research methods
TRANSCRIPT
RESEARCH METHODS
RESEARCH DESIGNS
DIZON, ALLEN
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
The process of systematically
examining past events to give an
account; may involve interpretation to
recapture the nuances, personalities,
and ideas that influenced these events;
to communicate an understanding of
past events.
MAJOR STEPS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Collection of data
Criticism of data collected
Presentation of facts
USES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
1. It is useful in searching through the past for solutions to
contemporary problems and needs.
2. It is used to throw light on the present.
3. It gives people a sense of continuity of the past to the
present.
4. It enables the communities to grasp their relationship with
the past to the current issues.
5. Presentation of the facts in readable form involving problems
of organization, composition, exposition and interpretation.
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Primary Sources• Documents – These include school directives,
court decisions, executive and other official records, personal materials. Newspapers and periodicals.
• Remains – These include physical plant, equipment, apparatus, teaching aids and devices, pictures of buildings and furnishing, forms of diplomas and certificates, textbooks and reference books.
Secondary Sources – These are histories of
education, bibliographies, encyclopedia and
many others.
DOLLENTAS, GENESIS
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Is a method which involves
observing and describing the
behavior of a subject without
influencing it in any way.
IMPORTANCE OF DESCRIPTIVE
DESIGNStudies can yield rich data.
Approach collects a large amount of
data for detailed analysis.
If limitations are understood, they can
be a useful tool in developing more
focused study.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN Information is collected without changing the
environment studies.
Helps researchers plan and carry out descriptive
studies.
Often involves extensive observation and note-
taking.
Can serve as a first step that identifies important
factors.
TECHNIQUES IN DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Survey
Experiments
Data Analyzing
Note taking
Observing
GUTIERREZ, JANINE
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
1. DESCRIPTIVE-SURVEY – suitable wherever the subjects
vary among themselves.
2. DESCRIPTIVE-NORMATIVE SURVEY – compare local
test result with a state or national norm.
3. DESCRIPTIVE-STATUS – seeks to answer questions to
real facts relating to existing conditions.
4. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS – determines or describes the
nature of an object by separating in into its parts.
5. DESCRIPTIVE-CLASSIFICATION - employed in natural sciences subjects
6. DESCRIPTIVE-EVALUATIVE – this design is to appraise carefully the worthiness of the current study.
7. DESCRIPTIVE – COMPARATIVE – this is the design where the reasearchers considers two variables and establishes a formal procedure to compare and conclude that one is better than the other.
8. CORRELATIONAL SURVEY – this is designed to determine the relationship of two variables (X & Y)
9. LONGITUDINAL SURVEY – this involves much time allotted for investigation of the same subjects of two or more points in time.
DE OCAMPO, PRECIOUS
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
is the problem-solving approach that
the study is described in the future on
what will be when the variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated.
CONCEPTS OF
CAUSATIONONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP – according to
this concept for every particular cause there is a
corresponding particular effect.
TWO-VARIABLE RELATIONSHIP – this involves
two variables causing an effect upon one variable.
COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP – this is a case
where two or more variables causing a single effect.
MAJOR TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
are so named because they follow basic experimental
steps but fail to include a control in group.
Are lacking several areas of the true-experimental
criteria.
ADVANTAGE :
Very practical
Set the stage for further research
2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Fair better than the pre-experimental studies in that they emply a means to compare groups.
Usually consructions that already exist in the real world.
ADVANTAGE: Greater external validity Much more feasible given time and
logistical constraints
3. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Makes up for the shortcomings of the two design previously discussed.
They employ both a control group and a means to measure the change that occurs in both groups.
MUST EMPLOY:• Random selection of subjects• Use of control groups• Random assignments to control and experimental
groups• Random assignments of groups to control and
experimental conditionsADVANTAGES
Greater internal validity Casual claims can be investigated
GOLLENA , ANNA
SOME TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNSSINGLE-GROUP DESIGN – this design involves a single
instrument with two or more levels.
TWO-GROUP DESIGN – two comparable groups are
employed as experimental and control groups or two
comparable groups are both experimental groups.
TWO-PAIR GROUP DESIGN – an elaboration of two-
group design wherein there are two control groups and two
experimental groups.
PARELLEL-GROUP DESIGN – two or more groups are used at the same time with only a single variable manipulated or changed.
COUNTERBALANCED (LATIN SQUARE DESIGN) – involves an exchanged of two or more instruments taken by the subjects during the experiment.
COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN – this design in which a group of test plants or animals is studied only once but subsequent treatment is applied to determine the cause of change.
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN – this experimental design uses a group of test plants and animals as subjects of the study.
GAMO, KARLA
CORRELATIONAL DESIGN - this experimental design is used to determine the relationship of two dependent variables.
PRE-TEST-POST-TEST DESIGN – this design involves the experimental group and the control group which are carefully selected through randomization procedure.
CASE STUDY DESIGN – is a problem-solving technique wherein the study is described from the past, present ang the future.
CASE STUDY – may be defines as an extensive and intensive investigation of a unit represented.
CASE WORK – refers especially to the developmental, adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedures that appropriately follow diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or of favorable development.
CONTENT ANALYSIS (TEXTUAL ANALYSIS) – methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication.