research methods slide show
DESCRIPTION
This a presentation which I developed during the Masters in Library & Information Studies at UCD. This presentation was developed as part of a team. The other members of the team were Justin Ahern, Daniel Murray and Roisín Tangnuy.TRANSCRIPT
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Chinese Censorship, at Home, Abroad
A Continuation or a Break in a new country?
Daniel MurrayRóisín TangneyBetty MaguireJustin Ahern
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IntroductionDaniel Murray
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Introduction
• A gap in the study of Chinese immigrants in Ireland: censorship
• Few countries as thorough in its censorship as China.
• ‘The Great Firewall’• Wide range of topics taboo• Censorship leading to self-censorship
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Public Security Bureau mascots
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Google incident
• Google versus Chinese government earlier this year over refusal to censor further.
• Principled or trouble-making? Opinions of Chinese servers differ.
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Research Question
• Do Chinese in Ireland take advantage of non-censored internet to access information denied to them at home?
(a) What kind of sites do they access in Ireland?(b) Which Internet sources do they find to be more reliable - Irish or Chinese?(c) Does their use of Internet in Ireland influence their attitude towards censorship at home?
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Target Group
• Chinese students in Ireland, as they would have experiences with both China and Ireland.
• Chinese community in Ireland since 1950s but many would have limited contact with China.
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Literature Review
Róisín Tangney
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• OpenNet Initiative. (2009, June 15). Internet Filtering in China. Retrieved November 14, 2010, from OpenNet: http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/ONI_China_2009.pdf
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Internet use in China
• 420 million internet users
• 162 million blogs
• 30 million daily Kaixin users
• 583.5 million mobile phone subscribers
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What’s Blocked?
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What’s Censored?
Taiwan, Tibet, TiananmenNorth KoreaFalun GongReligionPornographyNews Stories
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Do they want more information?
• Anti-CNN movement following clashes in Tibet in 2008
• Race traitors targeted • Google controversy
BUT …
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Online discussion forums suggest many Chinese people want to end Internet censorship.
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Chinese Community in Ireland
Wang, Y. Y., & King-O'Riain, R. C. (2006). Chinese Students in Ireland. National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Dept. of Sociology. National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism.
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Profile Study
• 30,000 Chinese people living in Ireland• 3,000 3rd level Students
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Co-Ethnic Researcher – Why?
• Relates to target population• Body Language/Cultural differences• Communication• Comprehension• Participants’ rights• Recruitment
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• “Most of the interviewees do not use the Irish media often. They find the programmes are quite different from those in China …In the Chinese community they have their own media”
(Wang and King-O’Riain, p.49)
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Research Design
Betty Maguire
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Mixed Methods Approach
• ‘an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches and the mixing of both approaches in a study’
Cresswell, P. 4
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‘Mixed Method Approaches involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or quantitative Research’
Creswell&Plano Clark, 2007
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Quantitative survey 30 Qualitative face-to-face interviews
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Paradigm
Social Constructivist Paradigm participants’ views of the situation being
studiedbroad, open-ended questions
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• ‘Researchers realize that their own background shapes their interpretation, and they position themselves in the research to acknowledge how their interpretation flows from their personal, cultural and historical experiences’
Cresswell, p. 8.
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Sampling
Snowball sampling Snow-probability sampling technique subjects are hard to locatehttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html
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2 Approaches
First Approach make initial contact with key informants
information rich cases Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet
Publishing, 2007, p. 65
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Second Approach an initial participantinterview and observationcharacteristics and issues that need further
inquiry Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet
Publishing, 2007, p. 65
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According to Erlandson et al, 1993,82“Purposive and directed sampling through
human instrumentation increases the range of data exposed and maximises the Researcher’s ability to identify emerging themes”
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Linear Snowball Sampling http://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html
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Exponential non-discriminative samplinghttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html
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Interview Questions Examples
• Their opinions on broad issues, e.g. Taiwan, Tibet, etc
• Opinions on recent incidents, e.g. Google v.s. Chinese government, 2008 food poisoning scandal, etc
• Opinions on internet access in Ireland, as opposed to China?
• Which would they trust more? Why?
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Interview Focus
• Emphasis on letting the responses of the focus group guide us during the interviews
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Limitations
Small sample
Students only (3,000 out of total population of
30,000)Dr. O’Leary,R., Dr. Li, L.,“Mainland Chinese Students and Immigrants in Ireland
and their Engagement with Christianity, Churches& Society”, p. 3.
![Page 38: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Costs Phone creditiPod as questionnaire incentiveTranscription costsFunding National Immigration Council of Ireland Atlantic Philanthropies Confucius Institute
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Sensitive Issue
Perception of Preconceived Bias of Westerners
Co-Ethnic Researcher
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Time Management
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Ethics
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Ethics
Sensitive Issue
Make Research Overt
Code of ethics
Informed Consent
Letter of request
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Limitations
Team Bias
Small Sample Size
Controversial Subject Matter
Timeframe
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Chinese Censorship, at Home, Abroad
A Continuation or a Break in a new country?
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Introduction
• A gap in the study of Chinese immigrants in Ireland: censorship
• Few countries as thorough in its censorship as China.
• ‘The Great Firewall’• Wide range of topics taboo• Censorship leading to self-censorship
![Page 46: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Public Security Bureau mascots
![Page 47: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Google incident
• Google versus Chinese government earlier this year over refusal to censor further.
• Principled or trouble-making? Opinions of Chinese servers differ.
![Page 48: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Research Question
• Do Chinese in Ireland take advantage of non-censored internet to access information denied to them at home?
![Page 49: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Focus Group
• Chinese students in Ireland, as they would have experiences with both China and Ireland.
• Chinese community in Ireland since 1950s but many would have limited contact with China.
![Page 50: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Research Approach
• Mixed Methods: Qualitative and quantitative studies, with use of online questionnaires and interviews with volunteers
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Interview Questions Examples
• Their opinions on broad issues, e.g. Taiwan, Tibet, etc
• Opinions on recent incidents, e.g. Google v.s. Chinese government, 2008 food poisoning scandal, etc
• Opinions on internet access in Ireland, as opposed to China?
• Which would they trust more? Why?
![Page 52: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Interview Focus
• Emphasis on letting the responses of the focus group guide us during the interviews
![Page 53: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Literature Review
Róisín Tangney
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• OpenNet Initiative. (2009, June 15). Internet Filtering in China. Retrieved November 14, 2010, from OpenNet: http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/ONI_China_2009.pdf
![Page 56: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Internet use in China
• 420 million internet users
• 162 million blogs
• 30 million daily Kaixin users
• 583.5 million mobile phone subscribers
![Page 57: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What’s Blocked?
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What’s Censored?
Taiwan, Tibet, TiananmenNorth KoreaFalun GongReligionPornographyNews Stories
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Do they want more information?
• Anti-CNN movement following clashes in Tibet in 2008
• Race traitors targeted • Google controversy
BUT …
![Page 60: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Online discussion forums suggest many Chinese people want to end Internet censorship.
![Page 61: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Chinese Community in Ireland
Wang, Y. Y., & King-O'Riain, R. C. (2006). Chinese Students in Ireland. National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Dept. of Sociology. National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism.
![Page 62: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Profile Study
• 30,000 Chinese people living in Ireland• 3,000 3rd level Students
![Page 63: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Co-Ethnic Researcher – Why?
• Relates to target population• Body Language/Cultural differences• Communication• Comprehension• Participants’ rights• Recruitment
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• “Most of the interviewees do not use the Irish media often. They find the programmes are quite different from those in China …In the Chinese community they have their own media”
(Wang and King-O’Riain, p.49)
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Research Design
Betty Maguire
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Mixed Methods Approach
• ‘an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches and the mixing of both approaches in a study’
Cresswell, P. 4
![Page 67: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
‘Mixed Method Approaches involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or quantitative Research’
Creswell&Plano Clark, 2007
![Page 68: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Quantitative survey 30 Qualitative face-to-face interviews
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Paradigm
Social Constructivist Paradigm participants’ views of the situation being
studiedbroad, open-ended questions
![Page 70: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
• ‘Researchers realize that their own background shapes their interpretation, and they position themselves in the research to acknowledge how their interpretation flows from their personal, cultural and historical experiences’
Cresswell, p. 8.
![Page 71: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Sampling
Snowball sampling Snow-probability sampling technique subjects are hard to locatehttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html
![Page 72: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
2 Approaches
First Approach make initial contact with key informants
information rich cases Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet
Publishing, 2007, p. 65
![Page 73: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Second Approach an initial participantinterview and observationcharacteristics and issues that need further
inquiry Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet
Publishing, 2007, p. 65
![Page 74: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
According to Erlandson et al, 1993,82“Purposive and directed sampling through
human instrumentation increases the range of data exposed and maximises the Researcher’s ability to identify emerging themes”
![Page 75: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Linear Snowball Sampling http://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html
![Page 76: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Exponential non-discriminative samplinghttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html
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Limitations
Small sample
Students only (3,000 out of total population of
30,000)Dr. O’Leary,R., Dr. Li, L.,“Mainland Chinese Students and Immigrants in Ireland
and their Engagement with Christianity, Churches& Society”, p. 3.
![Page 81: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Costs Phone creditiPod as questionnaire incentiveTranscription costsFunding National Immigration Council of Ireland Atlantic Philanthropies Confucius Institute
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Sensitive Issue
Perception of Preconceived Bias of Westerners
Co-Ethnic Researcher
![Page 83: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Time Management
![Page 84: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Ethics
![Page 85: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Ethics
Sensitive Issue
Make Research Overt
Code of ethics
Informed Consent
Letter of request
![Page 86: Research methods slide show](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/547bcb81b4af9fea158b4f70/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Limitations
Team Bias
Small Sample Size
Controversial Subject Matter
Timeframe