research on public opinion regarding george w. bush favorability ratings

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA – IRVINE

Research on Public Opinion Regarding George W. Bush Favorability

Ratings Political Science 120W

Professor Katherine Tate Research Paper – Final Draft Pierre N. Demian (18103312)

Spring 2010

George W. Bush’s ratings soared above 80% within his first year in office. By the end of his second term, Bush’s ratings dipped to an all time low of 29%. This was primarily due to constant failure of Bush’s policies.

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Contents:

Introduction: ................................................................................................................................ 3

Literature review: ........................................................................................................................ 4

Methodology of research:............................................................................................................ 5

Analysis of information: .............................................................................................................. 6

Research findings: ....................................................................................................................... 9

Conclusion:................................................................................................................................ 11

Appendix A: .............................................................................................................................. 13 (Bibliography)

Appendix B: .............................................................................................................................. 15 (SPSS Output Information)

Appendix C: .............................................................................................................................. 20 (List of Data Gathering Organizations)

Appendix D: .............................................................................................................................. 21 (iPOLL Databank Citations)

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Introduction: In January of 2001, George W. Bush was inaugurated into office to become 43rd president

of the United States. The public had already known George W. Bush while he assumed the

governor’s office of the state of Texas. His father, George H. W. Bush, was also the 41st

president of the United States following Ronald Reagan’s two terms.

Since coming to office, the presidency of George W. Bush was unusual. Bush won his

presidency through Supreme Court of the United States ruling (Supreme Court of the United

States, 2000). Furthermore, for the first time since World War II, mainland United States was

attacked – on a large scale – by a foreign entity. These unprovoked attacks lead to changes

promoted by Bush’s administration. By 2003, United States armed forces were actively engaged

in two theaters of operations: Afghanistan and Iraq. The second theater provided the Bush

administration with a greater challenge as media outlets aired death of United States troops and

abusive practices against Iraqis. At the same time, foreign relations across the Atlantic became

more strained as main-land Europe criticized United States publicly, leading to the famous

“freedom fries” (Loughlin, 2003).

On a domestic level, George W. Bush’s era witnessed dramatic events. Starting with his

first year initiatives to overhaul Social Security and major tax-cuts, Bush had a unique

opportunity to make political gains. Ironically, Mother Nature altered Bush’s gains transferring

his favorability rate to a negative area. In August 2005, a powerful hurricane, called Katrina,

hammered the historic city of New Orleans causing over $81 billions in damage according to

aftermath report by National Hurricane Center. The public blamed the federal government for

not acting properly to curb losses. Eighteen month later, national real estate market began

melting triggering the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. In response, the Bush

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administration launched bail-out financial plans and committed the federal government to a

tighter budget by issuing more tax cuts (Gosselin, 2008).

How did the average United States citizen respond? Starting his presidency with close to

60% favorable rating, George W. Bush managed to lose all his political gains. This is evident by

close to 60% unfavorable rating upon leaving office. This is the same president who had

achieved 87% favorable ratings after being in office only 11 month.

Literature review: The presidency of George W. Bush had been widely studied. His tenure in office makes

a great substance for a wide array of subjects related to different spheres of sciences.

Economists are interested to understand the by-product of tax cuts and effect of war-economy

policy on future generations. Sociologists made studies regarding illegal immigrants’ rights and

their role in American society (Brader, Valentino, & Suhay, 2008). Mechanism of military

authority became a heated debate ending up in the United States Supreme Court leading to

alteration in military law (Vagts, 2007). Even biological research was affected by Bush’s

presidency, especially regarding stem-cell research (Holden & Vogel, 2008).

Public opinion regarding George W. Bush was the center of a number of scholarly

research papers. Among the most noted is “The Rise and Fall of George W. Bush: Popular

Support for the President” by Tiffany Harper and Barbara Norrander (2010). The researchers

determined whether popularity rates of George W. Bush were associated with Bush’s

administration actions. In their research, Harper and Norrander provide some possible

explanations to the wide swing between Bush’s incoming favorability rating and Bush’s exit

favorability rating. First, American public usually supports a new president in the office.

Second, rally-around-the-flag events lead to spike in public opinion. Third, unrealistic

expectations begin to ignite public negative opinion – un-favorability – towards president. Forth,

president loses coalitional support over time (Mueller, 1970). And fifth, the president carries the

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blame for government mistakes: this explains the rapid decline in Bush favorability ratings after

local, state and federal government failed to deal quickly with aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

In concluding their paper, Harper and Norrander found that Bush’s favorability ratings

were affected by events. And depending on the situation, partisanship helped to shape approval

ratings reflected by spikes in the rating scale. This became evident towards the last part of

Bush’s presidency as he failed to attract fellow republicans to support his policies. Finally, they

noted that gender and race played a more crucial role than education and income.

In addition, because of the presence of war effect, the work of Adam J. Berinsky was

taken in consideration. Berinsky analyzed whether support of American public towards the

president during armed conflicts depended on success and failures on the battle field. By

researching public opinion polls from WWII and 2003 Iraq war, Berinsky found that actions of

political elites influenced public opinion more than news of casualties (Berinsky, 2007). Thus,

causalities of Afghanistan and Iraq war contribute – but not dominate – to public opinion

towards George W. Bush.

Methodology of research: In conducting my research, I utilized IPoll Databank. Two kinds of questions were used:

1) “Regarding George W. Bush, do you think of him favorable, unfavorable or you haven’t heard

of him?”; and 2) “On a scale of 100 to 0, one being very warm and zero being very cold, what

are you feelings towards George W. Bush?” . For the first kind of questions, “favorable” and

“very favorable” answers were combined under “favorable” criteria. Also, “unfavorable” and

“very unfavorable” answers were combined under “unfavorable” criteria. For the second kind of

questions, ratings of 100 to 51 were counted as “favorable”, while ratings of 50 to 0 were

counted as “unfavorable”. “Other” reflects those who refused to answer or were not aware of

George W. Bush. “No Opinion” includes those who had “no opinion” and “can not say”

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My research examined every month from January 2000 to December 2009. Thus,

numbers reflect public opinion regarding favorability of George W. Bush from primaries election

to a year after he left office. In total, I collected data for 114 month instead of 120 (12 month x

10 years). Missing data was not substituted by another type of question to ensure similarity and

conformity to the research.

All the data were collected through telephone interviews. More than one organization

collected the data being used. Among the organizations that collected information were CNN,

Gallup, Investor’s Business Daily, Fox News, USA Today, New York Times, and Democracy

Corps. A full list is provided in Appendix C.

Data calculations were conducted using SPSS v.15. IPoll Databank was accessed via

online through UC-Irvine portal permissions. Appendix A contains academic bibliography. In

addition, a full break down of SPSS Output is provided in Appendix B. Finally, Appendix D

contains citations of IPoll Databank data broken down on monthly bases.

Analysis of information: By examining Table 1, it is easily noted that year 2002 represented the highest point of

public opinion regarding favorability of George W. Bush, while year 2008 represented the lowest

point. In addition, mean scores are moving from high to low as George W. Bush progressed in

his presidency. Such data gives the impression that there was a constant loss of favorability of

public opinion.

But a better examination of Table 1 indicates that there were several spikes of

favorability within the different years. Years 2003, 2007 and 2008 have a larger median value

than mean value suggesting that spikes of favorability towards George W. Bush came in the

second part of those years. In contrast, years 2001 – 02 and 2004 – 06 mean values are higher

than median values suggesting that George W. Bush favorability rate had a constant decline

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without spikes. Thus, there is indication of public opinion change due to the variation in

skewness between the years.

Year N Minimum Maximum Median Mean Standard Deviation Sum 2000 12 39% 62% 52 52 7.699 624 2001 12 40 87 61.5 64.08 13.283 769 2002 12 55 83 69.5 70.08 9.395 841 2003 12 37 72 56.5 55.5 11.123 666 2004 12 45 65 53 54 5.878 648 2005 12 38 59 46.50 47.92 6.007 575 2006 12 32 46 39.5 39.5 4.189 474 2007 11 30 45 39 38 4.266 418 2008 12 29 38 33.5 33.25 2.667 399 2009 7 33 41 35 37 3.512 259 Total 114 29%* 87%ª 47 49.76 13.811 5673

Table 1: Reflects public opinion favorable towards George W. Bush. *: lowest rating. ª: highest rating. Data is from iPOLL Databank, full citation provided in Appendix D.

In Table 2, provided information reflect variances in values related to unfavorable

opinion towards George W. Bush. Years 2001- 02 and 2008 have higher median values than

mean values suggesting that Bush’s unfavorable ratings were higher in the second part of the

year; while years 2003 – 2007 the inverse is found indicating that Bush’s unfavorable ratings are

positively skewed.

Year N Minimum Maximum Median Mean Standard Deviation Sum 2000 12 26% 42% 32.75 32.5 4.693 393 2001 12 11 36 29.5 25.92 9.671 311 2002 12 12 31 23.5 22.5 6.802 270 2003 12 17 42 31 31.33 6.8 376 2004 12 34 46 41.17 42.5 4.407 494 2005 12 39 51 44.5 44.83 4.019 538 2006 12 47 59 52 52.67 4.008 632 2007 11 50 59 55 55.18 2.483 607 2008 12 55 66 61 60.67 3.284 728 2009 7 54 63 60 59.71 3.352 418 Total 114 11%* 66% ª 42 41.82 14.242 4767

Table 2: Reflects public opinion unfavorable towards George W. Bush. *: lowest rating. ª: highest rating. Data is from iPOLL Databank, full citation provided in Appendix D.

In testing the relationship between all four possible scores (favorable, unfavorable, no

opinion, and other), no relationship was found between “favorable” and “no opinion” or “other”.

The same was found to be true for “unfavorable” variable. In testing correlation between

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“favorable” and “unfavorable”, a score of 0.715 on R2 (significance level at 0.01) was found

indicating strong relationship between the two variables. This data is presented in Graph 1.

Graph 1: Reflects relationship between different variables. Information is based on data from iPOLL Databank, full citation provided in Appendix D.

Finally, the Total Sum of Table 1 is larger than Table 2. This suggested that public

opinion was more favorable towards George W. Bush than unfavorable in the overall years

included in my research (2000 to 2009). Total Sum value of “favorable” variable is almost equal

to the added total Sum values of the other three variables combined (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Pie Chart showing distribution difference between the four variables. Data is from iPOLL Databank, full citation provided in Appendix D.

Year2009200820072006200520042003200220012000

Mean

80

60

40

20

0

Not Favorable

Favorable

No Opinion

Other

OtherNo OpinionNot FavorableFavorable

OtherNo OpinionNot FavorableFavorable

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Research findings: Public opinion of George W. Bush had a general trend of steady decline after 2002. But,

in a number of instances, there were moments of upward spikes in Bush’s favorability or un-

favorability. Those periods saw dramatic policy decisions. The first one came in the second part

of 2003, when the Bush administration failed to provide a quick way out of Iraq. Starting the

year with a strong favorable public opinion, Bush found himself on the defensive as No Weapons

of Mass Destruction were found and U.S. casualties began to mount. At the beginning of 2004,

the opposite could be found due to the capture of Saddam Hussein and improved economy as

Holidays’ sales (U.S. Census Bureau, 2004)moved merchandise faster than stores can reload the

shelves.

By the end of 2005, President George W. Bush ratings took on a negative pathway as his

ratings declined steadily. Policies associated with Bush and his administration had a reverse

affect to their stated goals. Initial successes turned into failures as Bush’s policies failed to

address the long run needs of American public.

In April of 2005, Bush signed Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection

Act (BAPCPA) into law. BAPCPA was the largest bankruptcy law reform since 1970s.

Lobbied for by lenders, BAPCPA introduced two new components to bankruptcy procedures:

means testing and credit counseling. Means testing is a tool designed by IRS to estimate living

costs per household in accordance to city and state of residence. Credit counseling became a

requirement forcing seekers of bankruptcy to spend money prior to having their debts

discharged. Such reforms didn’t address American debtor needs, rather, BABCPA failed to

address post bankruptcy needs to stop accumulation of new debts and gaining employment

(Porter & Thorne, 2006). In a study by University of Illinois College of Law, researchers found

that that BAPCPA failed at eliminating abuse and instead provided a legal blockade against

debtors of all kind (Lawless, Porter, Pottow, Thorne, Littwin, & Warren, 2008).

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Moreover, 2005 saw the beginning of Crude Oil prices constant rise, which capped at

close to $140 per barrel in 2008 (see Figure 2). No single explanation can provide full

rationalization behind great inflation in Crude Oil prices. But in 2005, fear from tropical storms

in the oil producing region of Gulf of Mexico and constant resistance from OPEC ministers to

raise production quota (CNN/Money, 2005) caused oil prices to go above previously announced

Bush’s administration expectations of $40 range (CNN Financial News, 2004).

Figure 2: Graphic representation of Crude Oil Prices rise and fall (WTRG Economics, 2009)

Furthermore, 2005 became witness against Bush inability to deal with surprising

developments. In August of the same year, Hurricane Katrina hit the city of New Orleans

causing massive floods and a great loss to lives and property. In 2004, James Lee – former

director of FEMA – testified before the Congress that Bush’s post 9/11 policies weakened

FEMA’s ability to respond (Sylves, 2006). Such statements backed published opinion polls,

which indicated that Americans never believed in Bush and his administration abilities to

develop a plan to help Katrina’s victims (see Table 3).

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Table 3: Reflects Public Opinion regarding Bush’s administration abilities to develop a plan to help Katrina’s victims. Data is from iPOLL Databank, full citation provided in Appendix D.

Finally, the situation in Iraq turned dark. Different religious groups turned against each

other leading to a “Civil War” on small scale. Additionally, the number of dead U.S. troops

doubled in Afghanistan (White). In December 2005, New York Times reported that public

support for the war in Iraq became conditioned on winning; and since U.S. troops experienced

mounting casualties, support for the war in Iraq took a reverse effect opposite to majority support

of 2003 (Shane, 2005).

The year 2007 saw similarities. Bad economy due to real estate market melt down

caused many Americans to loss their jobs. Bush’s administration acted policies to increase

unemployment time limits and provide stimulus packages for troubled lenders. This translated

into better favorable ratings of Bush towards the end of 2007. Still, due to heuristics formed

from 2005, Bush’s efforts didn’t earn him much. And by the beginning of 2008, Bush lost all his

political gains making Congressional Republicans distant themselves from Bush and his

administration (Hallow, 2008).

Conclusion: Public opinion of George W. Bush was greatly influenced by policies enacted by his

administration. Bush’s favorable ratings went from 87% to 29%. He began his presidency with

31% unfavorable ratings and eight years later ended with 59% (28 point increase). There were

high points, but low points dominated public opinion of George W. Bush.

At the beginning, George W. Bush was received with a fair public opinion (above 50%).

He made significant gains during September 11 time period allowing for the easy passage of

Year Month Have a Clear Plan

Haven't Developed a Plan

Yet

Don't know/No answer

Publishing Agency

2005 September 21% 68% 11% CBS News/New York Times

2005 December 20% 66% 14% CBS News/New York Times

2006 January 25% 67% 8% CBS News/New York Times

2006 February 15% 72% 13% CBS News Poll

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PATRIOT Act and launching of two overseas military offensives. Public opinion backed him

up, until, sense of loss and bad economy reached U.S. mainland via Hurricane Katrina and high

energy prices. Failure of Bush’ polices to address both of those two situations lead American

public to form negative opinion of their president. Mid-term elections of 2006 reflected public

anger towards Republican Party, Bush’s party, where voters voted for Democratic controlled

Congress, particularly over war efforts in Iraq (Baum, 2007).

Moreover, public opinion shifted as opposition to Bush grew in the Congress. After

Democrats gained control in 2006, Bush became ineffective as he couldn’t master enough

support for most of his policies. Senator John McCain, Republican Presidential nominee in 2008

elections, made a final push to gain more voters by distaining himself from George W. Bush’s

policies (Curl & Dinan, 2008).

In closing, public opinion towards George W. Bush represents good grounds for further

studies. What really matters for the public might be very different from what politicians are able

to do. It is clear that the steady decline in Bush’s favorability ratings was due to failure of his

policies. Citizens formed negative opinion through Bush’s failed policies towards Bush’s party

which lead to change in leadership, creating a hindering effect on Bush’s ability to pass bills.

This vicious cycle continued to feed itself leading an American war president to exit the White

House with one of the lowest public favorability ratings in modern American history.

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Appendix A:

Bibliography

• Baum, M. (2007, May 14). The Forgein Policy Disconnect: What Americans Want from Our Leaders but Don't Get, Book Review. Perspective on Politics , pp. 373-375.

• Berinsky, A. J. (2007). Assumingthe Costs of War: Events, Elites, and American Public Support for Military Conflict. The Journal of Politics , 975-997.

• Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., & Suhay, E. (2008). What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat. American Journal of Political Science , 52, 959-978.

• CNN Financial News. (2004, November 10). High oil prices through '05? Retrieved June 2, 2010, from CNNMoney.com: http://money.cnn.com/2004/11/10/news/economy/oil_forecast/index.htm

• CNN/Money. (2005, September 19). Rita fuels energy spike. Retrieved May 31, 2010, from CNNMoney.com: http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/19/markets/oil/index.htm

• Curl, J., & Dinan, S. (2008, October 23). McCain lambastes Bush years. Retrieved June 5, 2010, from Washington Times: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/23/mccain-lambastes-bush-years/

• Gosselin, P. G. (2008, February 5). Bush's budget swells deficit. Retrieved June 5, 2010, from Los Angeles Times: http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/05/nation/na-budget5

• Hallow, R. Z. (2008, December 30). EXCLUSIVE: RNC draft rips Bush's bailouts. Retrieved April 18, 2010, from Washington Times: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/30/rnc-pushes-unprecedented-criticism-of-bailouts/

• Harper, T., & Norrander, B. (2010). The Rise and Fall of George W. Bush: Popular Support for the President. In B. Norrander, & C. Wilcox, Understaning Public Opinion, 3rd edition (pp. 215 - 237). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

• Holden, C., & Vogel, G. (2008). A Seismic Shift for Stem Cell Research. Science , 560-563.

• Lawless, R. M., Porter, K., Pottow, J., Thorne, D., Littwin, A. K., & Warren, E. (2008, November). Did Bankruptcy Reform Fail? An Empirical Study of Consumer Debtors.

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Retrieved May 22, 2010, from bepress Legal Repository: http://law.bepress.com/uiuclwps/papers/art103/

• Loughlin, S. (2003, March 12). House cafeterias change names for 'french' fries and 'french' toast. Retrieved June 5, 2010, from CNN.com: http://edition.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/11/sprj.irq.fries/

• Mueller, J. E. (1970). Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson. The American Political Science Review , 64, 18-34.

• Porter, K., & Thorne, D. D. (2006). THE FAILURE OF BANKRUPTCY’S FRESH START. Retrieved April 2010, 15, from Cornell Law Review: http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/porterthorne_92-1.pdf

• Shane, S. (2005, December 4). Bush's Speech on Iraq War Echoes Voice of an Analyst . Retrieved June 3, 2010, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/politics/04strategy.html?_r=1&scp=20&sq=December%202005&st=cse

• Supreme Court of the United States. (2000, December 12). GEORGE W. BUSH, et al., PETITIONERS v. ALBERT GORE, Jr., et al. Retrieved June 5, 2010, from Cornell University Law School: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html

• Sylves, R. T. (2006, March). President Bush and Hurricane Katrina: A Presidential Leadership Study. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , pp. 26-56.

• U.S. Census Bureau. (2004, December 14). Facts for Features. Retrieved April 18, 2010, from U.S. Census Bureau: http://www.wwwcensusgov.zuom.info/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/002997.html

• Vagts, D. F. (2007). Military Commissions: A Concise History. The American Journal of International Law , 35-48.

• White, M. (n.d.). iCasualties. Retrieved June 2, 2010, from http://www.icasualties.org/

• WTRG Economics. (2009). Oil Price History and Analysis. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from WTRG Economics: http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm

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Appendix B:

SPSS Output Information

Case Processing Summary:

Cases

Included Excluded Total N Percent N Percent N Percent

Favorable * Year 114 90.5% 12 9.5% 126 100.0% Not Favorable * Year 114 90.5% 12 9.5% 126 100.0% No Opinion * Year 114 90.5% 12 9.5% 126 100.0% Other * Year 114 90.5% 12 9.5% 126 100.0% Total number * Year 114 90.5% 12 9.5% 126 100.0%

Case Summaries: Year Favorable Not Favorable No Opinion Other Total number 2000 N 12 12 12 12 12

Range 23 16 17 14 874Std. Error of Mean 2.222 1.355 1.640 1.492 68.687Minimum 39 26 4 0 776Maximum 62 42 21 14 1650% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%Sum 624 393 137 46 12525Std. Deviation 7.699 4.693 5.680 5.167 237.939

2001 N 12 12 12 12 12Range 47 25 20 18 365Std. Error of Mean 3.835 2.792 1.673 1.476 28.860Minimum 40 11 2 0 660Maximum 87 36 22 18 1025% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%Sum 769 311 98 22 11174Std. Deviation 13.283 9.671 5.797 5.114 99.974

2002 N 12 12 12 12 12Range 28 18 13 11 309Std. Error of Mean 2.712 1.964 1.270 1.011 25.725Minimum 55 13 1 0 800Maximum 83 31 14 11 1109% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%Sum 841 270 67 23 11131Std. Deviation 9.395 6.802 4.400 3.502 89.115

2003 N 12 12 12 12 12Range 35 25 24 21 2192Std. Error of Mean 3.211 1.963 2.586 1.810 177.901Minimum 37 17 1 0 900Maximum 72 42 25 21 3092% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%

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Sum 666 376 103 56 13889Std. Deviation 11.123 6.800 8.959 6.272 616.268

2004 N 12 12 12 12 12Range 20 12 12 2 12819Std. Error of Mean 1.697 1.272 1.097 .225 1055.838Minimum 45 34 0 0 900Maximum 65 46 12 2 13719% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%Sum 648 494 53 4 25405Std. Deviation 5.878 4.407 3.801 .778 3657.529

2005 N 12 12 12 12 12Range 21 12 13 5 1906Std. Error of Mean 1.734 1.160 1.203 .508 119.633Minimum 38 39 1 0 100Maximum 59 51 14 5 2006% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%Sum 575 538 77 12 12124Std. Deviation 6.007 4.019 4.166 1.758 414.421

2006 N 12 12 12 12 12Range 14 12 16 4 602Std. Error of Mean 1.209 1.157 1.499 .408 61.789Minimum 32 47 0 0 900Maximum 46 59 16 4 1502% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%Sum 474 632 80 12 13095Std. Deviation 4.189 4.008 5.193 1.414 214.044

2007 N 11 11 11 11 11Range 15 9 15 3 2102Std. Error of Mean 1.286 .749 1.320 .377 185.713Minimum 30 50 0 0 900Maximum 45 59 15 3 3002% of Total N 9.6% 9.6% 9.6% 9.6% 9.6%Sum 418 607 53 9 13112Std. Deviation 4.266 2.483 4.378 1.250 615.939

2008 N 12 12 12 12 12Range 9 11 11 5 894Std. Error of Mean .770 .948 1.190 .484 98.328Minimum 29 55 0 0 900Maximum 38 66 11 5 1794% of Total N 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 10.5%Sum 399 728 59 13 14692Std. Deviation 2.667 3.284 4.122 1.676 340.618

2009 N 7 7 7 7 7Range 8 9 5 5 236Std. Error of Mean 1.327 1.267 .685 .714 30.605Minimum 33 54 0 0 900Maximum 41 63 5 5 1136% of Total N 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1%Sum 259 418 18 5 7262Std. Deviation 3.512 3.352 1.813 1.890 80.973

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Total N 114 114 114 114 114Range 58 55 25 21 13619Std. Error of Mean 1.294 1.334 .519 .341 115.730Minimum 29 11 0 0 100Maximum 87 66 25 21 13719% of Total N 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Sum 5673 4767 745 202 134409Std. Deviation 13.811 14.242 5.543 3.636 1235.658

Descriptives: Statistic Std. Error Favorable Mean 43.46 .523

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 42.43 Upper Bound

44.49

5% Trimmed Mean 42.46 Median 40.00 Variance 133.703 Std. Deviation 11.563 Minimum 29 Maximum 87 Range 58 Interquartile Range 13 Skewness 1.303 .111 Kurtosis 1.398 .221

Not Favorable Mean 49.74 .546 95% Confidence Interval for Mean


50.81

5% Trimmed Mean 50.66 Median 54.00 Variance 145.336 Std. Deviation 12.056 Minimum 11 Maximum 66 Range 55 Interquartile Range 16 Skewness -1.093 .111 Kurtosis .702 .221

No Opinion Mean 5.38 .216 95% Confidence Interval for Mean


5.80

5% Trimmed Mean 4.97 Median 4.00 Variance 22.715 Std. Deviation 4.766 Minimum 0 Maximum 25 Range 25

18

Interquartile Range 7 Skewness 1.276 .111 Kurtosis 1.715 .221

Other Mean 1.22 .117 95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound .99 Upper Bound

1.45

5% Trimmed Mean .84 Median .00 Variance 6.678 Std. Deviation 2.584 Minimum 0 Maximum 21 Range 21 Interquartile Range 1 Skewness 4.186 .111 Kurtosis 24.619 .221

Total number Mean 1210.23 54.225 95% Confidence Interval for Mean


1316.77

5% Trimmed Mean 1066.46 Median 1009.00 Variance 1434883.2

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Std. Deviation 1197.866 Minimum 100 Maximum 13719 Range 13619 Interquartile Range 232 Skewness 9.456 .111 Kurtosis 95.985 .221

Correlations: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Favorable Not Favorable Favorable Pearson Correlation 1 -.870(**)

Sig. (2-tailed) .000N 488 488

Not Favorable Pearson Correlation -.870(**) 1Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 488 488

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Favorable90807060504030

Freq

uenc

y

80

60

40

20

0

Histogram

Cases weighted by Year

Mean =43.46�Std. Dev. =11.563�

N =488

Year1086420

80

60

40

20

Favorable

LinearObserved

20

Appendix C:

List of Data Gathering Organizations

• American Viewpoint

• Ayers, McHenry & Associates

• CBS News

• CBS News/New York Times

• CNN Poll

• CNN/Opinion Research Corp.

• CNN/USA Today

• Democracy Corps

• Fox News

• Gallup Poll

• Gallup/USA

• Investor’s Business Daily

• McLaughlin and Associates

• National Election Pool Exit Poll

• Pew Forum on Religion and Public Opinion

• Pew Research Center

• Princeton Survey Research

• The Latino Coalition

• Time/SRBI Poll

• Zogby International

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Appendix D:

iPOLL Databank Citations

George W. Bush favorability ratings:

• January 2000: Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Jan, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2000:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Feb, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2000:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Mar, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2000:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Apr, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2000:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, May, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2000:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Jun, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• July 2000:

CBS News Poll, Jul, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2000:

CBS News Poll, Aug, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2000:

22

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Sep, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2000:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Oct, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2000:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Nov, 2000. Retrieved May-12-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2000:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Dec, 2000. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2001:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Jan, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2001:

Gallup Poll, Feb, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2001:

TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, Mar, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2001:

CBS News Poll, Apr, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2001:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, May, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2001:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Jun, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

23

• July 2001: Pew Research Center for the People, Jul, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2001:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Aug, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2001:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Sep, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2001:

TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, Oct, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2001:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Nov, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2001:

TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, Dec, 2001. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2002:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Jan, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2002:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Feb, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2002:

American Viewpoint National Monitor Survey, Mar, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2002:

24


• May 2002:

TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, May, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2002:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Jun, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• July 2002:

Zogby International Poll, Jul, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2002:

TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, Aug, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2002:

Gallup Poll, Sep, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2002:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Oct, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2002:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Nov, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2002:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Dec, 2002. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2003:

Pew News Interest Index Poll, Jan, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

25

• February 2003: TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, Feb, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2003:

Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Mar, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2003:

Pew Research Center for the People, Apr, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2003:

TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, May, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2003:


• July 2003:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Jul, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2003:

2003 National Hispanic Survey, Aug, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2003:

CBS News Poll, Aug, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2003:

Gallup Poll, Oct, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2003:

26

TIPP/Investor's Business Daily/Christian Science Monitor Poll, Nov, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2003:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Dec, 2003. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2004:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Jan, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2004:


• March 2004:

Pew Global Attitudes Project Poll, Feb, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2004:


• May 2004:

Ayres, McHenry , May, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2004:


• July 2004:

Time/SRBI Poll, Jul, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2004:

Pew News Interest Index Poll, Aug, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

27

• September 2004: CBS News Poll, Sep, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2004:

Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, Oct, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2004:

National Election Pool Exit Poll, Nov, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2004:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Dec, 2004. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2005:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Jan, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2005:


• March 2005:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Mar, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2005:

Zogby International Poll, Apr, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2005:

Democracy Corps Poll, May, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2005:

28

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Jun, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• July 2005:

Gallup Poll, Jul, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2005:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Aug, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2005:

Democracy Corps Poll, Sep, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2005:

Pew Research Center for the People, Oct, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2005:

Democracy Corps Poll, Nov, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2005:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Dec, 2005. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2006:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Jan, 2006. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2006:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Feb, 2006. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2006:

Economic Policy Institute Survey, Mar, 2006. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

29

• April 2006: Pew News Interest Index Poll, Apr, 2006. Retrieved May-14-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2006:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, May, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2006:

Gallup/USA Today Poll, Jun, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• July 2006:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Jul, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2006:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Aug, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2006:

CNN Poll, Sep, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2006:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Oct, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2006:

McLaughlin, Nov, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2006:

Pew News Interest Index Poll, Dec, 2006. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2007:

30

Gallup/USA Today Poll, Jan, 2007. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2007:

CBS News Poll, Feb, 2007. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2007:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Mar, 2007. Retrieved May-18-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2007:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, May, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2007:

Gallup/USA Today Poll, Jun, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• July 2007:

Gallup Poll, Jul, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2007:

Pew Forum on Religion, Aug, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2007:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Sep, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2007:

Democracy Corps Poll, Oct, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2007:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Nov, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

31

• December 2007: FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Dec, 2007. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2008:

Pew Research Center for the People, Jan, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2008:

Pew Research Center for the People, Feb, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2008:

Princeton Survey Research Associates International/Newsweek Poll, Mar, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2008:

Gallup/USA Today Poll, Apr, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2008:

Democracy Corps Poll, May, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• June 2008:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Jun, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• July 2008:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Jul, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• August 2008:

CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll, Aug, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• September 2008:

32

Democracy Corps Poll, Sep, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• October 2008:

Democracy Corps Poll, Oct, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• November 2008:

Democracy Corps Poll, Nov, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• December 2008:

FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Dec, 2008. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• January 2009:

Gallup/USA Today Poll, Jan, 2009. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• February 2009:

CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll, Feb, 2009. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• March 2009:

Gallup Poll, Mar, 2009. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• April 2009:

Pew Research Center for the People, Apr, 2009. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• May 2009:

CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll, May, 2009. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

• July 2009:

CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll, Jul, 2009. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

33

• October 2009: FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Oct, 2009. Retrieved May-19-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

Bush’s administration having a plan to help Katrina’s victims:

1. September 2005: CBS News/New York Times Poll, Sep, 2005. Retrieved Jun-2-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

2. December 2005:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Dec, 2005. Retrieved Jun-2-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

3. January 2006:

CBS News/New York Times Poll, Jan, 2006. Retrieved Jun-2-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

4. February 2006:

CBS News Poll, Feb, 2006. Retrieved Jun-2-2010 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/ipoll/ipoll.html

research on public opinion regarding george w. bush favorability ratings

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