research on pharmacological drugs containing alkaloids and/or glycosides
DESCRIPTION
it is a research on Pharmacological Drugs containing Alkaloids and/or GlycosidesTRANSCRIPT
Department Of
Pharmacognosy
Research On
Pharmacological Drugs
Containing Alkaloids and
/ or Glycosides
Under Supervision Of
Ph.D. Rabab
Mohamed
Presented By:
Abanoub Hanna 1 Abanoub Nagy 2 Ibraam Saad 6 Andrew Youssef 67 Ehab Eshak 82 Peter Eissa 86 Bishoy Salib 87 Kiroles Atef 170 Michael Nabil 177 Mena Toni 228 Mena sobhy 229 Mena Emad 230 Wagdy Abdo 253
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Lanoxin
(digoxin) Tablets, USP
125 mcg (0.125 mg) Scored I.D. Imprint Y3B (yellow)
250 mcg (0.25 mg) Scored I.D. Imprint X3A (white)
DRUG DESCRIPTION
Lanoxin (digoxin) is one of the cardiac (or digitalis) glycosides, a closely
related group of drugs having in common specific effects on myocardium.
Digoxin is extracted from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. The term “digitalis”
is used to designate the whole group of glycosides.
USES
Heart Failure:
(digoxin tablets) is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate heart
failure. Digoxin increases left ventricular ejection fraction and improves
heart failure symptoms as evidenced by exercise capacity and heart
failure-related hospitalizations and emergency care, while having no effect
on mortality.
Where possible, digoxin should be used with a diuretic and an
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, but an optimal order for star ting
these three drugs cannot be specified.
Atrial Fibrillation:
DIGITEK (digoxin tablets) is indicated for the control of ventricular
response rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
SIDE EFFECTS
I. fast, slow, or uneven heart rate
II. bloody or black, tarry stools
III. blurred vision, yellowed vision
IV. confusion, hallucinations, unusual thoughts or behavior
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Novothyrox® (levothyroxine sodium) Tablets, USP
DRUG DESCRIPTION
NOVOTHYROX (levothyroxine sodium tablets, USP) contains synthetic
crystalline L-3, 3', 5, 5'-tetraiodothyronine sodium salt [levothyroxine (T4)
sodium].
Synthetic T4 is identical to that produced in the human thyroid gland.
Levothyroxine (T4) sodium has an empirical formula of
C15H10I4NNaO4•H2O, molecular weight of 798.86 g/mol (anhydrous),
and structural formula as shown
USES
Hypothyroidism
As replacement or supplemental therapy in congenital or acquired
hypothyroidism of any etiology, except transient hypothyroidism during the
recovery phase of subacutethyroiditis.
Pituitary TSH Suppression
In the treatment or prevention of various types of euthyroid goiters ,
including thyroid nodules thyroiditis), multinodular goiteR and, as an
adjunct to surgery andradioiodine therapy in the management of
thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiatedthyroid cancer.
SIDE EFFECTS
I. Central nervous system: headache, hyperactivity,
nervousness, anxiety, irritability, emotional lability, insomnia
II. Respiratory: dyspnea;
III. Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and
elevations in liver function tests;
IV. Dermatologic: hair loss, flushing;
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Avinza DRUG DESCRIPTION
morphine sulfate is 7,8-didehydro-4,5 alpha-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-
3,6 alpha-diol sulfate (2:1) (salt) pentahydrate with a molecular weight of
758.
Morphine sulfate occurs as white, feathery, silky crystals; cubical masses
of crystal; or white crystalline powder.
It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol, but is practically
insoluble in chloroform or ether.
The octane water partition coefficient of morphine is 1.42 at physiologic
pH and the pKa is 7.9 for the tertiary nitrogen (the majority is ionized at
pH 7.4).
USES
I. AVINZA (morphine sulfate) uses the proprietary SODAS®
(Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System) technology to produce
the extended release component of AVINZA (morphine sulfate) ,
which combined with an immediate release component achieves
the desired release profile characteristics of AVINZA (morphine
sulfate) capsules.
II. Within the gastrointestinal tract, due to the permeability of the
ammoni-omethacrylate copolymers of the beads, fluid enters the
beads and solubilizes the drug. This is mediated by fumaric acid,
which acts as an osmotic agent and a local pH modifier. The
resultant solution then diffuses out in a predetermined manner
which prolongs the in vivo dissolution and absorption phases
SIDE EFFECTS
Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
I. shallow breathing, slow heartbeat II. seizure (convulsions)
III. cold, clammy skin IV. confusion V. severe weakness or dizziness VI. feeling light-headed, fainting
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Donnatal Extentabs® (belladonna alkaoids, phenobarbital)
DRUG DESCRIPTION
Each Donnatal Extentabs® (belladonna alkaloids, phenobarbital) tablet
contains:
Phenobarbital, USP (3/4 gr.) ....................................48.6 mg
Hyoscyamine Sulfate, USP .................................... 0.3111 mg
Atropine Sulfate, USP ............................................ 0.0582 mg
Scopolamine Hydrobromide, USP ......................... 0.0195 mg
Each Donnatal Extentabs® (belladonna alkaloids, phenobarbital) tablet
contains the equivalent of three Donnatal® tablets. Extentabs® are
designed to release the ingredients gradually to provide effects for up to
twelve (12) hours.
SIDE EFFECTS
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic
reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or
throat.
Stop using this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of
these serious side effects:
I. diarrhea II. painful or difficult urination
III. fast or pounding heartbeats IV. blurred vision with eye pain, or seeing halos around lights V. feeling like you might pass out
PRECATUIONS
Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are
allergic to hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine, or phenobarbital; or if you
have any other allergies.
This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic
reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical
history, especially of: glaucoma, enlarged prostate, problems with
urination due to a blocked urinary tract, other stomach/intestinal problems.
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Navelbine DRUG DESCRIPTION
NAVELBINE (vinorelbine tartrate) Injection is for intravenous
administration. Each vial contains vinorelbine tartrate equivalent to 10 mg
(1-mL vial) or 50 mg (5-mL vial) vinorelbine in Water for Injection.
No preservatives or other additives are present. The aqueous solution is
sterile and nonpyrogenic. Vinorelbine tartrate is a semi-syntheticvinca
alkaloid with antitumor activity.
The chemical name is 3',4'-didehydro-4'-deoxy-C'-norvincaleukoblastine
[R-(R*,R*)-2, 3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:2)(salt)]. Vinorelbine tartrate has
the following structure
SIDE EFFECTS
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic
reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or
throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:
I. signs of infection such as fever, chills, flu symptoms, mouth and throat ulcers, rapid heart rate, rapid and shallow breathing, fainting
II. cough, bronchospasm (wheezing, chest tightness, trouble breathing)
III. severe constipation, stomach pain, bloody or black stools
PRECATUIONS
Before using vinorelbine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic
to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive
ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to
your pharmacist for more details.
This medication should not be used if you have certain medical
conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist
if you have: decreased bone marrow function/blood cell disorders (e.g.,
anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia).
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical
history, especially of: liver disease, numbness/tingling of the hands or
feet, blockage of the stomach/intestines
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Sansert® DRUG DESCRIPTION
Sansert® (methysergide maleate) is a partially synthetic compound
structurally related to lysergic acid butanolamide,
well-known as methylergonovine in obstetrical practice as an oxytocic
agent. Chemically, methysergide maleate is designated as ergoline-8-
carboxamidedidehydro-N-[1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]-1,6-dimethyl-, (8ß)-,
(Z)-2-butenedioate (1:1) (salt).
Methylation in the number 1 position of the ring structure enormously
enhances the antagonism to serotonin which is present to a much lesser
degree in the partially methylated compound (methylergonovine maleate)
as well as profoundly altering other pharmacologic properties.
Active Ingredient: methysergide maleate, USP.
Inactive Ingredients: acacia, carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide,
FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Yellow #5, gelatin, lactose, malic acid,
povidone, sodium benzoate, starch (corn), stearic acid, sucrose, synthetic
black iron oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide.
SIDE EFFECTS
Stop taking methysergide and seek emergency medical attention if you
experience an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat;
swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives).
Notify your doctor immediately if you experience leg cramps when
walking; hip, side, or chest pain; painful urination; shortness of breath; or
coldness, numbness, or pain in your hands, feet, arms, or legs.
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Entex Pse DRUG DESCRIPTION
Each Entex PSE (pseudoephedrine and guaifenesin) yellow coated,
scored, long-acting tablet for oral administration contains
This product contains ingredients of the following therapeutic
classes: decongestantand expectorant.
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is a decongestant having the chemical
name, benzenemethanol,(alpha)-[1-(methylamino)ethyl]-[ S -( R*, R* ) ]-,
hydrochloride.
Guaifenesin is an expectorant having the chemical name, 1,2-
propanediol, 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)
SIDE EFFECTS
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic
reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or
throat.
Stop taking this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of
these serious side effects:
I. fast, pounding, or uneven heartbeat II. severe dizziness, anxiety, restless feeling, or nervousness
III. easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness, fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms
IV. increased blood pressure
PRECATUIONS
Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are
allergic to pseudoephedrine or guaifenesin; or if you have any other
allergies. Also tell your doctor if you have had a bad reaction to similar
drugs (sympathomimetics such as ephedrine, phenylephrine).
This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic
reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical
history, especially of: breathing problems (such as emphysema, chronic
bronchitis, asthma, smoker's cough), cough with blood or large amounts of mucus, high blood pressure, heart disease
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Vfend DRUG DESCRIPTION
VFEND® (voriconazole), a triazole antifungal agent is available as a
lyophilized powder for solution for intravenous infusion, film-coated tablets
for oral administration, and as a powder for oral suspension.
Voriconazole is designated chemically as (2R,3S)-2-(2, 4-difluorophenyl)-
3-(5-fluoro-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4triazol-1-yl)-2-butanol with an
empirical formula of C16H14F3N5O and a molecular weight of 349.3.
Voriconazole drug substance is a white to light-colored powder.
VFEND I.V. is intended for administration by intravenous infusion. It is a
single-dose, unpreserved product. Vials containing 200 mg lyophilized
voriconazole are intended for reconstitution with Water for Injection to
produce a solution containing 10 mg/mL VFEND and 160 mg/mL of
sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin sodium. The resultant solution is further
diluted prior to administration as an intravenous infusion
SIDE EFFECTS
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic
reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or
throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
I. sudden behavior changes, problems with thinking or speech II. stomach pain, loss of appetite, dark urine, jaundice (yellowing of
the skin or eyes) III. urinating less than usual or not at all IV. fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling
PRECATUIONS
Before taking voriconazole, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are
allergic to it; or to other azole antifungals (e.g., itraconazole,
ketoconazole); or if you have any other allergies.
This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic
reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical
history, especially of: liver disease, recent chemotherapy, certain
hereditary problems with digesting/absorbing the sugar galactose.
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CORZIDE (nadolol and bendroflumethiazide) Tablet
DRUG DESCRIPTION
Nadolol is a white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in ethanol, soluble
in hydrochloric acid, slightly soluble in water and in chloroform, and very
slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide.
Nadolol is designated chemically as 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-{ (5,6,7,8-
tetrahydro-cis-6,7-dihydroxy-1-naphthyl)oxy} -2-propanol.
Bendroflumethiazide is a white crystalline powder. It is soluble in alcohol
and in sodium hydroxide, and insoluble in hydrochloric acid, water, and
chloroform.
Bendroflumethiazide is designated chemically as 3-benzyl-3,4-dihydro-6-
(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide.
PRECATUIONS
Before taking this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic
to nadolol or bendroflumethiazide; or to other thiazides (such as
hydrochlorothiazide); or if you have any other allergies.
This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic
reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
This medication should not be used if you have certain medical
conditions.
Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have:
certain types of heart rhythm problems (such as a slow heartbeat, second-
or third-degree atrioventricular block, sick sinus syndrome), an inability to
make urine (anuria), breathing problems (such as asthma, chronic
bronchitis, emphysema).
Nadolol
Bendroflumethiazide
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PRIMACOR®
(milrinone lactate) Injection
200 MCG/ML IN 5% Dextrose Injection
DRUG DESCRIPTION
PRIMACOR, brand of milrinone lactate injection, is a member of a class of
bipyridine inotropic/vasodilator agents with phosphodiesterase inhibitor
activity, distinct from digitalis glycosides or catecholamines. PRIMACOR
(milrinone lactate) is designated chemically as 1,6-dihydro-2-methyl-6-
oxo-[3,4'-bipyridine]-5-carbonitrile lactate
Milrinone is an off-white to tan crystalline compound with a molecular
weight of 211.2 and an empirical formula of C12 H9 N3 O. It is slightly
soluble in methanol, and very slightly soluble in chloroform and in water.
As the lactate salt, it is stable and colorless to pale yellow in solution.
PRIMACOR is available as sterile aqueous solutions of the lactate salt of
milrinone for infusion intravenously.
Pre-Mix Flexible Containers: The Flexible Containers provide two ready-
to-use dilutions of milrinone in volumes of 100 mL and 200 mL of 5%
Dextrose Injection. Each mL contains milrinone lactate equivalent to 200
mcg milrinone. The nominal concentration of lactic acid is 0.282 mg/mL.
Each mL also contains 49.4 mg dextrose, anhydrous, USP. The pH is
adjusted to between 3.2 and 4.0 with lactic acid orsodium hydroxide.
The flexible plastic container is comprised of polyvinyl chloride with a foil
overwrap. Water can permeate the plastic into the overwrap, but the
amount is insufficient to significantly affect the pre-mix solution.
SIDE EFFECTS
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic
reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or
throat.
Tell your caregivers at once if you have a serious side effect such as:
I. chest pain II. feeling like you might pass out
III. bronchospasm (wheezing, chest tightness, trouble breathing) IV. low potassium (confusion, uneven heart rate, extreme thirst,
increased urination, leg discomfort, muscle weakness or limp feeling).
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ALPHAGAN® P (brimonidine tartrate) Ophthalmic Solution 0.1% and 0.15%
DRUG DESCRIPTION
ALPHAGAN® P (brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution) 0.1% or 0.15%, sterile,
is a relatively selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (topical intraocular
pressure lowering agent).
SIDE EFFECTS
Stop using brimonidine and get emergency medical help if you have any
of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of
your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
I. slow or uneven heart rate; II. pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest
III. shallow breathing, feeling like you might pass out IV. severe swelling, redness, or discomfort in or around your eye V. eye pain
PRECATUIONS
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it;
or to apraclonidine; or if you have any other allergies.
This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions
or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history,
especially of: blood vessel diseases (thromboangiitis obliterans), blood circulation
disorders (cerebral or coronary insufficiency), depression, severe heart disease,
kidney disease, liver disease, Raynaud's disease, low blood pressure upon
standing (orthostatic hypotension).
This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy or cause blurred vision. Do not drive,
use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness.
Reference:
www.rxlist.com