force Planning sales force

• Buying behaviourBuying behaviour

Research Problems in Research Problems in ManagementManagement

ProductionProduction

• ForecastingForecasting

• Capacity planningCapacity planning

• Plant locationPlant location

• Plant layoutPlant layout

• Line balancingLine balancing

• Inventory controlInventory control

• Aggregate planning Aggregate planning

• Master plan schedulingMaster plan scheduling

• Materials requirement planningMaterials requirement planning

• Project managementProject management

• Maintenance managementMaintenance management

• Quality controlQuality control

• Work designWork design

• Modern system designModern system design

Like jit , computer integrated Like jit , computer integrated management , flexible manufacturing management , flexible manufacturing ,agile manufacturing etc,agile manufacturing etc

FinanceFinance

• Models for breakeven analysisModels for breakeven analysis

• Ratio analysisRatio analysis

• Portfolio managementPortfolio management

• Balance of paymentBalance of payment

• InflationInflation

• DeflationDeflation

• Economic growth modelsEconomic growth models

• Human ResourceHuman Resource

• Manpower planningManpower planning

• Performance appraisal systemPerformance appraisal system

• Conflict managementConflict management

• Organizational climatesOrganizational climates

• Training methodsTraining methods