research methodology_one atmiya collage

8/3/2019 Research Methodology_one Atmiya Collage

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Definition:

Scientific & systematic search for pertinent informationon a specific topic.

OR

Systematic process of collection & analyzing informationin order to increase our understanding.


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What of Measure?

Attitude

Opinion


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Why Research? (Motivationsin

Research)

To know unknown facts

To serve the society

To help the government

To develop the new concept, idea and understanding

To get research degree

To gain new knowledge

To define inquisitiveness


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Nature: Social Science Vs. Physical

Science

Social Science

1. Commerce, Management, Economics &Sociology base2. Society is a field/Laboratory of experiment

Physical Science


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Scope of Research

Market Research

Financial & Cost Research

Production & Operation Research Strategic HRM Research

Others: Web Marketing, BPR, BPO, HRO,Social Responsibilities, Six Sigma, JIT,SCM,

CRM,Advertising & Sales, InformationTechnology etc.


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Objectives of Research: Broad

Groupings

Exploratory (Formulative)

(to obtain familiarity of a phenomenon or toachieve new insights into it)

Descriptive(to portray the characteristics)

Diagnostic (Clinical)

(to determine the frequency of occurrences) Hypothesis (Empirical)

(to determine the association)


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Characteristics of Good Research

Scope & limitations should be defined clearly.

Easy to verify the process (control).

Follow the ethical standards (free from personal biases).

Keep core objective at the center (objectivity).

Same result in an identical study (generalization). Well planned steps (systematic)

Same results by using an identical methodology(reproducible/verifiable)

A clear argument for an ordered sequence (logical) Data be adequately analyzed and explained.

All finding are presented unambiguously.

Conclusion be justified by sufficient evidence.


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Qualities of Good Researcher

Inquisitiveness

Innate Creativeness

Unbiased ness

Perseverance

Analytical Mind

Technology Savvy

Communication Skill

Expert in His field


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Scientific Vs.Non-scientific

Research

Objectivity

Accuracy Self criticism

Continuing & Exhaustive


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What ResearchisNot

Research isnt information gathering

Research isnt the transportation of facts


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Research Types Descriptive (Ex post facto) Vs.Analytical

Applied Vs. Fundamental Quantitative Vs. Qualitative

Conceptual Vs. Empirical

Formulative (Exploratory)

One time Vs. Longitudinal

Field setting, Laboratory, Simulation

Diagnostic/Clinical

Historical Conclusion Oriented Vs. Decision Oriented

Case study

Absolute Vs. Comparative


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RM Vs. RM

Research Methodology

- broader scope

- gives appropriate reason

Research Methods

- techniques are used to conduct

the research


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Researchin Mgmt Decisions

Need of an information

Availability of ModernTechnology

Information Overload

Market Research Work Right & timely information

Right & timely Decision

Improved productivity

Profit Maximization

Sustainability


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Ethics & Business Research

Ethics & Respondents Voluntary Participation

Informed Consent

Risk of harm

Confidentiality Anonymity

Ethics & Clients No deliberate misrepresentation

Ethically state the right methods Protection from unqualified researchers

Confidentiality and privacy


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Continue

Ethics andThe Research Firm

Safety

Protection from misuse of proposal

Ethical use of findings


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Research ProcessDiscover the

Problem Area(Research Topic)

Research DesignSynopsis

(Proposal)

Literature

Review

Formulate the

Research Prob.

Execution of

The Project

Hypothesis/

Hypotheses

Analysis of DataHypothesis

Testing

Interpretation &

GeneralizationReport


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Technique to Define PS

Statement of problem in a general way.

Understanding the nature of problem.

Surveying the available literature.

Developing the ideas through discussion.

Rephrasing the research problem.


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Problem Selection

Consideration It should be not overdone.

It should be not controversial.

It should be not too narrow or too ill defined.

It should be feasible.

Skills, qualification, experience, budget, and

time


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Sources: problem statements

Personal, professional & academic experience

Review of literature

Conferences & seminars

Imagination & creativity

Technical & social changes

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Criteria: goodresearch PS

Originality

Clarity & un ambiguity

Interest & curiosity

Important & applicable

Feasibility with researchers abilities

Cost & time feasibility

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Example: Problem Statement

Why is productivity in Japan so

much higher than in India?


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Example: The Perfect Problem

Statement What factors were responsible for the

higher labor productivity of Japans

manufacturing industries during thedecade 1971 to 1980 relative to Indias

manufacturing industries?


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LR: secondarysources Publications of the central, state or local

government

Publications of foreign governments orinternational bodies

Technical & trade journals

Books, magazines & newspapers

Reports & publications of business, industry,banks, universities, economists etc.

Thesis prepared by researchers

Historical documents

Diaries, letters, biographies, autobiographies


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Synopsis

Business Synopsis Executive summary

Problem Statement

Review of Literature

Research Methodology Data analysis

Budget & Resources

Timetable

Qualification of the researcher Bibliography

Appendices


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Continue

Academic Synopsis

Defining the problem

Review of the existing literature

Conceptual framework & methodology

Analysis of data

General conclusions


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Research Design

It is the arrangement of conditionsfor collection and analysis of data

for research work with economy inprocedure


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Purpose of RD

Maximum information withminimum expenditure of time,

effort and money


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Research Design Considerations

Study

Type of data

Time period

Cost involved

Sample design

Data collection techniques

Data analysis techniques

Style of the report


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Terminologies of RD

Variables Extraneous Variables

Control

Confounded Relationship Research Hypothesis Experimental & non-experimental

HypothesisTesting Experimental & Control Groups Treatments

Experiment Experimental Units


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Characteristics: goodresearch

design

Objectivity

Reliability

Validity

Generalization


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Basic Phases: RD

Sampling design

Observational design (data collection design &instrument design)

Statistical design

Operational design

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Specific Types: RD Exploratory

Secondary data analysis

Expert surveys

Case studies

Conclusive Descriptive

Correlation studies

Cross sectional studies

Longitudinal studies

Diagnostic

Experimental (Empirical/Hypothesis testing)

Principles of Experimental designs


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Principles of ED

Principle of Replication

Principle of Randomization

Principle of Local Control


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Research Designs

Design Exploratory Descriptive/Diagnostic

Overall Flexible Rigid

Sampling Non-probability Probability

Statistical No pre-planned Pre-planned

Observational Unstructured Structured

Operational No fixed

decision

Advanced

decisions


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Sample Design

It is a definite plan for obtaining

a sample from a given

population


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Process: sd

Defining the population

Defining the sampling unit

Determining the sampling frame Selecting the sampling technique

Determining the sample size

Execution of sampling process


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Criteria: sample size

Nature of population

Homogeneous / Heterogeneous Nature of respondent

Cooperation, availability

Nature of study

One time or Longitudinal

Sampling technique Probability / non-probability

Tabulation complexity

Availability of resources

Degree of accuracy


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Types of SamplesProbability

Simple Random SamplingSystematic SamplingStratified SamplingCluster SamplingArea SamplingMultistage Sampling

Sequential

Non-probabilityDeliberate Sampling (Purposive)

Convenience Sampling

Judgment SamplingQuota Sampling

Snowball Sampling


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Characteristics of a

goodsample Representative ness

Adequacy

Unbiased ness No substitution

High precision


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Sampling Errors

Biased

Faulty process of selection

Faulty data collection

Faulty analysis

Unbiased


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Non-sampling Errors

Response

Research error

Respondent error

Non-response


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Advantages of Sampling

It reduces the time & cost.

It saves labor.

It gives better quality of the result. It provides quicker results.

It is the only procedure possible, if the

population is infinite.


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Meaning of Data Collection

The search for answers to research questions is

called collection of data


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Types of Data

Data pertaining to human beings

Data relating to organizations

Data pertaining to territorial areas


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Importance of Data

The relevance, adequacy and frequency of data

determine the quality of the findings of a study.


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Choice of Data Collection Method

The nature of the subject-matter

The unit of enquiry

The size & spread of the sample

The educational level of respondents

The depth of information to be collected

The availability of skilled manpower

The rate of accuracy required


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Secondarydata

Internal

External

Published

Computerized DBs

Syndicated services


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Primarydata

Quantitative

Survey (PI,TI, Questionnaire)

Observation

Experimental

Qualitative

Focus group interview

Depth interview Projective techniques

Types of Observations


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Types of Observations

Structured vs. Unstructured Disguised vs. Undisguised

Participative vs. Non-participative

Natural vs. Contrived

Mode of administration Personal

Mechanical

Audit

Content


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Types of Interviews

Structured vs. Unstructured

Personal Interview

Telephonic Interview

Focus group interview

Depth Interview

Projective techniques

i l


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Rating Scales

SimpleAttitude Scales

Simple category scale

Multiple-Choice, Single Response

Multiple-Choice, Multiple Response

Likert Scale

Semantic Differential Scale

BMW Car:

Fast :__;__;__;__;__: Slow


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Numerical Scale

Extremely 5 4 3 2 1 Extremely

Favorable Unfavorable

Employees cooperation in teams__

Employees knowledge of task__

Employees effectiveness__


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Multiple Rating List scale

Indicate important/unimportant vehicle servicecharacteristics:

Important Unimportant

Fast 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Reliable 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


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Constant Sum Scale

You have 100 points to distribute

among the following char. of

Dallas Steakhouse:

___Food Quality

___Atmosphere

___ Service

___ Price

100 TOTAL


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Stapel Scale

Company Name

+3 +3 +3

+2 +2 +2

+1 +1 +1

Tech. Leader Product ReputationQuality

-1 -1 -1-2 -2 -2

-3 -3 -3


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Graphic Rating Scale

How likely are you to recommend Sony to others?

(Mark by X)

Very Likely |---------------|Very Unlikely


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Ranking Scales

1. Paired-Comparison Scale

For each pair to two-seat cars listed, place acheck beside the one you would most prefer

to purchase__BMW Z4 __Chevrolet

__Boxter __BMW Z4

__Chevrolet

__Boxter


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2. Forced Ranking Scale

Rank the radar detection features inyour order of preference.

__User programming__Cordless capability

__Small size

__Long range warning


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3.Comparative Scale

Compared to your previous hairdryers performance, the new one

is:SUPERIOR SAME INFERIOR

__ __ __ __ __

1 2 3 4 5


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Sorting Scale

What magazines do you want SingaporeAirlines tocarry for its in-flight service?

Most LeastPreferred Preferred

----------------------------------------------

3 2 1 (scale value)10 13 2 (No. of choices)

C m lati e S ales


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Cumulative Scales

Opinions about a new style of

running shoe

1.TheAirsole is good-looking

2. I will insist onAirsole next timebecause it is great looking

3.The appearance ofAirsole is

acceptable to me.

4. I prefer theAirsole style to otherstyles


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Item

__________________ Participant

2 4 1 3 Score

X X X X 4

_ X X X 3_ _ X X 2

_ _ _ X 1

_ _ _ _ 0


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Decision Making Approaches

Traditional Approacha.k.a. trial & error approach

Quantitative Approacha.k.a.

OR, MS, QA, Decision Analysis,

Scientific/SystematicApproach,RationalApproach


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Types of DM Situations

Certain vs. Uncertain

Static vs. Dynamic

Nature opponent vs. Rational opponent


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OR : History

Origin

Naming


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OR: Nature &

Characteristics DefinitionOR is the application of scientific methods to

problems of various business operations to

provide optimum solutions


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Features:

1. Decision Making

2. Scientific Approach

3. Objective

4. Inter-disciplinaryTeamApproach

5. Digital Computer


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OR : Methodology

Formulate the problem

- Origin & Cause

- Inheritance relationship

- Selection

-Types: Standard/Programmed vs.

special/non-programmed


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Model Building

- Definition: Simplifiedrepresentation of a real worldsituation

-Types:

1. Physical Models

- Iconic -Analogue

2. Symbolic Models


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Obtaining Input Data

Solution of Model

- Feasible vs. Infeasible

- Optimal vs. non-optimal- Unique vs. Multiple

Model Validation

Implementation

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