research methods and data collection trilochan pokharel, [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
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Objectives
Explain applied research design Explain sources and techniques of data
collection Analyze and interpret data and
Information Apply research skills in field visit study
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Contents
Fundamentals of research methods Data collection and analysis techniques Data interpretation and presentation
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Some questions
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How can governance be improved from the use of technology?
What are the public perceptions about recent policy on traffic management implemented by the GoN?
How can government manage solid waste of Kathmandu valley?
In a village, government has launched poverty alleviation programme. After completion of programmes, government is interested to know the improvements in the living standard of people.
What is the impact of improved agricultural technology on livelihoods of rural farmers?
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Discuss and decide on an area you would like to study
Time: 10 Mins
Re + search...
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Person
Observes
Again and again
Phenomena
Collection of data
Analysis of data
Conclusion
Singh, YK. (2006). Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics. New Delhi: New Age International.
Research Process Outline
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Problem Definition
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Report Writing and Dissemination
Research Methodology
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Scientific collective process of: Identifying problem Operational design Collecting and analyzing evidence Drawing conclusion
Research Problem
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Certainty- reconfirming the fact reflected elsewhere
Uncertainty- no specific knowledge about the phenomenon available
Ambiguity- available knowledge confusing
Research problem? Open senses!!
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Identifying of Research Problem
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SEARCH Approach
S= See around (literature, experience, experts’ opinion, observation)
E= Explore A= Analyze R= Review Ch= Choose
Identifying research problem: funnel structure
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Observe and collect
Review and scrutinize
Narrow down
Specific
Some examples...
What are the factors for effective service delivery in office X?
Are the staff of office X motivated for providing effective public service?
What is the response of service receivers about service provided by X Hospital in Kathmandu?
What are the responses of NASC staff and MoGA staff about the digital attendance?
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Propose a research question that you want to investigate
Time: 5 Mins
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Design a title of your research
Time: 5 Mins
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Example...
Service Receiver's Perception on Service
Delivery of X Hospital in Kathmandu
Operational Design
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a. Statement of objectivesb. Research design
Quantitative vs. Qualitative vs. Participatory vs. mixed method
Descriptive vs. exploratory vs. experimental vs. mixed method
Inductive vs. deductive vs. mixed method Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional
c. Measurement – type of data d. Sampling
Sample size Probability vs. non-probability
e. Reliability and validity
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Objective...
To know the perception of service receivers on the service provided by X hospital in Kathmandu
You can classify the services that you want to study. For example, health professional behaviour, admin staff behaviour, lab services, pharmacy services etc, for making your objectives more specific.
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Research design…
Quantitative: sample size determination, quantitative summary
Qualitative: patient's detail perception towards services
Participatory: group discussion comprising clients and hospital staff and observation of hospital activities
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Research design…
Descriptive: observed situation (what) Exploratory: clients perceptions and
hospital activities (why)
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Sampling…
Sample size: X patients who received hospital services during two days
Probability sampling: simple random or systematic random or convenient sampling or client exit interview
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Let’s work on
Define objectives Define research design Sampling design
Time: 20 mins
Collecting and Analyzing Evidence
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a. Data sourcea. Primary- census or survey; validity and reliability b. Secondary - credibility
b. Methods of collecting primary data (detail in the following slide)
a. Interview - structured and unstructuredb. Observationc. Participatory/group discussion
c. Data managementa. Quantitative data – tables, graphs and statistical analysis b. Qualitative data- narration, contextualizationc. Use of software – SPSS, EPIinfo, CsPro, dbase, Atlas.ti,
Eviews, STATA d. Research report writing
Data Collection Methods
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Interviews - structured or unstructured Questionnaire design - qualities of a good questionnaire What a questionnaire can do? Which method?
Observations When to observe? What an observation can do?
Participatory/group discussion - RRA, PRA, FGD When to use participatory methods? What they can do?
Case studies When to use case studies? What case studies can do?
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Data…
Data collection Primary data: Questionnaire, check list,
observation Secondary data: Administrative records
Data management Frequency distribution - tables, graphs and
mean calculation Qualitative data: narration and
contextualization
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Define data collection tools
Source of information Tools for data collection
Ethical Issues? Avoidance of Conflict??
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Respecting participants - human rights issues
Being honest - no manipulation Protecting information - right to privacy Cultural, religious and social characteristics
friendly Informed consent
How one becomes unethical?
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Speed – not having enough time, so data and other facts are sometimes “made up.”
Greed – we want more funds for your organization and in your “win” column, so the truth gets stretched.
Laziness – we do not want to do the hard work involved in gathering the real data, etc.
Haziness – we or our organizations do not have clear guidelines and procedures to avoid ethical conflict.
Drawing conclusion
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Validating with other similar types of study Testing hypothesis (if formulated) Comparing- use previous studies Reinforcing the findings (may be gaps) Recommendations (be aware of unsolicited
jargons!) Look at the coherence: problem –
objectives- methods – analysis – conclusion
Revisiting- Planning your research!!!
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Formulate your question – problem identification Get background information- review Refine your research topic- select issues Consider your resource options – T3 (Time,
treasury and technology) Select and use appropriate methods and tool-
empirical issue Locate and analyze information – analytical issue Organize and write- dissemination
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References
Babbie, Earl. (2008). The Basics of Social Research. London: Thomson Wadsworth.
Blaxter, Loraine, Hughes, Chistina & Tight, Malcolm. (2010). How to Research. New York: The McGraw-Hill.
Miller, RL., & Brewer, JD. (2003). The A-Z of Social Research. London: SAGE Publications.
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Any Queries?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE!!!