research methods in health psychology chapter 2. science science is not a thing in and of itself. it...
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Research Methods in Health Psychology
Chapter 2
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Science
• Science is not a thing in and of itself. It is a set of methods used to understand natural phenomena with the goals of:– Explanation– Prediction– Control
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Assumptions of Science
• Naturalism– If its real it can be measured
• Empiricism– Relying on or derived from
observation or experiment– Verifiable or provable by means of
observation or experiment
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Its About the Data
• Idiographic refers to the individual.• Nomothetic - Of or relating to the
study or discovery of general scientific laws.
• When we use nomothetic data we lose specificity to the individual but we gain in that we can now generalize to others.
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Levels of AnalysisLevels of Analysis
Behavioral/PsychologicalBehavioral/Psychological
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
MolecularMolecular
CellularCellular
Social/Historical/EnvironmentalSocial/Historical/Environmental
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Levels of Rigor of Scientific Data
• Naturalistic Observation– Case Study
• Correlation– Most of psychological research– Quasi-experimental
• Experimental Method– The gold standard
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Experimental Method • Involves direct
controlled manipulation– Independent variable– Dependent variable
• Two or more groups– experimental group– control group
• Random assignment
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Independent Variable
• Under control of the experimenter• Used to explain changes in the
dependent variable• Example: Cold virus up the nose
– Cold Virus Exposure (Virus, Placebo, Control)
– Stress (hi, low, none)
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Dependent Variable
• Not under control by the experimenter
• Presumed to be caused or affected by the independent variable
• Example: getting a cold – number of cold symptoms
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Random Assignment
• Random Assignment– Allows us to control for all potential
confounds– Each subject has an equal chance of
being in each group. – Intact groups not random– Replication to deal with chance
variation
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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology
• Branch of medicine that investigates the frequency and distribution of disease and related factors.
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John Snow• The first modern
epidemiologist (1854):– Mapping cases of
cholera and household use of water sources revealed pattern involving a single water pump
• Removing the handle from the Broad Street pump ended the epidemic.
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Epidemiology - Terms• Prevalence-the
proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a specific time.
• Incidence-measures the frequency of new cases of the disease.
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Epidemiology - Terms
• Mortality- Death rate• Morbidity-The rate of
prevalence/incidence of a disease.
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Epidemiology – Ultimate Goals
• Determine the etiology or origins of a specific disease. To develop and test hypotheses.
• Discovering who is more likely to have a disease is useful in determining its cause.
• Discovering risk factors such as dirty water or smoking.
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Epidemiology
• A risk factor is any characteristic or condition that occurs with greater frequency in people with a disease than it does in people free from the disease.
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Epidemiology
• Relative versus absolute risk.Relative: Considered in comparison with something else
• Relative risk the ratio of incidence or prevalence in the exposed group to that of the unexposed group
• Absolute risk-The persons chances of developing a disease.
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Example: Alameda County Study
• Started in 1965
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Epidemiology - Causation• Typically, ER is correlational• Certain criteria can be established to assert a
causal relationship– Well-designed studies– The direction for the relationship is risk condition – Dose-response relationship exists between risk
factor and condition– A direct, consistent association between an independent
variable, such as a behavior, and a dependent variable, such as a disease.
– When the risk is removed the probability of disease is reduced
– Causality is plausible– Animal studies support a causal link